TR NG H TN C TH NG

KHOA I N-I N T

NHI M V
KHOA : I N-I N T NGNH: I N T VI N THNG

N 2

GIO VIN H NG D N: TS. HONG THU H SINH VIN TH C HI N: H THANH TI MSSV:910512D NGUY N NAM V MSSV: N TI: TM HI U K THU T KI M SOT L I ARQ Nh n xt c a gio vin h ng d n: Ngy thng nm 2009 (k tn)

M c l c:
L i ni u PH N I C S L THUY T V KI M SOT L I 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 12 13 14 19

I )H TH NG THNG TN S II) CC PHNG PHP PHT HI N L I II.1 Phng php truy n ph n h i II.2 Phng php truy n d th a II.3 Phng php ki m tra ch n l II.4 Phng php CRC II.5 Phng php ki m tra t ng kh i III L I D LI U KNH TRUY N

PH N II K THU T KI M SOT L I ARQ I ) C I M ARQ I.1 V n khi trao i d li u I.2PHN KHUNG II )PHN LO I K THU T KI M SOT L I ARQ Cc c ch pht l i c chia ra lm 3 lo i chnh: -C ch pht l i d ng v i (Stop-and-Wait ARQ) -C ch pht l i theo nhm (Go-back-N ARQ) -C ch pht l i c l a ch n (Selective repeat ARQ) II.1 StopandWait *C a s tr t ARQ II.2 GobackN III.3 Selective Repeat ARQ So snh gi a Stop and Wait, Go-back-n v Selective-reject ARQ PH N III NG D NG ARQ

19 24 25 28 31 31

L i ni u Cng v i s pht tri n m nh m c a khoa h c k thu t, ngnh vi n thng c nhi u b c ti n v t b c, nhi u h th ng thng tin hi n i ra i nh m p ng nhu c u trao i thng tin v gi i tr c a con ng i. c bi t l h th ng thng tin s v i cc ng truy n t c cao d n thay th h th ng thng tin tng t .V n t ra v i h th ng thng tin s ltruy n v i kho ng cch xa m v n m b o chnh xc thng tin hay ch t l ng d ch v c a h th ng. l s ra i c a cc phng php pht hi n v s a l i, nh m s a ch a nh ng l i, sai st trn ng truy n, m b o s tin c y, chnh xc thng tin. hi u thm v qu trnh pht hi n l i v s a l i c a thng tin tr c h t ta c n hi u v h th ng thng tin. Nhm em trn tr ng c m n s gip t n tnh c a qu th y c cng nh Khoa i n i n T tr ng i h c Tn c Th ng. V c bi t chng em xin g i l i c m n su s c n gio vin h ng d n c a chng em TS Hong Thu H. Nh s h ng d n t n tnh c a th y m chng em c th hon thnh t t ti ny.

PH N I C S

L THUY T V KI M SOT L I

I )H TH NG THNG TN S H th ng thng tin s l h th ng m tn hi u c truy n c truy n d i d ng s nh phn.S t ng qut c a h th ng s c trnh by hnh:

Ngu n tin: l ni t o ra hay ch a cc t p tin truy n i.Ngu n tin c th l tng t ho c s .

nh d ng:c ch a nng t o ra t p h p cc tn hi u r i r c,ring bi t. Khi ngu n tin l tng t th nh d ng s r i r c ha tn hi u tng t thnh cc gi tr i n p t i cc kho n th i gian l y m u. M ha ngu n:bi n i cc tin t c,k t ..thnh cc bit nh phn.C r t nhi u lo i m dng m ha ngu n nh:m ACSII,m BCD,m t i u Huffman,m t i u Shannon,m t i u Fano..

M b o m t:m c ch l b o m t ngu n thng tin,ch ng l i s n c p hay s lm nhi u lm sai l ch thng tin c a cc y u t bn ngoi t i b t k m t v tr trn ng truy n M ha knh:m c ch lm gi m thi u xc su t sai thng tin khi truy n qua knh truy n m b o tin c y c a thng tin,c th s a l i c khi thng tin n pha thu b l i. Vi c gi m thi u xc su t sai d a vo vi c pht hi n sai v s a sai c th d n n vi c gi m t s tn hi u trn nhi u(SNR) c n thi t,nh s lm thu n l i cho vi c b o m t,tr i ph v tng chnh xc c a thng tin nh n,y l m c ch quan tr ng c a truy n thng. Ghp knh: ghp cc ngu n tin l i v i nhau truy n trn m t knh chung. i u ch : bi n i tn hi u thch ng v i knh truy n,nh m nng cao ch t l ng v tin c y c a qu trnh thng tin. Tr i ph : bi n i tn hi u bng h p thnh tn hi u bng r ng,nh m b o m t thng tin v s d ng bng t n m t cch c hi u qu . a truy c p: cho php nhi u user c th truy c p vo Knh truy n: h u tuy n (dng cc lo i cp ng tr c,cp quang truy n d n) v v tuy n Hai v n chnh c b n c a h th ng thng tin : -V n hi u su t,ni cch khc l t c truy n tin c a h th ng. -V n chnh xc,ni cch khc l kh nng ch ng nhi u c a h th ng. II) CC PHNG PHP PHT HI N L I Pht hi n l i l qu trnh ki m tra v gim st v xc nh xem gi li u thu c b l i khng.Vi c pht hi n l i c khi ch c n bi t o n t m ho c o n tin truy n c b l i hay khng m khng c n bi t bit l i c th .

Do c n c c ch pht hi n l i nh m m c truy n l i ho c s a l i.C ch th nh t l ki m sot l i thu n v c ch th hai l ki m sot l i ph n h i. Ki m sot l i thu n th ng khng yu c u truy n l i ch nh m pht hi n l i ho c c kh nng s a h n ch cc bit l i.Phng php ny th ng p d ng cho cc ng truy n c c ly r t xa v i th i gian tr l quan tr ng,ho c p d ng tr ng h p truy n n cng Ki m sot l i ph n h i nh m m c ch pht hi n sai v yu c u pha pht g i l i cho n khi nh n c l chnh xc. Sau y l m t s phng php pht hi n l i n gi n. II.1 Phng php truy n ph n h i Hay cn g i l phng php d i.Trong phng php ny pha pht s truy n pha thu thng i p hay o n tin,khi pha thu nh n c thng i p hay o n tin,khi pha thu nh n c thng i p s pht l i b n sao v pha pht:

B pht

Thng i p

B thu

B n sao

Nh v y pha pht s so snh d li u n m trong vng i m bi t l d li u truy n ng hay sai. u i m: phng php ny c kh nng pht hi n sai r t chnh xc t tr ng h p cc bit thng i p v b n sao sai trng nhau,tuy nhin kh nng c cc sai trng nhau l r t b.

Nh c i m: phng php ny cho hi u su t ng truy n th p v cng m t thng i p truy n ph i truy n hai l n.Trong tr ng h p pha thu nh n c k t ng nhng c th truy n l i pha pht b l i. II.2 Phng php truy n d th a Hay cn g i l phng php truy n l p l i.Pha pht s truy n thng i p v km theo b n sao c a n.

B n sao B pht

Thng i p B thu

b thu s so snh b n thng i p v b n sao,n u khng gi ng nhau t c l i truy n su t hi n. u i m: phng php ny c kh nng pht sai r t chnh xc tr tr ng h p cc bit thng i p v b n sao sai trng nhau,tuy nhin kh nng c cc sai trng nhau r t b. Nh c i m: phng php ny c hi u su t ng truy n th p v cng m t thng ph i truy n hai l n.Trong tr ng h p pha thu nh n c k t ng nhng c th b n sao b l i,nh v y vi c truy n ng s tr thnh truy n b l i II.3 Phng php ki m tra ch n l Ki m tra ch n l (parity) l phng php n gi n nh t th ng c p d ng trong cc h th ng truy n d li u pht hi n sai d li u truy n.Vi c ki m tra ch n l m t o n tin truy n c th ki m tra theo hng ngang ho c ki m tra theo c t d c.M t bit n c g i l bit ki m tra c thm vo hng ho c c t th c hi n vi c ki m tra.Ph thu c vo s bit 1 c

trong hng v phng th c ki m tra l ho c ch n m gi tr bit ki m tra P c gi tr l o ho c 1. u i m: phng php ki m tra ch n l l n gi n v r t thch h p ng truy n ng n ho c mi tr ng c nhi u t v c kh nng pht hi n t t c cc bit sai Nh c i m: n u nh c m t s ch n cc bit l i th phng php ki m tra ch n l khng pht hi n c. II.4 Phng php CRC CRC (cyclic redundancy check) l m t lo i hm bm, c dng sinh ra gi tr ki m th , c a m t chu i bit c chi u di ng n v c nh, c a cc gi tin v n chuy n qua m ng hay m t kh i nh c a t p d li u. Gi tr ki m th c dng d l i khi d li u c truy n hay lu vo thi t b lu tr . Gi tr c a CRC s c tnh ton v nh km vo d li u tr c khi d li u c truy n i hay lu tr . Khi d li u c s d ng, n s c ki m th b ng cch sinh ra m CRC v so kh p v i m CRC trong d li u. CRC r t ph bi n, v n r t n gi n l p t trong cc my tnh s d ng h c s nh phn, d dng phn tch tnh ng, v r t ph h p d cc l i gy ra b i nhi u trong khi truy n d li u. Gi i thu t n gi n nh t cho vi c s a sai l t ng l p l i thng i p: - u thu tnh ton CRC c a thng i p v so snh v i CRC nh n c - N u k t qu khng kh p th u thu s khng xc nh n d li u h p l - u pht s t ng truy n l i thng i p n u khng nh n c xc nh n d li u h p l Tnh ton CRC tnh ton m t m nh phn n bit CRC, x p cc bt bi u di n u vo thnh m t hng, v t m u (n+1) bit bi u di n s chia c a CRC (g i l

m t "a th c") vo bn d i bn tri tin tnh m t hm CRC 3 bt:

cu i hng. Sau y l php tnh u

11010011101100 <--- u vo 1011 <--- S chia (4 bit = 3 + 1 bit) -------------01100011101100 <--- K t qu (--> L i a vo u vo c a php tnh ti p theo) N u dy nh phn u vo bn trn c bt c c t ( u tin bn tri) l 0, khng lm g h t v d ch s chia sang ph i m t bt. N u dy nh phn u vo bn trn c bt c c t l 1, l y dy s u vo tr i s chia (hay ni cch khc, l y t ng bt dy s u vo trn tr i t ng bt s chia). S chia sau d ch v tr 1 bt sang ph i, qu trnh c ti p di n nh v y n khi s chia ch m t i t n cng bn ph i c a dy s u vo. y l php tnh cu i cng: 00000000001110 <--- K t qu c a php nhn 1011 <--- S chia -------------00000000000101 <--- S d (3 bits) Do c c t c a s chia s lm cc bt tng ng c a dy s u vo tr v 0 qua m i l n d ch, khi qu trnh ny k t thc, ch cn nh ng bt dy u vo c th khng l 0 tr thnh n bit cu i bn ph i c a dy s . n bit ny l s d c a b c chia, v cng s l gi tr hm CRC (tr khi hm CRC c ch n c bi t c g i cho m t s cng o n ti n x l). II.5 Phng php ki m tra t ng kh i kh c ph c nh c i m c a ki m tra ch n l l khng th pht hi n c t ng s bit sai l ch n.Hn n a th ng d li u th ng c truy n thnh t ng kh i t nn,cho nn c i thi n kh nng pht hi n l i th phng php ki m tra t ng kh i c s d ng Phng php ki m tra t ng kh i th c hi n ki m tra ch n l trn c hng ngang l n c t d c.

 Ki m tra theo c t d c : l m ch pht hi n l i s d ng phng php ki m tra ch n l xc nh l i truy n trong m t k t .Theo phng php VRC (vertical redundancy checking) th m i bit k t c c ng thm bit P tr c khi truy n.Vi c c ng thm bit P c th l ki m tra ch n ho c ki m tra l . Ki m tra theo hng ngang (HRC-hozontal redundancy checking) l m t ki u pht hi n l i s d ng phng php ki m tra ch n l xc nh l i truy n trong m t o n tin. phng php HRC th ng v i m i v tr bit c m t bit ki m tra .Cc bit b0 c a cc t m khc nhau trong o n tin cng c XOR v i nhau.Tng t nh v y cc bit b1,b2,b3b6 c a cc t m trong o n tin cng c XOR v i nhau.K t qu s cho bit ki m tra HRC.Dy bit HRC c th c hi n pha pht tr c khi truy n d li u.T i pha thu,bit HRC cng s c ki m tra so snh gi ng nh ki m tra so snh l i bit k t bit. (Block Sum Check)

Ki m tra t ng BSC

PR B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0

V tr t h p l i khng pht hi n c

Duy t theo hng (l )

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

= STX

Frame Data H ng Truy n

= ETX = BCC

Duy t theo c t (ch n) u i m: -C kh nng pht hi n t t c cc bit sai l -C kh nng pht hi n t t c cc bit l i ch n th m ch cng hng cng c t.
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-C kh nng s a c m t bit sai,v n u ch c m t bit sai th hng v c t tng ng s ch ra t a bit sai. Nh c i m: khng pht hi n c l i truy n n u nh trong o n tin cn s ch n cc k t c v tr l i bit gi ng nhau. III L I D LI U KNH TRUY N

Cc ng truy n d li u c th c kho ng cch ng n vi m v cng c th di hng nghn km,mi tr ng truy n d li u c th l h th ng dy ng ,vi ba,v tinh,s i cp quang,ho c v tuy n.Do cc c tnh khng l t ng c a knh truy n cng nh tc ng c a cc y u t can nhi u bn ngoi.Trong th c t khng bao gi t c tin c y hon ton hon h o.Sai ho c l i xu t hi n trong qu trnh truy n d li u l khng trnh kh i. Trong cc knh truy n tin s ,n u nh xem r ng cc chu i k hi u d ng bit,cc l i knh truy n v n c gi nguyn tr t t v ch sai s truy n,cc l i trong kenh truy n nh phn c th chia lm 2 lo i: -L i xc su t c k hi u m t,x y ra cc knh truy n c t c th p, tin c y truy n tin l n.xc l i th ng c l p khng ph thu c vo nhau. -L i c tnh ch t c m:th ng do cc y u t t p nhi u bn ngoi tc ng lm cho 1 s bt lin ti p hay 1 c m bit no b sai l t. * Ki m sot l i Khi nh p d li u c nh p vo my tnh b ng bn phm th chng trnh s c v ch k t nh n c r i g i ln mn hnh.Nh v y n u k t nh p b sai th ng i s d ng c th dng cc k t i u khi n nh delete ho c backspace lo i b l t sai v nh p l i.Cng vi c nh v y g i l ki m sot l i b ng tay. i v i vi c truy n d li u ,khi 1 thi t b u cu i chuy n cc kh i k t hay l khung d c theo 1 ng truy n n i ti p n cc thi t b u cu i khc,chng trnh bn pha thu s th c 1 m t th t c ki m sot l i t ng trong su t i v i ng i s d ng.Thng th ng bn pha thu s ki m tra cc khung v a nh n c v tr v pha pht m t thng i p xc nh n l
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ng ho c yu c u g i m t b n sao khc.Lo i ki m sot l i nh v y g i l ARQ(AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST). PH N II K THU T KI M SOT L I ARQ I ) C I M ARQ Trong th c t c 2 lo i c s ARQ l idle RQ c dng v i truy n nh h ng k t ,continious RQ c dng v i cc lo i truy n l i selective repeat ho c goback N.Lo i RQ lin t c th ng dng v i truy n nh h ng bit. Nguyn l ki m sot l i idle RQ c nh ngha cho php cc khung c a k t c truy n m t cch tin c y . phn bi t pha g i (ngu n),v pha nh n ch cc thu t ng P (primary) v S(secondary) s c s d ng. phn bi t cc khung d li u v cc khung gim st ta th ng dng cc thu t ng I-Frame v ACK hay NAK Frame. Idle RQ ho t ng ch mode bn song cng,b i v sau khi P g i m t I-Frame n ph i ch bn S bo cho bi t l khung tr c nh n ng hay sai.V P s truy n m t khung m i n u thng tin nh n c l ng ,v yu c u g i l i khung c n u thng tin nh n c l sai. C 2 cch th c hi n nguyn l ny l truy n hi u ng m v truy n t ng minh Khi truy n thng tin trong m ng, thng tin truy n t pha pht sang pha thu c th b sai l i ho c m t. Trong tr ng h p thng tin b m t, c n ph i th c hi n truy n l i thng tin. V i tr ng h p thng tin b sai, c th s a sai b ng m t trong hai cch: -S a l i tr c ti p bn thu: pha thu sau khi pht hi n l i c th s a l i tr c ti p ngay bn thu m khng yu c u ph i pht l i. c th th c hi n c i u ny, thng tin tr c khi truy n i ph i c ci cc m s a l i (bn c nh vi c c kh nng pht hi n l i, c n c kh nng s a l i). -Yu c u pha pht truy n l i: pha thu sau khi ki m tra v pht hi n c l i s yu c u pha pht truy n l i thng tin.
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ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) , c th d ch l c ch t ng pht l i , giao th c TCP c s d ng n c ch ny . N dng i u khi n lu ng v i u khi n ch ng t c ngh n . I.1 V n khi trao i d li u M t s v n khi hai thi t b k t n i tr c ti p truy n nh n d li u ng b khung i u khi n t c truy n d li u X l l i g p ph i trn ng truy n nh v a ch (trong c u hnh multipoint) Phn bi t d li u v thng tin i u khi n Qu n l lin k t N i dung i u khi n dng d li u i u khi n l i M t s nghi th c i u khi n lin k t d li u i u khi n dng d li u Bn nh n th ng c b m nh n d li u Khi d li u n, bn nh n th ng th c hi n m t s x l tr c khi g i ln l p cao hn i u khi n dng: m b o bn pht khng g i d li u qu nhanh. Ngn ng a vi c trn b m

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*M hnh truy n khung

I.2 PHN KHUNG Kh i l n d li u c th chia thnh cc khung nh . Ph h p v i b nh m gi i h n Pht hi n cc l i nhanh hn ( khi c khung c nh n xong ) Trong tr ng h p l i, ch c n truy n l i cc khung nh hn. Trnh tr ng h p m t tr m b t k chi m ng truy n qu lu i u ki n gi nh T t c frame u n ch Khng c frame l i Cc frame n ng th t Nghi th c Idle RQ (StopandWait) c i m Phng php n gi n nh t c dng ch y u trong cc ng d ng character-oriented.(byteoriented) S d ng knh truy n ho t ng trong ch half-duplex

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 C ch ho t ng Ngu n pht d li u (d i d ng cc frame) ch nh n d li u v tr l i b ng ACK Ngu n ph i i ACK tr c khi pht ti p d li u ch c th ngng truy n d li u b ng cch khng g i ACK

Idle RQ Hi u su t Khi ni m Th i gian truy n (tframe): th i gian c n thi t g i t t c cc bit d li u ln ng truy n Th i gian lan truy n (tprop): th i gian c n thi t 1 bit i t ngu n n ch Th i gian t ng c ng TD= n(2tprop + tframe) Hi u su t ng truy n Th i gian t ng c ng TD= n(2tprop + tframe) Hi u su t ng truy n

V n kch th c frame Hi u qu ng truy n cao n u frame kch th c l n Th c t d li u l n c chia thnh cc frame c kch th c nh Kch th c b m c gi i h n Frame kch th c nh kh x y ra l i L i c pht hi n s m Khi c l i, ch c n truy n l i frame nh

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 Ngn ng a tnh tr ng 1 tr m lm vi c chi m ng truy n lu Sliding windows C ch ho t ng Cho php nhi u frame c th truy n ng th i Bn thu c b m v i kch th c W (c th nh n W frame) Bn pht c th truy n t i a W-1 frame m khng c n i ACK nh s th t cho cc frame ACK c ch a s th t c a frame k ti p c th truy n S th t c quay vng b i kch th c c a s (modulo 2k)

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C i ti n Bn thu c th g i ACK m khng cho php bn pht g i ti p d li u (Receive Not Ready) Trong tr ng h p ny, bn thu ph i g i ACK bnh th ng ha vi c truy n nh n d li u khi n s n sng N u ng truy n l full-duplex, dng c ch piggybacking: tch h p ACK vo frame d li u N u khng c d li u truy n, dng ACK frame N u c d li u truy n nhng khng c ACK truy n, g i l i ACK cu i cng, ho c c c ACK h p l (TCP) Hi u su t Full- Duplex

i u khi n l i l g ? i u khi n l i l cc k thu t pht hi n v s a l i x y ra trong qu trnh truy n cc frame B o m truy n nh n d li u chnh xc K thu t i u khi n l i Phn lo i l i i v i frame

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 M t frame: frame khng n ch ho c n nhng thng tin i u khi n trn frame b h (bn nh n khng th xc nh l frame no) Frame h: thng tin i u khi n trn frame xc nh c, nhng d li u trong frame b l i Pht hi n l i (CRC, Parity, ) Positive ACK xc nh n cc frame nh n c Negative ACK (NAK) yu c u truy n l i cho cc frame b h Truy n l i sau m t th i gian time-out C ch D a trn i u khi n dng K thu t ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) Cho php cc nghi th c lin k t d li u qu n l v yu c u truy n l i Phn lo i Idle RQ (stop-and-wait) Dng v i c ch i u khi n dng stop-wait Continuous RQ Dng v i c ch i u khi n dng sliding-window Selective repeat Go-back-N Idle RQ C ch ho t ng A g i m t I-Frame (Information Frame) n B A i ph n h i t B tr c khi g i ti p frame ACK-Frame A g i d li u m i NAK-Frame A g i l i d li u Khng nh n c tr l i A g i l i sau th i gian time-out u/khuy t i m n gi n hi u qu ng truy n th p

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II )PHN LO I K THU T KI M SOT L I ARQ Cc c ch pht l i c chia ra lm 3 lo i chnh: -C ch pht l i d ng v i (Stop-and-Wait ARQ) -C ch pht l i theo nhm (Go-back-N ARQ) -C ch pht l i c l a ch n (Selective repeat ARQ) II.1 StopandWait Stop and-wait ARQ l m t d ng c a i u khi n dng truy n d ng v i m r ng ch a cc ch c nng truy n l i d li u trong tr ng h p d li u b m t ho c h h ng. vi c truy n l i c th th c hi n c b sung vo c c u dng truy n 4 tnh ch t sau: Thi t b g i lu b n copy khung c truy n cu i cng cho n khi n nh n c ACK c a khung . Vi c ny cho php thi t b g i truy n l i khung b m t ho c khung b h h ng n khi chng c nh n ng.

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 nh n d ng ng, c khung d li u l n khung ACK c nh s lun phin 0 v 1. Khung d li u 1 c nh n bi t b i khung ACK1 c ngha l thi t b nh n nh n c d li u 1 v by gi ang ch nh nn d li u 0. vi c nh s ny cho php nh n d ng khung d li u trong tr ng h p d li u truy n 2 l n (i u ny l quan tr ng khi cc khung ACK b m t). N u m t l i c pht hi n trong khung d li u th ni nh n g i khung NAK. Cc khung NAK khng c nh s , thi t b t hi u c n ph i truy n l i khung cu i. Stop and-wait ARQ i h i thi t b g i i n khi nh n ACK khung cu i, tr c khi truy n khung ti p theo. Khi thi t b g i nh n khung NAK n g i l i khung c truy n sau ACK cu i m b qua s khung c a n. Thi t b g i c trang b ng h . N u ch khung NAK trong m t th i gian xc nh m khng th y th cho r ng khung d li u cu i b m t v g i l i khung . C ch ho t ng: Nghi th c i u khi n l i n gi n nh t. My pht g i m t frame sau d ng v ch m t xc nh n t my thu. N u xc nh n l ACK th frame k ti p s c g i i. N u xc nh n l NAK th truy n l i frame v a truy n. N u nh n m t frame h ng, b i My pht c timeout N u khng c ACK tr v trong th i gian timeout th truy n l i. N u ACK b h ng, my pht khng nh n ra My pht s truy n l i

My thu nh n hai b n copy c a khung Dng ACK0 v ACK1

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 Cc lo i l i (E1) I-Frame khng n c bn nh n (E2) I-Frame n c bn nh n nhng n i dung I-Frame b sai (E3) ACK-Frame khng n c bn g i hay ACK-Frame n c bn g i nhng n i dung ACK-Frame b sai

S a l i E1 S d ng timer: bn g i sau khi g i i m t I-Frame th kh i ng m t b m th i gian, sau kho ng th i gian i T m cha nh n c tn hi u ACK/ NAK bo v th xem nh I-Frame cha t i v g i l i frame ny.
Gi i h n th i gian ch i Data 0 lost

Data 0 Data 0 ACK0

. . . . M t khung d li u

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 S a l i E2 Khi m t khung c nh n b l i th thi t b nh n s g i khung NAK v truy n l i khung cu i.

Data 0

ACK0

Data 1 NAK

Data 1 ACK1

L khung d li u

S a l i E3 Trong tr ng h p khung d li u nh n ng pha nh n. Khung ACK(NAK) m thi t b nh n g i b m t trn ng truy n th: Thi t b g i i h t h i gian qui nh, sau truy n l i khung d li u cu i. Thi t b nh n ki m tra s khung d li u m i. N u khung b m t l

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NAK thi t b nh n nh n khung m i ny v tr l i ACK(khung m i khng b h ng). N u khung m t l ACK th thi t b nh n nh n khung m i ny nh b n sao khc n a sau g i ACK r i b qua nh ng b n sao ny v i khung ti p theo
Data 0

Gi i h n th i gian ch i

Data 0 ACK0 lost

Data 0 Data 0 . . . M t khung nh n bi t ACK0 .

B n copy th nh t b b quab quaData

*C a s tr t ARQ Trong nhi u c c u i u khi n l i truy n thng, c 2 th t c ph bi n nh t:Go-back-n ARQ v ch n l a t ch i ARQ. C 2 u d a vo i u khi n dng truy n c a s tr t. m r ng c a s tr t cho truy n l i cc khung b m t ho c b h ng ph i b sung 3 i m vo i u khi n dng truy n: Thi t b g i lu b n copy t t c cc khung c truy n cho n khi nh n c khung ACK. N u cc khung t 0 n 6 c truy n v nh n bi t cu i cng cho khung 2 (ch khung 3 )th thi t b g i lu b n copy c a khung 3 n khung 6 cho n khi n bi t r ng nh ng khung ny c nh n ng.

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Bn c nh cc khung ACK thi t b nh n cn g i cc khung NAK n u d li u nh n c b l i. B i c a s tr t l c c u truy n lin t c, c khung ACK v NAK u nh s nh n di n. Cc khung ACK mang s c a khung s g i ti p theo. Cc khung NAK mang s c a chnh khung h ng. Trong c 2 tr ng h p u cho bi t s khung m thi t b nh n ang ch i. N u ACK tr c c nh s 3, th ACK 6 hi n t i cho bi t nh n t t cc khung 3,4,5. N u NAK 4 c ngha l t t c cc khung nh n c tr c khung 4 d u ng. Gi ng nh Stop and-wait ARQ, y thi t b g i theo di th i gian i u khi n khi ACK v NAK b m t. II.2 GobackN C ch ho t ng i u khi n RR = receive ready = ACK = acknowledge REJ = reject = NAK = negative acknowledge D a trn c ch sliding window A g i lin t c cc I-Frame n B (trong khi c ch i u khi n dng cn cho php) B ch nh n I-Frame theo ng ch s tu n t Truy n l i t t c cc Frame k t Frame sai u tin tr i Cc ki u l i tng t nh trong Idle RQ (c th x y ra ng th i trn nhi u frame) (E1) I-Frame khng n c bn nh n (E2) I-Frame n c bn nh n, n i dung I-Frame sai (E3) ACK-Frame khng n c bn g i

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 S a l i E1 Th t c c a s tr t yu c u cc khung d li u ph i truy n m t cch tu n t .thi t b nh n ki m tra s nh n di n trn m i khung v nh n th y r ng m t ho c nhi u khung b m t, n s g i khung NAK cho khung b m t u tin v yu c u truy n l i. D li u 0 v 1 truy n n chnh xc nhng d li u 2 b m t. Khung ti p theo truy n n thi t b nh n l khung 3.Thi t b nh n ang ch khung 2 v n coi d li u 3 l l i v b qua, n g i khung NAK2 bo r ng khung 0,1 nh n nhng khung 2 b l i (khung 2 b m t) Thi t b g i truy n khung 3,4,5 tr c khi nh n NAK2, khi thi t b g i nh n c NAK2 n truy n l i c 4 khung 2,3,4,5.
Data 0 Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 NAK2 Lo i b Lo i b Lo i b lost Data 0 Data 1

M t khung d li u 2

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 S a l i E2 Bn nh n pht hi n l i frame i Bn nh n bo cho bn g i b ng NAKi v lo i b cc frame sau i Bn g i g i l i cc frame t framei Th i gian p ng nhanh hn so v i dng timeout.
Data 0 Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 L i khung d li u 3

Data 0 Data 1 Data 2 ACK3 NAK3 L i khung 3 Lo i b Lo i b

ACK3 bo cho thi t b g i bi t r ng khung 0,1,2 c nh n ng. Khung 3 b pht hi n c l i, nn NAK3 c g i t c th v cc khung 4,5 b b qua khi chng n bn nh n. Thi t b g i truy n l i c 3 khung (3,4,5) c g i t khi c nh n bi t cu i v qu trnh c ti p t c. S a l i E3 ACKi b m t N u sau c ACKi+1, ACKi+2... th truy n bnh th ng N u h t timeout bn g i s g i l i I-Frame
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 Bn nh n pht hi n frame truy n l i ny nh n nn s bo l i ACK (ho c NAK) tng ng Khi nh n ACK, bn pht khng c n truy n l i t t c cc frame m c th truy n frame t ch s trong ACK
Data 0 Data0 Data 1 Gi i h n th i gian ch i Data 2

Data 0 Data 1 Data 2 ACK3 lost

Data 0 Data 1 Data 2 Data 0 Data 1 Data 2 M t nh n bi t ACK3

II.3 Selective Repeat ARQ Phng php ny ch truy n l i nh ng khung b h ng ho c b th t l c. n u khung b h ng thi t b g i nh n c khung NAK v khung s c truy n l i ngoi tu n t thng th ng. Thi t b nh n ph i s p x p l i cc khung v chn chnh xc khung vo v tr thch h p c a n theo ng tu n t . c c kh nng ch n l a h th ng Selective-reject ARQ khc h th ng Go-back-n ARQ nh ng i m sau:

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Thi t b nh n ph i ch a cc c ng logic s p x p s p x p tu n t cc khung c nh n l i. N cng ph i s p x p cc khung nh n sau khi g i khung NAK cho n khi khung h ng c s a i. Thi t b g i ph i c c c u tm ki m, cho php n tm v ch n ch khung yu c u truy n l i. m trong thi t b nh n ph i gi t t c cc khung nh n c cho n khi t t c nh ng khung truy n l i u c s p x p v b qua nh nng khung nh n c l n 2. gip cho vi c ch n l a, cc s ACK cng nh cc s NAK ph i gn cho cc khung nh n (ho c b m t ) m khng gn cho khung ch nh n ti p theo. Kch th c c a s theo phng php ny nh hn kch th c c a s c a phng php Go-back-n ARQ. Kch th c b ng hay nh hn (n+1)/2 trong khi c s c a Go-back-n ARQ l ( n-1). C ch ho t ng Tng t nh Go-Back-N Ch g i l i cc frame b NAK ho c time-out Bn nh n c th nh n I-frame khng theo ng ch s tu n t n nh n ph i c buffer lu l i cc frame n khng theo ng ch s tu n t V n kch th c c a s Tnh hu ng: window kch th c 7 A g i cc frame t 0 n 6 qua B B xc nh n t t c , nhng t t c ACK u b m t A i b timeout, nn g i l i frame 0 B lc ny d ch c a s nh n, c th nh n cc frame 7,0,1,...5. N t ng frame 7 b m t v 0 l frame m i, nn ch p nh n (trng frame) y l v n trng l p gi a c a s g i v c a s nh n Do kch th c c a s t i a l (N) (N l ch s tu n t l n nh t)

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 S a l i E1 N u m t khung b m t, khung ti p theo s truy n t i ngoi tu n t . Khi thi t b nh n s s p x p l i nh ng khung c m t. T t nhin, thi t b nh n ch nh n ra s m t khung n u c cc khung ti p theo. S a l i E2 I-Frame truy n n bn nh n nhng b l i Bn nh n bo cho bn g i bi t thng qua NAK-Frame Bn nh n v n l y cc frame ti p theo vo b m(nhng cha a ln l p trn) Bn g i ch truy n l i I-Frame b l i Bn nh n nh n ng cc frame theo trnh t th c th a d li u ln l p trn
Data 0 Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 2 NAK2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 2 C c u truy n khung b l i trong Selective-reject ARQ

Data 0 Data 1

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 S a l i E3 S d ng ch s tu n t frame (sequential number): Khi ACK-frame b l i hay khng n c bn g i, sau th i gian timeout bn g i s g i l i I-Frame ny * So snh gi a Stop and Wait, Go-back-n v Selective-reject ARQ: Stop and Wait l k thu t ki m sot l i n gi n nh t v hi u qu . Bn g i ch vi c g i data v i xc nh n t bn nh n. N u bn nh n xc nh n data l ng th bn pht s ti p t c pht ti p nh ng data ti p theo. Hi u su t s d ng ng truy n th p do phaic ch xc nh n bn nh n m i c pht ti p ho c sau th i gian c a b nh th i. M c d ch truy n l i nh ng khung b m t v b l i nhng Selectivereject ARQ khng hi u qu hn vi c truy n l i t t c cc khung. S ph c t p ch yu c u thi t b nh n ph i s p x p v lu gi cc khung v thi t b g i ph i c c ng logic ngoi ch n ra nh ng khung truy n l i nh t nh. Selective-reject ARQ t hn v t c s d ng. Trong th t s d ng Goback-n n gi n v tin l i hn. PH N III NG D NG ARQ

TRONG CNG NGH WIREMAX DI NG Thu t ton ARQ tr nn ph bi n trong m ng khng dy v m ng h u tuy n truy n l i cc thng tin b l i.Tuy nhin,hi n qua cc vi c s d ng ARQ yu c u s l a ch n chnh xc v cng su t pht v t c d li u trong qu trnh truy n t i pht,v m t khc ng truy n tr nn b l i.Khi qu trnh duy tr cc thi t l p t i u ny trong mi tr ng th i gian khng n nh tr thnh m t thch th c cho cc d ch v bng r ng di ng.K thu t Hyrid ARQ c pht tri n.H-ARQ tr thnh m t ph n thng s wimax di ng kh i thu t p h p cc thng tin t m t gi l i v i hi n t ng ti truy n pht tn hi u c a cng m t gi tin cho t i khi thng tin t p h p l i l y l i ton b gi tin

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Khi v n hnh HSDPA ln c n hi u su t ph cao nh t, t l l i kh i BLER sau l n truy n d n u tin c khuy n ngh trong kho ng t 10- 20%. C ch yu c u l p t ng lai H-ARQ c ng d ng trong gi i php HSDPA nh m gi m tr v tng hi u su t c a qu trnh ti truy n d n d li u. Th c t , H- ARQ l m t giao th c d ng d ng l i v ch SAW (Stop And Wait). Trong c ch SAW, pha truy n d n lun lun qu trnh truy n d n cc block ang hi n hnh cho t i khi thi t b ng i s d ng hon ton nh n c d li u. t n d ng th i gian khi Node- B ch cc bo nh n, c th thi t l p N ti n trnh SAW-ARQ song song cho thi t b ng i dng. Do , cc ti n trnh khc nhau truy n d n trong cc TTI ring bi t. S ti n trnh SAW-ARQ song song c thi t l p t i a l 8 (N=8), tuy nhin thng th ng ch n gi tr N t 4-6. Th i gian tr nh nh t cho php gi a qu trnh truy n d li u g c so v i qu trnh ti truy n d n d li u l n u tin trong HSDPA l 12ms. i u khi n H- ARQ l p 1 c t t i Node-B, do vi c lu tr cc gi d li u phi bo nh n cng v i ch c nng s p x p cc gi c a qu trnh ti truy n d n l khng ph thu c vo RNC. Nh v y s trnh c tr ti truy n d n, ngoi ra cc tr ny s th p hn tr gy ra b i qu trnh ti truy n d n RLC thng th ng.

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