Phuong Trinh Vo Ty Cuc Hot

T.s Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt http://www.toanthpt.
net

PHNG TRNH V T

Dng c bn

Gii phng trnh :
2
4 3 2 1
x 4 x 2

2
2
2 2 2
2 1
4 x
0
0 x 4 0
x 2
4 3 2 1
2x
x 2
2
4 3 4 2 1 x 4 x 2 4 3 2 1 1 0
x
x 4 x x 4 x 4 x 2

<

' ' '
_

+

,

Gii phng trnh :
x 6
x 6 x 9 x 6 x 9
23
+
+ +
t
2
t x 9, t 0 x t 9 9 +
Phng trnh cho vit li :
2
2
2
t 4 0
t 2
0 t 3
6 t 3 6 t 3 t 32 t 4
t 12t 32 0
t 8
t 3

'
<

+ + +

+

'

t 2 x 9 2 x 13
t 4 x 9 4 x 25
t 8 x 9 8 x 73

Vy phng trnh cho c 3 nghim x 13, x 25, x 73

Gii phng trnh :
2
2
1 3 2x x
x 1 3 x
+ +
+ +

iu kin phng trnh c ngha :
1 0
1 3
3 0
+

'

x
x
x
.
t
( )( )
2
2 2 2
t 4
t x 1 3 x, 2 t 2 2 t 4 2 x 1 3 x 4 2 3 2x x 3 2x x
2
+ + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3 2
2 2 t 4
1 3 2x x 1 t 2t 4 0 t 2 t 2t 2 0 *
t 2 x 1 3 x
+ + + + +
+ +

V
2
t 2t 2 0 + + > nn ( ) ( )( ) * t 2 x 1 3 x 2 x 1 3 x 0 x 1, x 3 + + +

Ch : Cho hai s a 0, b 0 nu t a b + th ( ) a b t 2 a b + + ( i s 9)
D thy
( ) ( )
AM GM
2 2
t a b t a b 2 ab a b t a b 2 ab 2 a b a b t 2 a b
+ + + + + + + + +
AM GM vit tt bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn.
T.s Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt http://www.toanthpt.net

Gii phng trnh : ( ) ( )
2 2
4x 1 x 1 2x 2x 1 1 + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
4x 1 x 1 2x 2x 1 4x 1 x 1 2 x 1 1 + + + + + +
t
2
t x 1, t 1 +
Phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 4x 1 t 2t 2x 1 2t 4x 1 t 2x 1 0 2t 1 t 2x 1 0 + + +
( )
2
2
2
1 1
2x 1 0
x t 1 4
x 2 2
3 x 1 2x 1
t 2x 1 3x 4x 0

>
> <

' '
+

4
2 2 2
1 2x x 1 2x x 2 1 x 2x 4x 1 + + +
2
2 0 0 2 x x x .
( ) ( )
4
2 2 2
1 2x x 1 2x x 2 1 x 2x 4x 1 + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
2 2 2
1 1 x 2x 1 1 1 x 2x 1 2 1 x 2 x 2x 1 1 + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 2
1 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 2 1 x 2 x 1 * + +
t ( ) [ ] [ ] ( )
2
t x 1 , x 0; 2 t 0;1 a
Phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
2
* 1 1 t 1 1 t 2t 2t 1 ** + +
iu kin phng trnh c ngha : ( )
1
2 1 0
2
t t b .T ( ) ( )
1
, ;1
2
1

1
]
a b t .
Vi
1
;1
2
1
1
]
t , bnh phng 2 v phng trnh ( ) ** ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
4
4 3
1 1
1 t 2t 2t 1 2 2t 1
t t t
+ +
( )
4 3
2
1 1
2
1
;1 2
2
2 2 1 2
+
1

'
1
]

VT
t t t
t VT VP
VP t
xy ra khi 1 2 t x
Vy phng trnh c nghim 2 x .
Gii phng trnh :
2 4 2
3
x 3x 1 x x 1
3
+ + +
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 4 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
x 3x 1 x x 1 2 x x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x x 1
3 3
+ + + + + + + + +
( )
2 2
2 2
x x 1 3 x x 1
2 1 0 *
x x 1 3 x x 1
+ +
+
+ + + +

t
2
2
x x 1
t , 0 t 1
x x 1
+
<
+ +


Phng trnh ( )
2
2 2
2
3
t 0
3 x x 1 3
3
* 2t t 1 0 x 2x 1 0 x 1
3 x x 1 3
3
t
3
<
+ +
+ +

Vy phng trnh c nghim x 1 .
Gii phng trnh : ( )
2
x 35
x 1
12
x 1
+

iu kin phng trnh c ngha : 1 > x .
t ( )
1
, 1 0 1 > < < x x y a
y

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x 35 1 1 35 35
x 1 y 1 y y 1 y 2
12 y 12 12
x 1 1 y
+ + +

t ( )
2
2 2
1
1 1 3
2
+
t
t y y y y vi 0 1 1 2 < < < y t
Phng trnh ( ) 2 vit li :
(
2
2
7
t
35 t 1
5
t . 35t 24t 35 0
5 12 2
t 1; 2
7
1

]

( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 4 2
2
16 4
49
1
1 12 144 144
25 5
25
1 1 0
9 3 2 2 25 625 625
25 5

t
+

t

y y
t
y y y y y y b
y y

T ( ) ( ) a v b suy ra ( )
5 4 5 3
; ; , ;
4 5 3 5
_ _

, ,
x y
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim :
5 5
,
4 3
x x
Ch : Vi iu kin 1 > x gi lin tng bi ton ny c cch gii lng gic , vi
1
cos
x
t
hoc
1
sin
x
t

Gii phng trnh :
2
x 4x 3 x 5 +
iu kin phng trnh c ngha : 5 0 5 + x x
( )
2
2
x 4x 3 x 5 x 2 7 x 5 + +
t ( )
2
y 2 x 5, y 2 y 2 x 5 + +
Ta c h :
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
x 2 y 5
x 2 y 5
x 2 y 5
x y 0
5 29
x
y 2 x 5 x y x y 3 0
2
x 2 y 5
x 1
y 2 y 2
x y 3 0
y 2
'
+
+

+

+ + +
' ' '
+

'

+ +


Gii phng trnh :
2
2x 15 32x 32x 20 + +
15
2 15 0
2
+ x x .
( )
2
2
2x 15 32x 32x 20 2x 15 2 4x 2 28 + + + +
t ( )
2 1
4y 2 2x 15, y 4y 2 2x 15
2
+ + + +
Ta c h :
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
4x 2 2y 15
x y
1
4y 2 2x 15 x y 8x 8y 9 0
x
2
4x 2 2y 15
4x 2 2y 15 4x 2 2y 15
9 221
8x 8y 9 0
x
1 1
y y 16
2 2 1
y
2
+ +
'

+ + + +

+ +
+ + + +
' ' '
'

+ +

Dng tng hiu bnh phng

4
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 + +

0
0 1
1 0

'

x
x
x
.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 x x 2 x 1 x 1 x 0 + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4
x 1 x x 1 x 0 x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x 0 + +
( )
( )
4 4
4 4
x 1 x x 1 x 0 1
x 1 x x 1 x 0 2
+

+

Phng trnh
( )
4 4 4 4
1 1
x 1 x x 1 x 0 1 1 x 1 x x x 0
4 4
_ _
+ + +

, ,

( )( )
2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1
1 x x 0 1 x x 1 x x 1 0
2 2
_ _
+

, ,

( )
( )
4 4
4 4
1 x x 0 a
1 x x 1 0 b

( )
4 4 4 4
1
1 x x 0 a 1 x x 1 x x x
2

( )
4 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4
1 x x 1 0 b 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 4 x 6 x 4 x x + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 4
x x 2 x 3 x 2 0 x x 1 x x 2 0 + +

4
4
4
4
4 2 4
x 0
x 0 x 0
x 1 0
x 1
x 1
x x 2 0
+ >

Phng trnh
( )
4 4 4 4
1 1
x 1 x x 1 x 0 2 x x 1 x 1 x 0
4 4
_ _
+ + + + +

, ,

( )( )
2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1
x 1 x 0 x 1 x x 1 x 1 0
2 2
_ _
+ + + +

, ,

4 4
4 4
4 4
x 1 x 0
1
x 1 x x 1 x x
2
x 1 x 1 0

+ + >

Vy phng trnh cho c 3 nghim
1
x 0, x , x 1.
2

Dng dng bt ng thc

Gii phng trnh :
2 2 2
x x 1 x x 1 x x 2 + + + + +
2
2
x x 1 0
x x 1 0
+
'
+ +
.
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn ,
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 x x 1 x x
x x 1 1. x x 1
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 x 1
1 x x 1 x x 2
x x 1 1. x x 1
2 2
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + +
'
+ + + + +
+ + + +

Phng trnh : ( )
2
2 2 2 2
x x 2 x x 1 x x 1 x x 2 x 1 x 1 0 x 1 + + + + + + +
Vp phng trnh cho c nghim x 1

Gii phng trnh :
2 2 2
2x x 3x 3x 1 x 2x 3 + + + +
2
2
2x x 0
3x 3x 1 0

'
+ +
.
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn ,
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 2x x
2x x 1. 2x x
2
1 3x 3x 1 3x 3x 2
3x 3x 1 1. 3x 3x 1
2 2
x 1 x 3x 2
VT 2x x 3x 3x 1 2 2
2 2
+

'
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +

( )
2
2
VP x 2x 3 x 1 2 2 + +

2
2
x 1 0
VT VP 2 khi 1 2x x x 1
1 1 3x 3x

'

Vy phng trnh c nghim x 1 .

Dng khc
Gii phng trnh :
2 2
a) x 4 x 2 3x 4 x + + ( ) ( ) b) x 1 x 4 x 1 x 4 5 + + + +
2
c) 4x 1 4x 1 1 +
Hng dn :
2 2
a) x 4 x 2 3x 4 x + +
t 2 ; 4
2
+ x x x t c 2 0 ' ;
4
1 '
2

x t
x
x
t t 2; 2 2
1

]
Phng trnh :
2 2
x 4 x 2 3x 4 x + +
3
14 2
, 2 , 0 0 8 2 3
2

x x x t t
( ) ( ) b) x 1 x 4 x 1 x 4 5 + + + +
t [ ] t x 1 4 x; x 1; 4 t ' 0 t 5; 10
1
+ +
]

( ) ( ) x 1 x 4 x 1 x 4 5 + + + + 3 0 5
2
5
2

+ x x
t
t
2
c) 4x 1 4x 1 1 +
'
> +
0 ) ( ' ; 1 4 1 4 ) (
2
1
2
x f x x x f
x

2
1
)
2
1
( 1 ) ( x f x f

Nhn lng lin hp

Gii cc phng trnh :
a)
( )( )
x 1 1 x 1 2x 5 x + + + +
b)
2 2
2x 3x 5 2x 3x 5 3x + + + +
a)
( )( )
x 1 1 x 1 2x 5 x + + + +
Nhn c hai v phng trnh vi x 1 1 + ta c phng trnh h qu
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x 1 2x 5 x x 1 1 x x 1 2x 5 x 1 1 0
1
+ + + + + +
]

( ) ( )
x 0
x 0
x 1 2x 5 x 1 1 0 x 2

+ + +

Th li ta thy x 2 tha mn .

b) ( )
2 2
2x 3x 5 2x 3x 5 3x 1 + + + +
Nhn c hai v phng trnh vi
2 2
2x 3x 5 2x 3x 5 + + + ta c phng trnh h qu :

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
x 0
6x 3x 2x 3x 5 2x 3x 5
2x 3x 5 2x 3x 5 2 2

+ + +
+ + +

Ly ( ) ( ) 1 2 + ta c
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2x 3x 5 2 3x 4 2x 3x 5 2 3x + + + + + + phng trnh h qu
2 2 2
x 4
8x 12x 20 4 12x 9x x 16
x 4

+ + + +

Kim tra li cc nghim x 4; x 4; x 0 ta thy x 4 tha mn
Gii cc phng trnh :
a)
2
x
x 1 1 x 2
4
+ +
b)
2 2
4x 1 2x 1 1 x 2x + +

a)
2
x
x 1 1 x 2
4
+ +
c gi thy qu quen thuc bi ton trn gii bng phng php s dng bt ng thc , nh gi ,
lng gic nay ti gii thiu cch gii nhn lng lin hp .
1 0
1 1
1 0
+

'

x
x
x
.
V 1 1 x nn
2
x
2 0
4
>
Phng trnh cho
( )
4 2
2 2 2 2
x x
2 2 1 x 4 x 2 1 1 x x 1
16 16
_
+ +

,

( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
x
2 1 1 x 1 1 x x 1 1 1 x
16
_
+ +

,

( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
x 0
x
2x x 1 1 1 x x 0
x
16 2 1 1 1 x
16

_
+
_

+
,
,

V x 0 nn
( )
2
2
2
2
x
1 1
x
16 1 1 1 x 2
16
1 1 x 2
<
_
+ <
'
,
+ <

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim x 0

b)
2 2
4x 1 2x 1 1 x 2x + +
kin phng trnh c ngha :
2
1
4 1 0
2
1 2 1 0
2

'
+

x
x
x
x

Nu
1
2
x th phng trnh nghim ng . Suy ra
1
2
x l nghim phng trnh .

Nu
1
2
x th phng trnh cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 + + + + + + x x x x x x x x
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 + + + + + + x x x x x x x x
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 2 1 2 1 1 0

+ + +
+ + +
x
x x x x x
x x

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim
1
, 1
2
x x

Dng o hm
Gii phng trnh :
6 2 3
x 7 x 2x 1 2 + + +
3 3
6 2 3 3
3
3 3
x 7 x 1 2
x 1
x 7 x 2x 1 2 x 7 x 1 2
x 7 x 1 2
x 1
+ +
'
+ + + + +
'
<

Trng hp 1:
3 3
x 7 x 1 2
x 1
+ +
'
. Xt hm s ( )
3 3
f x x 7 x 1 + + .
Hm s ( ) f x l hm s ng bin v lun ct ng thng y 2 ti 1 giao im ; do phng trnh
cho c nghim duy nht v ( ) f 1 2 x 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh .
Trng hp 2 :
3 3
x 7 x 1 2
x 1
+
'
<

t
3 3
u x 7, v x 1 +
H
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
3
x 1
u 0
x 7 0
v 2 u v 2
x 7 x 1 2
x 1 2 x 7
u v 8 u 2 x 1
x 7 2
v 0
x 1 0
<

+

'

' +

' ' '
<

' +
'

Vy h cho c nghim x 7; x 1 .

Tm cc gi tr m phng trnh sau c nghim: ( ) x x m x x x + + + 4 5 12

Phng trnh cho ( )( ) m x x x x x + + 4 5 12
X t ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
12 5 4 + +
1 4 4 2 4 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 4 3
g x h x
f x x x x x x ; [ ] 4 , 0 D
( ) ( ) 12 + + x x x x g : ng bin trong D

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
' 0 0; 4 :
2 5 2 4
+ >

h x x f x g x h x
x x
ng bin mi x D phng
trnh c nghim khi v ch khi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 12 4 5 3 2 4 0 m f x f f .

Bi tp :
Bi tp 1: Xc nh m phng trnh : ( )( ) 0 1 5 6
2
+ + x x m x x c nghim.
Hng dn :
( ) ( )
2
t x 5 1 x ; 0 t 4 19
m 17
4
m t t 5

'
+

Bi tp 2: Tm m phng trnh : m x x x x + +
2 2
sin 2 sin sin 2 sin c nghim.
Hng dn : [ ] 2 ; 0
2
2
'
1 | | ; sin
sin 2 sin
2
2 2

'

+
t
z
z z
t
z x z
x x t

[ ]
3 1
2 ; 0
) ( 2 2 2
2
2
sin 2 sin
2 2
2

'
m
t
t f t t m t
x x
Bi tp 3 : Cho phng trnh : m x x x x + + + +
2 2
cos sin 1 sin sin 2
1. Gii phng trnh khi 2 2 m
2. nh m phng trnh cho c nghim
1
]
1

2
;
2

x
Hng dn :
1
]
1
'

+
4
9
; 0 2 1 '
1 | | ; sin
sin sin 2
2
t z t
z x z
x x t
2 2 2
1 4 ) (
4
9
; 0

'
+
1
]
1
m
m t t f
t

Bi tp 4: Xc nh theo m s nghim phng trnh :
4 4 4
4 4 6 x x m x m m + + + + +
Hng dn :
4 4 4
4 ; ( ) 4 16 t x x m f x x x m + + +
19 m > : v nghim ; 19 m : 1 nghim ; 19 m < : 2 nghim

Tm m bt phng trnh : ( )( ) ( )
2
1 2 3 2 5 3 x x m x x + > + + tha mn
1
;3
2
x
1

1
]
.
t ( )( )
( ) ( )
1 5 4 1
1 2 3 ; ;3 c ' , ;3
2 2
2 1 2 3
1 _
+

1
] , +
x
t x x x t x
x x

5
' 0
4
t x


x
1
2

5
4
3
t + 0
t
7
2

1 7
: ;3 0;
2 2
x t
1 1

1 1
] ]

0 0

bt phng trnh cho ng
2
1
;3 th : 6
2
x t t m
1
+ > +
1
]
ng
7
0;
2
t
1
1
]
.
t
2
1
( ) '( ) 2 1 '( ) 0
2
f t t t f t t f t t + +
t
1
2
0
7
2

f(t) +
f(t)
0

7
0;
2
6 min ( ) (0) 0 6
1
+ < <
1
]
t m f t f m

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T.s Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt http://www.toanthpt.

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