BI TP CU TO CHT Cu 1: 1. So snh, c gii thch. a. ln gc lin kt ca cc phn t: CH4; NH3; H2O. H2O; H2S. b.

b. Nhit nng chy ca cc cht : NaCl; KCl; MgO c. Nhit si ca cc cht : C2H5Cl; C2H5OH; CH3COOH 2. i vi cc phn t c cng thc tng qut AXn (n 2 ), lm th no xc nh phn t phn cc hay khng phn cc ? 3.Hy gii thch ti sao PbI2 ( cht rn mu vng) tan d dng trong nc nng, v khi ngui li kt ta di dng kim tuyn ng nh ? Cu 2 : Xt cc phn t BF3, NF3 v IF3. Tr li cc cu hi sau : 1. Vit cng thc chm electron Lewis ca cc cht trn 2. Da vo thuyt lai ha obitan nguyn t hy cho bit tr ng th i lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm v dng hnh hc ca mi phn t 3. Xc nh xem phn t no l phn cc v khng phn cc. Gii thch kt qu chn Cu 3:Cho hai nguyn t A v B c tng s ht l 65 trong hiu s ht mang in v khng mang in l 19. Tng s ht mang in ca B nhiu hn ca A l 26. a) Xc nh A, B; vit cu hnh electron ca A, B v cho bit b 4 s lng t ng vi electron sau cng trong nguyn t A, B. b) Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong HTTH. c) Vit cng thc Lewis ca phn t AB2, cho bit dng hnh hc ca phn t, trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm? d) Hy gii thch ti sao phn t AB2 c khuynh hng polime ho? CU 4 1. Vit cng thc cu to Lewis, nu trng thi lai ha v v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t sau: (a) B2H6 (b) XeO3 (c) Al2Cl6 Gii thch v sao c Al2Cl6 m khng c phn t B2F6? Trnh by cu to ca cc ion sau: O + , O 2 theo thuyt MO (cu hnh electron, cng thc cu to). 2 2 Nhn xt v t tnh ca mi ion trn. So snh v gii thch ngn gn phn cc (momen lng cc) ca cc cht sau: NH3, NF3, BF3. 4. Ha tan 2,00 gam mui CrCl3.6H20 vo nc, sau thm lng d dung dch AgNO3 v lc nhanh kt ta AgCl cn c 2,1525 gam. Cho bit mui crom ni trn tn ti di dng phc cht. 4.1. Hy xc nh cng thc ca phc cht . 4.2. Hy xc nh cu trc (trng thi lai ha, dng hnh hc) v nu t tnh ca phc cht trn. CU 5: Cho biet trang thai lai hoa cua ngt trung tam va dang hnh hoc cua cac phan t sau : H2O , H2S , H2Se , H2Te . - Hay sap xep theo chieu tang dan o ln goc lien ket va giai thch s sap xep o. - Tai sao ieu kien thng H2O the long,con H2S , H2Se , H2Te the kh? - Hay sap xep theo chieu tang dan tnh kh cua cac chat tren.Giai thch. Cu 6 1. X, Y l hai phi kim. Trong nguyn t X, Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in ln lt l 14 v 16. Hp cht A c cng thc XYn, c c im: - X chim 15,0486% v khi lng - Tng s proton l 100 - Tng s ntron l 106 a. Xc nh s khi v tn nguyn t X, Y. Cho bit b bn s lng t ca e cui cng trn X, Y

2. 3.

b. Bit X, Y to vi nhau hai hp cht l A, B. Vit cu trc hnh hc v cho bit trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm ca A, B. c. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia A vi P2O5 v vi H2O Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia B vi O2 v vi H2O 2. Cho bit tr s nng lng ion ho th nht I1(eV) ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k II nh sau: Chu k II Li I1 (eV) 5,39 Be 9,30 B 8,29 C 11,2 6 N 14,54 O 13,6 1 F 17,41 Ne 21,55

Nhn xt s bin thin nng lng ion ho th nht ca cc nguyn t trn. Gii thch. Cu 7. Nguyn t C c electron cui cng ng vi 4 s lng t: n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, ms = -1/2 Hai nguyn t A, B vi ZA < ZB < ZC ( Z l in tch ht nhn ). Bit rng: - tch s ZA. ZB. ZC = 952 -t s ( ZA + ZC ) / ZB = 3. 1. Vit cu hnh electron ca C, xc nh v tr ca C trong bng H thng tun hon, t suy ra nguyn t C? 2. Tnh ZA, ZB. Suy ra nguyn t A, B? 3. Hp cht X to bi 3 nguyn t A, B, C c cng thc ABC. Vit cng thc cu to ca X. trng thi lng, X c tnh dn in.Vy X c hnh thnh bng cc lin kt ha hc g? Cu 8 1) Cho X, Y l 2 phi kim trong nguyn t X v Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in ln lt l 14 v 16. bit trong hp cht XYn . X chim 15,0486 % v khI lng . Tng s proton l 100 . Tng s ntron l 106 a. Xc nh s khi v tn X, Y b. Xc nh CTCT XYn v cho bit kiu lai ha ca nguyn t X dng hnh hc ca XYn. c. Vit phng trnh phn ng gia XYn vi P2O5 v vi H2O 2) a. Ti sao SiO2 l mt cht rn nhit phng nng chy 1973K trong khi CO2 li l cht kh nhit phng nng chy 217K b. Cht dicloetilen (C2H2Cl2) c ba ng phn k hiu X,Y,Z - Cht X khng phn cc cn cht Z phn cc - Cht X v cht Z kt hp vi Hidro cho cng sn phm X (hc Z) + H2 Cl - CH2 - CH2 Cl . Vit cng thc cu to X, Y, Z . Cht Y c momen lng cc khng ? Cu 9: 1. Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng vi thng s mng a = 0,534 nm.Tnh bn knh nguyn t cng ha tr ca Silic v khi lng ring (g.cm-3) ca n. Cho bit MSi= 28,086 g.mol-1. Kim cng c cu trc lp phng tm din, ngai ra cn c 4 nguyn t nm 4 hc t din ca mng c s. 2. C cc phn t XH3 2.1. Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca cc phn t PH3 v AsH3. 2.2. So snh gc lin kt HXH gia hai phn t trn v gii thch. 2.3. Nhng phn t no sau y c moment lng cc ln hn 0 ? BF3, NH3, SiF4, SiHCl3, SF2, O3. Cho bit Zp = 15, ZAs = 33, ZO = 16, ZF = 9, ZCl = 17, ZB = 5, ZN = 7, ZSi = 14, ZS = 16. Cu 10 Cho b bn s lng t ca electron cht cng trn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t A, X, Z nh sau: A: n = 3, l = 1, m = - 1, s = -1/2 X: n = 2, l = 1, m = - 1, s = -1/2 Z: n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1/2 1 Xc nh A, X, Z. 2 Cho bit trng thi lai ho v cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau: ZA2, AX2, AX32-, AX42-.

3 Bng thuyt lai ho gii thch s to thnh phn t ZX. Gii thch v sao ZX c moment lng cc b. Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t phc trung ho Fe(CO)5 bng thuyt VB. 4 Gii thch v sao AX32- li c kh nng ho tan A to thnh A2X32-. CU 11 (1) Cho bit s bin i trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t Al trong phn ng sau v cu to hnh hc ca AlCl3, AlCl . 4 AlCl3 + Cl AlCl 4 (2) Biu din s hnh thnh lin kt phi tr trong cc trng hp sau: (o): Sn phm tng tc gia NH3 v BF3. (b): Sn phm tng tc gia AgCl vi dung dch NH3. (3): Gii thch s khc nhau v gc lin kt trong tng cp phn t sau: (a) S O v Cl 103o Cl Cl 111o Cl (b) O O v o F 103 15 F Cl 111o Cl

Cu 12 1.

2. 3.

Cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t X l 5p5. T s ntron v in tch ht nhn bng 1,3962. S ntron ca X bng 3,7 ln s ntron ca nguyn t thuc nguyn t Y. Khi cho 4,29 gam Y tc dng vi lng d X th thu c 18,26 gam sn phm c cng thc l XY. Hy xc nh in tch ht nhn Z ca X v Y v vit cu hnh electron ca Y tm c. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc ca hp cht XCl3. Bn knh nguyn t Cobalt l 1,25. Tnh th tch ca n v ca tinh th Co nu trong 1 trt t gn xem Co kt tinh dng lp phng tm mt.

Cu 13. A, B l 2 nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca bng tun hon trong B c tng s lng t ( n + l ) ln hn tng s lng t ( n + l ) ca A l 1. Tng s i s ca b 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng ca cation A a + l 3,5. a)Xc nh b 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng trn A, B. b)Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh tn ca A, B. Cu 14: 1) Cho cc cht sau y: CO2 , SO2 , C2H5OH, CH3COOH, HI Hy cho bit cht no c nhit si cao nht? Gii thch? 2) Dng thuyt ni ha tr, hy cho bit c cu lp th (biu din bng hnh v) v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm ca cc phn t v ion sau: H2SO4 , [Ni(CN)4]2- , ICl3 , XeF4 Cu 15: a. Hy cho bit cu trc hnh hc , kiu lai ha ca cc phn t : SF6 , XeF2 , OF2 b. Da vo cu hnh electron ca uran [Rn]5f36d17s2. Hy cho bit hai hp cht X,Y ca uran vi flo , cho bit ti sao c c 2 hp cht ny . Hon thnh phn ng sau ClF3 + A B + Cl2 c. Ti sao ozon tan nhiu trong nc , nhng oxi t tan trong nc Cu 16: Nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim A c electron cui cng c b 4 s lng t tha mn m + l = 0 v n + ms = 3/2 ( quy c cc gi tr m t thp n cao ) 1. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, gi tn nguyn t A. Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to ca phn t A 2. Kim chng s lin kt v tnh cht thun t ca A2 bng cu hnh electron ca phn t. 2. Ion A3B2- v A3C2- ln lt c 42 v 32 electron 2.1. Tm 2 nguyn t B v C ( s hiu nguyn t, tn, k hiu ) 2.2. Dung dch mui ca A3B2- v A3C2- khi tc dng vi axit clohidric cho kh D v F tng ng. - M t dng hnh hc ca phn t D v E. - Nu phng php ha hc phn bit D v E. - Kh no trong 2 kh c th kt hp vi O2 ? Ti sao? Cu 17 1. So snh bn knh ca cc ht sau: Al, Al3+, Na, Na+, Mg, Mg2+, F-, O2-.

2. Trong s cc cu trc c th c sau y: a) Ca ICl4(-):

Cl Cl .. I .. (a) Cl Cl Cl Cl .. I .. (b) Cl Cl . . Te Cl Cl (c) Cl Te .. (d) F F F F Cl .. (g) F .. Cl Cl Cl Cl

b) Ca TeCl4:
Cl

c) Ca ClF3:
F .. .. Cl F F .. Cl .. F () (e)

nhng cu trc no c kh nng tn ti u tin hn? V sao? 3. Ti sao nc nh hn nc lng? (c v hnh minh ha) Cu 18. 1. Hy cho bit dng hnh hc v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm i vi phn t H2O v H2S. So snh gc lin kt trong 2 phn t v gii thch. 2. Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 3 nh sau, hy nhn xt v gii thch: Nguyn Na Mg Al Si P S Cl t Bn knh ( A )
o

1,86

1,60

1,43

1,17

1,10

1,04

0,99

3. Kh N2 v kh CO c mt s tnh cht vt l ging nhau nh sau: Nng lng phn ly Khong cch gia cc Nhit nng chy o phn t (kJ/mol) ht nhn ( A ) (oC) N2 945 1,10 210 CO 1076 1,13 205 Da vo cu hnh MO ca phn t N2 v phn t CO gii thch s ging nhau . 4. Gii thch bn phn t v tnh kh ca cc hp cht hydrohalogenua.