Do An Tot Nghiep - Nguyen Viet Thai 45nl

BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO
TRNG AI HOC NHA TRANG

KHOA CHE BIEN
= = = = = = = =
NGUYEN VIET THAI
TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG
LANH CHO KHO BAO QUAN SAN
PHAM THUY SAN ONG LANH SC
CHA 500 TAN TAI CONG TY TNHH
MINH ANG SOC TRANG
O AN TOT NGHIEP AI
HOC
CHUYEN NGANH: CONG NGHE NHIET LANH
CBHD: ThS. NGUYEN TRONG BACH
Nha Trang, thang 11 nam 2007
LI CM N
Sau mt thi gian hc tp v nghin cu ti trng i hc Nha Trang,
n nay ti hon thnh chng trnh o to i hc v hon thnh n tt
nghip i hc. Ti xin chn thnh gi li cm n n:
Ban Gim Hiu trng i hc Nha Trang, Ban ch nhim khoa Ch
bin, cng vi cc thy c ging dy.
c bit gi li cm n n thy Th.s Nguyn Trng Bch - ngi
trc tip hng dn tn tnh ti hon thnh n ng thi hn.
Ban Gim c v cc anh ch cng ty TNHH Minh ng tn tnh
gip v to iu kin thun li cho ti trong thi gian thc tp ti cng ty.
Cui cng, ti by t li cm n n cha m cng nhng ngi thn v
ton th bn b gip , ng vin ti trong sut thi gian hc tp v thc
hin cng tc tt nghip.
Ti xin chc cc thy c, cc anh ch v ton th bn b sc khe di do,
t nhiu thnh cng trong cng vic, hc tp v nghin cu.
Nha Trang, thng 11 nm 2007
Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Vit Thi
MC LC
CHUYEN NGANH: CONG NGHE NHIET LANH ..................................... 1
Nha Trang, thang 11 nam 2007 ............................................................................. 1
1
LI NI U
Trong nhng nm qua, ngnh k thut lnh nc ta c ng dng rt
mnh m trong cc ngnh nh: Sinh hc, ho cht, cng nghip dt, thuc l, bia,
ru, in t, tin hc, y t, c bit trong ngnh ch bin v bo qun thy sn.
Qu trnh chuyn i cng ngh ch bin p ng cc tiu chun quc t v
thay i mi cht lnh mi to nn mt cuc cch mng tht s cho ngnh k
thut nc ta.
Vi ngun nguyn liu thy sn di do v a dng. Sn lng thy sn nh
bt v nui trng hng nm l rt ln. V vy m bo thu c li nhun cao t
vic xut khu thy sn th vic m bo cht lng ca sn phm l vn rt quan
trng.
Cng vi quy trnh cng ngh my mc v thit b ch bin th vn bo
qun sau khi ch bin l mt khu khng th thiu hn ch nhng bin i lm
gim cht lng sn phm. Cho nn vic xy dng kho bo qun sn phm thy
sn ng lnh l mt vn cp thit hin nay.
Xut pht t nhng yu cu , c s phn cng ca khoa Ch Bin v
b mn K thut lnh trng i hc Nha Trang cng vi s hng dn ca thy
Th.s Nguyn Trng Bch, ti c giao ti: Tnh ton thit k h thng
lnh cho kho bo qun sn phm thy sn ng lnh sc cha 500 tn ti
Cng ty TNHH Minh ng Sc Trng. ti bao gm nhng ni dung sau:
1 Tng quan.
2 Cc thng s tnh ton, tnh ton cu trc kho lnh.
3 Tnh nhit ti kho lnh, chn my nn v cc thit b ca h thng lnh.
4 Lp t h thng lnh.
5 Trang b t ng ho, vn hnh v bo dng h thng lnh.
6 S b gi thnh cng trnh.
Mc d rt c gng nhng do thi gian v kinh nghim cn hn ch nn
n khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong c s ch dn ca qu thy
c v s ng gp kin ca cc bn.
Nha Trang, thng 11 nm 2007
Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Vit Thi
2
CHNG I: TNG QUAN
1.1 TNG QUAN V CNG TY
1.1.1 S hnh thnh v pht trin ca cng ty
Cng ty trch nhim hu hn (TNHH) Minh ng l mt doanh nghip t
nhn thuc th trn M Xuyn - Tnh Sc Trng.
Trc y cng ty c tn l cng ty TNHH Nam Trung chuyn ch bin
kh: Hnh kh, chitin v chitozan.
Ngy 11/12/2005, cng ty c mt t nhn ti Si Gn mua li v i tn
l cng ty TNHH Minh ng chuyn sn xut hng ng lnh: Mc ng lnh,
Bch tuc ng lnh, km, maza ng lnh.
a ch ca cng ty: Tnh l 8 - Bnh Thnh - M Xuyn - Sc Trng.
Hin nay, cng ty nhn gia cng ch bin cc sn phm thy sn ng
lnh: mc, bch tuc, maza, km, c ui.Cng ty mi nhp v my mc thit
b hin i s to iu kin thun li cho vic khc phc nhng nhc im nh
hp v thit b lc hu trc y.
Mc tiu ca cng ty s sn xut nhng mt hng cao cp c gi tr kinh t cao
nh: Mc, tm v m rng th trng ra nc ngoi nh Nht, M, EU, Hn Quc
3
1.1.2 C cu t chc v chc nng nhim v cc n v trong cng ty
Gim c: C quyn hn cao nht trong cng ty, c chc nng gim st
iu hnh mi hot ng ca cng ty.
Ph gim c: C nhim v tham mu cho gim c, iu hnh mi hot
ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty, tham gia k kt cc hp ng.
Phn xng ch bin: C vai tr quan trng trong s tn ti v pht trin
ca cng ty. Chu trch nhim v mt qun l nhn s, m bo cc ch , chnh
sch v quyn li ngha v ca ngi lao ng i vi cng ty theo lut nh ca
nh nc.
Phn xng c in: m bo cho cc my mc thit b vn hnh thng
sut, an ton trong c qu trnh ch bin.
Phng k thut: Tham mu cho gim c trong vic iu hnh k thut
sn xut, qu trnh v sinh an ton thc phm t nguyn liu n thnh phm,
chu trch nhim v cht lng sn phm lm ra, ph trch chng trnh qun l
cht lng, thc hin ng k hoch m gim c ra.
Phng kinh doanh: C chc nng v nhim v x l thng tin t cc
ngun tin thu thp c t pha khch hng, t vic kho st th trng. Phn
tch tng hp thng tin a ra nhng xut, d bo trong kinh doanh nh gi c
mt hng trc mt v lu di. Ngoi ra phi thng xuyn giao dch vi khch
hng, cho hng trc tip hoc gin tip.
PHN
XNG
CH
BIN
GIM C
PH GIM C
PHN
XNG
C IN
PHNG
K
THUT
PHNG
KINH
DOANH
PHNG
K
TON
4
Phng k ton: C vai tr trong s tn ti v pht trin ca cng ty. Tnh
cc chi ph, gi thnh sn phm, li nhun, tin lng, thng v tnh ton cc
khon c lin quan n sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty.
1.1.3 Tng quan mt bng ca cng ty
Phn tch u nhc im ca mt bng tng th:
u im:
- Cng ty nm cch xa trung tm thnh ph nn khng lm nh hng n
mi trng cnh quan thnh ph.
- Cng ty nm st trc ng chnh nn thun tin cho vic vn chuyn
hng ho, nguyn vt liu.
- Cng ty c mt bng nm cch cng Trn 25km rt thun tin cho
vic thu mua v vn chuyn nguyn liu.
- Cnh quan ca cng ty thun tin thong mt, sch s b tr thit k hp l:
+ Nh cha ph liu, b phn x l nc thi c b tr ring pha sau
cui ngn gi.
+ Kho bao b c b tr tch ring phng nga s chy xy ra.
+ Ni tip nhn nguyn liu c sn rng cho xe ra vo.
Nhc im:
- Phn xng c in c nhiu ting n c b tr ngang vi khu thnh phm.
- Phng my khng c ng i vo, cng nhn vn hnh phi i ngang
qua phng ch bin vo phng my. Ngoi ra v tr ca phng my khng
thun li cho vic sa cha v bo dng.
- Cha c ca tip nhn nguyn liu ring tch bit vi ph liu ra nn c
th gy s nhim cho v nhim bn.
- Gc pha ng ca khu vc tip nhn gip vi khu vc cha ph liu v
trm x l nc thi nn nguyn liu d b nhim bn.
- S b tr lm vic ca cng nhn khng khp kn nn cng ty c phn
khng ngn np v cha n nh.
5
1.2 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH LM NG V BO QUN SN
PHM NG LNH
1.2.1 Tc dng ca vic bo qun lnh
Bo qun thc phm l qu trnh bo v v hn ch nhng bin i v cht
lng v hnh thc ca thc phm trong khi ch i a i s dng.
Thc phm sau khi thu hoch v ch bin c bo qun nhit thp
cng vi ch thng gi v m thch hp trong kho lnh, khi h nhit
thp th enzyme v vi sinh vt trong nhin liu b c ch hot ng v c th b
nh ch hot ng. Nh vy nguyn liu c gi ti lu thm mt thi gian
na.
Ni chung khi nhit nh hn 10
o
C th vi sinh vt gy thi ra v vi
khun gy bnh b kim ch phn no hot ng ca chng. Khi nhit nh
hn 0
o
C th t l pht trin ca chng rt thp, -5
o
C -10
o
C th hu ht chng
khng hot ng. Tuy nhin c mt s loi vi khun v nm mc khi h nhit
xung -15
o
C chng vn pht trin c nh Cloromobacter, Pseudomonas Do
, mun bo qun c thc phm, nht l cc mt hng thu sn trong thi
gian di th nhit bo qun phi di -15
o
C.
Nh vy, qu trnh bo qun lnh c tc dng nh sau:
nhit thp cc phn ng sinh ho trong nguyn liu gim xung.
Trong phm vi hot ng bnh thng c h 10
o
C th cc phn ng sinh ho gim
xung 1/21/3, khi h xung thp s lm c ch cc hot ng v sinh l ca vi
khun cng nh nm men.
Di tc dng ca nhit thp, nc trong ng vt thu sn b ng
bng lm c th ng vt b mt nc, vi khun thiu nc nn gim pht trin
v c khi cn b tiu dit. Ni chung khi nhit h xung thp th ch c tc
dng kim ch vi khun hn l git cht chng.
1.2.2 Mt s bin i ca thc phm trong qu trnh bo qun ng.
1. Bin i vt l.
S kt tinh li ca nc :
6
i vi cc sn phm ng lnh trong qu trnh bo qun nu chng ta
khng duy tr c nhit bo qun n nh s dn n s kt tinh li ca nc
. l hin tng gy nn nhng nh hng xu cho sn phm bo qun. Do
nng cht tan trong cc tinh th nc khc nhau th khc nhau, nn nhit
kt tinh v nhit nng chy cng khc nhau.
Khi nhit tng th cc tinh th nc c kch thc nh, c nhit
nng chy thp s b tan ra trc tinh th c kch thc ln, nhit nng chy
cao. Khi nhit h xung tr li th qu trnh kt tinh li xy ra, nhng chng li
kt tinh th nc ln do lm cho kch thc tinh th nc ln ngy cng
to ln. S tng v kch thc cc tinh th nc s nh hng xu n thc phm
c th l cc cu trc t bo b ph v, khi s dng sn phm s mm hn, hao ph
cht dinh dng tng do s mt nc t do tng lm mi v sn phm gim.
trnh hin tng kt tinh li nc , trong qu trnh bo qun nhit
bo qun phi c gi n nh, mc dao ng nhit cho php l 2
0
C.
S thng hoa ca nc :
Trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm ng lnh do hin tng hi nc
trong khng kh ngng t thnh tuyt trn dn lnh lm cho lng m trong
khng kh gim. iu dn n s chnh lch p sut bay hi ca nc b
mt sn phm vi mi trng xung quanh. Kt qu l nc b thng hoa, hi
nc i vo b mt sn phm vi mi trng khng kh. Nc b mt b
thng hoa, sau cc lp bn trong ca thc phm cng b thng hoa.
S thng hoa nc ca thc phm lm cho thc phm c cu trc xp,
rng. Oxy khng kh d thm nhp vo oxy ho sn phm. S oxy ho xy ra lm
cho sn phm hao ht v trng lng, cht tan, mi v b xu i, c bit trong
qu trnh oxy ho lipit.
trnh hin tng thng hoa nc ca sn phm th sn phm ng
lnh em i bo qun cn c bao gi kn v ui ht khng kh ra ngoi. Nu
c khng kh bn trong s xy ra hin tng ho tuyt trn b mt bao gi v qu
trnh thng hoa vn xy ra.
7
2. Bin i v ho hc.
Trong qu trnh bo qun ng lnh cc bin i sinh ho, ho hc din ra
chm. Cc thnh phn d b bin i l protin ho tan, lipit, vitamin, cht mu,
S bin i ca protin:
Trong cc loi protin th protin ho tan trong nc d b phn gii nht,
s phn gii ch yu di dng di tc dng ca enzyme c sn trong thc
phm.
S khuch tn nc do kt tinh li v thng hoa nc gy nn s bin
tnh ca protin ho tan.
Bin i protin lm gim cht lng sn phm khi s dng.
S bin i ca cht bo:
Di tc ng ca enzyme ni tng lm cho cht bo b phn gii cng
vi qu trnh thng hoa nc lm cho oxy xm nhp vo thc phm. l qu
trnh thun li cho qu trnh oxy ho cht bo xy ra. Qu trnh oxy ho cht bo
sinh ra cc cht c mi v xu lm gim gi tr s dng ca sn phm. Nhiu
trng hp y l nguyn nhn chnh lm ht thi hn bo qun ca sn phm.
Cc cht mu b oxy ho cng lm thay i mu sc ca thc phm.
S bin i v vi sinh vt:
i vi sn phm ng lnh c nhit thp hn -15
o
C v c bo qun
n nh th s lng vi sinh vt gim theo thi gian bo qun. Ngc li nu sn
phm lm ng khng u, v sinh khng ng tiu chun, nhit bo qun
khng n nh s lm cho cc sn phm b ly nhim vi sinh vt, chng hot
ng gy thi ra sn phm v gim cht lng sn phm.
1.3 TNG QUAN V KHO LNH BO QUN
1.3.1 Kho lnh bo qun
Kho lnh bo qun l kho c s dng bo qun cc loi thc phm,
nng sn, rau qu, cc sn phm ca cng nghip ho cht, cng nghip thc
phm, cng nghip nh,
8
Hin nay kho lnh c s dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin
thc phm v chim mt t l ln nht. Cc dng mt hng bo qun bao gm:
- Kho bo qun thc phm ch bin nh: tht, hi sn, hp,
- Kho bo qun nng sn thc phm hoa qu.
- Bo qun cc sn phm y t, dc liu.
- Kho bo qun sa.
- Kho bo qun v ln men bia.
- Bo qun cc sn phm khc.
Vic thit k kho lnh phi m bo mt s yu cu c bn sau:
- Cn phi tiu chun ho cc kho lnh.
- Cn phi p ng cc yu cu kht khe ca sn phm xut khu.
- Cn c kh nng c gii ho cao trong cc khu bc d sp xp hng.
- C gi tr kinh t: vn u t nh, c th s dng my v thit b trong
nc,
Vi nhng yu cu nhiu khi mu thun nhau nh trn ta phi a ra
nhng phng php thit k vi hon cnh Vit Nam.
1.3.2 Phn loi kho lnh
C nhiu kiu kho bo qun da trn nhng cn c phn loi khc nhau:
a. Theo cng dng:
Ngi ta c th phn ra cc loi kho lnh nh sau:
- Kho lnh s b: Dng lm lnh s b hay bo qun tm thi thc phm
ti cc nh my ch bin trc khi chuyn sang mt khu ch bin khc.
- Kho ch bin: c s dng trong cc nh my ch bin v bo qun
thc phm (nh my hp, nh my sa, nh my ch bin thu sn, nh my
xut khu tht,). Cc kho lnh loi ny thng c dung tch ln, cn phi trang
b h thng c cng sut lnh ln. Ph ti ca kho lnh lun thay i do phi xut
nhp hng thng xuyn.
- Kho phn phi, trung chuyn: Dng iu ho cung cp thc phm cho
cc khu dn c, thnh ph v d tr lu di. Kho lnh phn phi thng c dung
9
tch ln, tr nhiu mt hng v c ngha rt ln i vi i sng sinh hot ca
c mt cng ng.
- Kho thng nghip: Kho lnh bo qun cc mt hng thc phm ca h
thng thng nghip. Kho dng bo qun tm thi cc mt hng ang c
doanh nghip bn trn th trng.
- Kho vn ti (trn tu thu, tu ho, t): c im ca kho l dung tch
ln, hng bo qun mang tnh tm thi vn chuyn t ni ny n ni khc.
- Kho sinh hot: y l loi kho rt nh dng trong cc h gia nh, khch
sn, nh hng dng bo qun mt lng hng nh.
b. Theo nhit :
Ngi ta c th chia ra:
- Kho bo qun lnh: Nhit bo qun nm trong khong -2
o
C n 5
o
C.
i vi mt s rau qu nhit i cn bo qun nhit cao hn (i vi chui >
10
o
C, i vi chanh >4
o
C). Ni chung cc mt hng ch yu l rau qu v cc mt
hng nng sn.
- Kho bo qun ng: Kho c s dng bo qun cc mt hng
qua cp ng. l hng thc phm c ngun gc ng vt. Nhit bo qun
tu thuc vo thi gian, loi thc phm bo qun. Tuy nhin nhit bo qun
ti thiu cng phi t -18
o
C cc vi sinh vt khng th pht trin lm h hi
thc phm trong qu trnh bo qun.
- Kho a nng: Nhit bo qun l -12
o
C, bung bo qun a nng
thng c thit k -12
o
C nhng khi cn bo qun lnh c th a ln nhit
bo qun 0
o
C hoc khi cn bo qun ng c th a xung nhit bo qun
-18
o
C tu theo yu cu cng ngh. Khi cn c th s dng bung a nng gia
lnh sn phm. Bung a nng thng c trang b dn qut nhng cng c th
c trang b dn tng hoc dn trn i lu khng kh t nhin.
- Kho gia lnh: c dng lm lnh sn phm t nhit mi trng
xung nhit bo qun lnh hoc gia lnh s b cho nhng sn phm lnh
ng trong phng php kt ng 2 pha. Tu theo yu cu quy trnh cng ngh
10
gia lnh, nhit bung c th h xung -5
o
C v nng ln vi trn nhit
ng bng ca cc sn phm c gia lnh. Bung gia lnh thng c trang b
dn qut tng tc gia lnh cho sn phm.
- Kho bo qun nc : Nhit ti thiu -4
o
C.
c. Theo dung tch cha:
Kch thc kho lnh ph thuc ch yu vo dung tch cha hng ca n.
Do c im v kh nng cht ti cho mi loi thc phm khc nhau nn thng
quy dung tch ra tn tht (MT Meat Tons). V d: Kho 50 MT, kho 100 MT,
200 MT, 500 MT, l nhng kho c kh nng cha 50, 100, 200, 500 tn tht.
d. Theo c im cch nhit:
Ngi ta chia ra:
- Kho xy: L kho m kt cu l kin trc xy dng v bn trong ngi ta
bc lp cch nhit. Kho xy chim din tch ln, gi thnh tng i cao, khng
p, kh tho d, v di chuyn. Mt khc v mt thm m v v sinh kho xy
khng m bo tt. V vy, hin nay nc ta thng t s dng kho xy bo
qun thc phm.
- Kho panel: c lp ghp t cc tm panel tin ch polyuretan v c lp
ghp vi nhau bng cc mc kho cam locking v mng m dng. Kho panel c
hnh thc p, gn v gi thnh tng i r, rt tin li khi lp t, tho d v bo
qun cc mt hng thc phm, nng sn, thuc men, dc liu Hin nay nhiu
doanh nghip nc ta sn xut cc tm panel cch nhit t tiu chun cao. V
th hu ht cc x nghip, cng nghip thc phm u s dng kho panel bo
qun hng ho.
1.4 TNH CP THIT CA TI
Cng ty TNHH Minh ng c hai kho lnh: Mt kho 100 tn v mt kho
150 tn. Trc y kho c thit k bo qun cc sn phm nh: hnh kh,
chitin, chizotan. Cc mt hng ch yu ca cng ty l: Bch tuc, mc, maza ng
lnh v sp ti cng ty ang c k hoch chuyn sang mt hng tm ng lnh. H
11
thng cp ng ca cng ty c cng sut 20 tn/ngy gm: 2 t ng tip xc cng
sut 1000kg/m v 1 bng chuyn IQF cng sut 500kg/h.
Do ang trong thi k xy dng, bc u i vo sn xut v c k hoch
m rng sn xut. D tnh sp ti cng ty s nng cng sut cp ng ln 30
tn/ngy. Chnh v vy, cng ty ang rt cn xy dng mt kho lnh bo qun c
th p ng c cng sut cp ng ca nh my trong thi gian sp ti.
Hai kho lnh ca cng ty khng th p ng c cc yu cu v mt
cng ngh cng nh v cng sut ca nh my.
Xut pht t nhng yu cu trn m ti quyt nh chn ti: Tnh ton
thit k h thng lnh cho kho bo qun sn phm thy sn ng lnh sc
cha 500 tn ti cng ty TNHH Minh ng Sc Trng, vi thi gian lu kho
ti a 15 ngy.
12
CHNG II : TNH TON CU TRC KHO LNH
2.1 CHN PHNG N THIT K KHO LNH
2.1.1 Yu cu i vi quy hoch mt bng kho lnh
Quy hoch mt bng kho lnh l b tr nhng ni sn xut, x l lnh, bo
qun v nhng ni ph tr ph hp vi dy chuyn cng ngh. t c mc
ch cn tun th cc yu cu sau:
- Phi b tr bung lnh ph hp dy chuyn cng ngh. Sn phm i theo
dy chuyn khng gp nhau, khng an cho nhau. Cc ca ra vo bung cha
phi quay ra hnh lang. Cng c th khng cn hnh lang nhng sn phm theo
dy chuyn khng i ngc.
- Quy hoch cn phi t chi ph u t b nht. Cn s dng rng ri cc
cu kin tiu chun gim n mc thp nht cc din tch ph nhng phi m
bo tin nghi. Gim cng sut thit b n mc thp nht.
- Quy hoch mt bng cn phi m bo s vn hnh tin li v chi ph
thp.
+ Quy hoch phi m bo li i v ng vn chuyn thun li cho vic
bc xp th cng hoc c gii thit k.
+ Chiu rng kho lnh nhiu tng khng qu 40m.
+ Chiu rng kho lnh mt tng phi ph hp vi khong vt ln nht
12m, thng ly 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72m.
+ Trong mt vi trng hp kho lnh c sn bc d ni lin rng 3,5m,
nhng thng thng cc kho lnh c hnh lang ni ra c hai pha, chiu rng 6m.
+ Kho lnh th tch ti 600 tn khng b tr ng st, ch c mt sn bc
d t dc theo chiu di kho m bo mi phng thc bc d.
+ gim tn tht nhit qua kt cu bao che, cc bung lnh c nhm
li tng khi vi mt ch nhit .
- Mt bng kho lnh phi ph hp vi h thng chn. iu ny c bit
quan trng i vi kho lnh mt tng v khng phi lun lun m bo c mi
13
cht lnh t cc thit b lnh v, do phi chuyn sang s ln hn vi vic
cp lng t di ln.
- Mt bng kho lnh phi m bo k thut, an ton phng chy cha chy.
- Khi quy hoch cng phi tnh ton n kh nng m rng kho lnh. Phi
li mt mt mt tng c th m rng kho lnh.
2.1.2 Yu cu bung my v thit b
B tr my v thit b hp l trong bung my l rt quan trng nhm mc
ch sau:
- Vn hnh my thun tin.
- Rt ngn chiu di ng ng: Gim chi ph u t v gim tn tht p
sut trn ng ng.
- S dng th tch bung my hiu qu nht, bung my gn nht.
- m bo an ton phng chy cha chy, phng n v v sinh cng nghip.
- m bo thun tin cho vic bo dng, sa cha, thay th my vi thit b.
Bung my v thit b thng c b tr vo st tng kho lnh
ng ni ng gia my thit b v dn lnh l ngn nht, chim t 5 10% tng
din tch kho lnh.
Bung my v thit b c th nm chung trong mt khi nh ca kho lnh
hoc tch ri. Chiu rng chnh ca li i trong bung my l 1,5m tr ln, cc
my v thit b ln n 2,5m. Khong cch ny i li, tho lp sa cha my d
dng. Khong cch my v thit b t nht l 1m, gia thit b v tng l 0,8m nu
y khng phi l li i vn hnh chnh. Cc thit b c th t st tng nu pha
ca thit b hon ton khng cn n vn hnh, bo dng. Trm tit lu v
bng iu khin vi cc dng c o kim v bo hiu phi b tr sao cho c th
quan st c d dng t bt k v tr no trong bung my. Trm tit lu t cch
my t nht 1,5m.
Bung my v thit b t nht phi c 2 ca b tr i din khong cch
xa nht trong bung my, t nht c 1 ca thng ra ngoi tri, cc cnh ca m ra
14
ngoi. Bung my phi c qut thng gi thi ra ngoi, mi gi c th thay i
khng kh trong bung 3 4 ln.
2.2 CHN PHNG N XY DNG KHO LNH
C 2 phng n thit k kho lnh: Kho xy v kho lp ghp
Ti la chn phng n thit k l kho lnh lp ghp, mc d kho lnh lp
ghp gi thnh cao hn kh nhiu so vi kho lnh xy. Nhng n c nhng u
im vt tri so vi kho lnh xy nh sau:
- Tt c cc chi tit ca kho lnh lp ghp l cc panel tiu chun ch to
sn nn c th vn chuyn d dng n ni lp rp mt cch nhanh chng trong
mt vi ngy so vi kho truyn thng phi xy dng trong nhiu thng, c khi
nhiu nm.
- C th tho lp v di chuyn n ni mi khi cn thit.
- Khng cn n vt liu xy dng nh kho xy tr nn c con ln t
kho nn cng vic xy dng n gin hn nhiu.
- Cch nhit l polyuretan c h s dn nhit thp.
- Tm bc ngoi ca panel a dng t cht do n nhm tm hoc thp
khng g
- Hon ton c th sn xut c trong nc.
2.3 CHN MT BNG XY DNG KHO LNH
Do yu cu v tr ca kho lnh: Phi nm gn khu thnh phm, bao gi
thun li cho vic a hng vo trong kho v gim tn tht nhit cho kho. Ngoi
ra cn phi nm v tr gn ng giao thng, c th li xe bc hng m
khng nh hng n cc khu khcc bit v tr xy dng kho lnh phi ph
hp dy chuyn cng ngh: Sn phm sau khi cp ng c chuyn sang bao
gi v chuyn vo kho lnh ngay, trnh trng hp phi vn chuyn xa c th
lm cho sn phm b d ng v lm tng chi ph vn hnh ca kho lnh.
V pha cng ty, do ang trong qu trnh xy dng v ang hng m
rng sn xut cc mt hng mi vi cc th trng nh Nht, Hn Quc, MV
15
vy cng ty rt cn mt kho lnh c th p ng c cc i hi kht khe ca
cc th trng kh tnh nht.
Ngoi ra do iu kin din tch ca cng ty b hn ch nn cn chn v tr
xy dng kho phi hp l, hn ch n mc ti thiu din tch b khng.
Chnh v vy ti quyt nh chn v tr xy dng kho lnh v tr pha cng
ca cng ty trn phn t ca nh tp th v phn t trng pha sau nh tp th. Qua
vic kho st v o c v tr m ta chn xy dng kho lnh c kch thc 14 m x
37m.
2.4 HNH KHI KHO LNH
V l thuyt th hnh lp phng l hnh l tng nht cho kho lnh v
din tch xung quanh l nh nht v th tch l ln nht. Tuy nhin hnh khi kho
lnh cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh mt bng cng ty, a hnh, ng giao
thng, phng php bc d. Cng nh tha mn cc iu kin xy dng khc
nh: phn chia phng, m rng kho hng
Kho lnh mt tng tuy chim nhiu din tch, xy dng tn nhiu vt liu,
cch nhit v tn tht nhit qua vch ln nn h thng lnh cng cn phi ln
hn. Chi ph v nng lng cng ln hn nhng chng li c u im l xy
dng d dng v i li vn chuyn trong kho cng d dng. Chnh v th, ti chn
phng n xy dng kho mt tng c hnh ch nht.
2.5 CHN THNG S THIT K
2.5.1 Chn nhit bo qun
Nhit bo qun sn phm ng theo l thuyt nhit cng thp th
cht lng sn phm cng tt, thi gian bo qun cng lu nhng ty tng mt
hng c th m chng c nhit bo qun khc nhau. Nu nhit bo qun
cng thp th chi ph lnh cng cao, iu lm tng chi ph vn hnh v hiu
qu kinh t t c thp. Nhit bo qun cn ph thuc vo thi gian bo
qun, nu mun bo qun vi thi gian di th phi gi nhit thp.
Nhit bo qun cc nc Chu u hin nay l -30
0
C. Mt s sn
phm bo qun nhit cao hn -30
0
C nu bo qun trong thi gian ngn.
16
Theo vin nghin cu lnh ng Quc t th nhit bo qun cho c gy l
-20
0
C, cho c bo l -30
0
C. Tuy nhin nu c gy m bo qun trn 1 nm th
nhit bo qun phi t -30
0
C. Vit Nam hin nay, nhit bo qun sn
phm thy sn ng lnh quy nh chung l -18 -25
0
C.
Kho ang thit k ca cng ty TNHH Minh ng bo qun mt hng
mc, bch tuc ng lnh thi gian bo qun thng nh hn 1 thng. Ti chn
nhit bo qun trong kho l -20
0
C 2
0
C.
2.5.2 m khng kh trong kho
m khng kh lnh trong kho c nh hng ln n cht lng v cm
quan b mt ca sn phm ng sau khi bo qun. Bi v n lin quan n hin
tng thng hoa ca nc trong sn phm. Do vy ty tng loi sn phm c
th m m ca khng kh trong kho l khc nhau.
i vi sn phm ng khng c bao gi cch m th m khng kh
lnh l phi t 95%. Cn i vi sn phm c bao gi cch m th m
ca khng kh lnh khong 85 90%.
Kho ang thit k ch yu bo qun cc sn phm mc, bch tuc c
bao gi nn ta chn m khng kh lnh trong kho = 85%.
2.5.3 Thng s a l, kh tng Sc Trng
Cc thng s ny c thng k trong nhiu nm, khi tnh ton thit k
m bo an ton cao ta thng ly gi tr cao nht ng vi ch kh hu
khc nghit nht. T s m bo cho kho vn hnh an ton trong mi iu kin
kh hu.
Bng 2-1: Thng s kh hu Sc Trng
Nhit ,
0
C m tng i, %
TB c nm Ma h Ma ng Ma h Ma ng
26,8 35,9 19,0 77 80
2.5.4 Phng php tnh nhit ti kho lnh
17
Tnh nhit ti kho lnh l tnh ton cc dng nhit khc nhau i t ngoi
mi trng vo kho lnh v cc ngun nhit khc nhau trong kho lnh sinh ra.
y chnh l dng nhit tn tht m my lnh phi c cng sut thi n ra
mi trng, m bo s chnh lch nhit n nh gia bung lnh v
khng kh bn ngoi. Mc ch tnh nhit ti kho lnh l xc nh nng sut
lnh ca my nn m ta cn lp t.
Phng php xc nh dng nhit tn tht vo kho lnh Q l ta xc nh
theo cc dng nhit thnh phn v c tnh theo biu thc:
Q=
+ + + +
5
1
, 5 4 3 2 1
W Q Q Q Q Q Q
i
Trong :
Q
1
- dng nhit i qua kt cu bao che ca kho lnh, W.
Q
2
- dng nhit do sn phm to ra trong qu trnh x l lnh, W.
Q
3
- dng nhit t bn ngoi do thng gi bung lnh, W.
Q
4
- dng nhit ta ra khi vn hnh kho lnh, W.
Q
5
- dng nhit t sn phm ta ra khi sn phm h hp, W.
Do y l kho lnh bo qun thy sn ng lnh nn Q
3
= Q
5
= 0. Dng
nhit tn tht Q ch cn cc dng nhit sau:
Q=Q
1
+Q
2
+Q
4
, W.
c im ca cc dng nhit ny l thay i lin tc theo thi gian.
- Q
1
ph thuc vo nhit bn ngoi thay i theo gi trong ngy v theo
ma trong nm.
- Q
2
ph thuc vo thi v.
- Q
4
ph thuc vo quy trnh cng ngh ch bin v bo qun.
2.5.5 Chn my v thit b
Vic chn my v thit b cho kho lnh cn c vo nng sut lnh, mi
cht lnh, chu trnh lnh s dng:
18
- Chn my nn piston 2 cp: do nhit khng kh trong kho thp nn
nhit si thp. Mt khc li s dng mi cht NH
3
nn t s nn khng cho
php s dng my nn 1 cp. V vy ti chn my nn 2 cp.
- Chn thit b ngng t l bnh ngng ng chm v bc nm ngang.
- Chn 3 dn bay hi c cng cng sut, mi dn c 3 qut: do kho c
chiu di ln 32m, chiu rng nh 12m. V vy ti chn qut thi ngang phng
c tm thi tng ng vi chiu rng ca phng.
- Chn 3 van tit lu mng cn bng ngoi cho kho bo qun.
- Chn thit b ph: bnh trung gian, bnh cha cao p, bnh tch du, tch
lng, tch kh khng ngng, chn thp gii nhit, bm gii nhit, tnh chn
ng ng ht v ng ng y,
2.5.6 Phng n lp t kho, my v thit b
a. i vi h thng my
Hai my nn 2 cp c lp lin hon vi nhau, c thit k theo
phng php chy dng v h tr nhau trong qu trnh vn hnh.
Phng my c xy dng nm bn cnh kho lnh.
Dn lnh lp trong kho v c treo trn trn.
b. i vi kho lnh
Tng, trn v nn c lp bi cc tm panel tiu chun. Xung quanh
u c mi che hn ch cc dng nhit tn tht.
Kho bo qun gm hai ca nh v mt ca ln.
Trn tng ca kho gn cc van thng p cn bng p sut gia bn
trong v bn ngoi kho.
Trn tng c gn nhit k o nhit ca khng kh trong kho.
2.6 NGUYN TC XP HNG TRONG KHO LNH
Cc nguyn tc xp hng trong kho lnh:
2.6.1 Nguyn tc thng gi
Yu t quan trng trong kho bo qun l nhit kho. Nhit ny phi
ng mc quy nh v khng kh lnh phi tip xc trc tip tng sn phm, tng
19
kin hng trong kho m bo tc dng bo qun tt nht. Do nguyn tc
thng gi l to iu kin khng kh lnh t dn lnh n tt c cc hng ha
trong kho mt cch iu ha lin tc.
20
2.6.2 Nguyn tc hng vo trc ra trc
Mi sn phm vo kho u c tui th ca n ngha l khong thi gian
ti a m sn phm c php lu kho, nu qu thi gian y sn phm bt u
chuyn qua trng thi bin i cho n h hng. Do cc kin hng nhp trc
phi c u tin xut trc trnh trng hp tn ti ng hng c, qu tui th.
2.6.3 Nguyn tc gom hng
Trong qu trnh bo qun ng lnh lun c s bc hi nc t nhiu t b
mt sn phm, dn dn theo thi gian lm hao tn trng lng sn phm. C th
gim hin tng bc hi ny bng cch gim din tch kin hng. Do trng, t hng,
hng ha ri rc, ngn ngang din tch b mt ln. Nguyn tc gom hng l lm
cho din tch b mt sn phm gim, kh nng bc hi chm li v to thnh khi n
nh, vng chc. Kho lnh phi m bo thng xuyn y hng va phi, khng
nn bo qun qu t hng v s tng s hao tn trng lng v tng chi ph vn hnh.
2.6.4 Nguyn tc an ton
Trong kho nhng kin hng c sp xp chng ln chim chiu cao
ca kho, do rt nguy him nu xp cc kin hng khng an ton d b ng .
C nhng kiu xp hng khc nhau ty thuc v tr trong kho xy thnh nhng
khi kin hng vng chc.
2.7 K THUT XP KHO
2.7.1 S dng Palet
S dng Palet trong kho bo qun sn phm v s d dng phn l xut.
Cc kin hng c cu kin u n rt cn thit xp trn Palet. C cc Palet gip
cho vic thng gi gia sn phm vi nn d dng. Hin nay c cc kch c Palet
nh sau: 800 x 1200mm, 1000 x 2000mm,
2.7.2 Thng gi
Khng nn xp sn phm st tng hoc trc tip trn sn kho. Bi v nh
th nhit vo kho i qua lp cch nhit s i qua lp sn phm trc ri mi
c chuyn ti dn lnh. ngn chn s truyn nhit ny ta cn cha nhng
21
khong cch gia sn phm vi sn, tng, trn v dn lnh mt khong cch
cho khng kh lu thng d dng.
- Cch sn: 100 150mm.
- Cch tng: 200 800mm.
- Cch trn: 200mm.
- Cch dn lnh: 300mm,[TL4,63].
2.7.3 Cha li i
Trong kho ta cn cha li i cho ngi v phng tin bc d. B rng
ca li i ph thuc vo my mc, thit b chuyn ch v cht xp sn phm
trong kho. Kho ang thit k c chiu rng 12m gm 2 li i hai bn dc theo
chiu di ca kho, mi li i rng 1m.
2.7.4 Xy t
L k thut sp xp cc kin hng th t vo nhau thnh mt khi n nh,
vng chc, to iu kin thun li cho bc d, phn l, m bo an ton v tnh
c dung lng kho lnh. Kho lnh cng cao th s lp thng cht ln t ngy
cng cao nhng phi ln trnh nguy him do ng.
2.8 XC NH KCH THC KHO LNH
2.8.1 Tnh th tch kho lnh
Th tch kho lnh c xc nh theo cng thc:
v
g
E
V
,m
3
.
Trong :
E dung tch kho lnh, tn.
g
v
nh mc cht ti, tn/m
3
. Kho c thit k vi mt hng
Mc, Bch tuc ng lnh g
v
= 0,55 tn/m
3
.[TL-3,279]
Vi E = 500 tn ta c V = 500/0,55 = 909,1m
3
.
2.8.2 Din tch cht ti ca kho lnh F, m
2
c xc nh qua th tch bung lnh v chiu cao cht ti:
2
58 , 330
75 , 2
1 , 909
m
h
V
F
.
22
Trong :
F Din tch cht ti hoc din tch hng chim trc tip, m
2
.
h Chiu cao cht ti, m.
Chiu cao cht ti l chiu cao l hng cht trong kho, chiu cao ny ph
thuc vo bao b ng hng, phng tin bc d. Chiu cao h c th tnh bng
chiu cao bung lnh tr i phn lp t dn lnh treo trn v khong khng gian
cn thit cht hng v d hng. Chiu cao cht ti ph thuc vo chiu cao
thc t h
1
ca kho. Chiu cao h
1
c xc nh bng chiu cao ph b ca kho
lnh tr i hai ln chiu dy cch nhit ca trn v nn kho lnh:
h
1
= H - 2, m;
+ Chn chiu cao ph b H = 3,6m l chiu di ln nht ca tm panel.
+ Chn chiu dy cch nhit = 125 mm.
Suy ra: h
1
= 3,6 2.0,125 = 3,35 m.
Chiu cao cht ti thc h ca kho bng chiu cao ph b tr i khong h
pha trn lu thng khng kh chn l 0,5m v pha di nn lt tm palt l:
0,1m.
Suy ra: h = 3,35 (0,1 + 0,5) = 2,75m.
2.8.3 Ti trng ca nn v ca trn
Ti trng nn c xc nh theo cng thc:
g
f
= g
v
.h = 0,55.2,75 = 1,5125 tn/m
2
.
Vi ti trng nn ny th panel sn iu kin chu c lc nn bi v
chu nn ca panel tiu chun l 0,20,29Mpa.
2.8.4 Xc nh din tch kho lnh cn xy dng
Din tch kho lnh thc t cn xy dng phi tnh n ng i, khong
h gia cc l hng, din tch lp t dn lnh, khong cch gia cc l hng n
tng bao. V vy din tch cn xy dng phi ln hn din tch tnh ton trn v
c xc nh theo cng thc:
F
xd
=
2
380
85 , 0
58 , 330
m
F
F

.
23
Trong :
F
xd
din tch kho lnh cn xy dng, m
2
.
F
- h s s dng din tch cc bung cha, tnh c ng i v

cc din tch gia cc l hng, gia l hng v ct, tng cc din tch lp t
thit b nh dn bay hi, qut.
F
ph thuc vo din tch bung v ly theo

bng 2-5. Ta chn
F
= 0,85.[TL2,34]
T F
xd
= 380m
2
v s mt bng cng ty, ti quyt nh chn kch
thc kho lnh nh sau:
+ Chiu di kho: 32m.
+ Chiu rng kho: 12m.
Nh vy din tch thc ca kho cn xy dng l 32.12 = 384m
2
.
Din tch phng my F = 6.6 =36m
2
.
2.9 THIT K CU TRC KHO LNH
2.9.1 Thit k cu trc nn
Cu trc nn kho ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Nhit trong kho, ti
trng ca kho hng bo qun, dung tch kho lnh.
Do c th ca kho lnh l bo qun hng ha do phi c cu trc vng
chc, mng phi chu ti trng ca ton b kt cu xy dng, mng kho c xy
dng ty thuc vo kt cu a chn ca ni xy dng.
Do kho lnh xy dng theo phng n lp ghp nn ton b kho c t
trn nn nh xng. Ti trng ca hng bo qun s chi phi n rn chc ca
nn, kh nng chu ln ca nn. Nu ti trng ca hng bo qun cng ln th cu
trc nn kho lnh phi thit k c chu nn cao. Cc tm panel nn c t
trn cc con ln thng gi. Cu trc nn kho lnh c thit k nh hnh v.
24
Hnh 2-1. Cu trc nn mng ca kho lnh
Hnh 2-2: Con ln thng gi
2.9.2 Cu trc vch v trn kho lnh
Cu trc tng v trn l cc tm panel tiu chun c ch to sn
nh gii thiu phn trn.
32m
12m

Lp ct m cht
Tm panel
Lp gch th
ch
Lp b tng 1x2
Lp b tng 4x6
Lp t t nhin
25
Cc thng s ca panel cch nhit:
+ Chiu di:
h = 3600 mm dng lp panel vch
h = 6000 mm dng lp panel trn v nn
+ Chiu rng r = 1200 mm
+ T trng 3040 kg/m
3
+ chu nn 0,20,29 Mpa
+ H s dn nhit = 0,018 0,023 W/mK
+ Phng php lp ghp: Ghp bng kha camlocking v ghp bng mng
m dng. S c trnh by phn lp t kho lnh.
2.9.3 Cu trc mi kho lnh
Mi kho lnh c nhim v bo v cho kho trc nhng bin i ca thi
tit nh: nng, ma, c bit l gim bc x nhit ca mt tri vo kho lnh.
Mi kho m bo che ma che nng tt cho kho v h thng my lnh.
Mi khng c ng nc, khng c thm nc. Mi dc v hai pha vi
dc t nht l 2%.
Kho ang thit k c mi bng tn mu xanh l cy, h thng khung
bng st v cc x nng c t theo chiu ngang ca kho, cc tr chng l cc
tr st cao 4m c din tch 200x100mm
Hnh 2-3: Cu trc mi kho lnh
2.9.4 Cu trc ca v mn chn kh
Hin nay c cc loi ca nh sau: ca bn l, ca lc v ca la. Cu trc
ca l cc tm cch nhit c bn l t ng, xung quanh c m kn bng cao su
1
2
15 m
1,5
m
1-lp mi tn
2-khung bng st
26
hnh nhiu ngn. Kha ca m c c hai pha trong v ngoi. Xung quanh ca
c b tr dy in tr si ca phng bng dnh cht ca li. Cc ca c
kch thc nh sau:
+ Kch thc ca ln: 1980 x 980 mm.
+ Kch thc ca nh: 680 x 680mm.
Mi ca c gn ln mt tm panel gi l tm ca.
Hnh 2-4: Ca ra vo v ca xut nhp hng ca kho lnh
Hnh 2-5 Ca ra vo kho lnh
1
2
3
1
2
4
1 - Tm panel
2 - Kha ca
3 - Ca ra vo
4 - Ca xut nhp hng
27
Bn trong ca c b tr mn chn kh lm bng nha do hn ch
dng nhit tn tht do m ca khi xut nhp hng. Nha ch to mn chn kh
phi m bo kh nng chu lnh tt v c bn cao. Mn c ghp t cc di
nha c chiu rng 200 mm, dy 2 mm, chng m ln nhau l 50 mm.
Hnh 2-6: Mn nha che ca ra vo v ca xut nhp hng kho lnh
2.10 TNH TON CCH NHIT, CCH M V KIM TRA NG SNG
Vic tnh ton cch nhit, cch m cho kho bo qun ng nhm mc ch:
- Hn ch dng nhit truyn t bn ngoi qua kt cu bao che vo kho lnh.
- Trnh ngng m trn b mt ngoi ca vch vo trong kho lnh.
Tnh ton chiu dy cch nhit, cch m:
Chiu dy cch nhit c tnh theo cng thc:
[ ] )
1 1
(
1
1 2 1

+ +
n
i i
i
CN CN
K

,m
Trong :
CN
- dy yu cu lp cch nhit, m.
CN
- h s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit, W/mK.

K - h s truyn nhit qua kt cu bao che, W/m
2
K.
1
- h s ta nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi ti vch, W/m

2
K.

2
- h s ta nhit ca vch bung lnh vo bung lnh, W/m

2
K.
i
- b dy lp vt liu th i, m.
i
- h s dn nhit ca lp vt liu th i, W/mK.

Mn nha ca ra vo
M
n

n
h
a
,

d
y

2
m
m
,

r
n
g

2
0
0
m
m
28
Do trn kho c mi che v nn kho lnh c con ln thng gi nn ta ly
h s truyn nhit ca nn v trn kho bng h s truyn nhit ca vch kho. V
vy ta xc nh chiu dy cch nhit chung cho c tng, trn v nn.
y ta chn vt liu cch nhit cho kho l cc tm panel tiu chun
(panel c tc dng cch nhit, cch m).
Bng 2 - 2 Cc thng s cc lp vt liu ca tm panel tiu chun, [TL-4, 52].
Vt liu Chiu dy, m H s dn nhit, W/mK
Polyurethane
CN
(0,023 0,03)
Tn l 0,0006 45,36
Sn bo v 0,0005 0,291
Nhit khng kh trong kho t
b
= -20
0
C, khng kh trong kho i lu
cng bc va phi.
Chn h s dn nhit ca polyurethan CN
=0,025W/mK
Tra bng ta c:
K = 0,021 W/m
2
K, [Bng 3-3, TL2, 84].
3 , 23
1

W/m
2
K ;
9
2

W/m
2
K, [Bng 3-7, TL2, 86].
Thay s:
[ ] mm m
CN
2 . 115 1152 , 0 )
9
1
291 , 0
0005 , 0 . 2
36 , 45
0006 , 0 . 2
3 , 23
1
(
21 , 0
1
025 , 0 + + +
Chiu dy panel phi chn:
mm m
panel
4 , 117 1174 , 0 0005 , 0 . 2 0006 , 0 . 2 1152 , 0 + +
Ta chn chiu dy panel tiu chun:
mm
panelTC
125
Khi chiu dy cch nhit thc ca panel l:
m
CNthuc
1228 , 0 ) 0005 , 0 . 2 0006 , 0 . 2 ( 125 , 0 +
H s truyn nhit thc ca vch khi l:
198 , 0
9
1
025 , 0
1228 , 0
291 , 0
0005 , 0 . 2
36 , 45
0006 , 0 . 2
3 , 23
1
1
+ + + +
th
K
W/m
2
K
Kim tra ng sng trn b mt ngoi ca vch:
iu kin vch ngoi khng b ng sng l K
th
K
s
29
Trong :
K
th
- h s truyn nhit thc, K
th
= 0,198 W/m
2
K.
K
s
-

h s truyn nhit ng sng, c tnh theo cng thc:
33 , 2
) 20 ( 9 , 35
30 9 , 35
3 , 23 . 95 , 0 . 95 , 0
2 1
1
1

t t
t t
K
s
s

W/m
2
K
Trong :
1
- h s ta nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi b mt tng kho, W/m

2
K.
t
1
- nhit khng kh bn ngoi kho,
0
C.
t
2
- nhit khng kh bn trong kho,
0
C.
t
s
- nhit im ng sng,
0
C.
Cc thng s kh tng Sc Trng t
1
= 35,9
0
C,
% 77
1

. Tra th i-d
ca khng kh m ta c: t
s
= 30
0
C.
Nhn xt: K
s
> K
t
. V vy vch ngoi kho lnh khng b ng sng.
2.11 CU TRC CCH NHIT NG NG
Trong h thng cc ng ng cch nhit ch yu cc ng ng c nhit
thp nh ng ng ht v my nn h p v my nn cao p , bnh trung gian.
Vt liu dng cch nhit ng ng l polyurethan, cch m th ta s
dng tn mng bc ngoi cng.
Vi mi loi ng ng khc nhau th chiu dy lp cch nhit cng khc
nhau, n ph thuc vo nhit mi cht trong mi ng v ph thuc vo ng
knh ca ng ng.
Vic tnh ton chiu dy cch nhit, ng vi mi ng ng s c trnh by
phn lp t h thng sau khi ta chn c ng knh ca ng dn mi cht.

1
2
3
1 - Lp tn ngoi cng
2 - Lp cch nhit polyurethane
3 - ng ng dn mi cht
Hnh 2-7 : Cu trc cch nhit ng ng mi cht
30
CHNG III: TNH NHIT TI, CHN MY NN V
CC THIT B CA H THNG LNH
3.1 TNH TON NHIT TI
Vic tnh ton nhit ti kho lnh l tnh ton cc dng nhit t mi trng
xp nhp vo kho lnh. y chnh l dng nhit tn tht m my lnh phi c
cng sut thi n tr li mi trng nng, m bo s chnh lch nhit n
nh gia bung lnh v khng kh bn ngoi.
Mc ch cui cng ca vic tnh ton nhit ti kho lnh l xc nh
nng sut lnh ca my lnh cn lp t. Nhit ti Q ca kho lnh s c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ Q
4
+ Q
5
, W
Trong :
Q
1
dng nhit i qua kt cu bao che ca kho lnh.
Q
2
dng nhit do sn phm v bao b ta ra trong qu trnh x l
lnh.
Q
3
dng nhit t khng kh bn ngoi do thng gi bung lnh,
y Q
3
= 0 do kho bo qun sn phm thy sn khng thng gi bung lnh.
Q
4
dng nhit t cc ngun khc nhau khi vn hnh kho lnh.
Q
5
dng nhit t sn phm ta ra khi sn phm h hp, n ch c
kho lnh bo qun rau qu, Q
5
= 0.
3.1.1 Dng nhit qua kt cu bao che Q
1
Dng nhit qua kt cu bao che l tng cc dng nhit tn tht qua tng
bao, trn v nn do s chnh lch nhit gia mi trng bn ngoi v bn
trong kho lnh cng vi dng nhit tn tht do bc x mt tri qua tng bao v
trn.
Dng nhit Q
1
Q
1
= Q
11
+ Q
12
, W.
31
Trong :
Q
11
dng nhit qua tng bao, trn v nn do chnh lch nhit .
Q
12
dng nhit qua tng bao v trn do nh hng ca bc x mt tri.
Kho lnh c thit k vch v trn kho u c tng bao v mi che nn
b qua dng nhit qua tng v trn do nh hng ca bc x mt tri, Q
12
= 0.
Dng nhit qua tng bao, trn v nn do chnh lch nhit c xc
nh theo biu thc:
Q
11
= K
t
.F(t
1
t
2
), W
Trong :
K
t
- h s truyn nhit thc ca kt cu bao che xc nh theo chiu
di cch nhit thc.
F - din tch b mt kt cu bao che.
t
1
nhit mi trng bn ngoi kho,
0
C.
t
2
nhit khng kh trong kho,
0
C.
Chiu di kho L
1
= 32 m
Chiu rng kho L
2
= 12 + 2.0,125 = 12,25 m
Chiu cao H = 3,6 + 0,125 = 3,725 m
Bng 3-1 Bng tng hp dng nhit xm nhp qua kt cu bao che
Bao che
K
t
( W/m
2
K)
F
(m
2
)
t
(
0
C)
Q
i
(W)
Vch pha
ng
0,198 45,6 46 415,3
Vch pha ty 0,198 45,6 46 415,3
Vch pha nam 0,198 119,2 46 1085,7
Vch pha bc 0,198 119,2 46 1085,7
Trn 0,198 392 50 3881
Nn 0,198 392 46 3570,3
Tng Q
11
10453,3
Do kho lnh c t trong xng ch bin c tng bao xung quanh v
c mi che nn nhit khng kh xung quanh kho lnh s ly bng nhit ca
32
khu thnh phm, t
1
= 26
0
C. Ch c trn kho lnh c nhit cao hn ta ly nhit
khng kh pha trn trn l 30
0
C.
Vy dng nhit xm nhp qua kt cu bao che l Q
1
= Q
11
=10453,3W
3.1.2 Dng nhit do sn phm v bao b ta ra Q
2
Dng nhit do bao b v sn phm to ra xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
2
= Q
21
+ Q
22
, W
Trong :
Q
21
dng nhit do sn phm ta ra,W
Q
22
dng nhit do bao b ta ra,W
1. Dng nhit do sn phm ta ra Q
21


3600 . 24
1000
) (
2 1 21
i i M Q
, W
Trong :
M cng sut bung gia lnh hay khi lng hng nhp vo kho
bo qun trong mt ngy m, tn/ngy m. Ti cng ty TNHH Minh ng
Sc Trng khi lng hng nhp vo kho bo qun trong mt ngy m l M =
30 tn/ngy m.
i
1
, i
2
enthalpy ca sn phm vo kho v ca sn phm nhit
bo qun, J/kg. Vi sn phm mc, tm, c ng lnh i
1
= 24600 J/kg, [TL-4,74].
Vi kho bo qun ng, cc sn phm khi a vo kho bo qun c
cp ng n nhit bo qun. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh x l ng gi v vn
chuyn nhit sn phm tng ln t nhiu nn i vi sn phm bo qun ng
ly nhit vo l: t
1
= -12
0
C, [TL-4,74].
Thay s:
W 7 , 8402
3600 . 24
1000
24600 . 30
21
Q
2 Dng nhit do bao b ta ra Q
22
c xc nh theo biu thc:
9 , 2331
3600 . 24
1000
) 20 26 ( 1460 . 3
3600 . 24
1000
) ( .
2 1 22
+ t t C M Q
b b
W
33
Trong :
M
b
- khi lng bao b a vo cng sn phm trong mt ngy
m, tn/ngym. Ta ly M
b
= 10%.M = 3 tn/ngy m.
C
b
- nhit dung ring ca bao b,J/kgK, vi bao b l ba cactong th
C
b
= 1460 J/kgK.
t
1
,t
2
- nhit bao b trc v sau khi lm lnh bao b,
0
C.
Ta ly nhit bao b trc khi a vo kho cng sn phm bng nhit
ca khu thnh phm, t
1
= 26
0
C.
Vy: Q
2
= Q
21
+ Q
22
= 8402,7 + 2331,9 = 10734,6 W
3.1.3 Dng nhit ta ra khi vn hnh Q
4
Cc dng nhit do vn hnh bao gm cc dng nhit do n chiu sng
Q
41
, do ngi lm vic trong bung Q
42
, do cc ng c in Q
43
, do m ca kho
lnh Q
44
v dng nhit do x bng dn lnh Q
45
.
Q
4
= Q
41
+ Q
42
+ Q
43
+ Q
44
+ Q
45
, W
1. Dng nhit do chiu sng Q
41

Q
41
= A.F = 384.1,2 = 460,8 W
Trong :
A - nhit lng ta ra khi chiu sng 1 m
2
bung hay nn, vi
bung bo qun ng A = 1,2 W/m
2
.
F - din tch ca bung, m
2
.
2. Dng nhit do ngi trong bung lm vic ta ra Q
42

Q
42
= 350n = 350.7 = 2450 W
Trong :
350 - nhit lng do mt ngi ta ra trong khi lm cng vic nng
nhc 350 W/ngi.
34
n - s ngi lm vic trong bung. N ph thuc vo cng ngh gia
cng, ch bin, vn chuyn, bc xp. Kho c thit k vi phng thc bc d
th cng, ta chn s ngi lm vic trong kho l: n = 7 ngi.
3. Dng nhit do ng c in ta ra Q
43

Q
43
= N.1000 = 9.1,5.1000 =13500 W.
ng c in lm vic trong kho l ng c ca qut dn lnh, ta chn 3 dn
lnh hng Guntner, mi dn lnh gm 3 qut, mi qut ng c 1,5 kW.
4. Dng nhit do m ca kho lnh Q
44

Q
44
= BF = 4,8.384 = 1843,2 W.
Trong :
F - din tch ca kho lnh, m
2
.
B dng nhit dung ring khi m ca, W/m
2
.
Dng nhit khi m ca ph thuc vo din tch bung v chiu cao bung.
Vi chiu cao bung 6m ly theo bng sau:
Bng 3-2 Dng nhit ring khi m ca,[TL4,78].
Tn bung
B, W/m
2
< 50 m
2
50 150 m
2
> 150 m
2
Bo qun ng 22 12 8
Vi chiu cao bung h = 3,6 m, din tch > 150 m
2
. S dng phng php
ni suy ta c B = 4,8 W/m
2
.
5. Dng nhit do x bng dn lnh Q
45

Sau khi x bng, nhit kho lnh tng ln ng k, iu chng t c
mt phn nhit lng dng x bng trao i nhit vi khng kh v cc thit b
trong phng. Nhit dng x bng i b phn lm tan bng trn dn lnh v c
a ra ngoi cng vi nc tan, mt phn truyn cho khng kh v cc thit b
trong kho lnh gy nn tn tht.
35
xc nh dng nhit do x bng dn lnh ta xc nh theo mc tng
nhit khng kh trong phng sau khi x bng. Mc tng nhit ca phng
ph thuc vo dung tch ca kho lnh. Thng thng nhit khng kh sau khi
x bng tng (4 7)
0
C. Dung tch cng ln th tng nhit cng nh v
ngc li. Dng nhit do x bng dn lnh Q
45
201
3600 . 24
5 . 1009 . 1 , 909 . 2 , 1
. 3
3600 . 24
. . .
45

t C V
n Q
pkk kk
W
Trong :
n - s ln x bng trong mt ngy m, chn n = 3.
KK
- khi lng ring ca khng kh,

KK
=1,2kg/m
3
.
V - th tch ca kho lnh,m
3
.
C
Pkk
- nhit dung ring ca khng kh, C
Pkk
=1009 J/kgK.
t - tng nhit khng kh trong kho lnh sau khi x bng
dn lnh (ly theo kinh nghim), ly t =5
0
C.
Bng 3-3 Tnh ton dng nhit tn tht do vn hnh.
Q
41
, W Q
42
, W Q
43
, W Q
44
, W Q
45
, W Q
4
, W
460,8 2450 13500 1843,2 201 18370
Bng 3-4 Tng hp cc kt qu tnh ton nhit ti kho lnh.
Q
1
, W Q
2
, W Q
4
, W Q, W
10453,3 10734,6 18370 39558
3.1.4 Xc nh ph ti nhit ca thit b v my nn
Ph ti nhit ca thit b:
Ph ti nhit ca thit b l ti nhit dng tnh ton b mt trao i
nhit cn thit ca thit b bay hi. Cng sut gii nhit yu cu ca thit b bao
gi cng ln hn cng sut ca my nn, phi c h s d tr nhm trnh nhng
bin ng c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh. V th ti nhit ca thit b
c ly bng tng ca tt c cc tn tht nhit ca kho lnh.
36
Q
0
TB
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
4
= 39558 W
Ph ti nhit ca my nn:
Do cc tn tht trong cc kho lnh khng ng thi xy ra nn cng sut
nhit yu cu thc t s nh hn tng ca cc tn tht nhit. trnh cho my nn
c cng sut lnh qu ln, ti nhit my nn cng c tnh ton t cc ti nhit
thnh phn nhng ty theo tng loi kho lnh c th ch ly mt phn tng ca
nhit ti .
Vi kho lnh bo qun sn phm thy sn ng lnh th:
Q
MN
= 85%Q
1
+ 100%Q
2
+ 75%Q
4
= 33,4 kW
Nng sut lnh ca my nn i vi mi nhm bung c nhit si
ging nhau xc nh theo biu thc:
6 , 39
9 , 0
4 , 33 . 068 , 1
.
0

b
Q k
Q
MN
kW
Trong :
b - h s thi gian lm vic ca my nn, thng ly b = 0,9 (my
nn lm vic 22 gi/ngy do x bng dn lnh v gim ti cho my nn).
k - h s lnh tnh n tn tht trn ng ng v thit b ca h
thng lnh, n c xc inh theo bng sau:
Bng 3-5 H s d tr k, [TL-4,83]
t
0
,
0
C -40 -30 -10
K 1,1 1,07 1,05
S dng phng php ni suy vi t
0
= -28
0
C ta c k = 1,068
3.2 CHN H THNG LNH
3.2.1 Chn phng php lm lnh
Trong thc t c nhiu phng php lm lnh cho kho. Nhng c hai
phng php thng dng nht l: lm lnh trc tip v lm lnh gin tip.
Mi phng php u c nhng u nhc im khc nhau ph hp vi
yu cu thit b, cng ngh ca tng trng hp c th. i vi mi trng hp
37
ngi ta s chn phng php lm lnh sao cho pht huy ti a u im v
hn ch n mc thp nht cc nhc im.
1. Lm lnh trc tip.
L phng php lm lnh kho bng dan bay hi t trong kho lnh, mi
cht lnh lng si thu nhit ca mi trng cn lm lnh. Lm lnh trc tip c
th l dn lnh i lu t nhin hoc i lu cng bc.
u im:
- Thit b n gin khng cn thm mt vng tun hon ph.
- Tui th cao kinh t v khng phi tip xc vi nc mui l mt cht n
mn kim loi rt nhanh chng.
- ng v mt nhit ng th t tn tht nng lng v hiu nhit gia
kho lnh v dn bay hi gin tip qua khng kh.
- Tn hao lnh khi khi ng nh ngha l khi lm lnh trc tip thi gian
t khi m my n lc kho lnh t nhit yu cu s nhanh hn.
- Nhit kho lnh c th gim st theo nhit si ca mi cht, nhit
si c th xc nh d dng qua nhit k ca u ht my nn.
Nhc im
- i vi h thng lnh ln th lng mi cht np vo my ln, kh nng
r r ca mi cht ln, kh c kh nng d tm c ch r r x l. Tn tht
p sup cho vic cp cho nhng dn bay hi xa c hi du v nu dng mi
cht Freon, my nn d ht m, vic bo v my nn kh khn.
- Tr lnh ca dn lnh trc tip km khi my lnh ngng hot ng th
dn lnh cng ht lnh nhanh chng.
2. Lm lnh gin tip
L phng php lm lnh bng cc gin cht ti lnh nh nc mui,
glycol, thit b bay hi t ngoi kho lnh. trong bung cht ti lnh nng
ln do thu nhit ca bung lnh. Sau tr li dn bay hi h nhit xung
bng nhit yu cu v c nh vy c tun hon lin tc. Dn lnh gin tip
cng c th l dn lnh i lu t nhin hoc i lu cng bc.
38
u im:
- H thng lnh c an ton cao, cht ti lnh khng chy, khng n,
khng c hi vi c th sng v khng lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm
bo qun. N l vng tun hon an ton v ngn chn s tip xc ca mi cht
c hi i vi sn phm.
- My lnh c cu to n gin hn, ng ng dn mi cht h thng
ngn c ch to dng t hp hon chnh nn cht lng cao, tin cy ln,
d dng kim tra lp t v hiu chnh.
- Dung dch cht ti lnh c kh nng tr lnh ln sau khi my ngng hot
ng, nhit kho c kh nng duy tr c lu hn.
Nhc im
- Nng sut lnh ca my b gim do chnh lch nhit ln.
- H thng thit b cng knh v phi thm vng tun hon cho cht ti lnh.
- Tn nng lng b sung cho bm hoc cnh khuy cht ti lnh.
Qua s phn tch u nhc im ca hai phng php lm lnh trn, ti chn
phng php lm lnh cho kho ang thit k l phng php lm lnh trc tip. N
ph hp vi iu kin ca kho lnh nh: h thng khng cng knh, d iu chnh
nhit , tn hao lnh kh khi ng nh, chi ph u t ban u khng ln.
3.2.2 Chn mi cht lnh.
Mi cht lnh (cn gi l tc nhn lnh hay gas lnh) l cht mi gii s
dng trong chu trnh nhit ng ngc chiu thu nhit ca mi trng c nhit
thp v thi nhit ra mi trng c nhit cao hn. Mi cht tun hon trong
h thng lnh nh qu trnh nn.
my lnh nn hi, s thu nhit ca mi trng c nhit thp nh qu
trnh bay hi nhit thp v p sut thp, s thi nhit cho mi trng c
nhit cao nh qu trnh ngng t p sut cao v nhit cao, s tng p ca
qu trnh nn hi v gim p.
Mi cht lnh s dng trong h thng lnh cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
39
1. Tnh cht ho hc
- Mi cht cn bn vng v mt ho hc trong phm vi p sut v nhit
lm vic, khng c phn hu, khng c polyme ho.
- Mi cht phi tr, khng n mn cc vt liu ch to my, du bi trn,
oxy trong khng kh v hi m.
- An ton, khng d chy d n.
2. Tnh cht l hc
- p sut ngng t khng c qu cao, nu p sut ngng t qu cao
bn chi tit yu cu ln, vch thit b dy, d r r mi cht.
- p sut bay hi khng c qu nh, phi ln hn p sut kh quyn
h thng khng b chn khng, d r lt khng kh vo h thng.
- Nhit ng c phi thp hn nhit bay hi nhiu v nhit ti
hn phi cao hn nhit ngng t nhiu.
- Nhit n ho hi (r) v nhit dung ring (c) ca mi cht lng cng ln
cng tt. Nhit n ho hi cng ln, lng mi cht tun hon trong h thng
cng nh, nng sut lnh ring khi lng cng ln.
- Nng sut lnh ring th tch cng ln cng tt, my nn v thit b cng gn.
- nht ng hc cng nh cng tt, gim tn tht p sut trn ng
ng v ca van.
- H s dn nhit v h s to nhit cng ln cng tt v thit b trao i
nhit gn hn.
- Mi cht ho tan du hon ton c u im hn so vi loi mi cht
khng ho tan hoc ho tan mt phn v qu trnh bi trn tt hn, thit b trao
i nhit khng b mt lp tr nhit do du bao ph, tuy cng c nhc im lm
tng nhit bay hi, lm gim nht ca du.
- Kh nng ho tan nc ca h thng cng ln cng tt trnh tc m
b phn tit lu.
- Khng c dn in c th s dng cho my nn kn v na kn.
40
3. Tnh cht sinh l
- Mi cht khng c hi i vi ngi v c th sng, khng gy phn
ng vi c quan h hp, khng to lp kh c khi tip xc vi la hn v vt
liu ch to my.
- Mi cht cn phi c mi c bit d dng pht hin khi b r r. C
th pha thm cht c mi vo mi cht lnh nu cht khng nh hng n
chu trnh my lnh.
- Mi cht khng c nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm bo qun.
4. Tnh kinh t
- Gi thnh phi h tuy tinh khit phi t yu cu.
- D kim, ngha l mi cht c sn xut cng nghip, vn chuyn v
bo qun d dng.
Khng c mi cht lnh l tng p ng y cc nhu cu nu trn, ta
ch c th tm c mt mi cht p ng t hay nhiu nhng yu cu m thi. Tu
tng trng hp ng dng c th chn loi mi cht ny hoc mi cht kia sao cho u
im c pht huy cao nht v nhc im c hn ch n mc thp nht.
Ti quyt nh chn mi cht lnh s dng l NH
3
. Amoniac c nhit n
ho hi ln thch hp cho h thng lnh c cng sut ln do lng mi cht tun
hon nh, lng np nh, my nn v cc thit b gn, r tin, d kim, vn
chuyn v bo qun d dng, nc ta sn xut c. Mt khc amoniac l mi
cht khng gy nh hng n tng ozn v hiu ng nh knh nh frn. y l
mi cht ca hin ti v tng lai.
Hin nay, h thng lnh cho kho bo qun thng s dng mi cht freon
22 v mi cht NH
3
. Do yu cu v mt mi trng: ph hy tng ozn, gy hiu
ng nh knh.Mi cht freon 22 ch l mi cht qu v dn s c thay th
bng mi cht khc. V vy ti quyt nh chn mi cht ammoniac cho h thng
lnh ang thit k.
Nh c cc tnh cht nhit ng qu bu nn ammoniac tuy c hi nhng
vn c s dng rng ri.
41
3.2.3 Cc thng s ca ch lm vic
Vic chn cc thng s lm vic cho h thng lnh l rt quan trng v nu
chn c mt ch lm vic hp l, ng n s em li hiu qu kinh t cao,
nng sut lnh tng trong khi in nng tiu tn t. Ch lm vic ca h thng
lnh c c trng bng 4 thng s nhit sau:
- Nhit si ca mi cht t
0
(
o
C).
- Nhit ngng t ca mi cht t
k
.
- Nhit qu lnh ca mi cht lng trong thit b ngng t t
ql1
v nhit
ca mi cht lng trc van tit lu t
ql2
.
- Nhit hi ht v my nn (nhit qu nhit) t
h
.
1. Nhit si ca mi cht t
0
Nhit si ca mi cht ph thuc vo nhit ca kho lnh bo qun.
nhit si ca mi cht lnh dng tnh ton thit k c th ly nh sau:
t
0
= t
b
- t
0
= -20 8 = -28
o
C
Trong
t
b
nhit kho bo qun,
0
C
t
0
hiu nhit gia nhit si ca mi cht lnh v nhit
khng kh trong kho. i vi dn lnh bay hi trc tip t
0
= 8 13
o
C.
Chn t
0
= 8
o
C.
2. Nhit ngng t t
k
Nhit ngng t ph thuc vo nhit ca mi trng lm mt ca
thit b ngng t. Do chn thit b ngng t lm mt bng nc nn:
t
k
= 2 w
t

+ t
k
= 33+ 5 = 38
0
C
Trong :
2 w
t
l nhit nc ra khi bnh ngng,
0
C
t
k
l hiu nhit ngng t yu cu, thng ly t 3 5
o
C.
Vic chn hiu nhit ngng t thc ra l bi ton ti u v kinh t
gi thnh mt n v lnh l r nht. Nu hiu nhit ngng t nh, nhit
42
ngng t s thp nng sut lnh tng, in nng tiu tn nh nhng tiu hao nc
nhiu v gi thnh tiu tn nc tng. Ti chn t
k
=5
o
C.
Nhit nc ra khi bnh ngng c th xc nh theo cng thc:
t
w2
= t
w1
+ t
w
=28 + 5 = 33
0
C
Trong :
t
w1
l nhit nc vo bnh ngng,
0
C
t
w
l hiu nhit nc vo v ra bnh ngng, thng ly t 2 6
0
C.
Ta chn
C t
w
0
5
Do iu kin a cht Sc Trng, nhit nc ngm khong 37
0
C nn
nc ngm c bm ln b cha v c x l bng cch gii nhit s b nh
khng kh. Nc sau khi gii nhit cp cho bnh ngng khong 28
0
C.
3. Nhit hi ht
L nhit ca hi mi cht trc khi vo my nn, n bao gi cng ln
hn nhit si ca mi cht.
m bo my nn khng ht phi lng, ngi ta b tr bnh tch lng
v phi m bo hi ht vo my nn nht thit l hi qu nhit. qu nhit
tng loi my nn v i vi tng loi mi cht khc nhau th khc nhau. Vi
mi cht amoniac nhit hi ht cao hn nhit si t 5 15
0
C. Ngha l
qu nhit hi ht t
h
= 5 15
0
K l c th m bo an ton cho my lm vic.
Chn t
h
= 8
0
C.
Ta c: t
h
= -28 + 8 = -20
0
C
S qu nhit hi ht ca my lnh Amoniac c th t c bng cch sau:
- Qu nhit hi ht ngay trong dn lnh khi s dng cc loi van tit lu nhit.
- Qu nhit do tn tht lnh trn ng ng t thit b bay hi v my nn.
4. Nhit qu lnh
Nhit qu lnh cng thp th nng sut lnh cng ln. V vy, ngi ta
c gng h thp nhit qu lnh xung cng thp cng tt.
S qu lnh ca mi cht lng trong chu trnh m ta tnh ton y s
c thc hin nh sau: mt phn trong thit b ngng t c nhit t
ql1
v sau
43
phn ln s c qu lnh trong ng xon rut g ca bnh trung gian c
nhit t
ql2
.
Trong thit b ngng t ta chn l bnh ngng ng chm v bc nm
ngang, nhit qu lnh khi qua thit b trao i nhit ngc chiu cng vn cao
hn nhit nc vo 3 5
0
C. Chn t = 5
0
C.
t
ql1
=

t
5
= tw
1
+ t = 28 + 5 = 33
0
C
Nc a vo dn ngng, vic qu lnh c thc hin ngay trong thit b
ngng t bng cch mc lng ngp mt s ng di cng ca dn ng trong
bnh ngng ng chm. Nc cp vo bnh ngng s i qua cc ng ny trc
qu lnh lng sau mi ln cc ng trn ngng t mi cht.
Lng mi cht sau khi ra khi bnh ngng s c chia lm hai phn: mt
phn nh s c tit lu lm mt hi nn tm thp, phn ln mi cht s
c qu lnh trong bnh trung gian. Sau khi ra khi bnh trung gian s c nhit
v c a n tit lu vo dn lnh (ly theo kinh nghim):
t
ql2
= t
6
= t
tg
+ 5
0
C = 5
0
C
3.3 CHU TRNH LNH
3.3.1 Chn chu trnh lnh
t
0
= -28
0
C p
0
= 1,3 Mpa
t
k
= 38
0
C p
k
= 1,47 Mpa
T s nn:
3 , 11
3 , 1
47 , 1
0

p
p
k
> 9
i vi my nn piston t s nn cng cao, th h s cp cng nh, nhit
cui qu trnh nn cng cao, nht l i vi mi cht Amoniac. Nh vy t s
nn cao dn n iu kin lm vic khng thun li cho my nn khi t s nn
ln hn 9 i vi mi cht NH
3
phi chuyn chu trnh mt cp nn sang hai cp
nn c lm mt trung gian. Vic chn my nn 1 cp nn hay 2 cp nn l mt
bi ton ti u v kinh t. Do yu cu m bo an ton cho my nn trong qu
trnh lm vic, trnh nhng iu kin lm vic khng thun li cho my nn
v thit b, ti quyt nh chn my nn 2 cp.
44
Yu cu i vi vic chn chu trnh:
+ S dng my nn 2 cp
+ Mi cht lnh Amoniac NH
3
+ Nhit ngng t t
k
= 38
0
C
+ Nhit si t
0
= -28
0
C
Trong cc chu trnh my lnh, sau khi phn tch u nhc im ca mi
chu trnh ti chn chu trnh 2 cp bnh trung gian c ng xon rut g.
Ta c: P
tg
=
MPa P P
o k
43 , 0
t
tg
= 0
0
C
3.3.2 S v chu trnh biu din trn th lgp-i
Hnh 3-1 Chu trnh 2 cp nn bnh trung gian c ng xon
- Nguyn l hot ng:
Hi mi cht sinh ra thit b bay hi c nhit t
0
, p sut p
0
c trng
thi 1 v c qu nhit do: qua nhit trong thit b bay hi nh van tit lu
nhit v do tn tht trn ng ng ht t dn lnh v my nn n trng thi qu
nhit 1 c nhit t
h
, p
o
v c my nn tm thp ht v v c y vo bnh
trung gian. bnh trung gian th hi qu nhit 1 s c lm mt v trng thi
hi bo ho kh 3 do ho trn vi lng hi m 7 v c my nn tm cao ht
v, c nn n trng thi 4 a vo bnh ngng. bnh ngng th mi cht
5
45
c lm mt v ngng t nh nc. Mi cht c qu lnh ngay trong thit b
ngng t t trng thi 5 n 5. Sau khi ra khi thit b ngng t vo bnh cha
cao p th mi cht lng chia lm hai nhnh: mt nhnh nh i qua van tit lu
th nht vo bnh trung gian lm mt hi v my nn tm cao xung trng thi
hi bo ho kh 3. Cn nhnh chnh c dn qua ng xon ca bnh trung gian,
c qu lnh t trng thi 5 n 6. Sau vo van tit lu th hai, tit lu
xung nhit t
0
, p sut p
0
cp cho dn bay hi. Nh vy mi cht lnh c
tun hon trong h thng.
Nu thit b trao i nhit ng xon l l tng th nhit ra khi ng xon (t
6
)
phi bng nhit trung gian(t
tg
). Nhng thc t c tn hao khng thun nghch nn
nhit qu lnh bao gi cng ly ln hn nhit trung gian t (3 5)
0
C. Ta chn
5
0
C.
- Cc qu trnh ca chu trnh:
+ 1 1: qu nhit hi ht v my nn h p.
+ 1 2: nn on nhit cp h p t p
0
ln p
tg
.
+ 2 3: lm mt hi nn h p.
+ 3 4: nn on nhit cp cao p t p
tg
ln p
k
.
+ 4 5: lm mt ngng t, qu lnh trong thit b ngng t.
+ 5 7: tit lu t p
k
v p
tg
lm mt hi nn h p v qu lnh mi cht
trong ng xon.
+ 5 6: qu lnh lng ng p trong bnh trung gian.
+ 6 10: tit lu t p
k
v p
0
cp cho dn bay hi.
+ 10 1: bay hi thu nhit ca mi trng lnh.
3.3.3 Tnh ton chu trnh hai cp bnh trung gian c ng xon.
1. Xc nh cc thng s trng thi cc im nt ca chu trnh
Ta ly t
6
= t
9
+ 5
0
C
Tra trn th lgP-i ca mi cht NH
3
cho chu trnh 2 cp, bnh trung gian
c ng xon ta c:
46
Bng 3-6 Cc thng s trng thi ti cc im nt ca chu trnh.
im nt
t
0
(
0
C)
P
(MPa)
i
(kj/kg)
v
(m
3
/kg)
Trng thi
1 -28 0,13 1420 Hi bo ho kh
1 -20 0,13 1435 0,92 Hi qu nhit
2 60 0,43 1585 0,35 Hi qu nhit
3=8 2 0,43 1455 0,28 Hi bo ho kh
4 92 1,47 1640 0,12 Hi qu nhit
5 38 1,47 370 Lng
5 33 1,47 350 0,005 Lng
6 5 1,47 230 Lng
7 0 0,43 350 Bo ha m
9 0 0,43 200 Lng
10 -28 0,13 230 Bo ha m
2. Nng sut lnh ring q
0
:
q
0
= i
1
i
10
= 1420 230 = 1190 kj/kg
3. Nng sut lnh ring th tch q
v
:
q
v
= q
0
/v
1
= 1190/0,92 = 1293,4 kj/m
3
4. Cng nn ring l:
kg kj
i i
i i i i
i i
m
l m
l l
/ 377
) 350 1455 (
) 1455 1460 ( ) 230 1585 (
) 1435 1585 (
) ( ) ( .
7 3
3 4 6 2
1 2
1
2 3
1

+ +
Trong :
m
1
- lu lng khi lng mi cht qua my nn h p
m
3
- lu lng khi lng mi cht qua my nn cao p
5. H s lnh:

15 , 3
377
1190
2
1
3
1
0

+

l
m
m
l
q
N
Q
o
3.4 TNH CHN MY NN V THIT B TRAO I NHIT

3.4.1 Tnh ton pha h p
Nng sut lnh ring:
q
0
= 1190 kj/kg
47
Lu lng mi cht thc t qua my nn h p m
1
:
033 , 0
1190
6 , 39
0
0
1

q
Q
m
kg/s
Th tch thc t ca my nn h p:
V
ttHA
=m
1
v
1
=0,0330.92=0,03m
3
/s
H s cp ca my nn h p:
78 , 0
273
245
} ]
130
5 - 130
130
10 430
[ 04 , 0
130
5 - 130
{
T
T
} ]
p
) [(
p
{
tg
0
0
0 0 / 1
0 0
0 0

+

p
p
p
t p
c
p
p
m tg tg
HA
Th tch l thuyt:
s m
V
V
HA
ttHA
ltHA
/ 04 , 0
78 , 0
03 , 0
3

Cng nn on nhit:
N
sHA
= m
1
.l
1
= m
1
(i
2
i
1
) = 0,033(1585 - 1435) = 4,95 KW
Cng sut ch th: l cng nn thc hin do qu trnh nn lch khi qu
trnh nn on nhit l thuyt.
W 69 , 5
87 , 0
95 , 4
k
N
N
iHA
sHA
iHA

Trong : iHA
l hiu sut ch th c tnh theo cng thc:

87 , 0 ) 28 .( 001 , 0
273
245
.
0
+ + t b
W iHA

Vi b l h s thc nghim, ta ly: b = 0,001

tg
w
T
T
0

Vi T
0
, T
tg
- nhit si v trung gian tuyt i ca mi cht.
Cng sut ma st: l cng ma st sinh ra do s ma st trong cc chi tit
chuyn ng ca my nn, cng sut ny ph thuc vo kch thc v cng
hot ng ca my nn.
W 77 , 1 59 . 03 , 0 . k P V N
ms ttHA msHA

Trong P
ms
l p sut ma st ring. Vi my nn NH
3
th:
P
ms
= (0,049 0,069) MPa, ta chn P
ms
= 0,059 MPa = 59 KPa
48
Cng sut hu ch trn trc ca my nn:
N
eHA
= N
msHA
+ N
iHA
= 1,77+ 5,69 =7,46 kW
3.4.2 Tnh ton pha cao p
Lu lng mi cht thc t qua my nn cao p: m
3

Cn bng enthalpy bnh trung gian ta c:
(m
3
-m
1
)i
7
+ m
1
i
5
+m
1
i
2
= m
3
i
3
+m
1
i
6

7 3
6 2
7 3
6 7 5 2
1
3
i i
i i
i i
i i i i
m
m
04 , 0
350 1455
230 1585
033 , 0
7 3
6 2
1 3

i i
i i
m m
kg/s
Th tch ht thc t cao p:
V
ttCA
= m
3.
v
3
=0,04.0,28=0,011m
3
/s
H s cp nn pha cao p CA
:
78 , 0
311
273
430
5 430
430
10 1470
04 , 0
430
5 430
A
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
K
tg
tg
tg tg
tg
k k
tg
tg tg
C
T
T
p
p p
p
p p
c
p
p p
Th tch ht l thuyt cao p:

0145 , 0
78 , 0
011 , 0

HA
ltHA
ltCA
V
V
m
3
/s
Cng nn on nhit pha cao p:
N
sCA
= m
3
l
2
= 0,04.(1640 1455) = 7,4 kW
Cng sut ch th:
5 , 8
87 , 0
4 , 7

iCA
sCA
iCA
N
N
kW
Trong :
iCA
- hiu sut ch th pha cao p c xc nh theo cng thc:

87 , 0 0 . 001 , 0
311
273
. . + + +
tg
k
tg
tg W iCA
t b
T
T
t b
49
Cng sut ma st pha cao p (N
msCA
): l cng sinh ra trong cc chi tit chuyn
ng ca my nn, sut ny ph thuc vo kch thc v cng ca my nn.
N
msCA
= V
ttCA
.P
ms
= 0,011.59 = 0,649 kW
Trong :
P
ms
p sut ma st ring, vi my nn amoniac ta chn P
ms
= 59 KPa.
Cng sut hu ch pha cao p:
N
eCA
= N
iCA
+ N
msCA
= 8,5 + 0,649 =9,15 kW
Tng cng sut hu ch cao p v h p:
N
e
= N
eCA
+ N
eHA
= 9,15 + 7,46 = 16,61 kW
Tng cng sut in cao p v h p:
4 , 19
9 , 0 . 95 , 0
61 , 16
.

dc td
e
el
N
N

kW
Trong :
td
- hiu sut truyn ng ca khp, ai, ta ly td
= 0,95
dc
- hiu sut ng c lp t, chn dc
= 0,9
Chn cng sut ng c N
dc
:
c xc nh nh sau:
N
dc
= (1,12,1)N
el
= 1,3.19,4 = 25,22 kW
m bo an ton cho h thng lnh trong qu trnh lm vic ta chn h
s an ton l 1,3.
Nhit thi ca thit b ngng t Q
k
:
Q
k
= m
3
.l
3
= m
3
(i
4
i
5
) = 0,04(1640 - 350) = 51,6 kW
3.4.3 Tnh chn my nn v thit b trao i nhit
1. Chn my nn
Qua vic tnh ton nhit ti kho lnh chng III, ta xc nh c nhit
ti ca my nn Q
0MN
= 39,6 kW. y chnh l nng sut lnh m my nn cn
phi t c bo m duy tr c nhit kho lnh iu kin thit k.
Vi ch lm vic nh sau:
+ My nn 2 cp
50
+ Mi cht lnh amoniac NH
3
+ Nhit ngng t t
k
= 38
0
C
+ Nhit si mi cht t
0
= -28
0
C
+
6 , 39
0

MN
yc
Q
kW, N
dc
= 25,2 Kw
Tra phn mm chn my hng Mycom, ti chn 2 my nn Mycom 2 cp
c k hiu N42A vi cc thng s sau:
Bng 3-7 Thng s k thut ca my nn MYCOM N42A
K hiu
Pittong
v S, mm
S xi
lanh
Tc
(v/ph)
Th tch
qut,
(m
3
/h)
Q
0
(kW)
N
e
(kW)
N42A 95x76 4+2 1000 193,9 35,4 17,3
Hnh 3-2 My nn MYCOM N42A
2. Tnh chn thit b ngng t
Thit b ngng t trong h thng lnh l cc thit b trao i nhit b mt,
trong mi cht lnh c p sut cao, nhit cao sau my nn c lm mt
51
bng khng kh, nc hay cht lng nhit thp khc ngng t thnh lng.
Qu trnh ngng t lun km theo hin tng ta nhit, ni cch khc nu khng
c lm mt lin tc th qu trnh ngng t s dng li, mc ch bin hi mi
cht lnh thnh lng cng khng thc hin c. Mt khc trong thit b ngng t
nu p sut ca mi cht lnh khng thay i th nhit ngng t s gi khng
i.
Ch lm vic ca thit b ngng t trong h thng lnh cng c nh
hng rt ln ti s lm vic v c tnh nng lng ca ton th h thng. Do b
mt trao i nhit ca thit b khng th qu ln nn nhit ngng t t
k
trong
my phi cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh. Chnh tr s chnh lch
nhit ny gy nn khng thun nghch bn ngoi v dn ti tn tht nng
lng.
Nh vy xut hin bi ton ti u v kinh t - k thut trong vic la
chn thit b ngng t. Khi tng tr s chnh lch nhit th tn tht nng
lng v chi ph vn hnh tng nhng b mt ca thit b ngng t li gim i,
kt qu vn u t s gim. Ngc li nu chn thit b ngng t vi chnh
lch nhit nh th tn tht nng lng nh, chi ph vn hnh gim nhng thit
b li ln dn n vn u t ban u tng.
Qu trnh ngng t mi cht amoniac l qu tnh ngng mng, do vy vic xc
nh cng trao i nhit phi tnh ti nhit tr ca mng cht ngng. tng
cng trao i nhit khi ngng t ta phi tm cch to ra dng chy ri, ph v v tch
mng cht ngng khi b mt i nhit. V vy vic p dng cc bin php gim
bt tn tht thit b ngng t s em li hiu qu kinh t cao cho ton h thng.
Tnh thit b ngng t:
- Chn kiu thit b thit k v ch lm vic ca n.
Ti chn: thit b ngng t kiu ng chm v bc nm ngang s dng cho
mi cht NH
3
gii nhit bng nc qua thp gii nhit vi cc ch lm vic l:
Nhit nc vo bnh ngng tw
1
= 28
0
C
Nhit nc ra bnh ngng tw
2
= 33
0
C
52
Nhit ngng t ca mi cht t
k
= 38
0
C
- Tnh din tch trao i nhit ca thit b ngng t.
tb
k
t K
Q
F
.
, m
2
Trong :
K - h s truyn nhit ca thit b ngng t, W/m
2
K. Vi bnh
ngng ng chm v bc amoniac nm ngang th K = 700 1000 W/m
2
K, ta chn
K = 700 W/m
2
K.
Q
k
- ph ti nhit ca thit b ngng t, kW
tb
t
- chnh lch nhit trung bnh gia mi cht v mi
trng lm mt,
0
K. c xc inh theo cng thc:
K
t
t
t t
t
tb
0
min
max
min max
21 , 7
5
10
ln
5 10
ln

Vi :
max
t
- hiu nhit ln nht, max
t
= t
k
tw
1
= 38 - 28 = 10K
min
t
- hiu nhit nh nht,
min
t
= t
k
tw
2
= 38 33 = 5K
Khi :
2
10
21 , 7 . 7 , 0
6 , 51
m F
Chn bnh ngng t do hng Guentner (c) c kiu AK 25,20 vi cc
thng s nh sau:
53
Bng 3-8 Thng s k thut ca bnh ngng ca hng Guentner
Kiu
Q
k

kW
V
m
3
/h
p

bar
A
a
m
2
D
1
mm
L
mm
L
1

mm
B
mm
H
mm
V
MR
dm
3
V
RR
dm
3
M
kg
AK
25,20
57,1 9,8 0,21 11,3 273
200
0
225
0
360 680 70 40 220
Cu to v hot ng ca bnh ngng Guentner.
Hi qu nhit t my nn c a vo bnh ngng theo ng ng 1 vo
in y vo khng gian gia cc ng, ta nhit cho nc lm mt i trong ng
thnh phn v ngng t li. Lng c ly ra pha di bnh ngng theo ng 2
v vo bnh cha cao p. Nhit nc vo v ra khi bnh ngng chnh lch
khong 5 6
0
C do trao i nhit vi hi mi cht.
Hnh 3-3 Bnh ngng ng chm v bc nm ngang NH
3
hng Guntner
1- Hi NH
3
t thit b ngng t
2- Lng sau ngng t
3- Ni van an ton
4- p k
5- Nc vo lm mt bnh ngng
6- Nc ra khi bnh ngng
7- ng cn bng p sut vi bnh ngng
8- Tch kh khng ngng
1
2
5
6
4 3 8 7
54
3. Chn thit b bay hi
Thit b bay hi c nhim v ha hi gas bo ha m sau tit lu ng thi
lm lnh mi trng cn lm lnh. Nh vy cng vi thit b ngng t, my nn,
thit b tit lu th thit b bay hi l mt trong nhng b phn quan trng khng th
thiu trong h thng lnh. Qu trnh lm vic ca thit b bay hi nh hng ti thi
gian v hiu qu lm lnh. V vy d h thng trang b tt n u nhng thit b
bay hi lm vic km hiu qu th tt c tr nn v ch. Do cn chn thit b bay
hi ph hp cho h thng, c din tch ph hp vi din tch yu cu. Ti chn dn
bay hi i lu khng kh cng bc ca hng Guentner x tuyt bng in tr.
Vi yu cu lm vic:
+ Nng sut lnh
6 , 39
0

DL
Q
kW
+ Nhit bay hi t
0
= -28
0
C
Chn 3 dn lnh, mi dn 3 qut ca hng Guentner c k hiu: Type
046B/37.
Hnh 3-4 Cu to dn lnh ca hng Guentner
Bng 3-9 Thng s k thut ca dn lnh Guentner Type 046B/37
Type
Q
0
kW
F
m
2
V
m
3
/h
Tm
thi,
m
L
mm
B
mm
H
mm
Inlet
mm
Outlet
mm
M
kg
046B/37 13,4
101,
9
1350
0
17
287
6
685 665 21,3 48,3 168
H
L
3
4
1
2
B
5
1- Qut thi
2 - Mng nc ngng
3 - ng gas vo
4 - ng gas ra
5 - ng thot nc
ngng
55
Hnh 3-5 Dn lnh ca hng Guentner
4. Chn van tit lu mng cn bng ngoi
Van tit lu l b phn chnh trong h thng lnh, n c nhim v tit lu
lng mi cht p sut cao, nhit cao xung p sut thp v nhit bay hi
thp. N cn c nhim v iu chnh lu lng mi cht cp vo thit b bay hi.
Van tit lu cn bng ngoi thng s dng cho h thng lnh thit b bay
hi c tr lc ln. Vic chn van tit lu phi da vo cc thng s sau:
+ Nhit bay hi, nhit ngng t.
+ Nng sut lnh Q
0
.
+ Loi mi cht lm vic trong h thng lnh.
y ti quyt nh chn van tit lu cn bng ngoi ca hng Danfoss
cho h thng. Vi cc thng s sau:
+ Mi cht lnh s dng: NH
3
+ Nng sut lnh: Q
0
= 39,6 kW
+ Nhit bay hi t
0
= -28
0
C
+ Nhit ngng t t
k
= 38
0
C
ging p qua van tit lu l
9 , 12 5 , 0 3 , 1 7 , 14
DO o k
P P P P
bar
Vi DO
P
- tn tht p sut trn ng ng, khong 0,5 bar.
56
Tra trong catolog ca hng Danfoss ta chn 3 van tit lu mng cho 3 dn
lnh c k hiu TEA 20-5.
57
Bng 3-10 Thng s ca van tit lu nhit cn bng ca Danfoss
Type t
0
,
o
C P , bar Cng sut,kW
TEA 20-5 -30 14 13,7
Hnh 3-6 Nguyn l cu to van tit lu mng cn bng ngoi
Hnh 3-7 Van tit lu mng cn bng ngoi TEA 20-5 ca hng Danfoss
1
P
t
t
qn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
3
4
5
P
t
P
0
1 - Bu cm bin
2 - ng mao
3 - Mng xp
4 - ng cn bng p vi dn lnh
5 - Kim phun
6 - Tit lu vo dn lnh
7 - Np chp
8 - Vt iu chnh
9 - L xo
10 - Dch t bnh cha cao p vo
11 - Phin lc
12 - Ty van
`
58
Hnh 3-8 Kch thc van TEA 20-5
Ngoi ra trong h thng cn s dng cc van tit lu vo bnh trung gian,
van tit lu vo bnh tch kh khng ngng ta s dng van tit lu tay iu chnh
nh ng m van in t.
3.4.4 Chn cc thit b khc ca h thng lnh
1. Chn bnh cha cao p
Cng dng:
Bnh cha cao p c b tr ngay sau bnh ngng t, dng cha lng
mi cht p sut cao, nhit cao gii phng b mt trao i nhit ca thit b
ngng t, duy tr s cp lng lin tc cho van tit lu. N c t ngay di
bnh ngng v c cn bng p sut vi bnh ngng bng cc ng cn bng
hi v lng. N c tc dng cha ton b lng gas trong h thng khi cn sa
cha bo dng.
59
Cu to bnh cha cao p:
Bnh cha cao p nm ngang cho mi cht ammoniac l mt hnh tr nm
ngang. Bnh cha cao p c thit k m bo p sut lm vic l 1,8MPa.
Hnh 3-9 Cu to bnh cha cao p
1 - ng cn bng p sut vi bnh ngng; 2 - ng ni vi thit b tch kh
khng ngng; 3 - Van an ton ; 4 - ng h p k; 5 - ng lng t bnh ngng
xung; 6 - ng lng t bnh tch kh khng ngng v; 7 ng cp dch,tit
lu vo bnh tch kh khng ngng; 8 - Knh xem gas; 9 - X du; 10 - ng x y
Tnh ton bnh cha cao p:
Theo quy nh v an ton th sc cha ca bnh cha cao p phi t 30%
sc cha ca ton b h thng bay hi (bao gm tt c cc t dn v thit b lm
lnh khng kh) i vi h thng cp mi cht t trn xung. y ta s dng
phng php cp dch tit lu trc tip vo dn bay hi - cp dch t trn xung.
Th tch bnh cha cao p c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
BH
BH
BCCA
V
V
V 7 , 0 2 , 1 .
5 , 0
. 3 , 0

,m
3
Vi V
BH
dung tch hnh hc ca h thng bay hi, m
3
Th tch ca dn bay hi chnh l th tch phn trong ca ton b ng thp
m mi cht cha trong . Theo tnh ton dn bay hi:
+ Dn bay hi gm 12 ng, mi ng di 2,5m
+ Gm 6 dy ng
Chiu di tng ca ng thp trong 3 dn lnh l L = 600 m
7 6
8
9
5 3
4
2 1
10
3
2
4
6
1
15
12
13
14
11 9
7
10
V
1
V
2
V
1
V
2
5
60
Ta c
3
2 2
22 , 0 600
4
0213 , 0 . 14 , 3
4
.
m L
d
V
BH

Theo kinh nghim th lng gas cha trong dn lnh bng 30% lng gas
ca ton h thng. Do yu cu bnh cha cao p phi cha c ton b lng
gas ca h thng trong khi sa cha v bo dng. Vy chn bnh cha cao p
nm ngang loi 0,75PB, [TL2,310] vi cc thng s sau:
Bng 3-11 Thng s k thut ca bnh cha cao p 0,75PB
Loi bnh
DxS
mm
L
mm
H
mm
Th tch
m
3
Khi
lng
kg
0.75PB 600x8 3190 500 0,75 430
2.Chn bnh trung gian ng xon
Cng dng:
Cng dng chnh ca thit b lm mt trung gian l lm mt trung gian cc
cp nn trong h thng lnh my nn nhiu cp. y ta s dng thit b lm
mt trung gian l bnh trung gian t ng c ng xon rut g. Bnh trung gian
c ng xon rut g ngoi vic s dng lm mt trung gian, bnh cn c th s
dng :
+ Tch du cho dng gas u y my nn cp 1.
+ Tch lng cho gas ht v my nn cp 2.
+ Qu lnh cho lng trc khi tit lu vo dn lnh nhm gim tn tht
tit lu.
Cu to bnh trung gian:
61
Hnh 3-10 Cu to bnh trung gian ng xon
Bnh trung gian c cu to hnh tr, c chn cao, bn trong bnh b tr ng
xon lm lnh dch lng trc tit lu. Bnh c trang b hai cng tc phao khng
ch mc dch, cc cng tc phao c ni vo ng gp 14 ly tn hiu. Cng
tc phao trn V
1
bo v mc dch cc i ca bnh, nhm ngn nga lng ht v
my nn cao p. Khi mc lng trong bnh dng cao t mc cho php, cng tc
phao tc ng ng van in t 3 cp dch vo bnh. Cng tc phao pha di V
2
khng ch mc dch cc tiu nhm m bo cc ng xon lun ngp trong dch
lng. Khi mc dch di h xung thp qu mc cho php, cng tc phao V
2
tc
ng m van in t cp dch cho bnh. Ngoi cng tc phao, bnh cn c
trang b van an ton v ng h p sut lp pha trn thn bnh.
Hot ng:
9 - Hi lng
10 X y, hi du
11 - Chn bnh
12 Tm b
13 Thanh
14 - ng gp lp van phao
15 - ng lp van an ton, p k
1 Hi ht v my nn p cao
2 Hi nn tm thp vo
3 - Tit lu vo
4 Cch nhit bnh trung gian
5 Nn chn
6 - Lng ra
7 - ng xon rut g
8 - Lng vo
62
Gas t my nn cp 1 n bnh c dn sc vo khi lng c nhit thp
v trao i nhit mt cch nhanh chng. Phn cui ng y 2, ngi ta khoan nhiu
l nh hi sc ra xung quanh u hn. Pha trn thn bnh c cc nn chn c tc
dng chn khng cho lng ht ln pha trn trnh hin tng ht lng v ca my
nn tm cao. Dng lng tit lu ha trn vi hi qu nhit cui qu trnh nn tm
thp, trc khi da vo bnh. ng hi ht v my nn cp 2 c b tr nm pha
trn cc nn chn. Bnh trung gian c bc cch nhit, bn ngoi cng bc lp tn
bo v.
Tnh ton bnh trung gian:
Tnh ton bnh trung gian bao gm:
+ Ta tnh din tch truyn nhit ca ng xon da vo b mt truyn nhit
bnh trung gian thch hp.
Ta c
2
47 , 0
9 , 13 . 6 , 0
96 , 3
.
m
t k
Q
F
tb
OX

Trong :
OX
Q
- Ph ti nhit ca ng xon, c tnh nh sau:
OX
Q
= m
1
(h
5
- h
6
) = 0,033(350-230) = 3,96 kW
k - L h s truyn nhit ca ng xon, k = 580 700W/m
2
K, ly
k=600W/m
2
K
tb
t
- Nhit trung bnh logarit ca bnh trung gian, c tnh
theo cng thc:
9 , 13
5
30
ln
5 30
ln
min
max
min max

t
t
t t
t
tb
vi
C t
0
max
30 0 30
; C t
0
min
5 0 5
+ ng knh bnh trung gian ln tc mi cht trong bnh khng
ln nhm mc ch tch lng v tch du:
167 , 0
5 , 0 . 14 , 3
011 , 0 . 4
.
. 4

V
D
t m =167mm
Trong :
V - Lu lng th tch trong bnh, bng lu lng ht cp 2,m
3
/s
63
- Tc gas trong bnh, chn
=0,5m/s
Ta chn bnh trung gian c k hiu 40 C
3
, [TL2,312].
Bng 3-12 Thng s k thut ca bnh trung gian 40 3
C
Bnh TG
DxS
mm
d
mm
H
mm
Fox
m
2
V
bTG
m
3
M
kg
40 C
3
426x10 70 2390 1,75 0,22 330
Hnh 3-11 Bnh trung gian ca Cng ty SEAREE Nng
3. Chn bnh tch du:
Cng dng:
Cc my lnh khi lm vic lm vic cn phi tin hnh bi trn cc chi tit
chuyn ng nhm gim ma st, tng tui th thit b. Trong qu trnh my nn
lm vic du thng b cun theo mi cht lnh.Vic du b cun theo mi cht
lnh c th gy ra cc hin tng:
+ My nn thiu du, ch bi trn khng tt nn d chy, h hng.
+ Du sau khi theo mi cht lnh s ng bm cc thit b trao i nhit
nh thit b ngng t, thit b bay hi, lm gim hiu qu trao i nhit, nh
hng chung n ch lm vic ca ton h thng.
64
V vy tch lng du cun theo mi cht khi my nn lm vic, ngay
trn u ra ca my nn ngi ta b tr bnh tch du. Lng u c tch ra s
c a v bnh thu hi du.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Nhm m bo tch trit du b cun theo mi cht lnh, bnh tch du
c thit k theo nhiu nguyn l khc nhau nh sau:
+ Gim t ngt tc dng gas t tc cao (khong 18 25 m/s)
xung tc thp 0,5 1m/s. Khi gim tc t ngt cc git du mt ng
nng v ri xung.
+ Thay i hng chuyn ng ca dng mi cht mt cch t ngt.
Dng mi cht a vao bnh khng theo phng thng m a ngot theo nhng
gc nht nh.
+ Dng cc tm chn hoc khi m ngn cc git du. Khi dng mi
cht chuyn ng va vo cc vch chn, khi m cc git du b mt ng nng
v ri xung.
+ Lm mt dng mi cht xung 50 60
0
C bng ng xon trao i nhit
t trong bnh tch du.
+ Sc hi nn c ln du vo mi cht lnh trng thi lng.
y ta chn bnh tch du kiu nn chn.
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bnh tch du:
Hnh 3-12 Bnh tch du kiu nn chn
2
3
4
5
1
6
7
1 Hi vo
2 Vnh gia cng
3 Hi ra
4 Nn chn trn
5 - Ca hi x vo bnh
6 Nn chn di
7 - Du v bnh cha du
65
Nguyn l tch du kt hp r ngot dng t ngt, gim tc dng v
s dng cc nn chn. Dng hi t my nn n khi vo bnh r ngot 90
0
, trong
bnh tc dng gim t ngt xung khong 0,5 m/s, cc git du phn ln ri
xung pha di bnh. Hi sau thot ln pha trn i qua cc l khoan nh trn
cc tm chn. Cc git du cn ln s dc cc nn chn cn li.
dng hi khi vo bnh khng sc tung te lng du c tch ra
nm y bnh, pha di ngi ta b tr thm mt nn chn. Nn chn ny khng
c khoan l nhng ch gn vo bnh c cc khong h du c th chy v
pha di.
Ngoi ra ngoi cui ng dn hi bt kn khng x hi thng xung pha
di y bnh m hi c x ra xung quanh theo cc rnh x hai bn.
Tnh ton bnh tch du:
Bnh tch du phi m bo ln tc gas trong bnh t yu cu.
Xc nh ng knh trong D
t
ca bnh:
167 , 0
5 , 0 . 14 , 3
011 , 0 . 4 4

V
D
t m . Chn D
t
= 200m
Trong :
V lu lng th tch dng hi i qua bnh tch du, n bng lu
lng th tch ca my nn cao p, m
3
/s. Ta c V
ttCA
= 0,011m
3
/s.
- tc ca hi mi cht trong bnh, m/s. Tc hi trong bnh

nh tch cc ht du
= 0,5 1m/s. Chn

5 , 0
m/s.
4. Chn bnh tch lng
Cng dng, nguyn l lm vic:
ngn nga hin tng ngp lng gy h hng my nn, trn ng hi
ht v my nn ngi ta b tr bnh tch lng. Bnh tch lng s tch cc git hi
m cn li trong dng hi trc khi v my nn. Bnh tch lng lm vic theo
nguyn l tng t bnh tch du. im khc bit nht gia cc bnh l bnh
tch lng phm vi nhit lm vic khc. Bnh tch du lm vic nhit cao
66
cn bnh tch lng lm vic phm vi nhit thp nn cn bc cch nhit, bnh
tch du t trn ng ng y, cn bnh tch lng t trn ng ng ht.
Cu to bnh tch lng

Hnh 3-13 Bnh tch lng kiu nn chn
Tnh ton bnh tch lng:
Bnh tch lng phi m bo ln tc gas trong bnh t yu cu.
ng knh trong ca bnh D
t
:
276 , 0
5 , 0 . 14 , 3
03 , 0 . 4 4

h
t
V
D
m. Chn D
t
= 300 mm
Trong :
V
h
lu lng th tch dng hi i qua bnh tch lng, n bng lu
lng th tch ca my nn h p. V
ttHA
= 0,03 m
3
/s.
- tc ca hi mi cht trong bnh, m/s. Tc hi trong bnh

nh tch c cc ht lng,
= 0,5 1m/s
5. Bnh tp trung du
Trong h thng lnh NH
3
, du c thu gom v bnh thu hi du. Bnh thu
hi du c cu to ging bnh cha cao p gm cc b phn sau: thn bnh dng
tr, cc y elip, trn c lp b ng thy xem mc du, van an ton, ng h p
sut, ng du thu hi v, ng ni v ng ht v x y bnh.
thu hi du t cc thit b v bnh thu hi du, trc ht cn phi to p
sut thp trong bnh nh ng ni thng ng ht ca my nn. Sau m van x
du ca cc thit b du t ng chy v bnh. Du sau c x ra ngoi em
2
3
4
5
1
6
1 ng gas vo
2 Vnh gia cng
3 ng gas ra
4 Nn chn trn
5 - Ca hi x vo bnh
6 - Lng ra
67
x l hoc loi b, trc khi x du nn h h p sut trong bnh xung xp x p
sut kh quyn. Khng c p sut chn khng trong bnh khi x du, v nh
vy khng nhng khng x c du m cn lt kh khng ngng vo bn trong
h thng.
Cu to bnh tp trung du:
Hnh 3-14: Bnh thu hi du
1 Knh xem mc 4 - ng ni v ng ht
2 p k 5 - ng x du
3 Van an ton 6 - ng hi du v
6. Bnh tch kh khng ngng
Cng dng:
Khi lt kh khng ngng vo bn trong h thng lnh, hiu qu lm vic
v an ton ca h thng lnh gim r rt, cc thng s vn hnh c xu hng km
hn:
+ p sut v nhit ngng t tng,
+ Nhit cui qu trnh nn tng,
+ Nng sut lnh gim.
V vy nhim v ca bnh l tch cc kh khng ngng trong h thng
lnh, x b ra bn ngoi nng cao hiu qu lm vic, an ton h thng,
ng thi trnh khng c x ln mi cht ra bn ngoi.
Nguyn nhn lt kh khng ngng: Kh khng ngng lt vo h thng do
nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau:
5
4
1
3
2
6
BTG, BCCA
BTD
BTL
68
+ Do ht chn khng khng trit trc khi np mi cht lng, khi lp
t h thng.
+ Khi sa cha, bo dng my nn v thit b.
+ Khi np du cho my nn.
+ Khi phn hy du nhit cao.
+ Do mi cht lnh b phn hy.
+ Do r r pha h p, pha h p trong nhiu trng hp c p sut chn
khng, nn khi c vt r khng kh bn ngoi s lt vo bn trong h thng.
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
Bnh tch kh khng ngng hot ng trn nguyn tc lm lnh hn hp
kh khng ngng c ln hi mi cht ngng t ht mi cht, trc khi x kh
ra bn ngoi.
Kh khng ngng thng tp trung nhiu nht thit b ngng t, bnh
cha cao p. Khi dng mi cht n thit b ngng t, hi mi cht c ngng
t v chy v bnh cha cao p. Phn ln kh khng ngng c tch t ti thit
b ngng t, tuy nhin vn cn ln rt nhit mi cht lnh cha c ngng ht.
V vy ta chuyn hn hp kh n bnh tch kh khng ngng, tip tc c
lm lnh nhit thp hn ngng t ht mi cht lnh. Kh khng ngng
sau c x ra ngoi.
Hnh 3-15: Bnh tch kh khng ngng
Lng v
ng ht v my nn
Thng nc
Kkn+mc
SV2
Van chn
gim p
69
Cu to bnh tch kh khng ngng gm thn bnh hnh tr, cc y dng
elip, bn trn c b tr cc thit b nh van an ton, ng h p sut. Bn trong c
bnh c ng trao i nhit dng xon lm lnh v ngng t hi mi cht. Mi
cht sau khi ngng t c hi v pha trc tit lu tit lu lm lnh bnh.
7. Chn thp gii nhit
Cng dng v cu to thp gii nhit:
Nhim v ca thp gii nhit l thi ton b lng nhit do mi cht lnh
ngng t ta ra. Lng nhit ny c thi ra mi trng nh cht ti nhit trung
gian l nc. Nc vo bnh ngng c nhit 1 w
t
, nhn nhit ngng t tng
ln khong 5
0
C, ra khi bnh ngng c nhit 2 w
t
. Nc sau khi ra khi bnh
ngng c a sang thp gii nhit v phun thnh cc git nh. Nc nng
chy theo khi m xung, trao i nhit v cht vi khng kh i ngc dng t
di ln trn nh qut gi cng bc. Qu trnh trao i nhit v cht ch yu l
qu trnh bay hi mt phn nc v khng kh. Nhit nc gim 5
0
C v
xung nhit ban u 1 w
t
.
Thp c lm bng vt liu nha composit kh bn, nh v thun li lp
t. Bn trong c cc khi nha c tc dng lm ti nc, tng din tch v thi
gian tip xc. Nc nng c bm ti t trn xung, trong qu trnh phun, ng
phun quay quanh trc v ti u ln trn cc khi nha. Khng kh c qut ht
t di ln v trao i nhit cng bc vi nc. Qut c t pha trn ca
thp gii nhit. Pha di thn thp c cc tm li c tc dng ngn khng cho
rc bn ngoi ri vo bn trong b nc ca thp v c th tho ra v sinh y
thp. Thn thp c lp ghp t cc tm ri, v tr lp ghp to thnh gn lm cho
thn thp vng chc hn.
ng nc vo ra thp bao gm: ng nc nng vo, ng bm nc i,
ng x trn, ng x y v ng cp nc b sung.
70
Hnh 3-16: Cu to thp gii nhit.
1 - ng c qut gi; 2 - V thp; 3 - Chn bi nc; 4 Dn phun nc;
5 - Khi m; 6 - Ca khng kh vo; 7 - B nc; 8 - ng nc lnh cp lm
mt bnh ngng; 9 - ng nc nng t bnh ngng ra a vo dn phun
lm mt xung nh khng kh i ngc chiu t di ln; 10 Phin lc nc;
11 - Phu chy trn; 12 Van x y; 13 - ng cp nc vi van phao; 14 Bm nc.
Tnh chn thp ti nhit:
Cng sut gii nhit ca thp xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
k
= G
n
.C
n
. t
n
, W
Trong :
G
n
- Lu lng nc ca thp, kg/s.
C
n
- Nhit dung ring ca nc, C
n
= 4,186 kj/kg.K
t
n
- chnh lch nhit ca nc vo v ra thp gii nhit.
Lu lng nc qua thp gii nhit:
46 , 2
5 . 186 , 4
6 , 51
.

n n
k
n
t C
Q
G
kg/s =2,46 l/s
1
2
3
4
9
8
7
14
11
12
13
6 6
5
10
Bnh
ngng
71
Da vo lng nhit thi ra ca mi cht lnh NH
3
thit b ngng t ta
chn thp gii nhit. Trc ht ta quy nng sut nhit ra Ton.
Theo tiu chun CTI 1 Ton tng ng vi 3900 kcal/h.
Ta c:
2 , 11 W 6 , 51 k Q
k Ton
Tra bng 8-22, [TL2, 318], ta chn thp gii nhit kiu FRK-15 ca hng
Rinki vi cc thng s k thut sau:
Bng 3-13 Thng s k thut ca thp gii nhit Rinki kiu FRK-15
Lu lng nc nh mc 3,25 l/s
Chiu cao thp 1665 mm
ng knh thp 1170 mm
ng knh ng ni nc vo 50 mm
ng knh ng ni nc ra 50 mm
ng chy trn 25 mm
ng knh ng x 25 mm
ng knh ng van phao 15 mm
Lu lng qut gi 140 m
3
/ph
ng knh qut gi 630 mm
Mt qut 0,37 kW
Khi lng tnhz 52kg
Khi lng khi vn hnh 165 kg
n ca qut 50,5 dBA
72
3.4.5 Tnh chn ng ng mi cht
Ta c th tnh ton ng knh trong ca ng dn theo biu thc sau:
ch
i i
i
v m
D
.
. 4
, m
Trong :
m
i
Lu lng mi cht qua ng, kg/s.
v
i
- Th tch ring ca mi cht, kg/m
3
.
ch
- Tc dng chy trong ng, m/s.

Bng 3-14 Tc dng chy thch hp
, [TL2, 345].
ng ng

(m/s)
ng ht my nn 1520
ng y my nn 1525
ng dn lng mi cht 0,52
D
i
- ng knh ng dn th i, mm
Trong :
D
1
- ng knh ng ht v mi my nn pha h p.
D
2
- ng knh u y ca mi my nn pha h p.
D
3
- ng knh ng gp u y vo bnh trung gian.
D
4
- ng knh ng gp ht t dn lnh v.
D
5
- ng knh ng ht v ng gp t bnh trung gian.
D
6
- ng knh ng ht v mi my nn tm cao.
` D
7
- ng knh u y ca mi my nn tm cao.
D
8
- ng knh ng gp u y vo bnh ngng.
73
D
9
- ng knh ng dn gas lng t dn ngng.
Bng 3-15 ng knh ng mi cht
m
i
(kg/s)
ch
(m/s) v
i
(kg/m
3
) D
i
(mm) D
ch
(mm)
0,0165 15 0,92 34 40
0,0165 20 0,35 17 20
0,033 20 0,35 24 25
0,04 15 0,92 45 50
0,04 15 0,28 27 32
0,02 15 0,28 19 20
0,02 20 0,12 12 15
0,04 20 0,12 16 20
0,04 1 0,005 14 15
CHNG IV: LP T H THNG LNH
4.1 LP T KHO LNH
4.1.1 Gia c v xy dng nn mng kho
y l cng on quan trng nht ca qu trnh xy dng kho, n quyt
nh tnh vng chc v an ton ca kho lnh. Xung quanh mng c o xung
su 200mm. Sau xy b mng bng ch, tip theo ct bn trong dy
100mm v m cht. Sau mt lp b tng lt dy 100mm vi 4x6, ri
tip theo thm mt lp b tng chu lc dy 200mm vi 1x2 v xy con ln
thng gi cao 300mm bng gch th, khong cch gia cc con ln 200mm. Ch
l cc con ln phi dc v hai pha trnh ng sng, dc khong 2%.
4.1.2 Xy dng kt cu bao che cho kho
Sau khi xy dng nn mng xong, tin hnh xy dng kt cu tr ,
khung v lp mi tn. Sau khi cng vic hon tt th ta bt u xy dng phn
quan trng nht l lp ghp cc tm panel.
4.1.3 Lp ghp cc tm panel
74
Cc tm panel sau khi sn xut u c bc lp nilon bo v trnh xy
xc b mt trong qu trnh vn chuyn, lp t. Lp nilon ch nn d ra sau
khi lp t hon thin v chy th kho m bo thm m cho v kho.
Nguyn tc chung: Kho lnh c lp ghp t cc tm panel tiu chun
ch to sn. Vic lp ghp hai tm panel li vi nhau i hi chnh xc cao.
m bo kn trnh gy ra hin tng cu nhit kho lnh, cht lng cng
tnh tng v gim chi ph vn hnh.
Cch ghp hai tm panel li vi nhau: Khi ghp hai tm panel li vi
nhau, ta cn xc nh chiu ca cc tm panel to s gn khp gia cc kha
khi lp ghp. Sau p cht hai tm li vi nhau ri dng lc gic xoay kha
cam-locking li mng dng mc vo mng m. Sau dng inh riv c
nh cc tm li ri phun Silicon hoc Sealant vo khe ghp cch m.
Hnh 4-1: Nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca kha Cam - Blocking
Hnh 4-2: Mt ct mi ghp hai tm panel
Lp ghp gia panel nn v panel tng:
Cc tm panel c lp dc theo chiu di ca kho v t vung gc vi
cc con ln thng gi. Cc tm panel tng c t bao bn ngoi tm panel
6
5
4
3
2
1
1,4 - Tm panel
2 - Np nha
3 inh rive
5 Kha m
6 Kha dng
75
nn bn inh riv vo c nh, ti ming ghp bn trong gia tng v nn
cng c phun Silicon ri dng np inox hnh ch L (dy 2mm, rng 40mm)
np li sau bn inh riv gi c nh.
Hnh 4-3: Mt ct mi ghp gia panel tng v panel nn
1 2 5
1
125
2
3
4
1 - Tm panel tng
2 - Tm panel nn
3 - Np inox hnh ch L
4 - inh riv
76
Lp ghp panel trn vi panel tng:
Cc tm panel trn c t gi ln cc tm panel tng i din nhau
(tm tng c ct 2/3 theo chiu dy ca tm tng hnh ch L). Hai mp hai
bn c np bng np inox hnh ch L, sau bn inh riv gi c nh.
Hnh 4-4: Mt ct mi ghp gia panel tng v panel trn
trnh panel trn b vng, ta dng cc dm treo bng st gn cht vo
cc tm panel trn bng bulong, sau treo ln khung mi bng cc dy cp.
Hnh 4-5: Cch treo panel trn
Lp van thng p:
Do s bin ng v nhit nn p sut trong kho lun thay i, cn
bng p sut bn trong v bn ngoi kho ta gn trn tng cc van thng p. Nu
khng c van thng p khi p sut trong kho gim th rt kh khn khi m ca,
ngc li p sut trong kho tng th ca t ng m ra. Cc van thng p c
gn trn panel tng v cch trn khong 1m xung quanh van thng p ta gn
mt dy in tr si nng ca van trnh van b ng bng.
Lp ghp ca v mn chn kh:
Sau khi lp kt cu tng bao xong ta tin hnh lp ca v mn chn kh.
Xung quanh ch ghp ca ta cn lp khung bao quanh vin bng g dy 30mm,
4
1
2
3
1 Tm panel tng
2 - Np inox ch L
3 - Tm panel trn
4 inh riv
1
2
3
1 Khung dm thp treo mi
2 Tm treo
3 Thanh treo trn c tng
77
c chiu rng bng chiu dy ca tm panel v c bc li bng nha cng.
Mt ngoi ca thnh ca ta bc cao su mm tng kn, b tr dy in tr
si ca xung quanh trnh ca b ng bng. trnh tn tht nhit khi m
ca ta gn cc mn nha chn kh. Ca kho phi trang b b cht ca t m
chng nht ngi.
Lp t h thng chiu sng v h thng bo ng:
Khi lp t h thng chiu sng cn phi m bo sng trong kho
cng nhn lm vic d dng. Trong kho lp 24 bng n, mi bng 20 W v
c lp trn trn dc theo 2 li i. phng s c xy ra khi c ngi lm
vic trong kho gp s c, trong kho ta phi lp h thng ci bo ng t trong
kho ra ngoi v t ngoi vo trong kho.
4.2 LP T MY NN
- a my vo v tr lp t: Khi cu chuyn cn ch ch c mc vo
cc v tr c nh sn khng c mc ty tin vo ng, thn my gy try
xc v h hng my nn.
- Khi lp t my nn cn ch n cc vn : Thao tc vn hnh, kim
tra, an ton, bo tr, tho d, thi cng ng ng, sa cha, thng gi v chiu
sng thun li nht.
- My nn c lp t trn cc b mng b tng ct thp. B my phi
cao hn b mt nn ti thiu 100mm, trnh b t bn khi v sinh phng my. B
mng c tnh ton theo ti trng ng ca n, my c gn cht ln nn b
tng bng cc bulong chn sn, chc chn. Kh nng chu ng ca mng phi
t t nht l 23 ln ti trng ca my nn k c ng c.
- B mng khng c c lin vi kt cu xy dng ca ta nh trnh
truyn chn ng lm hng kt cu xy dng. chn ng khng truyn vo
kt cu xy dng nh, khong cch ti thiu t b my n mng t nht l
300mm. Ngoi ra nn dng vt liu chng rung gia b mng v mng nh.
- Cc bulng c nh my vo b mng c th c sn trong b tng trc
hoc sau khi lp t my hoc sau khi lp t my ri chn cng c. Phng
78
php chn bulng sau khi lp t my thun li hn. Mun vy cn sn cc l
c kch thc ln hn yu cu, khi a my vo v tr ta tin hnh lp bulng ri
sau cho va ximng vo c nh bulng.
- Sau khi a c my vo v tr lp t dng thc o mc (thng bng)
kim tra mc nm ngang, kim tra mc ng trc ca dy ai. Khng c
c y cc dy ai vo puli, nn ni lng khong cch gia cc ng c v my
nn ri cho dy ai vo, sau vn bulong y bn trt. Kim tra cng ca
dy ai bng cch n nu thy lng bng chiu dy ca dy l t yu cu.
Hnh 4-6: Nn mng cm my nn kho lnh
4.3 LP T CC THIT B KHC CA H THNG LNH
4.3.1 Lp t thit b ngng t
Khi lp t thit b ngng t cn ch vic gii nhit ca thit b, nh
hng ca nhit ngng t n xung quanh, kh nng thot mi cht lng v bnh
cha gii phng b mt trao i nhit.
mi cht lnh sau khi ngng t c th chy v bnh cha cao p, thit b
ngng t thng c lp t trn cao, trn cc b b tng, cc gi . y ta
t bnh ngng ngay trn bnh cha cao p thnh mt cm gi l cm Condensing
Unit.
B tng ct thp M200
St 8, a = 200
Nn gian my
Lp b tng dm
4x6 M150
Nn t m k
1 - Thanh treo dn lnh;2 - Panel tng; 3 Dn lnh; 4 - ng dn nc ngng
79
V tr lp t thit b ngng t cn thong mt cho php d dng thot
c nhit ra mi trng xung quanh, khng nh hng n con ngi v qu
trnh sn xut.
i vi bnh ngng t nm ngang c cu to tng i gn, tuy nhin khi
lp t cn lu dnh cc khong h hai u bnh c th v sinh bnh
trong thi k bo dng. Cc on ng ng nc gii nhit vo ra bnh d
dng tho d khi v sinh. thun li cho vic tun hon mi cht lnh bt buc
phi c ng cn bng p sut vi bnh cha. Bnh ngng cn c trang b ng
h p sut v van an ton vi p sut tc ng 19,5 kG/cm
2
. Cc np bnh v ni
cc ng nc vo ra phi c van x kh, bnh ngng c sn mu .
4.3.2 Lp t thit b bay hi
Khi lp t thit b bay hi cn ch n hng tun hon gi sao cho
thun li v thch hp nht. Tm vi ca gi thot ra dn lnh khong 10m. Khi
lp dn lnh cn phi khong h pha sau dn lnh mt khong t nht
500mm. ng thot nc dn lnh phi dc, u ra nn c chi tit c ngng
ngn nga khng kh nng trn vo kho gy tn tht nhit khng cn thit hoc
cc con vt chui vo lm tc ng. tng kh nng chu lc ta lp thm mt tm
panel, mt thanh st hnh ch L v dn lnh c gn cht nh bulong.
Hnh 4-7: Treo dn lnh trong kho
B
SV
3
2
4
1
80
4.3.3 Lp t van tit lu mng cn bng ngoi
Kim tra trc khi lp t van: nhit bnh thng nu bu cm bin,
ng mao v mi cht np trong trng thi bnh thng th van tit lu phi
m v c th thi th , van cho kh qua t do, nu khng l van hng.
V tr lp t: Van tit lu c lp trn ng cp dch vo dn lnh,gn
dn lnh v c t trong kho. Mi tn trn thn van phi cng hng vi
hng chuyn ng ca mi cht qua van. Ch khng ng mao tip xc vi
cc ng khc.
V tr c nh bu cm bin: Khi lp t van tit lu t ng phi ch
lp t bu cm bin ng v tr c nh. t ng hi ra ngay sau dn lnh v
m bo tip xc tt nht bng kp ng hoc nhm. trnh nh hng ca
nhit bn ngoi cn c bc cnh nhit bu cm bin cng ng ht c bu cm
bin. Khi ng ht nh th t bu cm bin ngay trn ng ht. Khng c qun
hoc lm dp ng mao dn ti bu cm bin.
4.3.4 Lp t cc thit b khc
Bnh tch du: c lp t ngay sau u y ca my nn v thng lp
t trn cao ca phng my. Nhit bnh rt cao nn lp t n v tr thong
gi gii nhit c tt.
Bnh tch lng: Lm vic nhit thp nn phi bc cch nhit. Khc
vi bnh tch du, bnh tch lng thng lp t ngoi gian my, trn cao ngay
trn bung lnh.
Bnh tch kh khng ngng: c lp t trn cao kh khng ngng t
dn ngng, bnh cha cao p c th i ln, thc hin lm lnh tch mt phn
mi cht cn li trc khi thi ra ngoi.
Cc bnh trung gian, bnh thu hi du, bnh cha cao p: Thng c
lp t ngay trong gian my thun li cho vic lp t ng ng v vn hnh.
Tt c cc bnh u c t trn cc b mng b tng chc chn, cao hn nn
phng my t nht 100mm.
81
Lp t van in t: Li st ca van in t chuyn ng ln xung nh
sc ht ca cun dy v trng lc nn van in t bt buc phi c lp trn
on ng nm ngang, cun dy ca van in t nm pha trn. Do van in t l
thit b hay b chy hng thng xuyn v cn phi c thay th nn trc v
sau van in t phi b tr cc van chn, nhm c lp van in t khi cn thay th
hoc sa cha.
Lp t van chn: Cc van chn h thng lnh cn c lp t ti v tr d
thao tc, vn hnh, c th nm trn ng nm ngang hoc thng ng, khi nm
trn cc on ng nm ngang th phi lp cc tay van ln pha trn khong h ca
cc van thao tc sa cha, tho lp van khi cn. Phng php ni van ch
yu l hn v ni bch, i vi van ni bch cn lu s dng cc m kn thch
hp. Cn i vi van ni bng phng php hn, khi hn ch trnh khng van
qu nng, lm hng roong bn trong van. V th khi hn c th tho cc b phn
chnh ca van hoc qun bng khn nhng nc gim nhit phn thn van.
Trn thn van c mi tn ch chiu chuyn ng ca mi cht, cn ch v lp t
ng chiu. Trng hp trn mt bnh c nhiu van, cc van cn lp thng hng v
ngay pha trn cc bnh, khng nn lp van v tr cao kh thao tc vn hnh.
Lp t phin sy, phin lc: Phin sy lng ng hi thng hay b tr
ngay u ht ca my nn loi tr cn bn i vo my nn, trn ng lng
thng lp trc van in t v c bit l van tit lu gi cho cc van ny
hot ng bnh thng khng b tc.
Lp t mt gas: Mt gas c lp t trn ng lng, sau phin sy lng,
trc van tit lu. Nu ng ga lng tng i ph hp vi ng knh mt ga c
th lp ngay trn ng ng. Nu ng gas ln phi lp trn ng ng nhnh
song song vi ng chnh.
4.3.5 Lp t ng ng
1. Lp t ng ng mi cht
Trong qu trnh thi cng v lp t ng ng mi cht cn lu cc
im sau:
82
+ Khng c bi bn, rc lt vo bn trong ng ng. Loi b cc
u nt ng, trnh b st rt nguy him.
+ Khng c ng ln thit b, ng ng, dng ng mi cht by di
di thit b, cc vt nng ln ng.
+ Khng dng gi hoc vt liu x, mm lau bn trong ng v x vi
st li gy tc b lc my nn.
+ Khng nc lt vo bn trong ng ng, ng trc khi lp t cn
ni kh ro, trong phng tt nht nn ng trn cc gi cao ro, chc chn.
+ Khng ta, gi cc thit b ln cc cm van, van an ton, cc tay van,
ng mi cht. Cc ng ng trong trng hp c th nn lp t trn cng mt
cao, b tr song song vi cc tng, khng nn i cho t gc ny n gc
khc lm gim tnh m quan ca cng trnh.
i vi ng mi cht NH
3
c ch to t thp p lc C20, kch c ng
ng c xem theo bng sau:
Bng 4-1: Quy cch ng ng thp p lc [TL4, 409].
K hiu 10A 15A 20A 25A 32A 40A
Kch c

21x3

24x3

27x3

34x3,5

38x3,5

51x3,5
K hiu 50A 65A 80A 90A 100A 125A
Kch c

60x3,5

76x4

89x4

104x5

108x5

140x7
+ Khi hn ng ng NH
3
: Trc khi hn cn v sinh k, vt mp theo
ng quy nh, v tr ng im hn nm ch d dng kim tra x l.
+ Cch nhit: Vic bc cch nhit ch c tin hnh sau khi kt thc
cng vic th kn v th bn h thng. Cch nhit ng ng thp l
polyurethane. Chiu dy ln khng ng sng nm trong khong
50200mm, ty thuc kch thc ng ng v nhit lm vic: ng cng ln
cch nhit cng dy, nhit cng thp th cch nhit cng dy. Cc lp cch
nhit ng ng nh sau: Sn chng g, lp cch nhit, giy du chng thm v
83
ngoi cng l lp inox hoc nhm bc thm m. Chiu dy c th cch nhit ph
thuc vo kch thc ng ng v nhit lm vic theo bng sau:
Bng 4-2:. Chiu dy cch nhit ng ng mi cht [TL4,410].
Thit b
Chiu dy cch nhit, mm
-40
0
C -33
0
C -28
0
C -15
0
C -10
0
C
- B lm lnh khng kh, thit b ph
- ng c ng knh d > 200mm
- ng c ng knh d = 50200mm
- ng c ng knh d < 50mm
150 200
150
100 150
75 150
150 200
100 150
100 125
50 100
125 150
100
75
50
+ Sn ng: ng ng NH
3
c sn mu theo bng sau:
Bng 4-3: Mu sc ng ng mi cht,[TL4, 410].
ng ng Mi cht
ng ht (p sut thp)
ng y (hi cao p)
ng dn lng
ng nc lm mt
Mu xanh da tri
Mu
Mu vng
Mu xanh l cy
Cc lu khi lp t ng ng NH
3
:
Cc ng ng khi lp t phi ch du v dch lng khi dng my
khng t chy v my nn, mun vy ng ng thng ng t my nn ln ng
gp phi i vng ln pha trn ng gp.
Trng hp ny s dng hai my nn chung mt dn ngng trnh nh
hng qua li gia cc my nn, u y phi lp t van mt chiu. Ngoi ra van
mt chiu pha u y cn c tc dng ngn nga lng ngng t chy ngc v
my nn v p lc cao pha dn ngng t khng tc ng lin tc ln clappe my
nn lm cho n chng hng. Tuy nhin gia cc ng ht c cc van thng ng
ht (van bypass) c th tr gip ln nhau khi mt trong hai my nn b ngp lng.
BTL
BTD
HP OP LP OP LP HP
84
Hnh 4-8: Lp t ng ng vo ra my nn
2. Lp t ng ng nc
ng ng nc trong h thng lnh s dng : Gii nhit my nn, thit
b ngng t, x bng, nc ch bin v x nc ngng cc loi.
ng ng nc gii nhit v x bng s dng ng thp trng km, bn
ngoi sn mu xanh nc bin.
i vi nc ngng t cc dn lnh v cc thit b khc c th s dng
ng PVC, c th bc hoc khng bc cch nhit, ty v tr lp t.
ng nc ch bin nn s dng ng inox bc cch nhit.
Trng hp ny cc my b tr song song ta cn phi lp t u vo
cc my van chn iu chnh lu lng nc thch hp cho cc my.
4.4 TH KN, TH BN V CHN KHNG H THNG LNH
Theo quy nh, p sut th cc thit b p lc nh sau: p sut th kn
bng p sut lm vic, p sut th bn bng 1,5 ln p sut lm vic. Trn c s
ta tin hnh th p sut cc thit b, th nghim h thng ta s dng kh N
2
,
tuyt i khng c s dng CO
2
v n s gy ra phn ng ha hc.
Tuy nhin cn lu , my nn v thit b c th bn ti ni ch to ri
nn c th khng cn th bn li ln na, m ch th h thng ng ng, mi hn.
Ta tin hnh th kn v th bn ng ng theo 3 bc:
Bc 1: Th vi p sut 35 kg/cm
2
pht hin cc mi h p sut
thp. Dng nc x phng th, kim tra cc mi hn. Lu kh nng r r
trn ng ng nguyn l rt t xy ra, v th nn kim tra ti cc mi hn, mt
85
bch, ni van trc. Nu th ht m khng pht hin vt x h m p sut vn
gim th kim tra trn ng ng nguyn. Nu pht hin c mi hn h th phi
nh du v tr, sau x ht kh ra. Tin hnh hn cc mi b h.
Bc 2: Nng p sut th ln gn p sut lm vic 1518 kg/cm
2
, sau
dng x phng th. ng thi kim tra cc mi hn, nh du v tr mi hn
b h. Sau x ht kh ra ngoi v hn cc mi h li.
Bc 3: Tip tc nng p sut th ln 30kg/cm
2
, ngm trong 24h th
bn cho h thng. sau 24 gi khng thy p sut gim th c th m bo vic th
bn, th kn. Sau ta tin hnh x ht kh trong h thng ra. Sau tin hnh
chn khng h thng.
Mt s lu khi th bng kh N
2
:
+ Khi ni vi bnh N
2
khng c ni trc tip m phi qua mt van gim p.
+ Khi th phi ng cc van ni vi cc rle p sut HP, LP v OP nu
khng c th lm hng thit b.
+ i vi mch c cc van in t, van tit lu t ng th phi m thng
mch bng tay.
+ Sau khi th m van x thi bi ra ngoi.
+ Mt iu cn lu l p sut trong h thng ph thuc nhiu vo nhit
mi trng, tc l ph thuc vo gi trong ngy, v vy cn kim tra theo mt
thi im nht nh trong ngy.
+ Khi pht hin r r cn loi b p lc trn h thng ri mi x l, tuyt
i khng c x l khi vn cn p lc.
+ Ch sau khi th xong hon chnh khng pht hin r r mi tin hnh
bc cch nhit ng ng v thit b.
Ngm 24h
86
Hnh 4-9 Phc th kn v th bn h thng
Chn khng h thng lnh:
S dng my ht chn khng chn khng h thng, ta tin hnh chn
khng h thng theo tng phn v tin hnh nhiu ln mi m bo ht kit
khng kh v hi m c trong ng ng v thit b. Duy tr p lc 50
75mmHg trong 24 gi, trong 6 gi u p lc cho php tng 50% nhng sau
khng tng.
4.5 NP MI CHT CHO H THNG LNH
4.5.1 Xc nh lng mi cht cn np
np mi cht trc ht cn xc nh lng mi cht cn np vo h
thng. Vic np mi cht qu nhiu hay qu t u nh hng n nng sut lnh
v hiu qu ca h thng.
- Nu np mi cht qu t: Mi cht khng cho hot ng bnh thng
ca h thng dn n dn lnh khng mi cht, nng sut lnh ca h thng
gim, ch lm lnh khng t (thi gian ko di, nhit khng t,). Mt
khc nu thiu mi cht lu lng tit lu gim do qu nhit tng lm cho
nhit u y tng ln.
- Np mi cht qu nhiu: Bnh cha khng cha ht mi cht, dn n
mt lng lng s nm trong thit b ngng t, lm gim din tch trao i nhit,
p sut ngng t tng, my nn c th b qu ti.
87
C nhiu phng php xc nh lng mi cht cn np. Tuy nhin trn
thc t cch xc nh hp l v chnh xc nht l xc nh lng mi cht trn
tng thit b khi h thng ang hot ng. mi mt thit b mi cht tn ti hai
trng thi: Pha trn l hi, di l lng, r rng s lng mi cht trng thi
lng mi ng k, cn khi lng trng thi hi khng ln nn ch cn xc nh
lng lng thit b khi h thng ang hot ng ch nhit bnh thng. Sau
c th nhn thm 10 15% khi tnh n mi cht trng thi hi.
Theo kinh nghim s lng phn trm cha mi cht lng trong cc thit
b c th nh sau:
+ Bnh cha cao p: 20%
+ Bnh trung gian t ng: 60%
+ Bnh tch du: 0%
+ Bnh tch lng: 20%
+ Dn lnh cp dch theo kiu tit lu trc tip: 30%
+ Thit b ngng t: 10%
+ ng cp dch: 100%
Khi lng mi cht trng thi lng trn ton h thng tnh theo cng thc:
i i i
V a G . .
1
Trong :
a
i
- S lng phn trm khng gian cha lng tng thit b, %.
V
i
Dung tch ca thit b th i, m
3
.
i
- Khi lng ring ca mi cht lng trng thi ca

thit b th i, kg/m
3
.
Khi lng mi cht ca h thng nhiu hn lng mi cht G
1
do cn
mt lng mi cht trng thi hi cc thit b, lng ny chim 10 15%
lng lng. V th lng mi cht cn np l:
G = G
1
.k
Trong :
k - H s d phng tnh ti lng mi cht trng thi hi
cc thit b, chn k = 1,15.
88
4.5.2 Np mi cht cho h thng lnh
y ta chn phng php np mi cht theo ng cp dch. Phng
php ny c c im sau:
- Np di dng lng, s lng np nhiu, thi gian np nhanh.
- S dng cho h thng ln.
Hnh 410 S np mi cht cho h thng
Quy trnh np gas gm hai giai on: Np mi v np b sung.
- Np gas mi (np vo bnh cha cao p): do h thng c chn khng
nn ta ch cn m van a v van chai gas, gas s t ng c ht vo bnh cha cao
p. Ta quan st trn knh xem mc gas trong bnh cha, ng thi kim tra trn ng
h p sut nu thy p sut khng tng na th dng li. Cho my chy th, kim tra
cc thng s nh p sut ht, p sut nn
- Np b sung: Khi thy lng gas trong h thng khng bng cch
quan st p sut ht, p sut nn, dng in hay in pth ta tin hnh np gas
b xung cho h thng. Np khi h thng ang hot ng, ta ng van a li. Sau
m van chai gas my nn ht gas vo h thng. Tin hnh kim tra ng
h p sut ht, knh xem mc ca bnh cha cao p. Nu mc dch trong bnh
khong 80% th dng li. Sau m van a ra, ng van chai gas li. Tip tc
kim tra p sut ca h thng nu thy gas th dng li.
Chai gas
Bnh cha cao p
Dn lnh
a
89
CHNG V: TRANG B T NG HA V VN HNH
H THNG LNH
5.1 TRANG B T NG HA
My nn l thit b quan trng nht trong h thng lnh, v vy n c
bo v rt nghim ngt. Khi cc iu kin lm vic khng t yu cu, h thng
bo v t ng ngt in dng my. My nn c bo v bi cc thit b sau:
- Bo v p sut: p sut cao HP, p sut du OP, p sut thp LP.
- Bo v qu dng v qu nhit (OCR).
- Bo v cc iu kin gii nhit khng tt:
+ Bo v p sut nc, lu lng nc.
+ Bo v khi bm gii nhit dn ngng ngng hot ng.
+ Bo v khi qut thp gii nhit khng lm vic.
+ Bo v bm gii nhit my nn.
- Bo v khi mt s thit b khc khng lm vic: My nn s t ng dng
khi mt thit b no khng lm vic chng hn nh qut dn lnh, bm nc lnh,
- Ngoi ra ta cn trang b in iu khin mc dch bnh trung gian v

iu khin nhit phng lnh.
iu khin mc dch bnh trung gian: iu khin mc dch bnh
trung gian ta s dng cc van phao in t. Mc dch bnh trung gian c
khng ch gia hai mc: Cc i v cc tiu. Khng ch mc cc i nhm bo
v my nn trnh ht m, gy ngp lng pha cao p. Mc cc tiu c khng
ch nhm m bo lng dch ti thiu trong bnh trung gian tng cng trao
i nhit cho ng xon. Khi mc dch trong bnh t mc cc i van phao pha
trn tc ng ngt in cun dy van in t cp dch cho bnh trung gian, khi
mc dch trong bnh s khng tng. Khi mc dch h xung mc cc tiu, van
phao tc ng m van in t v dch c tit lu vo bnh.
iu khin nhit phng lnh: i vi kho lnh bo qun, h thng
lnh hot ng hon ton t ng v c iu khin ng ngt theo nhit
90
phng. Khi nhit phng lnh t yu cu(bng nhit ci t ca thermostat),
thermostat tc ng ng van in t ngng cp dch cho dn lnh, my tip tc
hot ng nn p sut ht h xung, sau mt thi gian khi p sut ht xung thp,
rle p sut thp tc ng dng my. Khi nhit phng nng ln cao, thermostat
tc ng m van in t cp dch cho dn lnh, p sut ht tng ln v rle p sut
thp ng mch khi ng my nn. V nguyn tc, thermostat c th trc tip tc
ng mch iu khin ng my nn. Tuy nhin m bo an ton khi dng my
phi ht kit gas khi dn lnh nn ngi ta mi cho hot ng nh trn.
5.1.1 Trang b in ng lc
Mch in ng lc: cn gi l mch in ngun l mch in cp in
ngun chy cc thit b: My nn, bm, qut, i vi ng c v thit b
in ca h thng lnh do cng sut ln nn vic ng m cc ng c c thc
hin bng cc khi ng t. Cc thit b u c ng m v bo v bng cc
aptomat, tt c cc thit b u c rle nhit bo v qu dng. Cc thit b c
cng sut nh th dng ampe k ni trc tip vo mch in, cn thit b c cng
sut ln th ampe k c qua bin dng CT.
i vi ng c my nn qu trnh khi ng din ra nh sau: Khi nhn
nt START trn mch iu khin, nu khng c bt c s c no th cun dy
khi ng t MC c in v ng tip im thng m MC trn mch ng lc.
Trong khong 5 giy u tin (t rle thi gian), cun dy khi ng t (MS)
c in v tip im thng m MS ca n trn mch ng lc ng. Lc
my chy theo s sao, dng khi ng gim ng k. Sau thi gian t rle
tc ng ngt in cun MS v ng in cho cun MD, tng ng cc tip im
trn mch ng lc MD ng, MS m. My chuyn t s sao sang s tam
gic. i vi cc thit b c cng sut nh hn nh bm, qut dng khi ng
nh nn khng cn khi ng theo s sao tam gic nh my nn.
5.1.2 Mch in iu khin
1. Mch khi ng sao tam gic
Cc k hiu trn mch in:
91
MC, MS v MD - cun dy khi ng t s dng ng mch
chnh, mch sao v mch tam gic ca ng c my nn.
AX rle trung gian.
T rle thi gian.
Khi h thng ang dng, cun dy ca rle trung gian (AX) khng c
in, cc tip im thng m ca n trng thi h nn cc cun dy (MC),
(MS) v (MD) khng c in.
Khi nhn nt START khi ng my nn , nu h thng khng c s c
p sut cao, p sut du, p sut nc, qu nhit th cc tip im thng ng
HPX, OPX, WPX, OCR trng thi ng. Dng in i qua cun dy ca rle
trung gian (AX). Khi cun dy (AX) c in nh tip im thng ng AX mc
ni tip vi tip im MCX nn t duy tr in cho cun (AX). Tip im thng
m MCX ng khi khng c s c p sut nc bm gii nhit my nn.
Khi cun dy (AX) c in, tip im thng m AX th hai ca n s
ng mch in cho cc cun dy khi ng t (MC) v (MS) hoc (MD). Trong
thi gian 5 giy u (thi gian ny c th thay i ty ) rle thi gian T c in
v bt u n thi gian, mch cun dy khi ng t (MS) c in, my chy
theo s ni sao, cun (MD) khng c in.
Sau thi gian 5 giy, tip im ca rle thi gian nhy v ng mch cun
(MD) v mch cun (MS) mt in. Kt qu my chuyn t s ni sao sang
s tam gic.
Do cun dy (MC) ni vi cp tip im thng m MS, MD ni song
song nn d my c chy theo s no th cun (MC) cng c in.
Khi xy ra qu nhit (do my qu nng hay dng in qu ln) th c cu
lng kim ca rle qu nhit OCR nhy v ng mch n bo hiu s c bo
hiu s c ng thi cun (AX) mt in v ng thi cc khi ng t ca ng
c my nn mt in v my dng.
Nu xy ra mt trong cc s c p sut du, p sut cao hoc p sut nc
hoc nhn nt STOP th cun (AX) mt in v my nn cng s dng.
92
2. Mch bo v p sut du
Khi h thng ang hot ng bnh thng c cu lng kim ca rle p
sut du ng, cun dy rle trung gian (OP) mc ni tip vi n c in. Mch
in cun (OPX) v n (L) khng c in do tip im thng ng OP v
thng m OPX ang trng thi h.
Khi p sut du nh hn gi tr nh sn, dng in qua in tr sy du
ca rle v bt u t nng c cu lng kim, khi c cu lng kim nh ra cun
dy rle trung gian (OP) mc ni tip vi n mt in, ko theo cc tip im
thng ng OP ng li, cun dy rle trung gian (OPX) v n (L) c in.
Cun dy (OPX) c in ko theo tt c cc tip im thng ng ca n nh ra,
cun dy (AX) trn mch in khi ng my nn mt in v tc ng dng my.
Thng thng khi s c xy ra, cc mch in s c duy tr, ch khi x l
xong s c v nhn nt RESET mi c th khi ng li my nn. Mch in
cun s c (OPX) cng t duy tr thng qua tip im thng ng ca n. Nu
khng c mch ny th s rt nguy him v ngi vn hnh c th khi ng li
my nn ngay m khng n ang c s c p sut du.
Trn mch p sut du, ngi ta s dng tip im thng m ca cun dy
rle trung gian AX nh l iu kin mch p sut du c hiu lc. Mch s c
ca cun (OPX) ch c hiu lc khi cun dy (AX) c in, tc my nn ang hot
ng m mt p sut du. Trong trng hp khi khi ng my, do bm du cha
hot ng nn hiu p sut du s bng 0, nhng nh cun (AX) cha c in nn
mch s c p sut du cha c hiu lc v my vn c th khi ng c.
3. Mch gim ti
Mch gim ti trong s s dng gim ti trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi mi khi ng ang chy theo s sao, do dng khi ng rt ln
nn bt buc phi gim ti.
- Khi vn hnh do ph ti ln, ngi vn hnh mun gim ti bng tay.
- Lc chy bnh thng (ch tam gic) nhng p sut ht qu thp, h
thng hot ng khng hiu qu nn my chuyn sang ch gim ti .
93
Khi gim ti cun dy van in t (SV) c in v m ng thng du
tc ng ln c cu gim ti ca my nn gim ti.
Cng tc xoay COS trn s iu khin cho php la chn ch gim
ti bng tay MANUAL ngay lp tc, ch gim ti t ng AUTO hoc ngt
mch gim ti OFF.
Trong qu trnh khi ng khi ang chy theo s sao th my nn lun
gim ti v lc nay cun dy khi ng t (MS) ang c in, tip im thng
m ca n trn mch gim ti ng v cun (SV) c in.
Khi ch t ng AUTO, ch khi p sut ht nh hn gi tr dt trc
th s gim ti. Ngoi ra thi im bt k no cng c th gim ti my nn khi
xoay cng tc COS sang v tr MANUAL.
Khi my nn ang ch gim ti, n s sng bo hiu h thng ang
chy ch gim ti.
4. Mch bo v p sut cao
Khi h thng ang hot ng bnh thng, tip im ca rle p sut cao
HP m, n v cun (HPX) khng c in.
Khi p sut pha y ca my nn vt khi gi tr m ta ci t trc
khong 18,5 kG/cm
2
, tip im rle p sut HP ng (UP-ON), cun dy rle
trung gian (HPX)c in v n sng bo hiu s c. Lc ny cc tip im
thng ng HPX m ra. Trn mch khi ng cun (AX) mt in v tc ng
dng my nn.
Rle s c (HPX) cng t duy tr in cho n thng qua cc tip im
thng ng RES v tip im thng m HPX. Ch sau khi khc khc xong s
c v nhn nt RESET th cun (HPX) mi mt in.
5. Mch bo v qu dng
OCR biu th c cu lng kim ca rle nhit, nhit bnh thng c
cu lng kim ng tip im mch in cho cng tc t my nn v cun (AX).
Lc ny h thng c th khi ng lm vic.
94
Khi dng in chy qua ng c qu ln, my nn nng, c cu lng
kim ca rle nhit nh ra v mch in khi ng ca my nn mt in, c cu
lng kim nhy sang pha mch n v n sang bo hiu s c qu dng.
Khi xy ra s c qu dng phi i cho c cu lng kim ngui v nhy
v v tr bnh thng th mi c th khi ng li c. Mch bo v qu dng
phc hi qua nt RESET nh cc mch s c khc.
6. Mch iu khin v bo v bm, qut gii nhit
Mch in c tc dng chy cc bm qut gii nhit dn ngng v bo v
my nn khi p sut nc thp.
chy cc qut v bm gii nhit c th thc hin theo 2 ch :
Ch bng tay: Bt cng tc COS sang v tr MAN, nu khng c s c p
sut nc v s c qu dng ca cc bm qut (tip im WPX v OCR ng) cc
cun dy khi ng t ca cc bm qut c in v ng in cho ng c cc bm
qut.
Ch t ng: Bt cng tc COS sang v tr AUTO, ch t ng
bm qut s khi ng cng vi my nn. Sau khi nhn nt START trn mch
khi ng nu khng c bt c s c no th cun (AX) c in ng thi ng
tip im AX cp in cho cc cun dy ca cc khi ng t (MCP1), (MCP2),
(MCCF1) v (MCCF2) ca bm, qut gii nhit v bm, qut hot ng.
Khi mt trong cc thit b bm gii nhit my nn, bm v qut gii nhit
dn ngng khng lm vic th cun (MCX) mt in, my khi ng my nn
mt in v ngng my nn.
Bo v qu dng bm, qut gii nhit: Khi mt trong cc thit b gm bm
gii nhit my nn, bm gii nhit v cc qut gii nhit dn ngng b qu dng,
rle nhit nhy khi v tr thng ng v ng mch in cun dy rle trung
gian (AUX) v n sang bo s c. Cun dy s c (AUX) ng mch chung bo
hiu s c ng thi cun dy rle trung gian (MCX) mt in. Tip im thng
m ca n trn mch khi ng nh ra, cun (AX) mt in v my dng ngay lp
tc.
95
7. Mch bo v p sut nc
Trong h thng ny c hai bm: bm gii nhit dn ngng v bm gii
nhit my nn, v th tng ng s c 2 rle p sut nc WP1 v WP2 bo v .
Khi ang hot ng bnh thng, tip im ca cc rle p sut nc m,
cun dy rle thi gian T
2
khng c in.
Khi xy ra s c mt p sut nc ca mt trong hai bm th cun dy
rle thi gian T
2
c in v bt u m thi gian. Nu s c ko di qu thi
gian t (10 giy) tip im T
2
ng, cun (WPX) c in v n sng bo hiu
s c. Cun WPX t duy tr nh tip im thng ng ca n v tip im
RES.
ng thi vi bo hiu s c tip im thng ng ca WPX trn mch
khi ng nh ra, cun (AX) mt in v my dng.
Rle thi gian T2 rt quan trng, n c tc dng iu khin dng my khi
p sut nc thc s gim trong mt thi gian nht nh, m khng tc ng tc
thi. Trnh trng hp dng my do gim p sut tc thi khi c cc bt kh
trong dng nc hoc dao ng bt thng khc.
Sau s c p sut nc, mun khi ng li h thng phi nhn nt
RESET mi c th khi ng li my nn.
8. Mch iu khin nhit kho lnh
Nhit kho lnh c iu chnh hon ton t ng v iu khin ng
ngt cp dch thng qua dixell XR-60C.
M t chung v dixell XR60C:
XR60C c kch thc 32 x 74 mm l b iu khin cho cc h thng lnh
c nhit trung bnh hoc thp. Thit b c 3 r le ng ra kiu khin my
nn, b x (loi in tr hoc gas nng) v cc qut ca dn lnh. Thit b c 2
cm bin PTC ng vo, mt cho vic iu khin nhit , mt c t pha
trn dn lnh kim sot nhit kt thc vic x .
S u in ca dixell XR60C nh sau:
96
Hnh 5-1 S u in ca Dixell XR60C
9. Mch chung bo ng s c
Khi xy ra cc s c p sut hoc qu dng, mch in ca chung BZ c
in v chung reo bo s c. Khi ngi vn hnh phi nhn nt BELL STOP
ngng chung. Lc cun dy ca rle trung gian (BZX) c in v tip
im thng ng ca n nh ra, ngt in ca chung BZ.
Sau khi khc phc cc s c xong bm nt RESET, in i qua cun dy
ca rle trung gian (RES), tt c cc tip im thng ng RES ca n trn cc
mch s c s nh ra, lm mt in mch bo s c v h thng c th bt u
khi ng.
5.2 VN HNH H THNG LNH
5.2.1 Chun b vn hnh
Kim tra in p ngun khng c sai lch so vi nh mc 5%:
360V < U < 400V.
Kim tra bn ngoi my nn v cc thit b chuyn ng xem c vt g gy
tr ngi s lm vic bnh thng ca thit b khng.
97
Kim tra cht lng v s lng du trong my nn. Mc du thng phi
chim 2/3 mt knh quan st. Mc du qu ln v qu b u khng tt.
Kim tra mc nc trong cc b cha nc, trong thp gii nhit, trong b
dn ngng ng thi kim tra cht lng nc xem c m bo yu cu k thut
khng. Nu khng m bo th phi b b sung nc mi, sch hn.
Kim tra cc thit b o lng, iu khin v bo v h thng.
Kim tra h thng in trong t in, m bo trong tnh trng hot ng tt.
Kim tra tnh trng ng m ca cc van:
+ Cc van thng ng: Van x y cc bnh, van np mi cht, van by-
pass, van x kh khng ngng, van thu hi du hoc x v du, van iu ho cc
h thng, van x kh. Ring van chn ng ht khi dng my thng phi ng
v khi khi ng th m t t.
+ Tt c cc van cn li u trng thi m. c bit ch van u y
my nn, van chn ca cc thit b o lng v bo v phi lun m.
+ Cc van iu chnh: Van tit lu t ng, rle nhit, rle p sut, ch
c ngi c trch nhim mi c m v iu chnh.
5.2.2 Vn hnh
H thng lnh c thit k c hai ch vn hnh: Ch vn hnh t
ng (AUTO) v ch vn hnh bng tay (MANUAL).
1. Cc bc vn hnh t ng AUTO
- Bt aptomat ca t in ng lc, aptomat ca cc thit b ca h thng
cn chy.
- Bt cc cng tc chy cc thit b sang v tr AUTO.
- Nhn nt START cho h thng hot ng. Khi cc thit b s hot
ng theo trnh t nht nh.
- T t m van chn ht ca my nn. Nu m nhanh c th gy ra ngp
lng, mt khc khi m qu ln dng in ng c cao s qu dng, khng tt.
- Lng nghe ting n ca my, nu c ting g bt thng km sng bm
nhiu u ht th dng my ngay.
98
- Theo di dng in my nn. Dng in khng c qu ln so vi quy
nh. Nu dng in qu ln th ng van chn ht li hoc thc hin gim ti
bng tay.
- Quan st tnh trng bm tuyt trn thn my nn. Tuyt khng c bm
nn phn thn my qu nhiu. Nu ln qu th ng van chn ht li v tip tc
theo di.
- Tip tc m van chn ht cho n khi m hon ton nhng dng in
my nn khng ln qu quy nh, tuyt bm trn thn my khng nhiu th qu
trnh khi ng xong.
- Bt cng tc cp dch cho dn lnh, bnh trung gian.
- Kim tra p sut h thng:
+ p sut ngng t:
Vi NH
3
: P
k
< 16,5 kG/cm
2
(t
k
< 40
0
C).
+ p sut du:
P
d
= P
h
+ (23) kG/cm
2
.
- Ghi li ton b cc thng s hot ng ca h thng. C 30 pht ghi mt
ln. Cc s hiu bao gm: in p ngun, dng in cc thit b, nhit u
y, u ht v nhit tt c cc thit b, bung lnh, p sut u y, u
ht, p sut trung gian, p sut du, p sut nc.
- So snh v nh gi cc s liu vi cc thng s vn hnh.
2. Cc bc vn hnh bng tay (MANUAL)
- Bt aptomat tng ca t in ng lc, aptomat ca tt c cc thit b ca
h thng cn chy.
- Bt cc cng tc chy cc thit b nh bm, qut gii nhit, qut dn lnh,
thp gii nhit, sang v tr MANUAL. Tt c cc thit b ny s c chy trc.
- Bt cng tc gim ti my nn sang MANUAL gim trc khi chy my.
- Bm nt START cho my nn hot ng.
- M t t van chn ht v quan st dng in my nn nm trong gii
hn cho php.
99
- Bt cng tc cp dch dn lnh, bnh trung gian, ng thi quan st v
theo di cc thng s nh ch AUTO.
- Sau khi m hon ton van chn ht, nhng cc thng s nh dng
in, p sut ht, bm tuyt bnh thng th tin hnh ghi li cc thng s vn
hnh, c 30 pht ghi mt ln.
5.2.3 Dng my
1. Dng my bnh thng
H thng ang hot ng ch t ng:
Tt tt c cc cng tc cp dch cho dn lnh, bnh trung gian.
Khi p sut P
h
< 50 cmHg th nhn nt STOP dng my hoc i cho
rle p sut thp LP tc ng dng my.
ng van chn nt my nn.
Sau khi my dng hot ng c th cho bm gii nhit hoc qut dn
ngng chy thm 5 pht gii ht nhit cho dn ngng bng cch bt cng tc
chy bm, qut sang v tr MANUAL.
Ngt aptomat ca cc thit b.
ng ca t in.
H thng ang hot ng ch bng tay:
Tt tt c cc cng tc cp dch cho dn lnh, bnh trung gian.
Khi p sut P
h
< 50 cmHg th nhn nt STOP dng my.
Bt cng tc chy bm, qut sang v tr OFF dng chy cc thit b ny.
ng van chn ht.
Ngt cc aptomat ca cc thit b.
ng ca t in.
2. Dng my s c
Khi s c khn cp cn tin hnh ngay lp tc:
Nhn nt STOP dng my.
Tt aptomat tng ca t in.
ng van chn ht.
100
Nhanh chng tm hiu v khc phc s c.
Cn lu :
Nu s c r r NH
3
th phi s dng mt n phng c x l s c.
Cc s c p sut xy ra, sau khi x l xong mun phc hi chy li
cn nhn nt RESET trn t in.
Trng hp s c ngp lng th khng c chy li ngay. C th s dng
my khc ht kit mi cht trong my ngp lng ri mi chy li tip.
3. Dng my lu di
dng my lu di cn tin hnh ht nhiu ln ht kit mi cht
trong dn lnh v a v bnh cha cao p.
Sau khi tin hnh dng my, tt aptomat ngun v kho t in.
5.2.4 S c ngp lng
1. Ngp lng
Ngp lng l hin tng ht dch lng v my nn. Do trng thi lng
khng th nn c nn nu my nn ht lng vo xilanh th khi nn my nn s
b hng, nh gy tay quay, v xi lanh,
Nguyn nhn ca ngp lng l do:
- Ph ti qu ln, qu trnh si dn lnh mnh lit v hi cun lng ca
my nn.
- Van tit lu m qu ln hoc khng ph hp.
- Khi mi khi ng, do c lng nm sn trn ng ht hoc trong dn lnh.
- Van phao khng ch mc dch bnh trung gian hng nn dch trn v my nn.
- Mi cht khng bay hi dn lnh c: Do bm tuyt nhiu dn
lnh, nhit bung lnh thp, qut dn lnh hng,
2. X l ngp lng
a. Ngp lng nh:
Tt cp dch dn lnh v kim tra tnh trng ngp lng, ng thi kim tra
nguyn nhn gy ngp lng. Khi bit c nguyn nhn phi khc phc ngay.
101
Trong trng hp nh c th m van x kh tp cho mi cht bc hi ra
sau khi lm nng cacte ln 30
0
C, sau c th vn hnh tr li.
Trng hp nng hn, sng bt u bm thn cacte, nhit u ht
thp nhng nhit bm du trn 30
0
C th p dng cch sau:
Tt van in t cp dch. Cho my chy tip tc.
Khi p sut ht xung thp, m t t van chn ht ri quan st tnh
trng. Qua 30 pht d m ht van ht nhng p sut khng tng chng t dch
trong dn lnh bc hi ht.
M cp dch cho dn lnh h thng hot ng li v quan st.
b. Ngp lng nng
Khi quan st qua knh xem mi cht thy dch trong cacte ni thnh tng th
l lc ngp nng lp tc cho my ngp lng dng v thc hin cc bin php
sau:
Tt van in t cp dch.
ng van x my ngp lng.
S dng van by-pass gia cc my nn, dng my nn khng ngp lng
ht ht mi cht trong my ngp lng.
Khi p sut xung thp lm nng cacte my ngp lng cho bc ht mi
cht bn trong.
Quan st qua knh xem du mi cht lnh bn trong cacte.
Rt b du trong cacte.
Np du mi c lm nng ln 3540
0
C.
Khi hon ton m van x v cho my hot ng li, theo di v kim tra.
5.3 BO DNG H THNG LNH
5.3.1 Bo dng my nn
Vic bo dng my nn l cc k quan trng m bo cho h thng hot
ng c tt, bn, hiu sut lm vic cao nht, c bit i vi cc my c cng
sut ln.
102
My lnh d xy ra s c trong ba thi k: Thi k ban u khi mi chy
th v thi k xy ra cc hao mn cc chi tit my.
C sau 6.000 gi hoc sau mt nm my chy th phi bo dng my
mt ln. D my t chy th cng phi bo dng.
Cc my dng lu ngy, trc khi chy phi kim tra.
Cng tc i tu v kim tra bao gm:
Kim tra kn v tnh trng ca cc van x, van ht my nn.
Kim tra bn trong my nn, tnh trng du cc chi tit my c b hoen
r, lau chi cc chi tit. Trong cc k i trung gian cn phi tho cc chi tit, lau
chi v thay mi.
Th tc ng ca cc thit b iu khin HP, OP, WP, LP v b phn
cp du.
Lau chi v sinh b lc ht my nn.
Kim tra h thng nc gii nhit.
5.3.2 Bo dng thit b ngng t
Tnh trng lm vic ca thit b ngng t nh hng nhiu n hiu sut
lm vic ca h thng, an ton, bn ca thit b.
Bo dng thit b ngng t bao gm cc cng vic sau:
V sinh b mt trao i nhit.
X du tch t bn trong thit b.
Bo dng cn chnh bm, qut gii nhit.
X kh khng ngng thit b ngng t.
V sinh b nc, x cn.
Kim tra, thay th cc vi phun nc, cc tm chn nc.
Sn sa bn ngoi.
Sa cha thay th cc thit b in, cc thit b an ton v iu
khin lin quan.
5.3.3 Bo dng thit b bay hi
X bng dn lnh.
103
Bo dng qut dn lnh.
V sinh dn trao i nhit: Cho ngng h thng, dng chi qut sch hoc
ra bng nc.
V sinh mng nc dn lnh.
Kim tra bo dng cc thit b o lng v iu khin.
5.3.4 Bo dng van tit lu
nh k kim tra van v qu nhit ca mi cht, s tip xc v tnh
trng cch nhit bu cm bin, ng mao.
5.3.5 Bo dng thp gii nhit
V sinh thp gii nhit nhm nng cao hiu qu gii nhit cho dn ngng.
Qu trnh bo dng bao gm cc cng vic sau:
Kim tra hot ng ca cnh qut, ng c, bm, trc ria phn phi nc.
nh k v sinh li nha tn nc.
X cn bn y thp, v sinh v thay nc mi.
Kim tra dng hot ng ca bm, qut, tnh trng lm vic ca van phao.
5.3.6 Bo dng bm
Kim tra tnh trng lm vic, bc trc, m kn nc, bi trn trc bc.
Kim tra p sut trc v sau m bo b lc khng b tc.
Kim tra dng in v so snh vi mc bnh thng.
5.3.7 Bo dng qut
Kim tra n v rung ng bt thng.
Kim tra bc trc v b sung du m.
V sinh cnh qut.
104
CHNG VI: S B GI THNH CA CNG TRNH
6.1 CHI PH CHO KHO LNH
Bng 6-1 Tnh gi thnh lp t kho
STT Ph kin S lng n gi, Thnh tin,
1 Panel 1120m
2
600.000/m
2
672.000.000
2 Nn mng kho 400m
2
400.000/m
2
160.000.000
3 Tr st 12 tr 500.000 /tr 6.000.000
4 Khung st chu lc 12 khung 1.000.000/khung 12.000.000
5 Tn lp mi 700m
2
60.000/m
2
42.000.000
6 Ca ln kho 1 ca 3.000.000/ca 3.000.000
7 Ca nh kho 2 ca 2.000.000/ca 4.000.000
8 Keo silicon 200 ng 25.000/ng 5.000.000
9 Np inox 400 m 15.000/m 6.000.000
10 inh tn Riv 25 hp 20.000/hp 500.000
11 Thanh st treo trn L 6 thanh 200.000/thanh 1.200.000
12 Chi ph khc 50.000.000 50.000.000
TNG CNG 961.700.000
Cc chi ph khc bao gm cc chi ph cho cc thit b nh: van thng p,
ng h o nhit , bng in trong kho, cc tm palet xp hng trong kho,
bng in, mn chn kh, bo h lao ng cho cng nhn, tng bao ngoi kho
lnh
105
6.2 CHI PH CHO MY V THIT B
Bng 6-2 Bng gi thnh mua my v thit b
STT Ph kin S lng n gi, Thnh tin,
1 My nn 2 ci 250.000.000/ci 500.000.000
2 Bnh ngng t 1 ci 10.000.000/ci 20.000.000
3 Dn lnh 3 ci 15.000.000/ci 45.000.000
4 Van tit lu nhit 3 ci 2.000.000/ci 6.000.000
5 Bng iu khin 1 ci 30.000.000/ci 30.000.000
6 Thp gii nhit 1 ci 30.000.000/ci 30.000.00
7 Cc thit b khc 50.000.000
TNG CNG 725.000.000
Cc thit b khc bao gm cc bnh cha nh bnh cha cao p, bnh trung
gian, bnh, bnh tch du, tch lng, bnh tch kh khng ngmg, bnh tp trung
du, cc loi van an ton, van mt chiu,van chn, ng ng, bc cch nhit
6.3. CHI PH CHO NHN CNG
Tng chi ph cho nhn cng d tnh : 50.000.000
6.4. CC KHON CHI PH KHC
- Ph thit k v gim st: 50.000.000
- Ph pht sinh thm: 50.000.000
Tng s tin cn cho vic xy dng kho lnh l 1.865.000.000
106
KT LUN V KIN XUT
Qua t thc tp v lm n tt nghip ti c dp tip cn vi thc t,
ng thi lm quen vi vic p dng nhng kin thc hc vo thc t. T ti
cng c nghin cu k v ngnh k thut lnh v vai tr ca n trong i sng x
hi.
Kt lun:
Theo ti ngnh k thut lnh c vai tr rt ln trong nn kinh t ca nc ta.
K thut lnh c ng dng rt rng ri trong ngnh sn xut cng nghip, c bit
trong ngnh ch bin thy sn ng lnh xut khu. Nhng mc ng dng vn
cn hn ch trong mt s ngnh nht nh. Nc ta ch yu l sn xut nng nghip
nhng vic p dng k thut lnh vo nng nghip th rt t, hn ch. Nn vic
nghin cu v p dng k thut lnh vo mt s ngnh kinh t khc l rt cn thit.
xut kin:
- Do din tch ca cng ty b hn ch nn vic xy dng phi tht chnh
xc khng lm nh hng n cc khu khc.
- Cn nghin cu, kho st k a cht khu vc xy dng kho lnh nu cn
phi ng cc tre gia c nn mng.
- Vic tnh ton nhit ti kho lnh cng nh ch lm vic ca h thng
c thit k trong trng hp khc nghit nht nhm m bo cho h thng hot
ng mt cch an ton nht.
107
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Nguyn c Li - Phm Vn Ty. K thut lnh c s, NXB Gio
Dc.
2. Nguyn c Li. Hng dn thit k h thng lnh, NXB khoa hc v
k thut H Ni 2002.
3. Trn c Ba. Cng ngh lnh thy sn.
4. inh Vn Thun V Ch Chnh. H thng my v thit b lnh, NXB
khoa hc v k thut H Ni 2006.
5. Nguyn Xun Tin. Tnh ton thit k h thng lnh, NXB khoa hc
v k thut H Ni.
6. Trn Thanh K. My lnh, NXB i hc quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.

Do An Tot Nghiep - Nguyen Viet Thai 45nl

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BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO

TRNG AI HOC NHA TRANG

- h s s dng din tch cc bung cha, tnh c ng i v

ph thuc vo din tch bung v ly theo

- h s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit, W/mK.

- h s ta nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi ti vch, W/m

- h s ta nhit ca vch bung lnh vo bung lnh, W/m

- h s dn nhit ca lp vt liu th i, W/mK.

- h s ta nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi b mt tng kho, W/m

- khi lng ring ca khng kh,

3.4 TNH CHN MY NN V THIT B TRAO I NHIT

l hiu sut ch th c tnh theo cng thc:

Th tch ht l thuyt cao p:

- hiu sut ch th pha cao p c xc nh theo cng thc:

- hiu sut truyn ng ca khp, ai, ta ly td

- hiu sut ng c lp t, chn dc

- Tc gas trong bnh, chn

- tc ca hi mi cht trong bnh, m/s. Tc hi trong bnh

= 0,5 1m/s. Chn

- tc ca hi mi cht trong bnh, m/s. Tc hi trong bnh

- Tc dng chy trong ng, m/s.

- Khi lng ring ca mi cht lng trng thi ca

- Ngoi ra ta cn trang b in iu khin mc dch bnh trung gian v

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