Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 1

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MJC LJC


Trang
I. DAT VAN DE................................................................................. 2
1. Muc dich yu cu................... 2
2. Thuc trang cua vn d. ............... 2
3. Pham vi cua d tai.................. 2
II. GIAI QUYET VAN DE ................. 2
1. Co so li lun........................ 2
2. Phuong phap................... 3
3. B tuc v toan hoc................. 3
3.1. Phep cng hai vec to............. 3
3.2. Dinh ly ham s cosin............... 4
3.3. Dinh ly ham s sin............. 4
3.4. H thuc luong trong tam giac vung....... 4
3.5. Cng thuc hinh chiu............ 4
III. MOT SO BAI TOAN AP DUNG............... 5
1. Mt s bai toan vn dung diu kin cn bng luc....... 5
2. Mt s bai toan vn dung quy tc m men luc........ 8
IV. KET LUAN.......................11






Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 2
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PHUONG PHP GIAI BI TON
CAN BANG CUA VAT RAN CHJU TC DJNG CUA CC LJC
KHNG SONG SONG

I. DAT VN DE
1.Mc dch yu cu.
Trong doi sng hng ngay cng nhu trong k thut, ta thuong gp nhung vt
rnnhung vt co kich thuoc dang k. Vic nghin cuu v trang thai cn bng cua vt
rn co y nghia rt quan trong, giup hoc sinh nhin nhn mt cach khoa hoc v kt cu
tinh hoc thuong gp tu do hiu duoc su sc hon v trang thai cn bng, va bit cach
lam tng muc vung vang cho cac kt cu do.
Trang bi cho cac em phuong phap va nhung kin thuc cn thit d vn dung
vao vic giai mt s bai tp phn tinh hoc vt rn trong chuong trinh THPT.
2.Thc trng cua vn d.
Tinh hoc la mt phn kho trong chuong trinh vt ly lop 10, vic giai bai tp tinh
hoc gp mt s kho khn cho nhiu hoc sinh vi phn lon cac em hoc sinh khng nm
duoc phuong phap giai. Vi vy thng qua d tai nay, chung ti mun cung cp cho hoc
sinh nhung phuong phap, nhung kin thuc co ban va cac bai toan cu th trong thuc t
giup cac em hoc sinh tip cn d dang hon khi hoc phn nay.
3.Phm vi cua d ti
Voi tinh thn giup hoc sinh nm bt tt hon vic hoc phn tinh hoc cua vt ly 10
nn trong d tai nay, chung ti tp trung dua ra mt s bai tp thuc v chuong trinh
vt ly 10 ban co ban nng cao va gioi thiu mt s phuong phap giai phu hop voi trinh
d hoc sinh THPT.
II. GIAI QUYET VN DE
1. Co so l lun
1.1 Khi vt rn khng chuyn dng tinh tin, khng co chuyn dng quay.
Theo dinh lut II Niuton , 2
6
6
% , o trang thai cn bng 0
6
6
, nn 0
6 6
%
Truong hop vt chiu tac dung cua hai luc cn bng:
2 1 2 1
0
6 6 6 6 6
(1.1)
tuc la
2 1
,
6 6
co cung gia, cung d lon va nguoc chiu nhau.
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 3
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1

6

2

6


Truong hop vt chiu tac dung cua ba luc cn bng
) ( 0
3 2 1 3 2 1

6 6 6 6 6 6 6
(1.2)
Tuc la: Cac luc
3 2 1
, ,
6 6 6
co gia dng phng, dng quy.
Hop luc
3 , 2

6
cua
3 2
,
6 :
cn bng voi
1

6
.
1.2. Khi vt rn co truc quay c dinh (hoc tam thoi) thi diu kin cn bng la
tng mmen cua cac luc lam vt quay theo mt chiu phai bng tng mmen cua cac
luc lam vt quay theo chiu nguoc lai:
'
% %
2. Phuong php.
2.1.Di voi vt rn khi khng co chuyn dng tinh tin, khng co chuyn dng
quay, diu kin cn bng nhu mt cht dim. Do vy co th vn dung diu kin cn
bng 0
6 6
% d giai quyt bai toan theo cac buoc sau:
Buoc 1: Xac dinh duoc vt cn duoc khao sat.
Buoc 2: Phn tich cac luc tac dung ln vt, biu din cac luc dng quy trn
hinh v.
Buoc 3: Vit diu kin cn bng cua vt: 0
6 6
% (2.1)
Buoc 4: Giai phuong trinh (2.1) d tim cac gia tri dai s, theo cac cach sau:
Phuong phap chiu phuong trinh vec to (2.1) ln cac truc toa d Ox, Oy
(Ox*Oy) d dua v phuong trinh dai s:
0
0
%
%

Di chuyn cac luc trn gia cua chung v dim dng quy, tng hop vec
to luc theo quy tc hinh binh hanh va vn dung cac h thuc luong trong tam giac, dinh
ly pytago, dinh ly sin, cosin...( Xem phn b tuc v toan hoc)
Ch . Khi 29 v9 rn can bng, chu 9Ec dung cu, n lc. Nu hop cu, (n-1)
lc co giE di qu, di2 O 9hi lc con li cng phai co giE di qu, di2 O.

2.2.Khi vt rn co truc quay c dinh (hoc tam thoi) ta vn dung quy tc m
men luc d giai:

'
% % (2.2)
Trong do:
% la tng mmen luc co xu huong lam vt quay theo chiu kim dng h.

'
% la tng mmen luc co xu huong lam vt quay nguoc chiu kim dng h.

3. B tc v ton hc
3 , 2

6

3

6

1

6

2

6

Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 4
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b
6

c
6

,
6

u

b
c
a
D giai bai toan tinh hoc thi hoc sinh nht dinh phai nm duoc nhung kin thuc
hinh hoc co ban. Cho nn cn cung cp cho cac em nhung kin thuc ti thiu nhu sau:
3.1. !hp cng hai vc to

Cho hai vec to
b ,
6
6
,
goi c
6
b ,
6
6
(3.1)
la vec to tng cua hai vec to do
thi c
6
duoc xac dinh theo quy tc hinh binh hanh.


Nu b ,
6
6
, cung huong thi: , c , , , , , b , (3.2)
Nu b ,
6
6
, nguoc huong thi: , c , ,, , , , b ,, (3.3)
Nu b ,
6
6
, vung goc thi: , c ,
2
, , ,
2
, b ,
2
(3.4)
Nu b ,
6
6
, hop voi nhau mt goc u bt ki thi:
, c ,
2
, , ,
2
, b ,
2
2, , ,, b ,cos u (3.5)
3.2. lnh l hm s cosin
Trong tam giac A,B,C canh a,b,c ta lun co:
a
2
b
2
c
2
2b.c.cos A (3.6)
b
2
a
2
c
2
2a.c.cos B (3.7)
c
2
a
2
b
2
2a.b.cos C (3.8)

3.3. lnh l hm s sin
Trong tam giac bn ta co:

,
sin sin sin
(3.9)

3.4. " thc lung trong tam gic vung

- sin (3.10)

- cos (3.11)

- tan (3.12)

,n - cot (3.13)

3.5. Cng thc hnh chiu
Hinh chiu cua vec to trn truc O
la
' '
duoc xac dinh theo cng thuc:
' '
, ,.coso , ,.sin. (3.14)




A
B C u
.
O
x
A
B
A` B
`
u
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 5
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III. MT S BI TON P DJNG
1. Mt s bi ton vn dng diu kin cn bng lc








Giai

Cac luc dng quy tac dung ln vt m la:
Luc cng dy %
6
.
Trong luc !
6

Phan luc "
6
cua mt phng nghing.
Diu kin cn bng cua m:
!
6
"
6
%
6
0 (*)
Chiu (*) ln cac truc
Ox: Psin- T 0 (1)
Oy: Q Pcos- 0 (2)
a. Luc cng T cua soi dy:(1) T Psin- mgsin30
o
2.10.1/2 10N.
b. Phan luc Q cua mt phng nghing ln vt:
(2) Q P.cosu mgcos30
o
2.10. 2 / 3 10 3 N














hn xt:
Nu dt !
6
"
6
thi (*) tro thanh %
6
0 .
Khi do T F va hai vec to ,%
6
cung gia. Trong tam giac
vung tao boi !
6
, , "
6
, taco :
sin- F/P T/P T Psin-
cos- Q/P Q Pcos-

-
"
6

!

%

y
-
"
6

!
%

O
m
i tp 1.1
Mt vt co khi luong 2kg duoc giu yn trn mt phng
nghing boi mt soi dy song song voi duong dc chinh
(hinh 1.1). Bit u 30
o
, g 9,8m/s
2
va ma sat khng dang
k. Hy xac dinh:
a. luc cng cua dy?
b. phan luc cua mt phng nghing ln vt?
-

Hinh 1.1
i tp 1.2. Mt gia treo nhu hinh v 1.2 gm:
Thanh nhe AB 1m tua vao tuong o A.
Dy BC 0,6m nm ngang.
Treo vao du B mt vt nng khi luong m 1kg.
Khi thanh cn bng hy tinh d lon cua phan luc dan hi do
tuong tac dung ln thanh AB va suc cng cua dy BC?
Ly g 102s
2
.
A
C
B
m
u
Hinh 1.2
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 6
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Giai

Cac luc dng quy tac dung ln thanh AB la:
Luc cng dy %
6
.
Luc cng
'
%
6
(
'
%
6
!
6
)cua vt m.
Phan luc "
6
cua tuong.








Trong do: sinu CA/AB (
2 2
0,8m)
cosu CB/AB Thay s ta duoc:
Q 1.10.
8 , 0
1
12,5N.
T 12,5.0,6 7,5N.

*Ch : Co th giai bai toan bng cach ap dung h thuc luong trong tam giac vung .
Trong phuong trinh (*), dt !
6
"
6
ta co:
0 % hay
-

) , ( "
%

Tu hinh v ta co: T P.tanu
Q P/sinu.










Giai

Cac luc nay dng quy va thanh AB cn bng nn ta
co: !
6
"
6
%
6
0 (*)
Chiu (*) ln cac truc
Ox: Q.cosu T 0 (1)
Oy: Q.sinu P 0 (2)
(2) Q P/sinu
(1) T Q.cosu

A
C

m
u
%
6

"
6

'
%
6
!
6

y

B
"

-
B
O
%

"
C
y


B
"
B

B
!
B
%
B
u
i tp 1.3
Qua cu khi luong m 2,4kg, ban kinh R 7cm tua vao
tuong tron nhn (hinh 1.3) va duoc giu nm yn nho mt
dy treo gn vao tuong tai A, chiu dai AC 18cm. Ly g
10m/s
2
. Tinh luc cng cua dy va luc nen cua qua cu vao
tuong?


-
B
C
O
Hinh 1.3
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 7
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Cac luc tac dung ln qua cu dng quy tai O gm:
Trong luc !.
Phan luc cua tuong "
Luc cng dy %
Diu kin cn bng cua qua cu la: ! "% 0 (*)
Chiu (*) ln cac truc toa d
Ox: Q Tsin- 0 (1)
Oy: Tcos- P 0 (2)

voi sin- OB/OA R/(AC R) 7/(187) 0,28
cos -
2
sin 1 0,96
Luc cng soi dy la: (2) T P/cos- 2,4.10/0,96 25N
Luc nen cua qua cu ln tuong co d lon bng phan luc cua tuong ln qua cu:
(1) Q Tsinu 25.0,28 7N.
hn xt:
Cng co th vn dung h thuc luong trong tam giac vung vao bai tp
nay, ta d dang co duoc:
Q P.tanu
T Q/sinu










Giai

Cac luc tac dung ln thanh gm:
Trong luc !.
Phan luc cua ban l "
Luc cng dy %
Diu kin cn bng cua thanh OA la:
! % " 0 (*)
a. Cac luc ! , % , " co gia dng quy nn gia cua " khng vung goc voi tuong ma di
qua dim I( giao dim cua gia cac luc ! , % ).
b. D lon luc cng dy T va phan luc Q.
D thy AOAI cn tai I, nn chiu (*) ln cac truc Ox, Oy ta duoc:
Q.cosu P.cosu 0 (1)
%
"
!
-
2-
"
%

!
-

y
O
G
%
I
"
i tp1.4
Mt thanh dai OA co trong tm o giua thanh va khi luong m
1kg. Du O cua thanh lin kt voi tuong bng ban l, con du A
duoc treo vao tuong bng mt soi dy AB. Thanh duoc giu nm
ngang va dy lam voi thanh mt goc u 30
o
(hinh 1.4). Ly g
10m/s
2
. Hy xac dinh:
a.Gia cua phan luc " cua ban l tac dung vao thanh AB?
b.D lon luc cng dy va phan luc Q?

-

B
O
Hinh 1.4
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 8
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T.sinu Q.sinu P 0 (2)
tu (1) Q T th vao (2) ta co: 2Tsinu P
T P/2sinu 10N Q.
*Nhn F9:
Di voi bai tp nay ta co th dung dinh ly ham s cosin giai nhu sau:
Di chuyn cac luc ! , % , " v dim dng quy I, nhu hinh v:
Cng thuc (*) co th vit thanh 0 ! voi % "
vi tam giac AIO cn nn Q T, ta co:
F
2
Q
2
T
2
2Q.T.cos2u 2T
2
(1cos2u) 2T
2
(2sin
2
u)
T F/2sinu P/2sinu Q

2.Mt s bi ton vn dng quy tc m men lc


















i tp 2.2
Thanh OA co khi luong khng dang k, co chiu dai 20cm, quay d dang quanh truc
nm ngang O. Mt lo xo gn vao dim giua C. Nguoi ta tac dung vao du A cua thanh
mt luc F 20N huong thng dung xung duoi.









Giai
Cac luc tac dung ln thanh OA gm:
Luc
Phan luc dan hi N cua lo xo.
Phan luc " cua truc O tac dung ln AB.
a. Phan luc cua lo xo ln thanh OA

A
-
O

B
N B

Khi thanh o trang thai cn bng, lo xo co huong vung goc
voi OA, va OA lam voi duong nm ngang mt goc -
30
o
(hinh 2.2).
a.Tim phan luc N cua lo xo ln thanh.
b.Tinh d cung k cua lo xo, bit lo xo ngn di 8cm so
voi luc khng bi nen.
c.Tinh phan luc cua truc O ln thanh OA.

A
-
O

Hinh 2.2
i tp 2.1
Mt thanh nhe gn vao san tai B. Tac dung ln du A luc keo
F 100N theo phuong ngang. Thanh duoc giu cn bng nho
dy AC (hinh 2.1). Bit u 30
o
. Tinh luc cng dy AC?
Giai
Cac luc tac dung ln thanh AB gm:
Luc keo
Luc cng % dy AC
Phan luc cua san " tac dung ln AB.
Xet truc quay tam thoi tai B ( 0
"
), diu kin cn bng
cua thanh AB la:

%

F.AB T.BH voi 2

%
.
2 200N

A
B
-


A
B
-
"
H

Hinh 2.1
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 9
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N

F.OB N.OC voi OB 2OC.cosu
N F.OB/OC 2F.cosu
2.20. 2 / 3 20 3 N

b. D cung cua lo xo
Ta co: N k.Al k N/Al 20 3 /(8.10
2
) 433N/m
c. Phan luc Q cua truc O ln thanh OA.
Diu kin cn bng luc la: N " 0
Do cac luc tac dung ln OA co gia dng quy nn, gia cua "
cng phai di qua I. D thy AOAI cn tai I nn Q F 20N.









Giai






a. D lon luc F tac dung ln thanh OA
Diu kin cn bng cua OA la:

!
(vi
"
0)
.O !.O vi O OG.cos-
2
1
O.coso

O
O
!. !
2
1
coso
2
1
.400.
2
3
100 3 N
b. Xac dinh gia va d lon cua phan luc " cua truc O.
N
"

Cac luc tac dung ln OA gm:
Luc keo
Trong luc !
Phan luc " cua truc O

"

!

u
"
G


A

-
O

!

i tp 2.3
D giu thanh nng OA co th nm nghing voi san mt
goc u 30
o
, ta keo du A bng soi dy theo phuong vung
goc voi thanh, con du O duoc giu boi ban l (hinh 2.3).
Bit thanh OA dng cht, tit din du trong luong la P
400N.
a. Tinh d lon luc keo F .
b. Xac dinh gia va d lon cua phan luc " cua truc
A
-
O

Hinh 2.3
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 10
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Do thanh OA khng chuyn dng tinh tin nn ta co
diu kin cn bng la: ! " 0 (*)
Cac luc ! , co gia di qua I, nn " cng co gia di qua I.
Truot cac luc ! , , " v dim dng quy I nhu hinh v, theo dinh ly ham s
cosin ta co:
Q
2
F
2
P
2
2F.P.cosu
(100 3 )
2
400
2
2.100 3 .400. 3 /2 - 265N
Theo dinh ly ham s sin ta co:

- sin sin
"

vi y a2 (o)
- sin sin
"

- 0,327
- 19
o
a/2 u - 90
o
19
o
30
o

- 41
o
Vy " co d lon Q 265N va co gia hop voi thanh OA mt goc 41
o
.

*Ch : li vi bai 9p na, 9, co 9h s dung phuong phEp chiu phuong 9rinh vFc 9o
() ln cEc 9ruc 9, d, 9u nhin co phc 9p hon cEch giai na








Giai
Cac luc tac dung ln banh xe bao gm:
Luc keo
Trong luc !
Phan luc cua san " tai dim I
Diu kin d banh xe co th ln ln bc thm la:

_
!
(di voi truc quay tam thoi qua I, 0
"
)
.K _ !. vi K R h,
2 2
) ( h R R ) 2 ( h R h
_ 2g
h R
h R h

) 2 (
1145N





i tp2.4
Banh xe co ban kinh R 50cm, khi luong m 50kg
(hinh 2.4). Tim luc keo F nm ngang dt trn truc d
banh xe co th vuot qua bc co d cao h 30cm. Bo
qua ma sat. Ly g 10m/s
2
.

h

h

O
K
H
Hinh 2.4
Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song 11
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IV. KET LUAN



Trn dy la mt s it bai tp v cn bng cua vt rn chiu tac dung cua cac luc khng
song song. Vic giai bai tp loai nay doi hoi hoc sinh khng nhung co kin thuc vung
vang v vt ly ma con phai co kin thuc co ban v toan hoc. Vi vy truoc ht phai
cung cp cho hoc sinh nhung kin thuc ti thiu v toan hoc nhu d nu trn.
Cac bai tp ap dung trong d tai nay co th co nhiu cach d giai tuy nhin voi
mi bai tp, hoc sinh phai phn tich k d bai d tu do chon phuong phap giai phu hop
nht.
Do thoi gian co han nn d tai nay chua duoc ap dung rng ri va chc chn
khng tranh ht nhung thiu sot. Vi vy rt mong duoc su gop y kin cua quy thy c
giao va cac ban dng nghip d d tai duoc hoan thin hon.
Xin chn thanh cam on!