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CNG N TP HC K I MN HO HC LP 10
A. NHNG KIN THC CN NM VNG I. Chng I: Nguyn t ( Xem trang 33 sch GK ) II. Chng II: Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc v nh lut tun hon Bin i tun hon Bn knh nguyn t i lng vt l Nng lng ion ho I1 m in Ho tr trong hp cht vi H Hp cht oxit bc cao nht Hp cht hidroxit tng ng RHx (1 x 3) RH8-x 8) R2Ox (x: l) ROx/2 (x: chn) R(OH)x (1 x 3) (HO)8-x ROx4 (5 x 7) tr: HNO3 (HO)2RO2 (vi x = 4) (4 x

V tr nguyn t Chu k

Theo chiu THN tng dn

STT chu k = S lp e

STT nhm = x = S e ho tr

- C 7 chu k (A, B ng k tip trong mt chu k) Nhm A (NT s, p) (bin i tun hon theo chiu tng dn THN) A, B k tip nhau trong mt nhm A:

Cu hnh e nguyn t

Bng tun hon

Nguyn tc sp xp

Cu to BTH

nh lut tun hon

c bit c bit S e ho tr = 8,9,10 u xp vo nhm VIIIB

NHm

H lantan v actini xp ngoi bng (nguyn t f )

(tr chu k 1)

Tnh kim loi-phi kim Nhm B l nhm kim loi chuyn tip

Cu hnh e bin i phc tp

Cc tnh cht bin i phc tp

III. Chng III: Lin kt ho hc 1. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc Qui tc bt t: - Lin kt ho hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn vng hn. - Qui tc bt t: nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc t c cu hnh electron bn vng ca cc kh him vi 8 electron (hoc 2 elctrron i vi heli) lp ngoi cng. 2. Lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc, lin kt cng ho tr c phn cc

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Lin kt ion Lin kt Bn cht

Lin kt cng ho tr

LK CHT khng cc LK CHT c cc do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion -L s dng chung cc cp electron mang in tch tri du (cp electron chung c th do 2 hoc 1 nguyn t b ra) -Cp electrron dng -Cp electrron dng chung b chung phn b thng lch v pha nguyn t c m gia. in ln hn.

iu kin Xy ra gia nhng nguyn t khc Thng xy ra gia 2 lin kt hn nhau v bn cht ho hc nguyn t cng nguyn (thng xy ra vi cc kim loi t phi kim in hnh v cc phi kim in hnh) V d Na+h + Cl-h NaClh H H H-H Hiu m in
1,7 0 < 0,4

Xy ra gia 2 nguyn t gn ging nhau v bn cht ho hc (thng xy ra vi cc nguyn t phi kim nhm 4,5,6,7)

H Cl

H - Cl

0,4 < 1,7

3. Lai ho obitan nguyn t - s xen ph trc, s xen ph bn: - S lai ho obitan ngiuyn t l s t hp trn ln mt s obitan trong mt nguyn t c tng

y obitan lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
- Cc kiu lai ho thng gp: sp, sp2, sp3 4. Tinh th:

Khi nim Lc LK c tnh

Tinh th Tinh th phn t nguyn t c hnh thnh t Tinh th hnh Tinh th hnh thnh t cc nhng ion mang in tch thnh t cc phn t tri du, l cc cation nguyn t v anion Lc lin kt c bn cht c bn cht lc tng tc phn t tnh in cng ho tr -Tinh th ion bn Tinh th - t bn - Kh nng chy tng i bn - cng nh - Kh bay hi -t0nc, t0s cao. - t0nc , t0s tng i thp. 0 0 - t nc, t s cao.

Tinh th ion

Tinh th kim loi c hnh thnh t cc ion kim loi, cc nguyn t kim loi v cc electron t do. Lc lin kt c bn cht tnh in Tnh nh kim, do, dn nhit, dn in

5. Ho tr v s oxi ho: - Ho tr nguyn t trong hp cht ion c gi l in ho tr. Tr s in ho tr bng ca mt

nguyn t bng s electron m nguyn t ca nguyn t nhng hoc thu to thnh ion. - Ho tr nguyn t trong hp cht cng ho tr c gi l cng ho tr. Cng ho tr ca mt nguyn t bng s lin kt m nguyn t nguyn t to ra c vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t. - S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t nu gi nh lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t u l lin kt ion. - Cch xc nh s oxi ho: c 4 qui tc (xem sgk lp 10)

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IV. Chng IV:

Phn ng khng oxi

ho kh

Tt c cc phn ng trao i Mt s phn ng phn hu Mt s phn ng ho hp Tt c cc phn ng th Mt s phn ng phn hu Mt s phn ng ho hp

Phn ng to nhit (H < 0) Phn ng thu nhit (H < 0) Phng trnh nhit ho hc

Phn ng ho hc

Phn ng oxi
ho kh

Lp phng trnh ho hc phn ng oxi ho kh bng phng php thng bng elctrron.

B. BI TP
Bi 1: Beri v oxi ln lt c khi lng nguyn t bng : m Be = 9,012 u ; mO = 15 ,999 u Hy tnh cc khi lng ra gam. Bit 1u = 1,6605.1027 kg Bi 2: Cho bit s Avogadro N = 6,022.1023. a) Hy cho bit 1 mol nhm, 10 mol nhm c bao nhiu nguyn t nhm (Al).? b) Bit rng 10 mol nhm c khi lng bng 269,7 g, hy tnh khi lng mol nguyn t ca nhm. Bi 3: Trong mt nguyn t, tng s cc ht proton, ntron v electron l 28. Bit rng s ntron bng s proton cng thm mt. a) Hy cho bit s proton c trong nguyn t . b) Hy cho bit s khi ca ht nhn. c) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t. d) Hy cho bit l nguyn t ca nguyn t no? Bi 4: Hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t c c im sau: a. C 2 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 1 electron b. C 2 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 3 electron c. C 3 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 7 electron d. C 4 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 1 electron e. C 2 lp electron v c 1 electron c thn. f. C 2 lp electron v c 3 electron c thn. g. C 3 lp electron v c 1 electron c thn. Bi 5: Nguyn t R c tng s ht c bn l 114 v s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44. a. Vit k hiu nguyn t R. b. Nguyn t R c 2 ng v bn trong t nhin c nguyn t khi trung bnh l 79,91 v thnh phn % s nguyn t ca ng v c s khi nh l 54,5%. Xc nh s khi ca ng v th hai. Bi 6: Cho 2 nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nguyn t l 6+. Nguyn t th nht c tng s ht trong nguyn t l 18. Nguyn t th hai c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 5. c. Hai nguyn t c thuc cng mt nguyn t ho hc khng? Gii thch? d. Vit k hiu nguyn t? Gii thch? e. Hy tnh t l % s nguyn t ca mi loi nguyn t cho, bit: trong t nhin tn ti ch yu 2 loi nguyn t v NTK trung bnh nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t trn l 12,011.

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Li v Li . Bit rng nguyn t khi trung bnh ca liti t nhin Bi 7: Li t nhin c hai ng v : l 6,94. Hi thnh phn trm ca mi ng v trong t nhin ? Bi 8: Nguyn t X c s th t l 20, thuc chu k 4, nhm IIA. a) Hy cho bit s proton, s ntron v s electron trong mt nguyn t X? b) Hy vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X. c) Nguyn t X c my lp electron v bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ? Bi 9: Cho cc nguyn t : Ca, C, F, O, Be. Da vo bng tun hon hy lp lun : a) Sp xp cc nguyn t trn theo chiu tng dn m in ? b) Sp xp cc nguyn t trn theo th t bn knh nguyn t tng dn ? Bi 10: Nguyn t nguyn t A c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p. Trong cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t B cng c phn lp 3p v phn lp ngoi cng tip theo sau c 2 electron. S electron trn phn lp 3p ca A v B hn km nhau 1. a) Xc nh v tr nguyn t A, B. Gii thch? b) A, B l nguyn t phi kim, kim loi hay kh him? So snh tnh phi kim ca 2 nguyn t A, B. Bi 11: Hp cht kh ca nguyn t R vi hidr c cng thc l RH. Trong hp cht oxit bc cao nht, R chim10/17 v khi lng. Hy xc nh tn nguyn t R? Bi 12: 1,2g mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA tc dng ht vi clo cho 4,75g mui clorua. Xc nh tn kim loi ny ? Bi 13: Hy vit cc phng trnh din t s hnh thnh cc ion sau, t cc nguyn t tng ng: Na+ , Mg2+ , Al3+ , Cl , O2 , S . Bi 14 : Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t sau y: Al, Mg, Na, Ne. T cc cu hnh hy cho bit cc nguyn t Al , Mg , Na , mi nguyn t nhng my electron th c cu hnh ging nh ca kh him neon. Hy cho bit ti sao cc nguyn t kim loi li c khuyng hng nhng electron tr thnh ion dng.? Bi 15: Hy vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca cc phn t sau: ( khng cn ch n cu trc khng gian ) Br2 , CH4 , H2O , NH3 , C2H6 , HNO3 , SO2 , H2SO4. Bi 16: Gii thch ti sao iot (I2) li d thng hoa, tri li NaCl li rt kh nng chy v kh bay hi? Bi 17: Sp xp cc phn t sau y theo chiu tng dn phn cc ca lin kt trong phn t ( s dng gi tr m in trong bng tun hon): NH3 , H2S , H2O , H2Te , CsCl , CaS , BaF2. Bi 18: Cho 3 gam hn hp X gm mt kim loi kim A v natri tc dng vi nc d thu c dung dch Y v kh Z. trung ha dung dch Y cn 0,2 mol axit HCl. Da vo bng tun hon, hy xc nh nguyn t khi v tn nguyn t A Bi 19: Khi t chy H2S trong lng d oxi, nc v lu hunh ioxit c hnh thnh . a) Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng. b) Trong phn ng , nguyn t no b oxi ha , nguyn t no b kh? Bi 20: Tnh s oxi ha ca : a) Cacbon trong : CF2Cl2 , Na2C2O4 , HCO3 , C2H6 . b) Brom trong : KBr , BrF3 , HBrO3 , CBr4 . c) Nit trong : NH2OH , N2H4 , NH4+ , HNO2 . d) Lu hunh trong : SOCl2 , H2S2 , H2SO3 , Na2S . e) Photpho trong : H2P2O72 , PH4+ , PCl5 , Na3P. Bi 21: Lp cc phng trnh ca phn ng oxi ha kh theo cc s di y v xc nh vai tr tng cht trong mi phn ng: a) KClO3 + HBr Br2 + KCl + H2O. g) HgO Hg + O2 b) I2 + Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + NaI . h) KClO3 KCl + O2 c) KI + HNO3 I2 + KNO3 + NO + H2O. i) S + O2 SO2 d) H2S + HNO3 H2SO4 + NO + H2O. j) S + Na Na2S e) KMnO4 + HCl KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O . k) C2H5OH + O2 CO2 + H2O f) FeS2 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2 . l) C2H5OH + Na C2H5ONa + H2 Bi 22: Hy nu hai th d v phn ng trong nguyn t ng vai tr cht oxi ha v nguyn t ng vai tr cht kh trong thnh phn ca cng mt phn t. Bi 23: Hy nu hai phn ng ca cng mt n cht : Trong mt phn ng, n cht tc dng vi cht oxi ha v trong phn ng kia n cht tc dng vi cht kh.

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Bi 24: Hy nu hai phn ng ca cng mt hp cht: mt phn ng ca hp cht tc dng vi cht oxi ha v mt phn ng ca hp cht tc dng vi cht kh. Bi 25: Cho 0,85 gam hai kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip nhau v thuc nhm IA vo nc, phn ng kt thc thu c 0,336 lit kh (KTC) v dung dch X. Thm nc vo dung dch X c 200ml dung dch Y. a. Xc nh tn hai kim loi. b. Tnh nng mol/lt cc cht trong dung dch Y. Bi 26: Cho dy oxit sau y : Na2O ; MgO ; Al2O3 ; SiO2 ; P2O5 ; SO3 ; Cl2O7. Bit rng m in ca cc nguyn t : Na , Mg , Al , Si , P, S, Cl , O Ln lt bng : 0,93, 1,31, 1,61, 1,90, 2,19, 2,58, 3,16, 3,44. Hy d on trong cc oxit th lin kt trong oxit no l lin kt ion, lin kt cng ha tr c cc, lin kt cng ha tr khng c cc. Bi 27: Nhng thanh km vo 100 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Tnh khi lng bc kim loi cgii phng v khi lng km tan vo dung dch. Bi 28: Cho 2,6 g bt km vo 100ml dung dch CuCl 2 0,75M. Lc k cho n khi kt thc phn ng. Xc nh s mol ca cc cht trong dung dch thu c. Bi 29: Trnh by s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t sau: f. H2 ,Cl2 ,HCl (c v hnh s xen ph AO) g. H2S v gii thch ti sao gc lin kt HSH 920. h. H2O v gii thch ti saoH2O c dng hnh hc ch V v gc lin kt HOH 1050. i. NH3 v gii thch ti sao H2O c dng hnh hc thp tam gic v gc lin kt HSH 1070. j. CO2 v gii thch ti sao dng hnh hc phn t CO2 thng. k. BCl3 v gii thch ti sao dng hnh hc phn t BCl3 l tam gic phng. Bi 30: Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t sau: a) CO2 v cho bit nu nhit thch hp CO2 tn ti trng thi tinh th rn th thuc loi tinh th g? gii thch? b) H2O v cho bit nu nhit thch hp H2O tn ti trng thi tinh th rn th thuc loi tinh th g? gii thch? c) I2 v cho bit nu nhit thch hp I2 tn ti trng thi tinh th rn th thuc loi tinh th g? gii thch?