Tiểu luận Giải Tích 2 - Võ Anh Khoa - Vũ Trần Minh Khương - Nguyễn Thanh Hoài - Đặng Phước Nhật - Trương Hồng Kha

I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN KHOA TON - TIN HC
______________________________________________________________________ NG C TRNG INH NGC THANH PHM HONG QUN
Tiu lun
GII TCH 2
______________________________________________________________ NHM 5
V ANH KHOA V TRN MINH KHNG NGUYN THANH HOI NG PHC NHT TRNG HNG KHA
____________________
TP. H CH MINH 5/2011
NG C TRNG INH NGC THANH PHM HONG QUN

____________________________________________________________
Tiu lun
GII TCH 2
NHM 5
V ANH KHOA V TRN MINH KHNG NGUYN THANH HOI NG PHC NHT TRNG HNG KHA
____________________
TP. H CH MINH 5/2011
LI NI U
Cun sch Tiu lun GII TCH 2 ny c bin son da theo cun sch Gio trnh GII TCH 2 ca thy ng c Trng inh Ngc Thanh Phm Hong Qun, dnh cho sinh vin nm I ca trng i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, i hc Quc Gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh, sinh vin trong giai on i cng mt s trng v nhng bn c quan tm n mng kin thc ny, tham kho trong qu trnh hc tp v lm vic. Cun sch ny gm c 7 chng, trong mi chng chng ti chia lm hai phn I, II vi b cc nh sau : Phn I : Gii cc bi tp theo tng chng trong cun sch Gio trnh GII TCH 2. phn ny, chng ti s c gng a ra nhng li gii chi tit gip cho ngi c c th trau di kin thc cng nh tham kho mt s k nng trong qu trnh lm bi tp. Tuy nhin, chng ti vn khuyn khch cc bn nn dnh thi gian t gii mt s bi tp, nhm nm vng cn bn mn hc ny. Phn II : Phn ny l nhng bi tp c a vo trong qu trnh chng ti tham kho v su tm c. Chng ti mun a vo gip cho ngi c am m tm ti v khm ph thm c nhiu iu mi mn hc ny. Tuy nhin, chng ti s khng a ra li gii cho phn ny vi mong mun ngi c c th t tho lun, trao i vi bn b, ng nghip thy c ci hay trong tng bi.
Trong qu trnh bin son, do nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan, cun sch ny khng trnh khi s sai st. V vy, chng ti mong c nhn cc kin ng gp chng ti hon thin cun sch ny hn. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 5/2011 Cc tc gi.
LI CM N
Trong sut qu trnh bin son, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip ca thy ng c Trng, thy Trn Quc Khanh, cc bn C Nhn Ti Nng K10 (kha 2010) v mt s bn khc, vui lng nhn kim tra li, gp thm v chia s mt s ti liu tham kho khc chng ti honh thnh cun sch ny.
MC LC
Chng 1: KHNG GIAN MTRC .................................................... 1
- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 20
Chng 2: NH X LIN TC, TP COMPC, TP LIN THNG NG ......................................................................................... 23

- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 43
Chng 3: KHNG GIAN MTRC Y V KHNG GIAN BANACH .................................................................45

- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 76
Chng 4: VI PHN HM NHIU BIN ..........................................78

- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 138
Chng 5: CNG THC TAYLOR, HM N, HM NGC, CC TR .........................................................................139

- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 187
Chng 6: CHUI TRONG KHNG GIAN BANACH ................ 188

- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 235
Chng 7: DY HM V CHUI HM ...........................................238

- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 295
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Chng 1:
KHNG GIAN MTRC

1.1. Chng minh rng mi khong m trong (i) Nu u cha mt s v t. T suy ra: hi t v . hi t v . l mt s v t th c dy hu t l mt s hu t th c dy v t Bi gii: Trc ht ta lu rng ta c tnh cht sau : Vi mi c < d th u tn ti mt s hu t Xt sao cho . (*) .(**) .
(ii) Nu
bt k, ta chng minh tn ti mt s v t x sao cho Theo (*), tn ti s hu t sao cho p sao cho
Do Chn
. , ta c x v t do p hu t v .
Nh vy ta chng minh c (**). Trong phn tip theo, ta ch chng minh (i), (ii) chng minh hon ton tng t. (i) Vi x v t, theo (*) tn ti Do : . Suy ra hu t sao cho : l dy hu t hi t v x v t. .
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.2. Cho l tp ng trong l s thc, chng minh rng :
v khng c tp m no cha trong . Bi gii: l tp ng. c sp theo
Ta cn chng minh
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s n s thc
th t tng dn ( bi v ta lun sp c th t ca cc s ), ngha l : . Khi , ta xt : . Do trong l hp ca cc khong m nn . l tp m khc rng trong th cha v l tp m. Dn n l tp ng
Tip theo, ta c nhn xt sau : Nu hn phn t. Tht vy, m khc rng nn tn ti
. sao cho : .
Theo nh ngha tp m, tn ti M khong t. Quy tr li bi ton, do hu hn phn t (
cha v hn phn t, nn dn n U cha v hn phn u c
c n phn t nn mi tp con khc rng ca
) nn khng th l tp m c ( theo nhn xt trn ).
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.3. Cho (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) l tp ng trong v l mt khng gian mtrc v , vi l tp ng trong l tp m trong . Chng minh rng :
l tp hp cc im t ca . v l tp ng nh nht trong v l tp ng ln nht trong v ng nu v ch nu cha .
cha trong . . .
Bi gii: (i) Ly Nu Nu Chng minh bt k . , ta c ngay . , ta u c : . ( do vi mi . (1) Ly Vi mi Suy ra Ly Vi mi V Suy ra .Vy .Suy ra . 3 Chng minh bt k . , . Ta c bt k. . ta c .(2) vi mi . . cha nn khc rng. : ) : do x l im dnh ca ,vi mi :
Nhn xt rng Suy ra Vy
T (1) v (2) suy ra
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc (ii) Xt mt dy Chng minh l mt tp ng trong E. trong E . chng minh . nn vi mi . cha trong | | |+ tha : | < +| | , |, . . , ta u c : . l mt tp
bt k tha mn :
ng, ta ch cn chng minh Vi Cho bt k: v , tn ti
Ta tm c mt dy Nhn xt rng: | Cho
, v phi s hi t v 0. Suy ra hi t v .
Vy tn ti dy { } cha trong x l mt im dnh ca Xt Ly Chng minh hay
l tp ng nh nht trong bt k. Ta chng minh . hi t v
cha cha trong
l mt tp ng cha l mt phn t trong } trong
Tn ti mt dy { Nhn xt rng { Vy (iii) Ly Tn ti Do Ta c V B ng, ta suy ra
} ng thi l mt dy trong .
hi t v
u tin, ta chng minh nu bt k. V sao cho : , ta c ngay . m, ta c
l mt tp m cha trong
th
l mt im trong ca . . Vy l mt im trong ca .
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Chng minh l tp m: chng minh u l im trong. sao cho : m, ta ch cn chng minh mi im Ly V cha trong cha trong
bt k. Tn ti
l mt tp m v cha trong , theo chng minh phn trn, ta c .
Nh vy
l mt im trong ca . Ta c
l tp m. cha trong .
Kt hp vi phn trn, ta c (iv) Chng minh
l tp m ln nht trong
Theo nh ngha, dnh ca . Cng t nh ngha l im dnh ca Ta c: (do Vy (v) Ta c : V v Chng minh .
khi v ch khi n va l im dnh ca
va l im
khi v ch khi n va l im dnh ca .
va
) . l tp ng trong
u ng, ta c ngay Chng minh
l mt tp ng. .
ng nu v ch nu
Chiu thun: Gi s Khi : ng. . Ta suy ra : . 5
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Chiu o: Gi s V Suy ra Vy, . l tp ng. l mt khng gian mtrc v ta nh ngha: Ta c .
1.4. Cho
Chng minh
l khng gian mtrc. Bi gii: l mt khng gian mtrc bng nh ngha: vi mi vi mi khi ch khi Do ta c vi mi . v . hay . nn ta lun c : khi v ch khi
Ta chng minh (i) Do ng thi (ii) Do
(iii) Ta t
Ta cn chng mnh bt ng thc tam gic . , , .
vi mi
Vy cn chng minh BT sau y: Tht vy ta lun c v hm ng bin trn nn:
Vy
l mt khng gian mtrc. 6
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.5. Cho (i) l tp hp khc trng v : tha cc tnh cht:
(ii) Chng minh rng l mt mtrc trn Bi gii: chng minh l mt khng gian mtrc ta phi chng minh thm tnh cht i ta lun c l mt mtrc trn E. ta cn chng minh v . vi
xng tc l vi mi ri kt lun
Ni cch khc t gi thit (i) v (ii) ca bi chng minh mi Tht vy chng minh
Chng minh Ta c :
. Tng t ta c : Do Vy
. l mt mtrc trn .
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.6. Cho (i) t l khng gian mtrc.
= Chng minh rng d l mt mtrc trn (ii) t v . , vi
Vi Chng minh rng ( l khng gian mtrc. Bi gii: (i) 1) Do , V 2) Do , 3) Ta lun c Nn Vi mi cn chng minh Vi mi . . , do - Chng minh d l mt mtrc trn Vi mi v , do : nn ta c : l mt mtrc trn .
khi ch khi . khi ch khi
hay nn ta c :
l mt mtrc trn
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Hay Vy d l mt mtrc trn (ii) a) . l khng gian mtrc vi .
l n khng gian mtrc nn
b) Vi mi v
, ta c : khi v ch khi :
V:
(do
Vy
l khng gian mtrc. c) Vi mi ,ta c : khi v ch khi .
V Vy
(do
).
l khng gian mtrc.
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.7. (i) Cho vi (ii) Cho vi u Chng minh (iii) Ly vi mtrc . l mt khng gian mtrc. Chng minh rng l bao ng ca .
l mt tp hp c t nht hai phn t. Xt mtrc :
Trong Chng minh rng , Bi gii: i) Cho . Mt khc theo tnh cht ca bao ng, ta bit . Do ta suy ra . l tp ng nh nht cha l mt qu cu ng nn l mt tp ng. D thy
ii)
Ly mt a trong X bt k. khi v ch khi , ngha
Theo nh ngha mtrc , ta c l Do Mt khc phn t cu ng .
v l khng gian mtrc c t nht hai phn t. Suy ra khc a ,vn theo nh ngha mtrc , ta c cha khc . 10 ch t nht mt . Nh vy, qu
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc iu ny chng t Theo cu (i) ta c , ta cn chng minh bt k ta s chng minh tho . . bng cch ch .
iii)
Nn nhn c Tht vy, ly mt ra mt dy t Khi Hn na, v vi mi Ta suy ra : = < Do mi . d thy cha trong
. Ta c nhn xt sau:
nn
vi mi .
1.8. Cho {
} l mt dy trong khng gian mtrc },{ },{
Chng minh rng { } hi t.
hi t nu v ch nu cc dy {
Bi gii: Chiu thun: Hin nhin. Chiu nghch: Gi s Do hi t. l dy con ca hai dy hi t v , nn v c
cng gii hn. 11
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Do l dy con ca hai dy hi t v , nn v c cng gii hn. T ta suy ra: Vy hi t. l mt khng gian mtrc. Chng minh rng : v th c cc tp m v sao cho c cng gii hn.
1.9. Cho (i) Nu v
(ii) Tp hp gm hu hn gm mt phn t ca tp hp gm hu hn cc phn t trong (iii) Nu
l tp ng trong
v do
l tp ng trong . , ta c .
th vi mi phn t Bi gii:
i) t Khi ta chn Suy ra: V sao cho
= th s c .
l cc tp m nn vi v
th c hai tp m
Ta c iu cn chng minh. ii) Tng t 1.2. iii) Ta c Cn chng minh: Vi mi Tht vy: Cho .Ta c: Vi mi , hay . , .
Suy ra
. 12
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.10. Cho dy hm rng = xc nh trn . Chng minh khi v hi t tng im v hm Dirichlet khi . Bi gii: + Vi . Suy ra x = ( , )
Vi
. Suy ra
Suy ra
hi t v . Suy ra .
+ Vi Ta c: Suy ra hi t v
1.11. Cho ( ) v ( (
) l hai dy hm hi t u trn . Chng minh rng ) l hai dy hm b chn. Chng t
) cng u hi t u trn Hn na, gi s thm rng ( ) v ( cng hi t u trn
rng dy hm (
13
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Bi gii: Khi th : Ta c: . Hay Suy ra: .
T gi thuyt ta c:
Suy ra : Khi :
Hay Suy ra : .
1.12. Xt dy hm : , . v ti
Chng t rng ( ) hi t u v mt hm mi . Kho st trng hp
14
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Bi gii: C nh n. Xt hm = Cho =0 . .
Vy
Suy ra V:
hi t u v hm
15
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.13. Chng t rng dy hm hi t u trn on . hi t tng im nhng khng
Bi gii: - Vi Hi t tng im : : . - Vi : . - Vi :
Vy
hi t tng im v hm Khng hi t u : . . hi t tng im v ch c th hi t u v
Chn
16
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.14. Tm cc im trong, im bin v xt xem cc tp hp c cho c l tp ng hay khng?
Bi gii: a. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. b. im trong: im bin: Khng l tp ng. c. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. d. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. e. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. 17
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc f. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. g. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. h. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. i. im trong: im bin: -
Tp ng. 18
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc j. im trong: im bin: Tp ng.
19
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc
1.
ngha:
: , ),( , ). Trn tp = x ,ta nh
a. Cho cc khng gian mtrc (
b. S l tp hp cc dy s thc x = =
.Ta nh ngha : , ,
2.
Cho a. b. Nu c. d.
l mt khng gian mtrc v
.Chng minh rng:
3.
Chng minh rng nu
l mt khng gian vect nh chun v
l mt nh x tha mn ba tnh cht ca mtric trn E v c thm hai tnh cht: Th tn ti mt v ch mt chun . Cho E l mt khng gian vect, hai chun . 20 . trn E sao cho: .
4. gi s
1,
trn E,
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Chng minh rng 5.

1 2
Cho E l mt khng gian vect nh chun; A,B l tp khc rng ca E; ta , cng tng t vi khi v ch khi . .
nh ngha: Chng minh:
6.
Cho E l mt khng gian vect nh chun; A,B l hai tp khc rng v b
chn trong E . Chng minh: .
7.
Cho khng gian mtrc
. Vi
, ta nh ngha:
Chng minh rng:
khi v ch khi
8.
Trong
,tm gii hn ca: .
9.
Cho (E,
l mt khng gian vect nh chun;
Chng minh rng: a. khi v ch khi .
21
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc b. khi v ch khi .
10.
Cho
l tp con ca cha [0,1].
cha mi im hu t thuc [0,1] . Chng minh nu
ng th
11. 12.
Cho X l tp v hn v b chn trong Tm iu kin cn v cho
. Chng minh X c im t. c cc ng thc: .
13.
Chng t rng dy hm .
hi t tng im nhng
khng hi t u trn
22
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Chng 2:
NH X LIN TC, TP COMPC, TP LIN THNG NG

2.1. Cho l mt khng gian mtrc v ca l tp con khc trng ca . Chng minh rng hm c trng xc nh l : lin tc trn nu v ch nu l tp va ng va m trong . Bi gii: Chiu thun: Gi s ({0}). Chiu o: Gi s va m, va ng trong th vi l tp m bt k trong , ta c: lin tc trn , suy ra: ng, do = ({1}) v m, do =
Do :
lin tc trn .
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
23
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.2. Cho l mt nh x t khng gian mtrc vo khng gian mtrc nu v ch
l mt tp m trong . Chng minh rng nu c. Bi gii: * Vi , ta cn chng minh: lin tc ti
lin tc ti
lin tc ti . Hn na, chng t rng iu kin
l tp m khng th b
khi v ch khi th
lin tc ti . lin tc ti .
Chiu thun: Ta cn chng minh chng minh Vi mi dy { Ta c: M , do
lin tc ti
lin tc ti , ta cn chng minh: trong hi t v th { , . Vy ta chng minh xong. lin tc ti th lin tc ti . } hi t v .
lin tc ti
tc l
hi t v hi t v
Chiu o: Ta chng minh chng minh Vi mi dy
lin tc ti , ta cn chng minh: trong hi t v th sao cho: hi t v vi mi . vi mi .
Trc ht, ta s chng minh tn ti Do Do Suy ra Dn n { hi t v m trong trong v
nn tn ti > 0 sao cho sao cho:
hi t v , nn tn ti vi mi l dy trong
hi t v . M ta c
lin tc ti , nn:
. Ta c iu phi chng minh. l tp m khng th b c: v l tp khng m, hm c trng ca xc
*Chng minh iu kin Ly Ta c : nh l: ,
l khng gian mtrc,
24
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Lc ny, hm V vy, iu kin lin tc trn nhng khng lin tc trn . l tp m khng b c.
2.3. Cho
l mt khng gian mtrc v
l mt nh x lin tc. Chng
minh rng tp hp cc im bt ng ca l mt tp ng trong . Bi gii: Ta cn chng minh Tht vy, xt dy bt k Do Suy ra: Vy hay ng trong . v . trong l mt tp ng trong . hi t v trong . Cn chng minh nn { ( .
l nh x lin tc trn
)} hi t v ( ).
2.4. Cho cc hm s tc.
l cc hm s lin tc trn khng gian mtrc . Chng minh rng v lin tc. Suy ra cc hm s v cng lin
Bi gii: Vi cc hm s c xc nh nh sau:
25
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng V vy, chng minh hai hm s trn lin tc, ta ch cn chng minh tc. t Ta c: , suy ra Do : Vy hm T y suy ra hai hm , ta s chng minh lin tc. nn lin tc trn khng gian mtrc lin tc trn lin
lin tc trn khng gian mtrc
lin tc trn khng gian mtrc , v vy
khng gian mtrc . lin tc trn khng gian mtrc . lin tc trn khng gian mtrc . cng lin tc.
2.5. Cho
l hai nh x lin tc t khng gian mtrc l tp con khc trng ca . sao cho
vo khng gian .
mtrc . Gi s Chng minh rng
Bi gii: Ta c . Xt bt k trong , ta s chng minh ). trong sao cho hi t vi mi , v ta cn chng minh vi mi
Tht vy, theo nh ngha ca , tn ti mt dy v . M vi mi nn:
Suy ra
vi mi
26
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.6. Cho l hai khng gian mtrc v l mt nh x t lin tc trn . sao cho lin tc vi mi tp compc Trc ht ly dy . Chng minh Bi gii: trong , hi t v l tp compc. Ly Ta c nn Mt khc l ph m ca . l im trong ca ngha l tn ti ln sao cho: , dn n l tp b chn. sao cho . Ta chng minh c ph con hu hn. . Ta s chng minh rng tp
l tp m nn
Ta c Vi mi
l dy hi t v th
nn tn ti nn
Do theo nh l Heine-Borel-Weierstrass th tn ti mt h con hu hn ph :
Vy V
compc. lin tc trn nn theo chng minh bi 2.2 ta c lin tc trn .
27
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.7. Cho Gi l tp ng trong . Bi gii: l th ca Ly dy Suy ra V hi t v sao cho v hi t v hi t v . hi t v , nn . hi t v . . . trong . l mt nh x lin tc t khng gian mtrc vo khng gian mtrc . l th ca . Chng minh rng th ca
lin tc nn
Mt khc: Do
Nn theo tnh cht duy nht ca gii hn th hay l tp ng trong
2.8. Cho trong [0,1], ngha l c
lin tc. Chng minh rng sao cho Bi gii: .
c im bt ng
Gi
l nh x xc nh trn
tho :
Theo gi thit, ta suy ra: Tc l: sao cho , tc l tn ti .
Do : Nn tn ti
28
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.9. Cho . Bit rng l mt ng phi ngha l rng : i. ii. compc nu v ch nu compc. lin thng ng. lin thng ng nu v ch nu song nh, lin tc, v lin tc. Chng minh v l cc khng gian mtrc v l mt nh x t vo
Bi gii: l song nh t vo nn (*) hay (**)
a)
Gi s
compc, do
lin tc trn
nn t (*) ta c
compc. nn t (**) ta c
o li, gi s compc. Vy b)
compc, do
cng lin tc trn
compc nu v ch nu
compc. lin thng ng.
Chiu thun: chng minh
lin thng ng
lin thng ng th ta s chng minh: Tn ti 1 nh x sao cho: lin thng ng nn tn ti 1 nh x . lin tc (v . . lin tc) v: lin tc,
lin tc,
Theo gi thuyt, ta c v T y, ta thy nh x + + Do vy, vi Suy ra
th
lin tc,
lin thng ng. 29
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Chiu o: lin thng ng lin thng ng. (Tng t chiu thun)
2.10. Cho
l hai khng gian mtrc v compc th
l mt song nh lin tc t
vo
. Chng minh rng nu
l mt ng phi.
Bi gii: chng minh Tht vy : Xt . Vi ng trong th compc v do lin tc nn compc v do ng trong . Vy lin tc trn hay l mt ng phi. l mt ng phi, ta s chng minh lin tc trn .
2.11. Tm cc gii hn :
30
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng
Bi gii: a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
31
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng g)
h)
Trc ht ta tnh:
Ta c:
Suy ra:
M:
Nn:
Vy: 32
i)
Khi
, ta c:
t Ta c:
Vy:
33
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.12. Cc hm s sau c gii hn ti (0,0) khng ? a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) Bi gii: Khng tn ti gii hn ti Tht vy, vi mi a) b) c) d) Vi Vi Vi Vi v v cc cu a), b), c), d), e), f), i), j), l). xt 2 dy v nh cu a). v nh cu a). 34 nhng v cng hi t v : .
nhng
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng e) f) i) j) Vi Vi Vi Vi v v v v nh cu a). nh cu a). nh cu a). nhng
Xt cc cu g), h), k): g) Ta c:
M:
Nn:
h)
Ta c:
M:
Nn:
k)
Ta c:
35
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng M:
Nn:
2.13. Cho xc nh bi hm thu hp ca trn ).
l hm lin tc v
. Chng minh rng hm c gi l
cng l hm lin tc (
Bi gii: chng minh lin tc trn trong m , ta cn chng minh : hi t v , nn , do : trong hi t v hi t v th . . ( v hi t v .
Vi mi dy V lin tc trn
Suy ra:
hi t v
Vy
lin tc trn
2.14. Cho
l hai hm xc nh trn lin tc ti mi im ca
v v
l mt tp m cha trong . th
Chng minh rng nu
lin tc ti mi im ca .
36
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Bi gii: chng minh lin tc ti mi im ca bt k trong vi mi nn tn ti nn tn ti vi mi l dy trong hi t v vi mi hi t v hay , . lin tc ti mi im ca . (pcm) hi t v . M ta c lin sao cho sao cho: vi mi . : hi t v trong , ta s chng
Trc ht ta ly mt dy sao cho: v hi t v
minh tn ti Do Do Suy ra -
m trong trong
T trn dn n nn
tc trn Mt khc Vy
2.15. Cho hm lin tc i. Nu l mt tp m th vi mi l mt tp m. ii. Nu v l mt tp ng th vi mi
Chng minh rng: ,
, cc tp hp
l cc tp ng. Bi gii:
i.
chng minh , tn ti l tp m v . t sao cho: sao cho
l tp m, ta s chng minh : . nn tn ti Do sao cho
Vi mi Trc ht, do . Do nn
lin tc ti
, nn theo nh ngha, tn ti
37
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng . Do suy ra: Chn Nn suy ra : Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. ii. chng minh trong K hi t v trong nn suy ra . trong th l tp ng, ta s chng minh : . . M theo gi ta c : v hay .
Vi mi dy Trc ht thit,
hi t v trong nn ta c:
l tp ng. Suy ra
lin tc trn
Do vy
ta c iu phi chng minh. ng l hon ton tng t.
Vic chng minh
2.16. Tm a) b)
lin tc ti
Bi gii: iu kin cn v lin tc ti (0,0) l :
Do trc ht ta s tnh :
38
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng (a) Ta c :
(v M :
hay
Suy ra :
Nn
lin tc ti (0,0) khi v ch khi
(b) Xt dy Khi hi t v phn k (khi (khi ). lin tc ti . ).
Do : khng tn ti
39
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.17. Xt s lin tc ca cc hm s a)
b)
Bi gii: a) Vi mi t ( Th: t Ta tnh : = =
Ta c :
Suy ra :
Nn :
Vy
lin tc ti
40
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng b)
Vi mi Ta c: Nn:
Vy
lin tc ti
2.18. Kim tra tnh compc ca cc tp sau trong a) b) c) Bi gii: a) chng minh tp ng v b chn. ng : bt k trong cha trong . , nn nn ta c . iu ny chng t . . cha trong . sao cho . Ta s l tp compc. Ta s
chng minh
Chng minh Ly mt dy chng minh Ta c Mt khc, Suy ra,
41
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Chng minh b chn :
Ly Suy ra Nn Vy b)
bt k trong . Ta nhn thy:
v l tp compc. chng minh
b chn.
khng l tp compc, ta s
chng minh Xt dy Vi . Cho
khng ng. .
, ta c
. Do
, nhn thy l mt dy cha trong
( do
hi t v mt phn t khng thuc . iu ny
chng t c)
khng phi l tp ng nn khng compc. khng l tp compc, ta s
chng minh khng b chn. . Do ,
chng minh Xt dy Vi Cho
, ta c , nhn thy
cha mt dy khng b chn, do phi l
tp khng b chn v khng compc.
42
1.
Xt tnh lin tc cc hm: a.
b.
c. 2. Tm gii hn khi a. b. c. d. 3. Cho lin tc ti 0 th 4. Cho tha lin tc. tha . Chng minh nu . Chng minh nu ca cc hm s sau:
lin tc ti 0 th f lin tc. 5. Cho lin tc. Chng minh nu l tp b chn th
l tp b chn. 6. trn Chng minh hm . lin tc v b chn nhng khng lin tc u
43
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 7. Cho , lin thng. Chng minh nu . tha mn: th lun dng hay lun m 8. Cho
l khng gian mtrc compact v nh x
Chng minh tn ti duy nht im 9. Cho khng gian mtrc
tha mn v nh x
. .Trn X x Y, xt
mtrc:
V xt tp hp a. Gi s b. Gi s lin tc. 10. l tp ng v
. lin tc, chng minh l tp ng. l khng gian compact, chng minh
Chng minh cc tp sau c tnh compact : a. b. c.
11. 12.
Chng minh quan h ng phi l quan h tng ng. Chng minh rng: a. Nu ng phi. b. Nu v l nhng php ng phi th cng lin thng. cng l mt php ng phi. l mt php ng phi th cng l mt php
13.
Chng minh nu
lin thng th
44
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach
Chng 3:
KHNG GIAN MTRC Y V KHNG GIAN BANACH

3.1. Cho minh rng l mt khng gian mtrc sao cho mi qu cu ng th compc. Chng y . Bi gii: y : Cauchy trong th b chn.
Chng minh Ly dy Vy
sao cho Theo gii thuyt mi qu cu ng thuc th compc.
Suy ra Vy C ngha l cho Do
l tp compc. nn , hi t v sao cho d suy ra vi . .
l dy Cauchy . Cho , sao cho vi .
Ta c : Vi Ta c : vi Vy Do hi t v . l khng gian y . .
45
3.2. Cho mtrc
l mt nh x lin tc u t khng gian mtrc . Chng minh rng nu l dy Cauchy trong
vo khng gian th l
dy Cauchy trong . Bi gii:
Gi s
l mt dy Cauchy trong khng gian mtrc . l mt dy Cauchy trong khng gian mtrc . sao cho vi ta u c
Ta cn chng minh Xt Trc ht v , Mt khc
bt k. Ta cn tm mt l mt nh x lin tc u. , sao cho
th
l dy Cauchy ta c : sao cho vi . sao cho th . .
Cho Khi , vi Vy
, chn
l dy Cauchy trong
3.3. Cho . Cho th
l cc khng gian mtrc v v
l mt song nh t v . Nu
vo
l mt ng phi, ngha l
lin tc trn
c y khng? Bi gii:
Xt nh x :
Vi nh x
) ny l song nh v l hm lin tc trn . 46
nh x ngc :
nh x ngc ny l hm lin tc trn l tp y . Chn dy Ta chng minh Ta c Cho Vy = , chn vi = , do
vy
l mt ng phi.
cha trong
l dy Cauchy nhng khng hi t trong ta c
l dy Cauchy. Ta c khng y . 0 khi nn khng thuc
Nn
3.4. Cho
l mt ng c t khng gian mtrc
vo khng gian mtrc y th
ngha l y . Bi gii:
Chng minh rng nu
Xt mt dy bt k Do thuc ) nn tn ti
trong thuc
ta chng minh sao cho trong vi (2)
hi t trong u hi t trong .(1)
Theo gi thit Ngha l
y nn mi dy Cauchy sao cho
Theo gi thit ta c
47
T (1) & (2) : Ta c: Vy Ngha l : sao cho Theo gi thit ta c T (3) & (4) : Suy ra Suy ra T Ta c & l khng gian y . y nu v ch nu sao cho hi t v . vi vi (4) (3) sao cho l dy Cauchy . Li theo gi thit l dy hi t trong nn . vi
3.5. Chng minh rng khng gian mtrc khng gian mtrc y . Bi gii:
l cc
i) Gi s l cc khng gian mtrc y ta chng minh l khng gian mtrc y vi mi dy Cauchy Ngha l sao cho vi trong . y . trong .
l khng gian mtrc y vi mi dy Cauchy Ngha l Xt dy sao cho bt k thuc ta c : vi
48
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach vi Vy l dy Cauchy . l khng gian mtrc y nn dy Cauchy Ngha l sao cho vi hi t v . hi t v .
l khng gian mtrc y nn dy Cauchy Ngha l Xt dy , vi sao cho bt k thuc ta c vi Vy T ii) Gi s y , chng minh Xt dy V Ngha l Ta c: Vy Mt khc Ngha l Ta c: Vy l dy hi t v y . (2) l y . l dy Cauchy .(1) l khng gian y nn l khng gian y vi mi dy Cauchy , vi N0 >0 sao cho vi y . & l dy hi t v suy ra khng gian y . . . vi
vi .
hi t v
>0 , vi
sao cho vi
T (1) & (2) ta suy ra khng gian Tng t chng minh
49
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 3.6. Gi s minh rng v l hai dy Cauchy trong khng gian mtrc hi t. Bi gii: chng minh . Chng
hi t, ta chng minh
l dy Cauchy trong
, ngha l ta cn chng minh : sao cho Ta c 2 bt ng thc sau :
Chuyn v ta c : Do , suy ra Mt khc, theo gi thit, Cho v sao cho: vi Chn khi ta c . Suy ra Vy dy l dy Cauchy trong hi t trong . . l dy Cauchy. vi . .
50
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 3.7. Chng minh cc ton t tuyn tnh sau lin tc v tnh chun ca n : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Bi gii:
a) 1. Cho Chng minh: Ta c ( Chng minh nh x Chng minh lin tc trn ), th : :
. (V Vy lin tc trn Suy ra
2. Ta c :
Chng minh nh x ,
tuyn tnh : th :
51
. Suy ra l nh x tuyn tnh .
3. Ta c :
Tnh lin tc : th .
T : Suy ra Vy l nh x lin tc. .
4. T Chn Ta c : , ta c
Tnh chun : . V vy nn : . . (1)
Nn T (1) & (2) ta c .
(2)
b) 1. Cho Chng minh nh x Chng minh :
52
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Chng minh : Ta c : lin tc trn th :
. Suy ra Vy 2. Ta c lin tc trn . Chng minh nh x , tuyn tnh : th :
. Suy ra l nh x tuyn tnh. 3. Ta c : Tnh lin tc : th . T : Suy ra : Vy l nh x lin tc. 4. T Chn Ta c : 53 , ta c . Tnh chun : suy ra . (1) .
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach . . Suy ra :
Nn T (1) & (2) suy ra : .
(2)
c) 1. Ta c : Chng minh nh x th Suy ra Vy 2. Ta c: lin tc trn . Chng minh nh x , .
. :
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra 3. Ta c
l nh x tuyn tnh . Tnh lin tc : . . Suy ra : .
Vy
l nh x lin tc . 4. Tnh chun :
T Suy ra
, ta c . (1) 54
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Chn Ta c : , Nn T (1) & (2) suy ra : . . . (2)
d) 1. Ta c : Chng minh nh x th : . :
Suy ra Vy 2. Ta c:
lin tc trn .
Chng minh nh x
tuyn tnh : , th
Suy ra
l nh x tuyn tnh. 3. Tnh lin tc : . . nh x lin tc . 4. Tnh chun : vi . (1)
Ta c: Suy ra Vy
T Suy ra Chn
, ta c
55
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Ta c : , Nn T (1) & (2) suy ra . . . (2)
e) 1. Ta c : Chng minh nh x th : Suy ra Vy 2. Cho lin tc trn . Chng minh nh x , .
. :
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra
l nh x tuyn tnh . 3. Tnh lin tc : th suy ra .
Ta c :
Vy
l nh x lin tc . 4. Tnh chun :
T Suy ra Chn
, ta c : . vi 56 (1)
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Ta c : . Nn T (1) & (2) ta c . (2)
f) 1. Ta c Chng minh nh x th : Suy ra Vy 2. Ta c lin tc trn . Chng minh nh x , .
. :
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra
l nh x tuyn tnh . 3. Tnh lin tc : th : .
Ta c
Suy ra Vy
. nh x lin tc . 4. Tnh chun : , v vy . (1)
T Chn
, ta c
Ta c :
57
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach . T (1) & (2) ta c . (2)
g) 1. Ta c Chng minh nh x th : :
Suy ra Vy 2. Ta c
lin tc trn .
Chng minh nh x ,
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra
l nh x tuyn tnh . 3. Tnh lin tc : th: .
Ta c
Suy ra Vy nh x
. lin tc . 58
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 4. T Chn Ta c: , ta c Tnh chun : , v vy . (1)
Nn Vy khi : . (2)
T (1) & (2) ta c
3.8. Cho cc nh x minh a) b) c) d) e) f) g) l nh x tuyn tnh, tm .
. Trn
trang b
. Chng
59
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Bi gii:
a) Vi mi Ta c :
. 1. Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh :

2
bt k
Vy t Ta c :
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiakopxky ta c :
= Suy ra Hay
Do Mt khc ta c : Nn suy ra b) = .
1. Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh : 60
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Vi mi Ta c :

2
bt k.
Vy t Ta c :
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun ) =
Suy ra Hay
Mt khc ta c : Nn .
c)
1. Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh : Vi mi v bt k, ta c :
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh. : 61
2. Tnh chun
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Ta c : =
Suy ra Suy ra Mt khc: Nn suy ra = 3.
d) 1. Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh : Xt : Ta c : v
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun
p dng bt ng thc Bunnhiakopxki Ta c: . Suy ra Hay
62
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Suy ra Mt khc ta c : Vy . .
e)
1. Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh : Xt : Ta c : v bt k.
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun Ta c :
. Suy ra Hay .
Do Mt khc : Vy .
63
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach f)
1. Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh : Xt: Ta c : v bt k.
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh . :
2. Tnh chun Ta c:
. Suy ra : Hay
Do Mt khc : Vy
g)
1. Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh : Xt : v bt k. 64
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Ta c :
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh . :
2. Tnh chun
p dng bt ng thc Bunnhiakopxki ta c : =
Suy ra Hay
Do Mt khc : Vy = .
65
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 3.9. Chng minh cc phim hm thuc ca n a) b) c) d) e) f) tm chun
Bi gii:
a) 1. Ta chng minh lin tc : .
Chng minh -
Suy ra Nn Vy lin tc . tuyn tnh : .
Chng minh Ta c :
66
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach . . . . Suy ra Vy tuyn tnh .
2. Xt
Tm chun
Suy ra Suy ra Suy ra Chn Suy ra Mc khc T & ta c , .
. . . . .
b) 1. Ta chng minh lin tc :
. .
Chng minh
67
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach -
Suy ra Suy ra Vy lin tc. tuyn tnh :
Chng minh Ta c :
Suy ra Vy
tuyn tnh . .
2. Xt
Tm chun
. Suy ra Suy ra Nn . . 68 .
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Chn Suy ra Suy ra Suy ra T & ta c . . .
c) 1. Ta chng minh lin tc : .
Chng minh -
Suy ra Suy ra Vy lin tc. tuyn tnh :
. .
Chng minh Ta c :
69
Suy ra Vy
tuyn tnh . .
2.
Tm chun
Ta c :
Suy ra Suy ra Chn .
Suy ra Suy ra Suy ra .
70
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach T & suy ra .
d) 1. Ta chng minh
. .
Chng minh
lin tc : .
. Suy ra Suy ra Vy lin tc . tuyn tnh : . .
Chng minh Ta c : Ta c :
. Suy ra Vy tuyn tnh . .
2. Xt
Tm chun . nn , , . . 71 .
Suy ra Chn c
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Suy ra T & ta c . .
e) 1. Ta chng minh lin tc : .
Chng minh -
. .
Suy ra Nn Vy hm Chng minh Ta c : lin tc . tuyn tnh : .
. Suy ra Vy 72 tuyn tnh .
2. Xt
Tm chun
. Suy ra Suy ra Chn .
Suy ra
Suy ra :
Nn T & ta c
. .
73
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach f) 1. Ta chng minh lin tc : .
Chng minh
. Nn Vy lin tc. tuyn tnh : .
Chng minh Ta c :
). Suy ra Vy tuyn tnh . . 74
2. Xt
Tm chun
. .
Suy ra
nn
Chn
Suy ra Ta c :
Suy ra :
Suy ra T & ta c
. . 75
1.
Gi thuyt nh bi 1.4 - Gio trnh Gii tch 2 . a. Chng minh b. Gi s khi v ch khi y , chng minh . y .
2.
Gi thuyt nh bi 1a - Bi Tp M Rng Chng 1. a. Gi s khi v ch khi b. Gi s y . Chng minh . Chng minh: . y .
3.
Gi thuyt nh bi 1b - Bi Tp M Rng Chng 1. a. Gi s khi v ch khi b. Chng minh y . . Chng minh: .
4.
Chng minh rng : a. Nu php ng c. b. Nu v l nhng php ng c th cng l mt php ng c. c. Nu l mt php ng c th f l mt php ng phi v chiu o li ng hay sai? 76 l mt php ng c th cng l mt
5. -
Trn
, ta nh ngha :
a. Chng minh b. Chng minh c. Chng minh
l cc chun trn khng tng ng tng ng . .
6.
Cho
l nh x tuyn tnh . Chng minh tn ti M sao cho . tha iu kin Lipschitz nu :
7.
Cho
. Ta ni
Chng minh rng: Nu
tha iu kin Lipschitz th
lin tc u.
77
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin
Chng 4:
VI PHN HM NHIU BIN

4.1. Tm cc o hm ring cho cc o hm sau, vit a) b) c) d) Bi gii: a) Ta thy : Ta c : .
Nh vy: b) Ta thy :
Nh vy: 78
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin c) Ta c :
Nh vy: d) Ta thy : Ta c: =
Nh vy:
4.2. Cho a) b) c) d) e)
l hm lin tc .Tm o hm ring ca :
79
Bi gii: a) Ta xt hai hm v u nh sau : ( l nguyn hm ca ). . Ta c : . Nn p dng cng thc hm hp :
b) Trc ht ta bin i nh sau :
Ta xt 3 hm
: ( l nguyn hm ca ).
. . Ta thy hm hp ta c : . Do vy , p dng cng thc o hm
80
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin c) Ta xt hai hm : ( l nguyn hm ca ).
Ta thy ta c:
. Nn p dng cng thc tnh o hm ca hm hp
d) Ta xt hai hm : ( l nguyn hm ca ). . Ta thy . Ta c:
e) Trc tin ta tnh t Xt hai hm : ( l nguyn hm ca ). 81
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin . Ta c : .
Do , Ta c: . Xt hm : . . . Ta thy: Nn : .
82
4.3. Cho
Chng minh rng Bi gii: Ta c: Trng hp 1 : Xt thy : hoc
Suy ra tn ti : Tng t :
Trng hp 2 :
, ta c :
Cho
, ta thy:
Vy tn ti
v theo nh ngha ca o hm ring:
Tng t, ta cng c: 83
Vy kt hp hai trng hp trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
4.4. Tnh a) b)
cho cc hm sau
Bi gii: a) Ta c :
Ta thy cc o hm ring ny lin tc ti ti mi im kh vi trn V Ta c: b) Ta c : .
thuc
. Suy ra f
84
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Ta thy cc o hm ring ny lin tc ti mi im vi trn V: . . thuc . Suy ra f kh
4.5. Tm o hm ring ca f theo s v t bng cch dng o hm hm hp: a) b) Bi gii: a)
. b)
85
4.6. Cho
vi
Chng minh
Bi gii: Ta c:
M:
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
86
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.7. Cho . Chng minh
Bi gii: Ta c : , p dng cng thc vi phn hm hp ta tnh c :
Vy ta c:
4.8. Cho
vi
l mt hng s.Chng minh
Vi
87
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Bi gii: Ta c : nn :
Do vy,
4.9. Cho minh a) b) vi a=(
. Cho f kh vi, chng
l mt vect bt k.
88
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Bi gii: a) Theo nh ngha, ta c:
b)
Tng t nh cu a, ta cng c: .
4.10. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca f v kim tra rng hai o hm hn hp bng nhau, vi hm a) b) 3 c) Bi gii: a) Ta c : cho bi
Vy suy ra:
89
Vy ta thy : b) Ta c:
V:
Vy ta thy: c) Ta c :
V: 90
Vy ta thy :
4.11. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm ba bin a) b) Bi gii: a)
vi hm ny l
o hm cp hai :
91
b)
o hm cp hai :
92
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.12. Hm f c gi l hm iu ho hai bin nu
trn min xc nh ca n. Kim tra rng cc hm sau l hm iu ho a) b) c) d) ( e) f) Bi gii: a) Ta c :
Suy ra :
Vy b)
l hm iu ho.
93
Suy ra :
Suy ra :
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho. c) Ta c :
Suy ra :
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho. d) Ta c : 94
Khi :
Suy ra:
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho. e) Ta c :
Vy ta c:
95
Vy ta c:
Ta thy:
nn hm cho khng l hm iu ho. 96
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin f) Ta c:
Khi ta c:
Suy ra:
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho.
97
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.13. Hm f gi l hm iu ha ba bin nu
trn min xc nh ca n. Kim tra xem cc hm sau c l hm iu ha hay khng a) b) c) d) Bi gii: a) Ta c :
V :
Vy ta thy :
Suy ra, hm b) Ta c :
l hm iu ha.
V : 98
Vy ta c :
Suy ra, hm c) Ta c :
khng phi l hm iu ha ba bin.
Vy ta c :
Suy ra :
99
Vy: hm d) Ta c :
l hm iu ha ba bin.
Vy ta c :
Suy ra :
Vy hm
l hm iu ha ba bin.
100
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.14. Cho
a) Tnh ca b) Dng cu a) tnh
Suy ra biu thc
vi .
v tnh
. T suy ra minh khng nh ca bn. Bi gii: a) Ta c: Xt
c) Gi thit no ca nh l 4.1, chng 4 b vi phm trong v d ny? Chng
Tn ti
Hon ton tng t, ta cng c : Xt ta c :
101
Ni ring :
b) Ta c :
Xt
Xt
. Ta c : 102
Tn ti
Tng t , ta c :
Vy c) ring Trong v d ny
. do gi thit lin tc ca hai o hm
trong nh l 4.1, chng 4 b vi phm. khng lin tc ti ta thy .
Tht vy, ta s chng minh Xt dy
. Th vo
Do khi iu ny chng t khng lin tc ti .
4.15. Cho : a) Chng minh . b) c) Chng minh Chng minh . 103 .
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin d) e) vi Chng minh . Chng minh .
Bi gii: a) t Khi : Ta c: , M: ,
Do , ta suy ra :
104
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Khi , ta c :
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. b) t Khi ta c : Dng cng thc o hm hm hp ta c :
Do vy ta c :
Ta c iu phi chng minh. c) t Khi : Ta c :
105
Vy ta c :
d) Ta c : t khi
Suy ra :
106
Vy
e) Ta c :
vi
Do vy ta c :
107
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.16. Nu vi . Chng minh
Bi gii:
Suy ra :
Tng t :
108
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Suy ra :
4.17. Cho hm
. Gi s . Chng minh rng ta c
Vi
Bi gii: Ta c :
109
Tng t ta c :
Suy ra :
V theo h thc Cauchy Reimann ta c:
110
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.18. Cho hm F c 2 bin x, y. Ta ni F l hm thun nht cp nu
vi mi
. th
Chng minh rng nu F l hm thun nht cp a) b) Bi gii: a) t
Khi : (1) t Ly o hm g theo bin , ta c:
(2) T (1) v (2) suy ra :
Cho
, ta c 111
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Hay Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. b) Theo cu a ta c o hm ca Ly o hm ca theo t l
theo t, ta c :
Theo (1) ta c : = Suy ra :
Cho
112
Hay Ta c iu phi chng minh.
4.19. Cho
l hm thun nht cp hai. t
vi
Chng minh rng
Bi gii: t Suy ra :
Vy ta c :
113
Tng t :
Vy ta c :
4.20. Kho st tnh kh vi ca nh x
xc nh bi
Bi gii: Ta c :
Ta chia
ra lm 4 gc phn t v cc ng thng :
Chn gc phn t th I l Vi
114
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin l tp m nn tng t). Trn Do vy Do m v vi mi tha c Chng minh f kh vi trn th : sao cho
R rng 4 tp u m nn ta ch chng minh cho mt tp, (ba tp cn li hon ton
=0 nn Vy f kh vi trn . Suy ra f kh vi trn . ,
Chng minh f khng kh vi trn hai ng thng .
Ch cn chng minh f khng kh vi ti
Tng t ta tnh c ti
Vy f khng kh vi trn hai ng thng 115
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.21. Kho st tnh kh vi ca nh x xc nh bi
Bi gii: t Ta chng minh f kh vi trn U v khng kh vi trn Ta c :
Xt
Ly
bt k trong
Vy
c o hm ring theo hng
v , . Suy ra kh vi trn
Cc o hm ring ny lin tc trn Tng t cho , ta suy ra
kh vi trn
116
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Xt
Suy ra Vy
khng kh vi trn kh vi trn
. .
v khng kh vi trn
4.22. Cho hm nu ti mi
l hm kh vi ti mi im ca th
. Chng minh rng
khng l thuc vo bin th nht. Bi gii:
Ta cn chng minh f khng l thuc bin th nht, ngha l vi nh th vi mi M ta c : .
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
117
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.23. Cho xc nh bi Xt xc nh bi hay
vi mi Bi gii:
Ch rng
thay i theo
Xt Ta c Xt Ta c Xt Ta c
trn min v trn min khi trn min khi
nn v nn v nn
Xt ti trc Oy: Ta c :
Ti (0,0):
Vy
vi mi
118
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.24. Cho hm lin tc trn ng trn n v Xt xc nh bi
a. Chng minh rng hm b. Chng minh rng
xc nh bi ng thc l hm kh vi.
khng kh vi ti Bi gii:
tr khi
a.
Theo bi ta c:
nn ta s chng minh
Vi
, ta c , ta c:
Tng t, vi
Khi
th
Vy ta c Ta thy l hm s bc nht theo . Nn kh vi v
119
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin b. Vi mi ta s chng minh tn ti v
Tht vy, theo cu a ta c Xt thy:
Do , tn ti
v theo nh ngha o hm theo hng ta c:
Xt t Nu kh vi ti
bt k. . Gi s , ta c: Ta thy
Suy ra :
Mt khc, v o li, nu ti . ,
ta suy ra
. ta d thy v do kh vi
120
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Vy khng kh vi ti tr khi .
4.25. Chng minh rng hm
khng kh vi ti
. Bi gii:
Ta c :
Vy :
Chn Ta thy : Vi mi . , khi v do cng khng kh vi ti
4.26. Chng minh rng hm vi ti
xc nh bi
khng kh
Bi gii: Chng minh Ta lu : . 121 khng kh vi theo hng ti .
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Xt :
Do Vy khng kh vi theo hng ti nn khng kh vi ti .
4.27. Chng minh rng hm
sao cho
kh vi ti
Bi gii: Ta c : . Nh vy vi Ta s chng minh kh vi ti 0 v . , tht vy : th nn suy ra
n gin k hiu ta xt trng hp Khng nh Xt : c o hm ring ti
Ta c :
122
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Suy ra : Khi :
Xt : Vy kh vi ti
khi . Tng qut ln ta c iu phi chng minh.
4.28. Cho a) b) c)
l hm lin tc. Tm
, vi
Bi gii: a) Ta xt hai hm nh sau : ( l nguyn hm ca g).
Ta thy
. Do vy p dng cng thc o hm hm hp, ta c:
123
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin V l hm lin tc nn kh vi nn ta c :
b) Ta xt hai hm nh sau : ( l nguyn hm ca g).
Ta thy
. Do vy p dng cng thc o hm hm hp, ta c:
l hm lin tc nn
kh vi nn ta c :
c) Ta c:
Ta xt 3 hm
nh sau : ( l nguyn hm ca g).
Ta thy: hm hp ta c :
. p dng cng thc o hm
124
V Vy
l hm lin tc nn ,
kh vi nn ta c :
4.29. Biu din cc o hm ring ca nu a. b. c. d. e.
qua cc o hm ca cc hm
125
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Bi gii: a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
126
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.30. Cho l cc hm lin tc.Xt hm xc nh bi
a. Chng minh rng
b.
c th xc nh th no
c. Tm hm
sao cho Bi gii:
a. Xt t
th
c nh.
Theo nh l Newton- Leibnitz :
Vy b. C nh Suy ra Theo gi thit, ta c ng thc .
127
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin t c. Theo cu b, Ta c , s c dng
Mt khc, do Suy ra Vy v
nn vi l hng s. vi l hng s.
tho mn iu kin ca s c dng
4.31. Chng t rng hm
Tha phng trnh
Bi gii: Ta c :
Suy ra :
128
Tng t cho Vy ta c :
4.32. Chng t rng mi hm c dng
trong
u tha phng trnh
Bi gii:
Nu
129
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin t
Tng t cho Ta c :
130
Xt
Nu
t Hon ton tng t ta c :
ta c
vi
131
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.33. Chng t rng nu tho phng trnh Laplace th hm
cng tho phng trnh Laplace. Bi gii: t khi :
(theo gi thit)
Tng t, ta tnh c :
Suy ra :
132
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Xt :
Suy ra :
Ta c :
V :
133
suy ra :
Tng t :
Vy :
Ta li c :
Suy ra :
Suy ra :
Vy hm cho tho phng trnh Laplace. 134
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.34. Cho a. Tnh b. Chng t rng nu l cc hng s. Bi gii: a. Tnh , th , trong , trong
Ta c :
Suy ra :
Tng t cho Vy ta c :
b.
135
(trong
l hng s).
4.35. Cho a. Tnh b. Gii phng trnh
trong
Bi gii: a.
b. Trng hp , ta c :
Trng hp
M ta c : 136
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin () Thay vo ,ta c :
Suy ra : Xt hai trng hp : Nu Nu th ta c : nn nn
137
1.
Chng minh tnh cht Darboux : Nu f kh vi trn .
, th
nhn mi
gi tr nm gia
2.
Tm hm s a. b. c.
bit rng :
3.
Chng minh h tha phng trnh sng : nu v
kh vi v a l hng s .
4.
Cho
kh vi lin tc v tha iu kin Cauchy-Riemann :
Chng minh : 5. Cho kh vi. Gi s
khi v ch khi
. . Chng minh . l nh x co . tha iu
kin Lipschitz : Suy ra iu kin hm kh vi 6. v 7. Cho v . Chng minh ng hay sai khi hm s
l cc hm kh vi. Gi s , vi . lin tc th f kh vi Frechet ?
138
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Chng 5:
CNG THC TAYLOR HM N - HM NGC CC TR

5.1. Cho Bi gii: Ta c : vi vi . Tm nu
Khi
th . Ta c phng trnh:
Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo
Khi
th:
5.2. Cho
tho
Tm
. 139
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Bi gii: Vi tho v
Xt :
Khi
th . Ta c 2 h phng trnh:
Ta ly o hm 2 v ca 2 phng trnh theo
Khi
th
140
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.3. Tm Jacobian trong cc trng hp sau a) b) vi vi Bi gii: a. Ta c :
Do vy :
Suy ra :
b.
Ta c :
Do vy :
Suy ra :
Do v ng thi :
nn theo nh l hm ngc ta c th biu din
theo
141
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr
Do , ta suy ra :
5.4. Cc phng trnh sau c th i thnh dng khng? Tnh dng a) b) c) Bi gii: a) Ta c : Ti th :
ti gn cc im nu c biu din thnh
p dng nh l hm n, trong mt ln cn nh ca (0, 0, 0) th :
sao cho hay Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo x, y. Ta c 2 phng trnh :
142
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Khi th :
b) Ta c : Ti x th :
p dng nh l hm n, trong mt ln cn nh ca (1, -1, 0) th :
sao cho : hay Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo . Ta c 2 phng trnh :
Khi
th :
143
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr c) Ta c : Ti x th:
p dng nh l hm n, trong mt ln cn nh ca (0, 0, 1) th :
sao cho
hay Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo . Ta c 2 phng trnh :
Khi th :
144
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.5. Cho l trng v hng, xc nh trn v trng vect
. Chng minh rng : a) b) Bi gii: a. Ta vit . Ta c :
b.
Vi
. p dng cu a, ta c :
Mt khc :
Vy
145
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.6. Trng tnh in to bi mt n v in tch dng t ti gc vi Bi gii: Vi Ta c : . Chng t l .
Khi :
146
Suy ra :
(theo (6) v (8)) (theo (4) v (2))
(theo (3) v (7))
147
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.7. a) Nu b) Vi vi , t l vect hng th Tm Bi gii: a. Vi v . .
Ta c :
Mt khc :
Suy ra :
b. Ta c:
Vi
Suy ra :
148
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.8. Cho Chng minh a) b) c) d) Bi gii: a. Ta c l hai trng vect, l trng v hng xc nh trn
b.
Ta c :
Suy ra :
c.
Vi
Ta c :
149
d.
Ta c :
150
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.9. Tm a) b) c) d) Bi gii: a. Vi nu l
Ta c :
b.
Vi
Ta c :
c.
Vi
Ta c :
d.
Vi
Ta c :
151
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Suy ra :
5.10. Cho a) b) c) Cho d)
l hai vect hng, , chng minh rng . Chng minh rng
e) Chng minh rng f) Chng minh rng Bi gii: a. Vi v
Ta c :
Suy ra :
152
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr b. Ta c :
Khi :
Suy ra : (pcm) c. Vi , v
Ta c :
* Chng minh :
Vi :
153
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Khi :
Suy ra :
Chng minh :
Chng minh :
d. Vi Chng minh :
154
Chng minh :
e. Chng minh :
Ta c :
Ta c:
Chng minh :
155
5.11. Kho st cc tr ca cc hm a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) +
vi
Bi gii: a. Suy ra : Ta c : Mt khc : 156
vi * Ti :
th
Vy * Ti
t cc tiu ti :
Khi Vy b. Suy ra : Do : Mt khc : khng t cc tr ti .
vi Khi
th
Vy c.
khng t cc tr ti
Suy ra :
Mt khc : Ti Vy vi t cc tiu ti th , . 157 vi mi
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr d. Suy ra : hoc hoc
Ti Ta c . Ti Ta c . Ti . e.
th v nn khng t cc tr ti
th v nn khng t cc tr ti t cc tiu ti
th
nn
hoc
Ti ti Ti Ta c . f. .
th
nn
t cc i
158
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr hoc
Ti Ta c . Ti
th .
nn
t cc tiu ti g.
hoc
Ti Ta c : ti Ti .
th v nn khng t cc tr
th nn t cc tiu ti .
h.
Ta c :
159
Ti Vy i.
th t cc tiu ti .
Ta c :
Ti Ta c Vy j.
th v khng t cc tr ti .
Ta c :
Ti
th
160
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Ta c Vy k. Suy ra : Do : Mt khc : v khng t cc tr ti .
vi Ti Khi
th th
Vy
khng t cc tr ti
5.12. Tm cc tr, gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca cc hm vi cc rng buc c cho a) b) c) d) e) f) vi vi vi . trn + + = vi trn mt
161
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Bi gii: a. t v v
Ta gii h
Vy
c 2 im dng trn
ng thi Do tp hp lin tc trn M nn tn ti min, max .Do vy l tp compc trong v
Suy ra b. v
t cc i tai
,v cc tiu ti v
Ta gii h
162
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Ta xt 2 trng hp : khi h cho tng ng :
khi h cho tng ng :
Vy
c 6 im dng trn
Mt khc :
Do tp hp trong v lin tc trn nn tn ti min,max
l tp compc
163
Suy ra c.
t cc i ti
v cc tiu ti v
Ta gii h :
hoc
Vy
c 2 im dng trn
v Do tp hp trong v lin tc trn
, l tp compc nn tn ti min,max
Suy ra
t cc i ti
v cc tiu ti
164
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr d. t
Ta gii h
Nu th Vi , ta c
Do tp hp v lin tc trn nn tn ti min,max khi khi
l tp compc trong
165
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Vy t cc i ti cc im t , t cc tiu ti cc im
e.
Ta gii h
Vy
c 1 im dng trn
(1)
Ma trn Hesse
Vi
,ta c vi (1) ta c
Vi Vi Vy f. t
th th khng c cc tr.
Ta gii h
166
Vi
ta c
Vy Vi
c 2 im dng trn , h trn tng ng vi
Do tp hp trong v lin tc trn nn tn ti min max
l tp compc
ti
tha h phng trnh
167
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.13. Chng minh rng tn ti khong cch ngn nht t mt im n mt mt (hay mt ng) v tm khong cch trong cc trng hp sau a) b) c) d) n n n n . Bi gii: Ta chng minh tn ti khong cch ngn nht t mt im n mt ng Ly mt im c tnh bi cng thc minh tn ti khong cch ngn nht t im tn ti GTNN ca n ng .Khong cch t a n mt im Vy chng ta cn chng minh . . .
trn tp hp
Ly D thy V ca ,ta suy ra
bt k. t
v l mt tp con ng
l nh x lin tc nn .Do vy l mt tp ng v b chn cng lin tc nn ta c th tm c mt
nh x
trong tp compc
sao cho
vi w xc nh nh trn,ta c Tht vy,v nu hp a. t th Ta cn tm GTNN ca hm s trn tp hp , theo nh ngha ta c ngay ;cn trong trng
v 168
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Ta gii h
Gii h ta c Vy l im dng duy nht ca t c ti Vy khong cch nh nht t b. im l t Xt h vi n , t c ti n im trn v
. Khong cch t
Vy
l im dng ca . n l t c ti
V khong cch nh nht t
c.
Khong cch ngn nht t
Xt h
169
hoc
c 2 im dng trn min
Vy khong cch nh nht t
l , t c ti
d.
Ta gii h
Gii h trn ta c
Vi 4 im dng trn n ng
u t gi tr bng 4,nn khong cch nh nht t l bng ,ti cc im
170
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.14. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s sau trn tp hp c cho a) b) c) d) e) f) trong hnh vung vi cc nh trong min trn mt phng. trong min trong min trong min Bi gii: a) Do t . Min trn th . l , t c khi v ng thc xy ra khi , t c khi l compc trong . .
s c GTLN v GTNN trong min ny.
Vi iu kin ca bin Do , GTLN ca Ta cng c Do GTNN ca ( b) trong Do t .
Hn na ng thc xy ra khi trn min
trn min
. Min
l compc
s c GTLN v GTNN trong min ny. trn min trong ca min
Trc ht ta s tm im dng ca hm . Ta c
171
Suy ra
Nn s l im dng duy nht ca
trn min ny. Ta c
Nu (
nm trn bin th hoc s lun bng nu
hoc
hoc
. Do vy,
nm trn bin.
T y, ta c th kt lun rng GTLN ca GTNN ca c) Ta c t l l t c ti t c trn bin.
Do
hoc Ta c
hoc
Vy GTLN ca d) Min t
l ti
v GTNN ca trong min l compc trong
ti
nn trong min ny
s c GTLN, 172
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr GTNN. Ta tm im dng ca Ta c trong min
Ta c Vy trong min Ta kho st Ta c hay trn ngha l khi nn . Suy ra : . Ta c nn , hm khng c im dng.
Vy GTLN ca e) Min t
ti
v GTNN ca trn min l compc trong
l ti
nn
c GTLN v GTNN. . Ta c
Ta tm im dng ca
trn min
Ta c Ta kho st trn bin hoc , hoc
173
Vy GTLN ca f) t
ti .
v GTNN ca
ti
Trc ht ta s tm im dng ca hm Ta c
trn min trong ca min
Kt hp vi iu kin Ta c Tip theo ta s kho st p dng bt ng thc Ta c
ta tm c im dng duy nht ca
trn bin, tc l khi
. Khi ta c
nn nn
t GTLN trn bin l ti t GTNN trn bin l ti
Do min xc nh ca
khng b chn, c th khng nh rng l GTLN v nu
l GTNN ca , ta cn ch ra thm Tht vy, khi
lun ng) Mt khc lun ng Vy, GTLN ca l t c ti v GTNN ca l ti 174
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.15. Chng minh hm hai v nu m th l hng s. s khng ph thuc bin th
Bi gii: C nh , chng minh khng ph thuc vo bin th hai ta chng minh
Nu Ta s chng minh Ta c :
0 th
l hng s
Suy ra
Suy ra Do . Suy ra l hm hng.
5.16. Cho a) Chng minh rng nu hm hng s. b) Tm hm sao cho nhng li ph thuc bin th hai. tho th l
175
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Bi gii: a. Ta chng minh : Nu trn th l hng s trn . hay
Ta s chng minh Ta c : Suy ra
Suy ra Do b. Ta xt hm nh sau : . Suy ra l hm hng trn .
iu kin : Vi :
ph thuc vo bin y
(tha) Vi : (tha) Vi : (tha) 176
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Vy hm cn tm l :
5.17. Cho
l cc hm n theo xc nh bi phng trnh v xt hm Bi gii: Tnh ti
Vi
th vo 2 phng trnh trn ta c
Phng trnh (1) c 1 nghim nn Vy h trn c nghim l Khi th ta c
v nu
th
Nhng
hay
u khng tha
. Vy
Ly o hm 2 v theo ca
177
Vi
, ta suy ra
Xt hm
Ta c Ly o hm ca theo
5.18. Khai trin Taylor n cp a) b) c)
ca
quanh
Bi gii: a)
Trong
178
Th vo cng thc trn, ta c :
b)
179
c)
Ta c :
180
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Suy ra :
Tng t ta c :
Suy ra : Cc o hm hn hp bng 0.
5.19. Cho minh rng tn ti khong v vi mi
v v hm
sao cho thuc lp
. Chng sao cho
Bi gii: ch ra s tn ti ca khong v hm , theo nh l hm n. Ta cn chng minh :
Gi s ngc li
Vi
, ta c : 181
Suy ra Tuy nhin khi , ta c
.Vy
. (tri vi gi thit)
Vy bi ton c chng minh. 5.20. Xt bin i a. Vit cng thc cho bin i o. b. Tnh Jacobi ca hai php bin i nu trn. Bi gii: a. Ta c :
b.
Ta c :
Nu
th theo nh l hm ngc hay nn
c th biu din theo
c v
182
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.21. Xt php bin i minh rng bin i o tho vi Jacobi Chng
Bi gii: Theo gi thuyt, ta c Ly o hm 2 v theo bin , suy ra
Mt khc ta li c
. Cng ly o hm 2 v theo bin
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2), ta nhn c
hay
Hon ton tng t, ta cng tnh c biu thc ca
183
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.22. Xt bin i . Chng minh rng bin i o tho vi Jacobi
Bi gii: Ta c : Ly o hm 2 v theo , suy ra
Gii h trn gm 3 phng trnh trn vi n l
ta c :
184
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Vi
Suy ra
Tng t ta cng c
Hon ton tng t t h
185
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr V
Ta chng minh c
186
1.
Tm cc tr ca cc hm sau : a. b. Trong min c. Cc tr hm n nu bit . vi l hng s dng.
2.
Vit khai trin cc hm sau y theo ly tha nguyn dng ca bin
s hng cp cho trc (dng Cng Thc Taylor) : a. b. c. d. n n s hng n n s hng
3. vi 4.
Gi s
ti
ch Chng minh rng : vi trn
v tha mn phng trnh
Chng minh tn ti duy nht hm . Tm
5. nhng
Chng t rng hm v
c c hai o hm ring khng b chn trong ln cn im
187
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach
Chng 6:
CHUI TRONG KHNG GIAN BANACH

6.1. Chng minh rng cc chui v sao cho hoc cng hi t hoc cng .
phn k. Khi chng cng hi t, xc nh
Bi gii: Nu hi t th : Vi mi hi t v ,
V dy tng ring phn Nn Nu hi t v
hi t th : Vi mi hi t v
V dy tng ring phn Nn hi t v
T (1) & (2) ta c iu phi chng minh. Hn na, khi chng cng hi t th :
Nhn xt: Nh vy, tnh hi t hay phn k ca mt chui khng thay i khi ta thay i ch s xut pht, nhng tng (khi chui hi t) c th bin i. Do , thay v kho st tnh hi t ca chui chui . , ta c th kho st tnh hi t ca
188
6.2. Chng t rng, nu chui
hi t th
Bi gii: Theo bi 6.1 , do chui - Dy tng ring phn hi t v . hi t nn ta c :
Theo nh ngha gii hn, ta c :
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh . c tng ln lt l vi
6.3. Cho hai chui s hi t rng cc chui v . v
v . Chng minh
, cng hi t c tng ln lt l
Bi gii: Do chui hi t nn dy tng ring phn hi t v :
Chui
hi t nn dy tng ring phn
hi t v :
189
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Suy ra :
Khi dy tng ring phn , hi t v c tng l .
hi t nn
hi t v c tng l
6.4. Cho chui s t
v dy tng ngt cc s nguyn
sao cho
. Chng minh rng nu hi t v c tng l th cng hi t v c tng l . Bi gii:
Do chui
hi t v c tng l . : khi hi t v
Xt dy tng ring phn
Ta cn chng minh Xt dy tng ring phn
cng hi t v cng c tng l . : . Ta c :
(do Do vy, vi mi th
).
190
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Do l dy tng ngt cc s t nhin nn cng l dy tng ngt cc cng
s t nhin. Suy ra hi t v . Do , hi t v hay cng hi t v c tng l . Ta c iu phi chng minh. l dy con ca . M hi t v nn suy ra
6.5. Chng minh rng vi
th ta c Bi gii:
Ta c : Ta t :
, suy ra
Khi
ta c :
Nn
V ta c :
Nn
191
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Vy ta c iu phi chng minh . c gi l mt cp s cng khi tn ti
6.6. Dy s
sao cho . Chng minh rng gm ton cc s 0. sao cho . Chng minh rng
. Khi c gi l cng sai ca cp s cng nu l mt cp s cng th Dy s . Khi nu v khi phn k tr khi dy c gi l mt cp s nhn khi tn ti c gi l cng bi ca cp s nhn th
l mt cp s nhn c cng bi l . Bi gii:
hi t nu v ch nu
Gi s dy
l mt cp s cng vi cng sai .
Theo tnh cht ca cp s cng, ta thy Mt cch tng qut th Suy ra, tng ring phn th ca chui .
= chui ta nhn thy hi t, ta phi c dy hi t khi v ch khi , Gi s dy s l dy gm ton cc cha s 0. hi t. T cng thc xc nh nh trn,
. Khi , do
l mt cp s nhn vi cng bi . Mt
Theo tnh cht ca cp s nhn, ta thy cch tng qut th Ta c : .
192
Theo mnh 1.3, chui s tng ca chui ny (nu c) s l Vy, chui .
s hi t trong
khi v ch khi
, v
s hi t nu v ch nu
. Khi :
6.7. Xt tnh hi t ca cc chui sau 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)
193
Bi gii: Lu rng tt c cc chui s trong bi tp ny u l chui s dng . 1) Xt chui V Theo nh l v chui iu ha th Nn chui 2) Ta c : phn k. v : l chui phn k .
Suy ra Vy chui 3) Ta c : Vi mi Nn chui 4) Ta c : 194 , v hi t. l chui hi t . hi t.
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Suy ra Nn chui 5) Xt chui t Ta thy : phn k . hi t.
Vy chui 6) Xt chui t Ta thy : hi t .
phn k.
Vy chui 7) Xt chui t Ta thy :
hi t.
hi t .
195
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Vy chui 8) Xt nh x Ta thy tha mn hi t .
l nh x lin tc,dng v gim. Do theo tiu chun tch phn ca v tch phn suy rng s cng
Cauchy, chui s hi t hoc cng phn k. Ta c :
hi t. Vy chui 9) Xt chui t Ta thy : hi t . hi t .
Vy chui 10) Ta c : Suy ra Vy chui
hi t .
. hi t .
196
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 11) Ta c : Suy ra Vy chui hi t.
6.8. Chng minh
hi t . Bi gii:
Vi mi
th :
Do :
Vy y l chui s dng . Xt : Vi mi
Suy ra, vi mi
M chui
hi t .
Vy ta c chui trn cng hi t . 197
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.9. Tm 1) 2) sao cho hi t hi t Bi gii: 1) Ta xt cc trng hp : Vi th vi ta c : . Nn :
M chui
phn k nn
phn k. phn k.
Theo bi 6.1 ta c chui t Vi :
Suy ra Ta thy : Nn Xt :
l hm dng v gim trn lin tc trn hi t khi v ch khi
hi t .
t Suy ra Khi : Vy
, suy ra : hi t khi v ch khi . hi t khi v ch khi . 198 hi t .
2) -
Ta xt cc trng hp : Vi th vi ta c : . Nn :
Do chui hng Suy ra i. V Vi
phn k . phn k . :
: Xt chui
phn k .
Nn chui ii. Do
phn k . : Xt chui phn k .
Nn
Suy ra Vy
phn k . hi t .
199
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.10. Xt tnh hi t ca cc chui 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Bi gii: 1) t Xt hm .
Suy ra Hay V
gim trn
. Ta c :
l dy dng gim.
Vy chui
hi t .
2) t Xt hm 200
Suy ra Suy ra
gim trn
. .
l dy s dng, gim v hi t.
Vy chui 3) t Xt chui Xt hm
Suy ra Suy ra
gim trn vi
. l dy dng gim v :
Ta c Vy chui 4) t Ta c : Vy chui
hi t. hi t theo bi 6.1 .
hi t . 201
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 5) t Ta c : Vy chui hi t .
6.11. Cho
l mt dy cc ch s thp phn, ngha l lun lun hi t v c tng l nu v ch nu Bi gii:
. tho iu kin .
Chng minh rng chi s . Hn na, chng t rng
Ta c : M ta c : V
l chui s dng nn chui
vi mi hi t
Do vy chui Suy ra
hi t v 1. hi t. ng thi, ta c :
Chng minh :
khi v ch khi
Nh ta chng minh Nu th
. Do vy, ta ch cn chng minh : .
202
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Gi s, tn ti sao cho . Lc : . hi t.
Mt khc vi mi , Hn na ta c :
nn theo chng minh trn
Do vy :
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh .
6.12. Cho ( i) ii)
) v ( v ,
) l hai dy cc ch s thp phn sao cho , , . Bi gii: . v , .
Chng t rng
Ta c th vit li cc dy nh sau :
t :
Suy ra :
t : 203
Xt :
( tng cp s nhn c cng bi l Suy ra :
6.13. Cho
. Chng t rng tn ti dy s thp phn
sao cho
(ta cn gi cch vit
l mt biu din thp phn ca )
Bi gii: Ta k hiu : Vi mi , ta t : v v . .
204
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Khi , ta c :
Do
Nn
nn suy ra :
T :
Vy hai dy Hn na : Do Ta c : Suy ra : Nh vy :
k nhau, do hi t v cng mt gii hn .
nn ta c : , do :
, v
. . . ch s sau du phy , nn ta c th c cng cc ch s thp phn cho n hng th . 205
Nh vy chng t rng : V l mt s thp phn ch c v kt lun c rng
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Khi , chn Ta c : v vi mi , l ch s thp phn th ca .
Nh vy : Tn ti dy ch s thp phn
sao cho
6.14. Cho
. Chng minh rng
l mt s v t nu v ch nu
c mt
biu din thp phn tun hon, ngha l tn ti dy ti sao cho , v .
sao cho tn
Bi gii: Ta chng minh nu c mt biu din thp phn tun hon th n l mt s
hu t. Tht vy, gi s tn ti dy V V , , . , v sao cho .
206
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Vi , ta c :
T nh gi trn, bng quy np, ta suy ra :
Theo bi 6.4, ta c :
Do vy
Vi nhn xt rng -
u l cc s hu t, ta suy ra
hu t.
Ta chng minh nu
hu t th c mt biu din thp phn tun hon. sao cho . Khi , tn ti mt s t nhin
Trc ht, ta c : Cho
gm ton ch s 9 l bi s ca . Chng minh : Gi s : Khng tm c s t nhin gm ton ch s 9 chia ht cho .
207
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Xt
. Theo iu gi s,
s ny u khng phi l bi s ca
. Do , khi thc hin php chia chng cho , ta ch c th thu c nhiu nht s d l . Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti t nht hai trong s ny s cho ra cng s d khi chia cho . Hiu ca chng khi s chia ht cho . Ta c

chia ht cho . Do

chia ht cho .
, suy ra
chia ht cho ng. , tn ti , theo sao cho ta tm c sao cho tch
Mu thun gi s. Do vy Do l mt s hu t thuc trong
Gi s : ca v
s l mt s t nhin gm ton ch s 9. Ta c :
Nh vy,
c th c vit di dng
Thc hin php chia cho V : nn
: . Suy ra, hay c nhiu nht l ch s. ch s. Ta
V l s d trong php chia nn
. Vy c nhiu nht l
vit li
Th vo
ta c :
208
Trong : nu . Ta nhn xt rng : Suy ra Ta c iu phi chng minh . .
c mt biu din thp phn tun hon .
6.15. Chng t rng 0,1010010001000010, trong ch s 0 gia hai ch s 1 lin tip tng 1 sau mi ln xut hin, biu din mt s v t. Bi gii: t Gi s , ta s chng minh hu t, theo bi 6.14, c dng v t.
Trong ,
l phn tun hon v khng th ton bng 0.
209
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach c. Gi l di ln nht m chui con ton 0 trong c th t c. Ta suy ra di ln nht m chui con ton 0 trong biu din ca c th cha mt chui con ton 0 vi di tu . Gi l di ln nht m chui con ton 0 trong c th t
iu ny mu thun v Vy .
6.16. Chng t rng nu
trong
nu
l s nguyn t,
khng l s nguyn t biu din mt s v t. Bi gii: c mt biu din thp phn tun hon, ngha l tn ti sao cho l cc s nguyn t. s l s nguyn t. ) .
Gi s
sao cho tn ti Nu
Do tp hp cc s nguyn t l v hn, ta c (v l v : Suy ra Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. chia ht cho biu din mt s v t.
210
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.17. Cho . Chng minh phn k. Bi gii: Xt chui phn k .
Ta c :
nn
phn k.
Theo bi 6.1, ta c iu phi chng minh .
6.18. Chng minh rng dy tng ring phn ca mt chui s dng l mt dy tng. Bi gii: Xt chui s dng Vi Ta c : , . c dy tng ring phn l
Hay Suy ra
. l dy tng. 211
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.19. Cho l mt h khng rng cc s , ngha l . Xt l tp hp cc tng hu
hn cc phn t ca
Chng minh rng nu lm m c. Khi , ta t c, ngha l c song nh
th tp cc ch s
sao cho
l tp qu
. Hn na, chng t rng khi m
Th chui
hi t v c tng cng l Bi gii:
Ta c mnh sau : Mt tp hp gi l qu lm m c khi v ch khi tn ti mt dy tng Chng minh : Chiu thun : Do qu lm m c nn tn ti mt tp con . , vi . ca v cc tp con hu hn ca m hp bng .
mt song nh Nu Nu
hu hn th hu hn, nn ta chn
v hn th tn ti mt song nh tng ngt : , khi : vi mi . , do hu hn. th ta li
Vi
, ta k hiu Chiu o : sao cho
l mt tp
con hu hn ca v -
Nu tn ti
, vi mi
th
Nu ngc li khi loi i nhng phn t lp li c th c trong quy v trng hp mt dy thuc thu c mt song nh t
tng ngt. Khi ch cn nh s phn t . . 212
Ta k hiu tp hp cc tp con hu hn ca (khng rng) l
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Do nn tn ti sao cho :
Vi mi Gi s tn ti
, t sao cho v hn. Khi tn ti . T vi , tng i mt ta c :
khc nhau sao cho
iu ny mu thun. Do vy hu hn vi mi sao cho . , tn ti tha . Do
Mt khc : Vi mi . Ta c :
Theo mnh trn, ta kt lun rng tp Hn na, do vi mi , ta c : , m c v
qu lm m c. l tp con hu hn ca ,
V suy ra rng
hi t v
Mt khc : Cho l mt tp con hu hn ca . Khi hn ca v do tn ti sao cho
l mt tp con hu . Suy ra : 213
T ta c :
Vy ta c
hi t v
6.20. Cho
l mt h khng rng cc s
vi tng
v khi hi t v c tng l
lm mt phn hoch ca , ngha l v . Bi gii: Cho l mt tp con hu hn ca . Tn ti mt tp con hu hn , ta c : ca . Chng minh rng chui
sao cho
Suy ra :
Mt khc ta c : Cho nn l mt tp con hu hn ca . V l mt tp con hu hn ca . V : v cc i mt ri nhau
214
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Do :
Nh vy ta c :
Nn chui
hi t v c tng l
6.21. Xt hai chui s dng a) Nu b) Nu hi t v phn k v
. Chng minh, th th hi t. phn k.
Bi gii: a) V sao cho . hi t nn ta c hi t. 215 nn chn , vi mi sao cho . .
Do : tn ti Suy ra M
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach b) V vi mi Suy ra V . phn k nn phn k. . nn chn sao cho tn ti sao cho
6.22. Cho
. Chng minh rng:
l chui hi t, trong
v Bi gii:
Ta c :
Xt chui Ta c Suy ra Xt chui Ta c Suy ra nn hi t . (2) hi t. hi t (chui hnh hc). nn hi t (chui hnh hc). hi t . (1)
T (1) & (2) ta c
216
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.23. Chng minh rng cc hng s trong tiu chun t s ca dAlembert v v
tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy c th ln lt thay bng . Bi gii: i) Thay hng s trong tiu chun t s ca dAlembert bng th : Nu : nn ta chn Suy ra Do : M chui Nu : , suy ra tn ti dy con . Suy ra Nn Nu Nu Vy ii) l dy dng v tng nn khng th hi t v khi . phn k. . ca sao cho hi t vi , nn ta c hi t. . th , ta c :
l dy hng th hin nhin chui hng v dng l dy tng th phn k. Thay hng s ca tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy bng th : khng th hi t v .
Nu
: 217
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach nn chn . Suy ra M chui Nu hi t (vi : , suy ra tn ti dy con vi Do : Nn Vy khi phn k. l mt dy s dng gim v ln. vi ln. . ca sao cho ) nn hi t. th sao cho
6.24. (nh l Albel hay Pringsheim) Nu hi t th . Bi gii: Theo bi 6.2, ta c th thy : Chui Do hi t dn n dy s tho
hi t v .
l cc dy s dng v gim nn ta c : .
Do vy : M
hay nn suy ra l dy cc s dng v gim nn ta c :
V th ta ch cn chng minh Do
M ta c :
v 218
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Nn suy ra Khi dn ti T (1) & (2) ta suy ra .
6.25. Cho
. Kho st theo
s hi t ca chui Bi gii:
Ta xt cc trng hp sau : Nu th ta c : Vi mi :
M Do vy, chui Nu
nn chui hi t . th ta c
hi t .
. Do vy chui
phn k.
M ta c :
Vy chui
phn k.
6.26. Cho chui v
l mt dy cc s dng, gim v
. Chng minh rng cc
hoc cng hi t hoc cng phn k. Bi gii:
Ta cn chng minh chui Chng minh chui
hi t khi v ch khi chui hi t dn n chui
hi t . hi t. 219
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Do l dy s dng gim nn ta c, vi mi :
Dn n
Nh vy :
Hay
Ta chng minh : Vi mi
Tht vy , vi mi
tn ti
sao cho
. Do :
T y suy ra chui Do Chng minh chui
hi t. Theo bi 6.1 , suy ra hi t dn n chui :
hi t . hi t.
l dy cc s dng gim nn ta c, vi mi
220
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Nh vy :
Do :
T y suy ra chui Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. 6.27. Xt chui s dng v
hi t hay chui
hi t.
. Chng minh rng nu
hi t th cc chui
cng hi t. Bi gii:
(a)
Do
l chui hi t, ta c sao cho , hi t. l chui hi t, ta c , ta u c
Tm c mt Vy Suy ra chui (b) Nn Suy ra chui (c) V Do
hi t. . hi t.
Nhn xt rng : hi t, ta suy ra chui
221
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.28. Chng minh rng nu ra khi mi l cng du. Bi gii: Ta c : hi t nn dy tng ring phn b chn trn, ngha l : hi t th v ng thc ch xy
c dy tng ring phn
l :
Hay
Suy ra chui Suy ra
hi t . .
ng thc xy ra khi
khi v ch khi mi
l cng du .
6.29. Chng t rng chui c iu kin khi
, vi v phn k khi Bi gii:
, hi t tuyt i khi .
, hi t
1)
Khi
th chui hi t tuyt i . Tht vy :
Xt chui
222
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach V vi mi M Nn chui 2) Khi hi t . hi t hay chui tng qut trn hi t tuyt i . th chui hi t c iu kin . hi t tuyt i khi hi t khi . .
Theo chng minh trn th chui Nh vy, ta ch cn chng minh t Xt hm .
Suy ra
gim trn
. Ta c
l dy dng gim v :
Vy chui 3) Khi
hi t c iu kin . th chui phn k .
Xt chui V vi mi M Nn chui Vy chui phn k . phn k . phn k .
223
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.30. Chng minh rng cc chui chn tr trng hp l bi s ca Bi gii: Ta xt : v c dy tng ring phn b trong chui th nht.
Nh vy, ta c :
Suy ra :
V :
224
Suy ra :
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. 6.31. Xt i khi theo v . Chng t rng, tng qut cc chui ny hi t tuyt v phn k khi . Kho st
, hi t c iu kin khi
cc trng hp ngoi l. Bi gii:
Nn Suy ra cc chui trn hi t tuyt i . -
225
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach V chn khi vi Xt chui . l dy dng, gim v hi t v 0 v chui (theo bi 6.30) nn c tng ring phn b
hi t . Chng minh tng t i
Ta ch cn kho st Vi . Vi : : Chui
. phn k v khi s hi t ca chui ph thuc vo
Vi mi , chn Do : Suy ra :
sao cho v .
Do :
Vy chui Vi Gi s : Ta c : Vi mi Suy ra : .
phn k .
. :
226
Ta li gi s : . Ta c :
. S dng :
. Ta c :
Suy ra Mt khc : . Nh vy, ta c : Suy ra vi
. nn khi , mu thun vi
v : v
phn k . u khng hi t v 0 khi .
Vy cc chui trn phn k . . Chui trn tr thnh :
Chui Xt chui
hi t .
: V
l dy dng, gim v hi t v 0 nn chui an du trn , hi t tuyt i khi nn chui an du phn k . )
hi t. (hi t c iu kin khi : V
227
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.32. Chng minh rng nu chui hi t khi . Bi gii: bi ny ta hiu 1) Xt : Nn chui 2) hi t khi hay . hi t. Ta chng minh hi t th hi t. hi t hay c tng ring phn b chn th
Ta chng minh
c tng ring phn b chn th
Ta c : Vi V Nn 6.33. 1) Chng minh rng nu v khi th : l dy dng gim v hi t v 0 khi .
c tng ring phn b chn . hi t theo tiu chun Dirichlet.
Hn na, nu 2) Chng minh rng vi
l cc dy dng gim th
cng dng gim.
th v . Suy ra rng nu , hi t v c tng l th
228
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 3) (nh l Abel v chui tch) Cho v . Nu hi t th, l chui tch ca hai chui hi t
Bi gii: 1) V : t . Khi :
Do
hi t nn
b chn trn, ngha l
. Khi :
Theo bi 5.6.2.5 ( Gio Trnh Gii Tch I ) th :
Hn na, do
nn
. p dng kt qu trn, ta c :
Nh vy, ta c : Do
. l hai dy dng gim nn ta ch cn chng minh :
Ta c : Vi mi
T , ta ly tng theo
, ta c : 229
Hay Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. 2) Ta c :
Khi :
Ta c :
hi t v c tng l
nn
khi
. p dng kt qu cu trn, ta c :
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. 3) t
Ta c : Nn tn ti
hi t v sao cho 230
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach M cu trn ta c, khi :
Mt khc :
Nn Suy ra :
Nn
6.34. Cho
vi
. vi s hng tng qut
1) Chng minh rng chui tch
2) Kho st s hi t ca
. Bi gii:
1)
Ta c :
2)
Ta c : 231
Ta c :
Suy ra :
Nn
6.35. Cho chui chui hon v
hi t c iu kin. Chng t rng vi mi ca sao cho Bi gii: hi t v c tng l .
, c mt
Ta k hiu : Vy ta c Do nh Vi Vi v
v . v
. u v hn, do tn ti hai song
hi t c iu kin, cc tp hp v , k hiu ,
ng bin ngt .
232
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach V ). Do cc tng ring phn ca chng c gii hn Ta k hiu . hi t c iu kin nn cc chui v phn k (v c cc s hng
l s nguyn khng m nh nht sao cho :
l s nguyn khng m nh nht sao cho :
Sau , ta k hiu : l s nguyn khng m nh nht sao cho :
l s nguyn khng m nh nht sao cho
C nh vy, ta xy dng c hai chui
l nhng s nguyn
khng m nh nht tng ngt, sao cho khi ta k hiu :
Th ta c vi mi
233
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach V :
Khi , vi mi
, ta c :
Do Do : Suy ra
hi t nn v v
Nh vy, ta c :
Khi , ta k hiu
l hon v ca
cho bi :
V cc s hng
u khng m ca chui hon v u bao gm gia
Nn mi tng ring phn hai tng kiu
v Do :
Vy chui hon v
hay
hi t v c tng l
234
1.
Chui Bertrand: cho trc, chui hi t khi v ch khi : .
Vi mi
2.
Cho
l nh x lin tc tha mn : .
Cho chui Chng minh rng
hi t. hi t. l chui hi t tuyt i,
3.
(nh l Mertens) Cho , ta k hiu :
l chui
hi t. Vi
Vi
sao cho
, ta k hiu :
a.
Chng minh :
b.
T suy ra :
khi
235
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 4. Chng minh rng: Nu , chui v hi t tuyt i . l chui s dng tha mn : . Chng minh rng hi t. hi t tuyt i, th vi mi
5.
Cho
6.
Chng minh rng: Nu
hi t v
phn k, th
phn k.
7.
Cho chui s dng
v vi mi
a. b.
Chng minh rng: Nu Chng minh rng: Nu
hi t th phn k v
hi t . b chn trn th
phn k.
8. mn :
Cho
l hai chui s dng sao cho tn ti
tha
Chng minh rng: Nu
hi t th
hi t .
236
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 9. V v l nhng khng gian mtrc y nn mi chui hi t tuyt i th hi t. Nhng nu E khng y th iu trn sai. Ta c v d sau:
Cho
vi chun
l dy nhng phn
t ca E xc nh bi :
Chng minh rng nh x
hi t tuyt i nhng phn k.
gi l affine nu : m
Th
237
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Chng 7:
DY HM V CHUI HM
7.1. t Tm v . Chng minh rng khng hi t u v Bi gii: u tin ta i tm Ta c : . trn .
Nn
Vy Tm li hm s
khi c xc nh nh sau : nu nu nu
Chng minh Ly dy s
khng hi t v trong
trn .
c xc nh nh sau:
Ta c : v
238
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Suy ra :
Do
khng hi t v
nn
khng hi t u v
trn .
7.2. Tm min hi t ca chui v tnh tng chui ? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Bi gii : 1) Ta c : .
Vi Nu Xt khi th , chui cho hi t. . Theo Mnh 1.3 chng 6 trang 139 th hi t . , lc hi t
Vy trong c hai trng hp trn chui cho hi t khi v ch khi Khi :
239
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
2) Ta c : hi t Chui cho hi t khi v ch khi hoc hoc . Khi
3) Ta c : hi t hoc Khi : hi t
4) Ta c : hi t
240
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Chui cho hi t vi khi :
5) Ta c :
Nn hi t Vy chui hi t khi v ch khi . Khi :
6) Ta c hi t Vy chui ch hi t khi v ch khi . Khi
241
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.3. Chng minh khng hi t u trn . Bi gii: Chng minh t Ta thy suy ra hi t u v trn . hi t u trn vi nhng
Theo quy tc LHopital ta c :
Vi
th ta c :
Tm li Vi Ta c: ln sao cho ta cn chng minh hi t u v . Xt . C . Khi vi , ta c . Khi ta c : trn .
Suy ra vi
th
l hm nghch bin trn
Vy u v trn . th
. M
(chng minh trn) nn
hi t
Chng minh: vi Ly dy trong
khng hi t u v
trn
xc nh bi :
242
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Ta thy :
Vy
khng hi t v
nn
khng hi t u v
trn on
7.4. Chng minh rng
Hi t u trn khong ng bt k khng cha 1,2, Bi gii: Xt khong ng C Do Ta c : sao cho khi , c khng cha 1,2, . sao cho
Lc :
Ta c chui
l chui hi t nn theo nh l 1.3 trang 164 chui hm 243
hi t u trn
Bi 7.5 Chng minh
Hi t u trn
nu
. Bi gii:
Vi mi
ta c:
Vi
th
l mt chui s hi t (Mnh 1.3 Chng 6 trang 139). Suy ra chui hm
hi t u trn
(theo nh l 1.3 Chng 7 trang 164).
244
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.6. Xt chui
a) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn b) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn c) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn d) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn Bi gii: a) Vi mi ta c trong trong trong
M chui u trn b) Vi mi .
hi t nn theo nh
1 3 trang 164 ta c chui
hi t
, ta c
Do Nn
nn c
sao cho vi mi
hay
Do chui
hi t nn theo nh
1 3 trang 164 ta c
hi t u trn
c)
t 245
vi hon ton xc nh theo cu a) v cu b). Vi mt . sao cho
Theo cu a) ta c mt
hay ni cch khc
Theo cu b) ta c mt
sao cho
hay ni cch khc
suy ra
d) Do Nn
Vi mi nn c
, ta c sao cho vi mi ngha l .
246
Do chui trn .
hi t nn theo nh
1 3 trang 164 ta c
hi t u
7.7. Nu
Chng minh rng
Bi gii: Xt :
Ta c :
V chui
hi t nn suy ra chui
hi t u v hm
trn
247
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm ng thi
kh tch trn Do :
7.8. Nu
Chng minh rng dy hm trn khng hi t u trn
Bi gii : Trc ht ta tnh - Vi - Vi th ta xt 2 trng hp: . Nn .
th theo quy tc LHopital, ta c :
Do nn
nn .
. Vy ta c :
248
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Chng minh Ta xt dy khng hi t u v trn . v
. Khi r rng
Do ta c :
Suy ra
khng hi t u v
trn
Chng minh
Tht vy, do
nn
Mt khc,
M ta c :
249
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.9. Nu Tm Dy v c hi t u v trn khng? Bi gii: Tm Vi th nn .
Vi
th
Vy V nn
Tm Ta c :
250
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Do :
Dy Tht vy.
khng hi t u v
trn
Ta xt dy
. Khi r rng
Do ta c :
Suy ra
khng hi t u v
trn
7.10. Chng minh rng nu
th
Bi gii: Ta xt chui ly tha
Chui ny hi t vi mi
251
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm t
Khi
Theo H qu
th
kh vi trn
Tip tc p dng H qu
, ta c
kh vi trn
vi mi
7.11. Cho
Tnh
nu c . Bi gii:
Xt chui ly tha Trc ht ta chng minh
trong xc nh.
252
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Ta c :
m chui Tnh Ta c : .
hi t, t ta c
hi t u trn
Theo quy tc LHopital, ta c :
Do
. C bn knh hi t l , kh vi trn v .
Nn suy ra chui Do theo h qu
253
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.12. Cho
Tnh
nu c . Bi gii:
Xt chui ly tha Khi :
trong
nu
l v
nu n chn.
Nn suy ra chui
c bn knh hi t l
Do theo h qu
kh vi trn
Do :
254
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.13. Tm bn knh hi t v min hi t ca 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Bi gii: 1) Ta c :
+ Bn knh hi t + Min hi t . Xt :
. Chui tr thnh
255
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Ta c
Nn Vy
khng hi t v phn k. . Chui tr thnh
Theo trn ta c
khng hi t v
Vy Min hi t ca chui cho: 2) .
phn k.
256
+ Bn knh hi t + Min hi t: .Chui tr thnh
Ta c :
Nn Vy
l dy tng nn khng hi t v . phn k.
Chui tr thnh
Ta c : khng hi t v cng do Nn phn k. l dy tng.
257
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Vy min hi t : 3) Ta c
+ Bn knh hi t + Min hi t : Xt
. Chui tr thnh
Ta c :
phn k nn theo tiu chun so snh ta c :
phn k. Xt . Chui tr thnh
258
Ta c : V hm nghch bin trn nn
Suy ra :
hay
Nn
l dy dng gim v
Suy ra Vy min hi t 4)
hi t.
259
Vy min hi t l 5) Ta c
+ Bn knh hi t + Min hi t : Xt . Chui tr thnh
t C , l hm gim v
Vy Xt
phn k theo tiu chun tch phn. .Chui tr thnh
Chui ny hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz. 260
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Vy min hi t : 6) Ta c : .
Ta c :
Xt khi
. , chui ny phn k.
Lc chui tr thnh +Xt khi Lc chui tr thnh
chui ny hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz. hay .
Vy chui cho hi t khi v ch khi Vy min hi t: 7) Ta c : .
Mt khc
tng ng vi 261
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Khi . Chui tr thnh
Chui ny hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz. Khi . Chui tr thnh
hi t theo nh l chui iu ha (trang 145). Vy min hi t : 8) Theo cu 2, chui
Hi t khi v ch khi Vy min hi t 9) Tng t cu 6. Ta c: .
hay
Chui hi t khi v ch khi Vy min hi t : .
hay
262
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.14. Cho v hm . Tnh , . Chng t rng hi t tng im
Bi gii: Chng t Ta c ti Xt v . . t hi t tng im v hm . v vi mi . Nn hi t tng im v hm
Lc :
Ta c :
Cho
ta c :
Nn theo nguyn l kp ta c Vy ta c hi t im v hm .
khi
263
Tnh t . Dng k thut i bin, ta c :
Suy ra :
7.15. Cho
l mt dy hm hi t u v hm
trn ,
. Gi s
tn ti vi mi Chng minh rng
. l dy hi t v
Bi gii: Chng minh Ta s chng minh hi t. Cauchy. Tht vy, vi , c sao cho
Xt
bt k, do v
Nn
264
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm T iu trn, ta c l dy Cauchy nn hi t v .
Chng minh Vi , tn ti sao cho
sao cho
Gi C Ly sao cho v . Ta c :
Ta c iu phi chng minh. 7.16. (nh l Dini) Cho lin tc trn hi t u trn l mt dy hm lin tc, hi t tng im v hm s , , , th
. Chng t rng nu . Bi gii:
Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s . Nn , , tn ti mt v mt sao cho khng hi t u v , th , , sao cho
Ta xy dng dy s nh sau: c s v sao cho 265
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm c s c s ... Dy Do Ta c trong khi nn nn c dy con nn c hi t v ln sao cho , . v sao cho v sao cho
Mt khc ta li c c :
. Cho
, ta
R rng
mu thun nhau nn ta c iu phi chng minh.
7.17. Cho v t
l hm tun hon vi chu k khi .
sao cho
khi
Chng minh rng .
l hm lin tc trn
nhng khng kh vi ti mi im trn
Bi gii: Nhn thy hm tun hon chu k nn ta c nn lin tc trn lin tc trn . . Mt khc l
266
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Xt dy cc hm:
lin tc trn , ta c . Suy ra cng l hm lin tc trn . th
nn
hi t u v
Ta chng minh ti mi sao cho:
u khng kh vi. Tht vy, gi s tn ti
u tin ta chng minh bt ng thc sau: th bt ng thc hin v ta c (chn v . ) nn ta t ), bt ng thc cn chng
Tht vy, v nhin ng. Ta xt khi V lun tn ti sao cho ( minh tng ng vi: Nu
nn nu . Gi s
, ta c
Nu . Suy ra
th
, ta c
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. 267
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Xt dy
Vi (i) (ii) (K hiu
c xc nh nh sau: nu nu ch phn l ca s thc , c tnh bng: nh trn th iu sau c tha mn: )
Ta s chng minh vi cch chn
Tht vy, ta c : Trng hp 1: Kh nng (1.a): V nn ta c : vi
Suy ra
Kh nng (1.b): V nn ta c :
vi
268
Suy ra
Trng hp 2: Kh nng (2.a): V nn ta c vi
Suy ra
Kh nng (2.b): V nn ta c :
vi
Suy ra
269
Vy ta c :
Mt khc ta cng c
. Suy ra
Ta c php bin i sau:
(V vi
th do
tun hon chu k )
270
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm t li cho thy th do kh vi ti nn dy hi t v . Nhng
khng b chn. iu ny gy mu thun v kt thc chng minh. l hai dy hm hi t u trn . Chng minh rng
7.18. Cho
cng hi t u trn . Hn na, gi s thm rng hm v l hai dy hm b chn. Chng t rng dy cng hi t u trn .
Bi gii: Chng minh Cho , c hi t u trn . sao cho v Vi mi , ta c :
Suy ra
Chng t rng dy hm Do v
cng hi t u trn . sao cho v
l hai dy hm b chn nn c
Cho
, c
sao cho
271
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Lc , ta c :
Nn c C
sao cho sao cho
t max
. Vi mi
ta c :
Nn ta c Vy hi t u v trn .
7.19. Xt khi khi khi Chng t rng hi t tng im nhng khng hi t u v mt hm lin tc. Bi gii: Chng minh Vi Vi , c hi t tng im : nn sao cho hi t.
272
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Lc , ta c nn nn ta cng c hi t.
Chng minh Ta c :
khng hi t u v hm .
iu ny suy ra
khng hi t u v hm .
7.20. Chng t rng chui
khng hi t tuyt i ti mi im khong b chn .
nhng l chui hm hi t u trn mi
Bi gii: Chng t chui cho khng hi t tuyt i ti mi im Cho Ta c : .
M chui
Nn
273
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm khng hi t tuyt i ti mi im Chng minh chui hm hi t u trn mi khong b chn Gi , .
Ta c t
Th theo tiu chun Leibnitz . t . Do tn ti
khi sao cho
v nn ta c
Nn
khi
, ngha l chui s cho hi t u trn
7.21. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier cc hm trn on . Bi gii: Khai trin hm Ta c : trn on .
v vi v
274
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Dng tch phn tng phn ta c :
Vy suy ra:
Nn
Khai trin hm
trn on
Ta c:
v vi v
275
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Dng tch phn tng phn ta c:
Vy suy ra :
Nn
Khai trin hm Ta c:
trn on
v vi
276
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Dng kt qu tnh ton hm , ta suy ra :
Vy suy ra: v Nn
277
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.22. Chng t rng hm
lin tc trn min
v c o hm mi cp trn min ny. Bi gii:
Theo bi 7.5 ta thy rng chui
hi t u trn mi khong t Xt chui Xt mt Ta c : . ta c:
(*). Nn
lin tc trn
(Do Nn
p dng quy tc L Hopital)
Vy c s Ta c :
sao cho
vi mi
278
hi t nn
hi t u trn mi khong
T (*) v (**), p dng Mnh 2.3 (trang 169), ta c trn v
c o hm lin tc
Gi s hm s c o hm lin tc cp ,
v Ta c :
hi t u trn mi khong
Tng t nh trn, xt mt
Nn c s
sao cho
vi mi
l chui hi t nn
hi t u trn mi khong
279
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Vy c o hm lin tc cp trn v
7.23. Chng t rng hm
xc nh v thuc lp
trn min
. Bi gii:
Thc ra ta ch cn chng minh cho hm
V u tin ta chng minh Vi mt . C s
. xc nh. sao cho . Ta c
Chui Vy t
hi t nn xc nh. th
hi t.
Tng t bi trn ta ch cn chng minh vi mt
th
280
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm hi t tuyt i trn mi khong Tht vy, vi mt Ta c ). Nn c t sao cho ta c , c , sao cho . .
(c th chng minh bng quy tc L Hopital cho
M chui
hi t nn
hi t tuyt i trn
7.24. Vi nhng gi tr no ca a) Dy hm b) Dy hm
th hi t tng im trn hi t u trn Bi gii:
a)
Ta chng minh vi mi
th dy hm
hi t tng im trn
Tht vy. Vi Vi th , ta c
Nu
th hin nhin
281
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Nu , ta c v
M Do :
khi
nn theo nguyn l kp th
khi
Vy vi mi b)
th
hi t tng im trn hi t u trn . Suy ra
. khi v ch khi . .
Ta chng minh dy hm th ta chn
Bi v vi Do :
Nn
khng hi t u trn
khi
. hi t u trn . Tc l
By gi ta chng minh vi chng minh
th dy hm
khi
Ta khng nh Tht vy, tng ng vi
Xt hm Do hm
. Ta c ng bin trn
. Suy ra
. 282
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Nn ta c Ta chng minh Nn khi Vy vi mi 7.25. Cho v c tng Hn na, nu v c tng Bi gii: Khi Ta c M chui l chui hnh hc hi t do . hi t, chng minh rng hi t khi th th dy hm . Chng minh rng hi t u trn .
hi t khi
Nn chui Ngoi ra ,
Cho
th ta c :
283
Khi Ta c Nn Khi
hi t
hi t theo tiu chun so snh do , ta c :
hi t
Cho
th ta c :
Vi
, theo chng minh phn trn th
Nn ta c :
284
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.26. Cho chui s dng hi t tuyt i khi Bi gii: Ta c Nn chui hi t theo tiu chun so snh do hi t. . Chng minh rng hi t
Vy
hi t tuyt i khi
7.27. Chng minh rng
Bi gii: Chng minh:
Xt chui s sau:
Ta thy
hi t vi mi
tha
Nn ta cng c :
285
Ta c iu phi chng minh Chng minh :
u tin ta chng minh chui s cho hi t. Tht vy, vi
, ta c:
Nn chui cho hi t khi t
Ta c :
286
Vy ta c
. t
, ta c :
Suy ra Ta c iu phi chng minh.
, ngha l
7.28. Cho
Chng minh rng a) b) c) d)
287
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Bi gii: V a) Gi nn ta nhn thy l tng ring phn ca chui hi t u. , ta c :
Suy ra Vy b) t v
khi
l cc tng ring phn ca
Ta c :
288
289
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm t
Th
Ta c :
290
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Nn phi chng minh. c) Theo cu b) ta c v nn (*) thnh: (*). Mt khc khi v ta c iu
nhn thy
Mt khc, theo cu d) , ta c
. Suy ra:
Chng minh tng t, ta c Vi bt k, nu c mt s khc , hoc , ta suy ra ngay iu phi chng minh. Ngc li, nu c T ng thc b) ta cho
, theo cu d) ta c , ngha l .
nn . Vy ta cng
Trong c 2 trng hp, khng nh ca bi u c chng minh. d) nn . th do v
291
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.29. Tm min hi t ca chui hm a) b) c) d) e) f) Bi gii: a) Ta c Vy chui hi t khi v ch khi b) Theo nh l chui iu ha (trang 145), chui s trn hi t khi v ch khi . c) Khi Xt , hin nhin chui s hi t . Ta c : hay .
Nn chui cho hi t vi mi Vy min hi t ca chui s l .
292
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm d) Ta c Do . hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh, ta c hi t vi mi
e) - Vi th
Nn chui ny khng hi t. - Vi , t vi , ta c
Ta chng minh chui ny khng hi t. Tht vy, gi s chui trn hi t th
M Mt khc Nn ta c Mt khc, v T v , ta phi c .
nn ta cng c
khi
khi . Nn , suy ra . Nh vy ,
mu thun vi Vy vi - Vi
th chui trn khng hi t. th ta c
293
M Nn chui cng hi t. Vy min hi t ca chui cho l f) Ta c : . hi t. Do theo tiu chun so snh ta suy ra chui
Ta c chui hi t vi mi .
hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh chui
294
1.
Cho
hi t u v
trn . lin tc trn th th . . lin tc u trn
a. Chng minh rng nu b. Chng minh rng nu
2.
Chng minh rng dy
khng hi t v . T , suy ra bn knh ca
3.
Cho
c o hm lin tc
trn
Chng minh nh ngha hm sai s :
vi
4.
V hm
Biu din cc hm trn di dng chui ly tha. Da vo chui trn tnh xp x gi tr .
295
5. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
Xc nh min hi t ca cc chui ly tha sau :
6. a. b. c. d.
Tnh tng ca cc chui hm sau :
296
1. ng nh ng, Nhp mn gii tch, NXBGD, 1998. 2. ng c Trng - inh Ngc Thanh - Phm Hong Qun, Gio trnh gii tch 2, NXBHQGTP.HCM, 2008. 3. Nguyn nh Tr - T Vn nh - Nguyn H Qunh, Ton hc cao cp (Tp ba), NXBGDVN, 2009. 4. Dng Minh c, Gio trnh ton gii tch I, 2002. 5. T L Li, Gii tch 2 (Gio trnh), 2008. 6. L Th Thin Hng - Nguyn Anh Tun - L Anh V, Bi tp ton cao cp (Tp I), NXBGD, 1999. 7. Nguyn Bch Huy, Gii tch (C S), 2004. 8. Jean - Marie Monier, Gii tch 3-4 (Bn dch), NXBGDVN, 2010. 9. Robert A. Adamsm, Culeulus, Acomplete cousse, 1990. 10. E. Kreszig, Advanced Enginnering Mathematics, 1988.
Tiu lun GII TCH A2

V Anh Khoa V Trn Minh Khng Nguyn Thanh Hoi ng Phc Nht Trng Hng Kha
I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH I HC KHOA HC T NHIN KHOA TON TIN HC NHM 5 K10
*** Chu trch nhim xut bn
V Anh Khoa
Sa bn in
V Anh Khoa V Trn Minh Khng Nguyn Thanh Hoi ng Phc Nht Trng Hng Kha
Trnh bi ba
V Anh Khoa Trng Hng Kha Nguyn Thanh Hoi

In ti Tim in Thanh Phong Qun Tn Ph TP. H Ch Minh, np lu chiu thng 6 nm 2011.

Tiểu luận Giải Tích 2 - Võ Anh Khoa - Vũ Trần Minh Khương - Nguyễn Thanh Hoài - Đặng Phước Nhật - Trương Hồng Kha

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Tiểu luận Giải Tích 2 - Võ Anh Khoa - Vũ Trần Minh Khương - Nguyễn Thanh Hoài - Đặng Phước Nhật - Trương Hồng Kha

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I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN KHOA TON - TIN HC

______________________________________________________________________ NG C TRNG INH NGC THANH PHM HONG QUN

NG C TRNG INH NGC THANH PHM HONG QUN

Chng 2: NH X LIN TC, TP COMPC, TP LIN THNG NG ......................................................................................... 23

Chng 3: KHNG GIAN MTRC Y V KHNG GIAN BANACH .................................................................45

Chng 4: VI PHN HM NHIU BIN ..........................................78

Chng 5: CNG THC TAYLOR, HM N, HM NGC, CC TR .........................................................................139

Chng 6: CHUI TRONG KHNG GIAN BANACH ................ 188

Chng 7: DY HM V CHUI HM ...........................................238

Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Chng 1:

KHNG GIAN MTRC

v khng c tp m no cha trong . Bi gii: l tp ng. c sp theo

Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s n s thc

Tip theo, ta c nhn xt sau : Nu hn phn t. Tht vy, m khc rng nn tn ti

Theo nh ngha tp m, tn ti M khong t. Quy tr li bi ton, do hu hn phn t (

cha v hn phn t, nn dn n U cha v hn phn u c

c n phn t nn mi tp con khc rng ca

) nn khng th l tp m c ( theo nhn xt trn ).

l tp hp cc im t ca . v l tp ng nh nht trong v l tp ng ln nht trong v ng nu v ch nu cha .

Nhn xt rng Suy ra Vy

T (1) v (2) suy ra

ng, ta ch cn chng minh Vi Cho bt k: v , tn ti

Ta tm c mt dy Nhn xt rng: | Cho

Vy tn ti dy { } cha trong x l mt im dnh ca Xt Ly Chng minh hay

l tp ng nh nht trong bt k. Ta chng minh . hi t v

cha cha trong

l mt tp ng cha l mt phn t trong } trong

Tn ti mt dy { Nhn xt rng { Vy (iii) Ly Tn ti Do Ta c V B ng, ta suy ra

u tin, ta chng minh nu bt k. V sao cho : , ta c ngay . m, ta c

l mt tp m v cha trong , theo chng minh phn trn, ta c .

Kt hp vi phn trn, ta c (iv) Chng minh

khi v ch khi n va l im dnh ca

khi v ch khi n va l im dnh ca .

u ng, ta c ngay Chng minh

Chiu thun: Gi s Khi : ng. . Ta suy ra : . 5

Ta chng minh (i) Do ng thi (ii) Do

Ta cn chng mnh bt ng thc tam gic . , , .

Vy cn chng minh BT sau y: Tht vy ta lun c v hm ng bin trn nn:

l mt khng gian mtrc. 6

= Chng minh rng d l mt mtrc trn (ii) t v . , vi

khi ch khi . khi ch khi

l n khng gian mtrc nn

l khng gian mtrc. c) Vi mi ,ta c : khi v ch khi .

l khng gian mtrc.

l mt tp hp c t nht hai phn t. Xt mtrc :

Ly mt a trong X bt k. khi v ch khi , ngha

Theo nh ngha mtrc , ta c l Do Mt khc phn t cu ng .

} l mt dy trong khng gian mtrc },{ },{

Chng minh rng { } hi t.

Bi gii: Chiu thun: Hin nhin. Chiu nghch: Gi s Do hi t. l dy con ca hai dy hi t v , nn v c

cng gii hn. 11

1.9. Cho (i) Nu v

(ii) Tp hp gm hu hn gm mt phn t ca tp hp gm hu hn cc phn t trong (iii) Nu

i) t Khi ta chn Suy ra: V sao cho

) l hai dy hm hi t u trn . Chng minh rng ) l hai dy hm b chn. Chng t

) cng u hi t u trn Hn na, gi s thm rng ( ) v ( cng hi t u trn

Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Bi gii: Khi th : Ta c: . Hay Suy ra: .

Chng t rng ( ) hi t u v mt hm mi . Kho st trng hp

Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Bi gii: C nh n. Xt hm = Cho =0 . .

hi t tng im v hm Khng hi t u : . . hi t tng im v ch c th hi t u v

Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc j. im trong: im bin: Tp ng.

Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc

: , ),( , ). Trn tp = x ,ta nh

a. Cho cc khng gian mtrc (