35 1388 2 60-37

:
*1

1
2
) 86/6/17 : (87/7/2 :

)
( . )
(
.


.

.
.
.
:

A proposal for deformation analysis via direct computation of strain tensor

elements from the time-wise changes in the distances and angles in a geodetic
network
Case study: Deformation computation of the geodynamic network of Iran
Ardalan, A. A1. and Raoofian, M2.
1

Associate Professor, Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering, Center of Excellence in Surveying
Engineering and Disaster Prevention, University of Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering, Center of Excellence in Surveying Engineering and Disaster
Prevention, University of Tehran, Iran
)(Received: 8 Sep 2007 , Accepted: 23 Sep 2008

Abstract
A method for deformation computation based on strain tensor elements, as an alternative
to the usual way of application of gradient of displacement vector, is proposed. The
method computes directly the strain tensor elements from the computed/observed changes
in distances and angles between the stations of a geodetic network in two epochs of
*

021-61114383 :

021-88337642 :

E-mail: ardalan@ut.ac.ir

1388 2 35

38

observations. Displacement vector which is determined from the coordinate differences

with respect to reference and current states depends on the definition of coordinate
system and as such can not be considered as suitable measure of deformation. On the
contrary from strain tensor invariant parameters like dilatation and maximum shear
can be computed which allow correct interpretation of deformation. The strain tensor can
be derived from the difference between line elements of a massive body in the reference
and current states as follows:

ds 2 dS2 = jk dx jdx k
= 2e jk dx jdx k

X i X i
dx jdx k
x j x k

(1)

Where x and X are the coordinates of points in the current and reference states of the
body, respectively. For computation of strain tensor directly from changes in distances
and angles between stations of a geodetic network in the two states, let us start with the
presentation of strain tensor as:

a b
E=

b d

(2)

Therefore by substitution of equation (2) in equation (1) we have:

ds 2 dS2 = 2e jk dx jdx k
= dx

2
jk

2dx jk dy jk

a
dy b
d
2
jk

(3)

In the equation (3) ds and ds are the distances between geodetic network stations in the
reference and current states, respectively, and dx jk , dy jk are defined as follows:

dx jk = x k x j
dy jk = y k y j

(4)

The above relations are taken from continuum mechanics, which assumes continuity in
the massive body, however, in practice for the numerical computation of strain we need to
discretize the body into finite element of, for example, triangular shapes in 2-D space.
The triangular elements can be generated by Delaunay triangulation. Then, for each
triangle three equations of the type equation (3) can be written, and via the solution of the
system of equations unknown parameters [a, b, d] can be estimated.
For the angular observation from the definition of the inner product the following
equation can be developed:

G G
G G
< dx, dy > < dX,GdY > G
X
Y
G G
=< dx, dy > <
dx,
dy >
Gx G y
X Y
G G
G G
=< dx, dy >
< dx, dy >
x y
X k X k
G G
= (ij i
) < dx, dy >
j
x x
= 2eijdx ki dx kj

(5)

39

...

Equation (5) can equivalently be written as:

a
dx 2 dy 2 ] b
d

)(6

cos dx dy cos dX dY
= [ dx1dy1 dx1dy 2 + dx 2 dy1

where the differential elements dx and dy are defined as below:

dx1 = x j x k dy = x x
dx = y y , dy1 = yi y k
j k
2
i
k
2

)(7

Alternatively, the finite difference method can also be used for computation of the
strain tensor in a point-wise manner as below:
)(8

ei = e11 cos 2 i + e12 sin 2i + e 22 sin 2 i

where in equation (8) ei is the elongation in the azimuth i defined as:

ds i dSi
dSi

)(9

= ei

In this paper we numerically tested the above mentioned method for strain tensor
computation by simulated examples and then applied the method to the geodynamic
network of Iran.
Key words: Deformation, Strain tensor, Eulerian approach, Lagrangian approach, Finite
difference, Finite elements

. )(1999

)(1979 )(1981 )(1986

)(1998 )(1981

)(1972 )(1977 ) 1981 (1983

)(1985 .

" "

) (deformation

) 2006
.(2002

 35 1388 2

40

" "

) (2007

" "

" "

) (indeterminacy )

( .

) ( "

" .

41

...

) (reference state

) (current state .

"" ) (

" . "

""

" "

"" .

)
(

2
ds = dx i dx i ,
2
dS = dX i dX i

)( 3

) (

) .(1962

1 .

) (4

:
)( 1
)( 2

) x k = x k ( XK , t
) XK = XK ( x k , t

X i X i
dx jdx k
x j x k

ds 2 dS2 = jk dx jdx k
= 2e jk dx jdx k

) e jk (4
:
)( 5

.1 .

X X i
1
e jk = jk i

x j x k
2

 35 1388 2

42

):(1962

1 x x i
jk
E jk = i

2 X j X k

)( 6

E jk , e jk
R jk , rjk
.
4

3
G
1 u

G G G G
u = xX+b

)( 7

1-4

) (5 " "
:

"
"

1 u j u k u i u i
+

= e Ejk
2 x k x j x j x k

) (6 " "

" " .

)( 8

)( 9

1 U j U k U i U i
= E Ljk
+
+
2 X k X j X j X k

) (8 ) (9

) (affine

:
)(14

:
)(10

)(11

)(12
)(13

1 U j U k
= E jk
+
2 X k X j

1 u u
e jk = j + k
2 x k x j

1 U j U k
= R jk

2 X k X j
1 u u
rjk = j k
2 x k x j

)(15

x = a 0 + a1x + a 2 y
y = b0 + b1x + b 2 y
X = A 0 + A1X + A 2 Y
Y = B0 + B1X + B2 Y

) (14 ) (15

.
) (14 )(15

) (8 ) (9 .

 ...

.
)( ) (14 ) (15

" " ) (finite element " "

) (finite difference .

.

.
.
a0
y 1 y m a1

0 a2

y 2 y m b0
0 b1

y 3 y m b2

1 x1 x m
0

1 x2 xm
0

1 x3 xm

x 1 1 x 1 x m y 1 y m
y 0
0
0
1
x 2 1 x 2 x m y 2 y m

=
0
0
y 2 0
x 3 1 x n x m y n y m

0
0
y 3 0

43

x1 1 x1 xm y1 ym
y 0
0
0
1
x2 1 x2 xm y2 ym
=
0
0
y2 0
# #
#
#
xn 1 xn xm yn ym

0
0
yn 0

0
0
0
a0
1 x1 xm y1 ym
a1
0
0
0
a2
1 x2 xm y2 ym
b0
#
#
#
b
0
0
0 1
b2
1 xn xm yn ym

)(17
x m , y m

1 n
m.
2-4

(

.
" """
:

)(16
) (16 1
3

a b
=E

b d

)(18

) (4

) (18:

ds 2 dS2 = 2e jk dx jdx k

) (16

)(19

.

" " .

.

:

a
2
dy jk b
d

2dx jk dy jk

= dx 2jk

dS ds
" " " " dx jk dy jk
:
)(20

dx jk = x k x j
dy jk = y k y j

) {x k , y k } (20 } {x j , y j
" " .

 35 1388 2

44

) (
) (19

dx1 = x j x k dy1 = x i x k
dx = y y , dy = y y
j k
2
i
k
2

)(23

] [a, b, d

) (19 "

" " . "

" "
) (20 .

2
:
G
G
G G
< dx, dy > < dX,GdY > G
X
Y
G G
< =< dx, dy >
dx,
> dy
Gx G y
X Y
G G
G G
=< dx, dy >
> < dx, dy
)(21
x y
X k X k
G G
> ) < dx, dy
= (ij i
j
x x
= 2eijdx ki dx kj

ei = e11 cos 2 i + e12 sin 2i + e 22 sin 2 i

)(24

) ei (24 i
) .(1992

ds i dSi
dSi

)(25

= ei

5
1-5


.

. 3
G
dx
:

.2 " "
" ".

G
.3 dx .

a
)(22
dx 2 dy 2 ] b
d

cos dx dy cos dX dY
= [ dx1dy1 dx1dy 2 + dx 2 dy1

) (22 :

E kl
) (elongation
:

 ...

G
G
dx cos dX
G
= )(N
G
dX

)(26

45

" -3" ) :(shear

.

G
G
N dX ) (26

G
dx N k
(N) = kG 1
dX

)(27

.4 .

) (27 ) (1970:
G
(N) = E kl N k N l

)(28

G
) (N

G G
G G
G G
G G
) (N1 , N 2 ) = (n1 , n 2 ) = (N1 , N 2 ) (n1 , n 2

)(31

N k
G
ei E ii
G
N
.

):(1962
)(32

()

2-5


. :
" -1" ):(stretch
G
ds
= ) (N
dS

)(29

G
G
) 2E kl = 1 + (N k ) 1 + (N l
k l
G G
) sin (N k , N l

" -2 " ):(extension

.
" " )
G
( (N k ) << 1 :
)(33

G G
1
) E kl = sin (N k , N l
2
k l

:
)(34

1 G G
) (N k , N l
2

= E kl

G
G
ds dS
= )(N
= (N) 1
dS

G
. N l
G
N k

)(30

k l

 35 1388 2

46

4-5

).(1962

3-5

-1 ""

"" .

-2 "" ""

-3 "" ""

= 1 + 2

)(35

= 1 2

) 1 (35 2

+ 4E12

) ( E11 E 22

1
E11 + E 22
2

= 1,2

)(36

) (dilatation

)( .

6 :

(1) : ) (1 ) (2

1
) ( E11 E 22
2
= E12
=

)(37

1
2 2

1 2
+
2

) (5
. 2 3

) ) (10 ) ((11
) (

) ) (8 ) ((9

x.

47

...

. 3

) ) ((19

) ) (8 ) ((9

) ) ((19

5 .

7 6 8

) (

) (10 ) ((11

) ) (8

) ((9

.1 ) (.

043

032

1107

777

11

002

586

397

9043

8036

985

10

594

7087

.2 ) (1 .

e22

e12

e11

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6-2-5

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 35 1388 2

48

.3 ) (1 .

e22

e12

e11

011577042-0

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61771723

27803114

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11

912679491-0

08490886

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e22

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49

...

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e22

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1-6

e22

e12

e11

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6-2-1

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0221309450

4-6-3

) (

2-6

Tij

) (random tensor

- )(Tensor valued Gauss-Laplace

)(46

) (Gauss-Markov

)(47

JG
JG T JG
U : T = diag ( 1 , 2 ) = U TU
}for i {1, 2

sin

cos

( T i I2 ) u i = 0

u u
11 12 = u u = cos
2
u 21 u 22 1
sin

JJJG cos JJJG sin

= u1

= , u2
sin
cos

 35 1388 2

50

...
0

y
n

...

) (

2
+ 4t12

) ( t11 t 22

1
t11 + t 22
2

= 1,2

0
2

y
0

y
1

0
= }D {vecY

)(51
yn ,...y2 , y1

1
)(48
) arctan 2t12 ( t11 t 22
2

,
2 2

-1

)(53

:
)(52

t11 = 1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2

1
( 2 1 ) sin 2
2
t 22 = 1 sin 2 + 2 cos 2

)(49

= t12 = t 21

3-6

)(54

n T
Tn ,..., T2 , T1

:
y1.1 ... y1.n
G
G
G

Y = y1 y 2 ... y n = y 2.1 ... y3.n , Y R 3n

y3.1 ... y3.n

)(50

Y = F ( ) lT + E

cos2 3 + 2 sin 2 3

f1 1

1
F = f 2 = (1 2 ) sin 23

f3 2 2
1 sin 3 + 2 cos2 3

1 = 1
f1 = t11

2 = 2 and f 2 = t 21

3 =
f3 = t 22

l n 1
)(summation vector
.
4-6

yi 31
y1

y1 = t11 , y2 = t 21 , y3 = t 22 y1 = y 2

y
3

y 2.3 t 21 .
- Y
:

D {vecY} = In Y R 3n3n

) F () F (0 ) = J (0 )( 0 ) + ( 0 ) ( 0

)(55
t

t 22.1

y3.1

1.1
11.1
y2.1 = t 21.1

 ...

2
t11.1 + t 22.1 + ( t11.1 t 22.1 ) + 4t 21.1
1.1

2
2
0 = 2.1 = t11.1 + t 22.1 ( t11.1 t 22.1 ) + 4t 21.1

.1

) arctan 2t 21.1 ( t11.1 t 22.1

)(56

5-6

51

) J (
:
cos2 .1
sin 2 .1
( 2.1 1.1 ) sin 2.1

1
A = J (0 ) = sin 2.1 sin 2.1 ( 2.1 1.1 ) cos 2.1
2
2

sin 2 .1
( 2.1 1.1 ) sin 2.1
cos2 .1

)(57

y
y

-

) (2004

) ( T 2 criterion

)1938 (1951

)) (likelihood ratio (1932 .

= 0 +

1
= L ( vecY vecY0 ) = (AT 1A ) AT 1

) ( vecY vecY0

) = lT (AT y 1 A ) AT y 1 ( vecY vecY0

1
)) = A (Y.l F (0

:
0

)(58

T 2

- :

)(59

)(

1
)D = = (AT y 1 A

st

1 test
unspecified

H 0 : = 0 H a :

0 ,

)(61

T 2

1
1
T
) (Y Y0 )In llT (Y Y0

n 1
n
= 02 A
AT

) (

R = n [ 0 ][ 0 ]

)(62

] A [ 0

1
y

) (
n

[ ]
0

=)

n 1

)(60

] [
0

T = tr R

] [

n 1

 35 1388 2

52

)(

.
)(if n 6
n 3 2
T F (3, n 3) under H0
3

)(63

) ( fractile
.

P T 2
F ;3,n3

n 3

)3(n 1

F ;3,n3
= P 0 0

n 3
= 1 =

)(64

>
0

)(65

F ;3,n3 = (n 1) T12

= 1 + 2
c i ) (critical value.
t 2j
:

)t 2j F (1, n 1
} P {t 2j F ;1,n1 } = P {t 2 t j t 2
= 1 =
)(68
:
(

t1 , t2

(n 1) T 2 = 0

)3(n 1

t ij = -0.006998 -0.008692
-0.008692 0.001597
1 = .0001321 , 2 = .000321 , 3 = .000023
:

n 3

- 0.008692 0.001456
- 0.007765 0.001390
- 0.007871 0.001231

- 0.007998 0.001331
- 0.008021 0.001221

- 0.008112 0.001432
- 0.008543 0.001654

- 0.008634 0.001662
- 0.008423 0.001432

- 0.005446 0.001553

:

:
0
3

= t3

2 2,0
2

1 1,0

= t2

= t1

)(66
i

)(

D t j t student

n 1
:

P {t t j t
1

= P {c1 = t j + 0 j j
t j + 0 j = c2 } = 1 =
2

-0.006112
-0.006532

-0.007721

-0.007160
-0.007211
=Y
-0.007312
-0.006732

-0.006876
-0.006532

-0.002134

)(69

:
-1

)(67

)(70

1 0.01136864

= 2 = 0.00637264
0.55564339

 ...

-2 -

53

1 0.473277

= 2 = 0.150631
0.56307

0.00004945 0.000022672 0.0004945

= 0.00002267 0.0000280056 0.0007700

0.00049457 0.000770056 0.0299522

)(71

t ij 95
) (1
:
)(72

1 0.01239
H 0 : 2 = 0.00699
0.55581

) (62 T 2
T 2 = 3.28

)(74

0.008864 0.00105 0.000805
x = 0.00105 0.007753 0.003697
0.000805 0.003697 0.03899
)(75

)(76

F5%,3,7 = 4.35 3 F5%,3,7 = 1.305

T 2 = 0.1108
3
3
= F5%,3,8
4.07 = 1.52
n 3
11 3

n 3

3
F ,3,7
n 3

1 0.51817
H 0 = 2 = 0.16582
0.50399

> T 2

) (64 95% .

0.1108 < 1.52

95% .

( ) (2

.149

.149 .248

t ij = .436

1 = .094 , 2 = .054 , 3 = .065

.
0.2615
0.2224
0.2526

0.2786
0.2390

0.2180
0.2501

0.2299
0.2363
0.2370

0.2428

)(73

- 0.1305
- 0.1381
- 0.1664
- 0.1523
- 0.1269
- 0.1304
- 0.1736
- 0.1336
- 0.1686
- 0.1408
- 0.1408

0.3513

0.3913
0.4281

0.3970
0.3418

Y = 0.3790
0.3547

0.4102
0.4416

0.2319

0.4679

2
2
:
H0 : 1 = 0.5178 2 = 0.16582 3 = 0.50399

) (66

) (t student
%95
:
)(77

t10, 2 = 2.23
t10,1 2 = 2.23

 35 1388 2

54

c1 , /2 = .008864 (2.23) + .51817 = 0.4984

c1 ,1 /2 = .008864 (2.23) + .51817 = 0.5379

c2 , /2 = .007753 (2.23) + .16582 = 0.1485

" "

c2 ,1 /2 = .007753 (2.23) + .16582 = 0.1831

c, /2 = .03899 (2.23) .50399 = 0.5909

c,1 /2 = .03899 (2.23) .50399 = 0.4170

)(78

2004 1999 2001

) (68:

GPS

)(79

.4984 < .4732 < .5379

.1485 < .15063 < .1831

.5909 < .5637 < .4170

) (1381 30

1999 2001 )
(

GPS .

-1

ITRF-2000 .

-2

)(WGS84

-3

) (2007

-4

 ...

55

. 6

. 7

.5 .

56

35 1388 2

.6 .

.7 ) (.

.8 .

 ...

57

. 8

) (

) ( 2.88 106 unityr 1

( .

) (

1.03 106 myr 1

. 9

2.04 106 unityr 1

.9 .

58

35 1388 2

8 9

300

10
:

10

. 10

-1

10 12

.10 .

59

...

-2

-5

-6

5 8

) (

1380 .

1381 .

-3

27 .
-4 )
(
)
(

Altiner, Y., 1999, Analytical Surface Deformation

Theory for Detection of the Earths Crust
Movements, Springer.
Ardalan A. A, and Esmaeili, R., 2003, 3-D
deformation analysis via invariant geodetic
observations, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 5, 09615.
Brunner, F, K., 1979, On the analysis of geodetic
networks for the determination of the
incremental strain tensor, Surv. Rev., 25, 5667.
Brunner, F. K., Coleman, R., and Hirsch, B.,

1388 2 35

Smaeili, R., 2002, 3D Deformation Analysis

Using Invariant Parameters, A Thesis in
Geodesy M/S/, Under supervision of A. A.
Ardalan, University of Tehran (In Persian).
Vernant, Ph., Nilforoushan, F., Hatzfeld, D.,
Abbassi M. R., Vigny, C., Masson, F.,
Nankali, H., Martinod, J., Ashtiani, A., Bayer,
R., Tavakoli, F., Chry, J., 2004, Present day
crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the
middleEast constrained by GPS measurements
in Iran and northern Oman. Geophys., J. Int.
157, 381-398.
Vyscocil, P., 1977, Global recent crustal
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