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Login Required (What is My Favorites?) 'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need an account to use 'My Favorites'. C s ca qu trnh thanh trng hp thc phm Module by: ThS. L M Hng. E-mail the author Summary: Trong sn xut hp thc phm, thanh trng l mt qu trnh quan trng, c tc dng quyt nh ti kh nng bo qun v cht lng ca thc phm. y l bin php ct gi thc phm theo nguyn l tiu dit mm mng gy h hng thc phm (nguyn tc nh ch s sng) bng nhiu phng php khc nhau: dng dng in cao tn, tia ion ha, siu m, lc thanh trng v tc dng ca nhit . CC H VI SINH VT TRONG HP Cc h vi sinh vt tn ti trong hp nguy him nht l cc loi vi khun, sau mi n nm men v nm mc. Vi khun Cc loi vi khun ph bin nht thng thy trong hp.

a. Loi hiu kh + Bacillus mesentericus : c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt rau. Nha bo b ph hy 1100C trong 1 gi. Loi ny c trong tt c cc loi hp, pht trin nhanh nhit quanh 370C. + Bacillus subtilis : c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 1000C trong 1 gi, 1150C trong 6 pht. Loi ny c trong hp c, rau, tht. Khng gy mi v l, pht trin rt mnh 25 - 350C. b. Loi k kh + Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng. N phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH3, ri thi NH3,, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2. Nha bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c c t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Loi ny c trong mi hp, pht trin rt mnh 27 - 580C. Nhit ti thch l 370C. + Clostridium putrificum: l loi vi khun ng rut, c nha bo, khng gy bnh. Cc loi nguyn liu thc vt khng mnh vi Clostridium putrificum v c phitonxit. Loi ny c trong mi hp, nhit ti thch l 370C. c. Loi va hiu kh va k kh + Bacillus thermophillus: c trong t, phn gia sc, khng gy bnh, c nha bo. Tuy c rt t trong hp nhng kh loi tr. Nhit ti thch l 60 - 70oC. + Staphylococcus pyrogenes aureus : c trong bi v nc, khng c nha bo. Thnh thong gy bnh v sinh ra c t, d b ph hy 60 - 70oC. Pht trin nhanh nhit thng. d. Loi gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t + Bacillus botulinus : cn c tn l Clostridium botulinum. Triu chng gy bi lit rt c trng : lm c s iu tit ca mt, ri lm lit cc c iu khin bi thn kinh s, sau ton thn b lit. Ngi b ng c sau 4 - 8 ngy th cht. Loi ny ch b nhim khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh v thanh trng ti thiu. Nha bo c kh nng khng mnh: 100oC l 330 pht, 115oC l 10 pht, 120oC l 4 pht. c t b ph hy hon ton khi un nng 80oC trong 30 pht. + Salmonella: thuc nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha bo nhng c c t. 2. Nm men, nm mc + Nm men: ch yu l Saccharomyces ellipsoides, hin din rng khp trong thin nhin. Nm men thng thy trong hp c cha ng. Bo t ca nm men khng c kh nng chu ng c nhit cao, chng c th cht nhanh nhit 60oC. + Nm mc : t thy trong hp. Ni chung men, mc d b tiu dit nhit thp v d loi tr bng cch thc hin v sinh cng nghip tt. PHNG PHP THANH TRNG VT L Thanh trng bng tia ion ha Nguyn l Tc dng dit trng ca cc tia ion ha l thay i cu trc ca mt s phn t protein ca t bo vi sinh vt v lm ion ha dung mi. Hiu qu thanh trng ca tia ion ha ph thuc vo thi gian x l, chiu dy ca thc phm v lng vi sinh vt nhim vo thc phm. Cc tia ion ha

Cn c vo tn s dao ng in t, ngi ta chia tia sng lm cc loi : Bng 4.1. Tn s dao ng in t ca cc tia ion ha Tia Tn s dao ng in t (Hz) Tia hng ngoiTia sng trng thyTia t ngoiTia 1012 - 101410151016 - 1017 1018 10201021 - 1022 XTia Ronge l cng, tia Bng 1 (Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000) Cc tia c tn s dao ng cao th c lc m xuyn l cc tia ion ha u c tc dng dit trng. Liu lng s cao. Tia X, tia dng ty thuc vo bn cht tng loi vi sinh vt. Chiu dy ti a ca thc phm em chiu tia X v tia m cc l 127mm (nu chiu c 2 mt). Tia hng ngoi v tia t ngoi l cc tia bc x. Tc dng ca tia hng ngoi l lm nng sn phm dit vi sinh vt. Tia t ngoi c tc dng st trng l lm ng t protid v ph hy h thng men ca vi sinh vt. Thanh trng bng sng siu m Di tc dng ca siu m, mi trng lng truyn m b x y, b p v to chn khng lin tip, sinh ra nhiu khong trng. Lc , cc cht ha tan v hi ca cht lng lp tc dn vo khong trng y, gy ra tc dng c hc lm cht vi sinh vt trong mi trng. Mt khc trong qu trnh y, mt phn cht kh ha tan b ion ha to ra nc oxy gi (H2O2), Nitrogen oxy (NO) l nhng cht c i vi vi sinh vt. Trong cc loi vi sinh vt th vi khun d b siu m tc dng nht. Thanh trng bng dng in cao tn Thanh trng bng cch t sn phm trong in trng ca dng in xoay chiu (c tn s cao) Cc phn t tch in trong sn phm (ion, in t) s dao ng do tc dng ca in nng, chuyn in nng c hp thu thnh nhit nng lm cht vi sinh vt. Kh nng hp thu in nng ty thuc vo: kch thc bao b ng thc phm, in p tn s ca dng in. Tn s ca dng in cng ln hay bc sng cng ngn th qu trnh thanh trng cng nhanh (Tn s thch hp nht l 3.108 - 3.107 Hz). Thi gian thanh trng ch trong vi mi giy n vi pht. Thanh trng bng s dng p sut cao p lc 300 - 600MPa c kh nng v hat cc vi sinh vt khng hnh thnh bo t. Trong khi v hat cc vi khun sinh bo t cn p lc rt cao (1800MPa) Tuy nhin, ti p sut thp 200 - 400MPa cng lm gim s sn sinh bo t. Thanh trng bng xung in t Trng xung in (p dng cho cc lai thc phm lng, thi gian x l t vi micro ti mili giy) c th tiu dit vi sinh vt v to xp mng t bo. Lc in trng i hi v hat vi sinh vt thay i m. t 0,1 - 2,5 V/ Lc Thanh trng Sn phm lng, nh nc qu trong c th loi tr vi sinh vt bng cch lc. Bn lc, thng l cc mng s xp, c nhng l nh ch cho sn phm qua, cn gi li vi sinh vt. Sau khi lc, sn phm c rt vo bao b st trng, ri ghp kn ngay. Qu trnh

ny phi tin hnh trong iu kin v sinh cao. Bng phng php ny, sn phm hon ton gi c tnh cht t nhin. THANH TRNG BNG TC DNG CA NHIT Thanh trng bng nhit cao ca nc nng v hi nc nng l phng php thanh trng ph bin nht trong sn xut hp. Khi nng nhit ca mi trng qu nhit ti thch ca vi sinh vt th hot ng ca vi sinh vt b chm li. nhit cao, protid ca cht nguyn sinh ca vi sinh vt b ng t lm cho vi sinh vt b cht. Qu trnh ng t protid ny khng thun nghch, nn hot ng ca vi sinh vt khng phc hi sau khi h nhit. ng hc ca qu trnh tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit T thc nghim ch s tiu dit vi sinh vt c th hin bi phng trnh: (1)- dN dt =k T .N n Trong : N : lng vi sinh vt trong sn phm sau thi gian t (cfu/ml). kT: h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T, ty theo loi vi sinh vt v tnh cht ca hp m tr s k thay i. t : Thi gian x l (pht) n : Bc phn ng Trong hu ht trng hp, bc phn ng bng 1, tin trnh v hot bc nht c th vit nh sau: (2)- dN Hay dt =k T .N

dN N =k T .dt (3) Vi phng trnh vi phn (3) c th c ly tch phn theo cc iu kin thi im ban u t = 0 th N = No thi im t = t th N = N N 0 N dN N = 0 t k T .dt (4) Khi thc hin tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit khng i, kT = hng s (qu trnh ng nhit) Phng trnh (4) c th vit nh sau: (5) N 0 N dN ln (N) ln (No) = - kT. t(6) N =k T 0 t dt

ln N N 0 =k T .t (7) Hoc (8)T ta c c : N = No e -kt Trong N : lng vi sinh vt trong sn phm thi im t (cfu/ml) No: lng vi sinh vt ban u (cfu/ml)

kT : h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T t : Thi gian gia nhit (pht) nhit tiu dit vi sinh vt khng i, lng vi sinh vt gim theo hm s m theo thi gian. iu ny c ngha tng s vi sinh vt khng th gim n 0. V vy, khng th m bo tuyt i rng tt c vi sinh vt s b tiu dit bi mt qu trnh no . Nu v ng biu din v mc tiu dit vi sinh vt theo thi gian bi phng trnh (8) ta c th theo hnh 4.1

Hnh 1 Hnh 4.1. S tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit theo thi gian Cng c th vit : lgN N 0 =k 2,303 t (9) Nu biu din theo hm logarite thp phn phng trnh (9) th l mt -k 2,303 ng thng, c h s gc biu th qua hnh 4.2 ng l thuytng thc nghim

Hnh 2 Hnh 4.2. Thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt theo mi quan h logarite Vi gi tr D l thi gian cn thit ti mt nhit xc nh tiu dit 90% lng vi sinh vt ban u. c gi l thi gian tiu dit thp phn. Theo hnh 4.2 v phng trnh (9), ta xy dng c mi quan h gia h s vn tc k v thi gian D : -1 D =k 2,303 Phng trnh (9) c th vit : (10) lgN N 0 =1 Vy thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt D t

t=DlgN 0 N (11) Tnh ton nh hng ca qu trnh x l nhit (Gi tr thanh trng F) xc nh mc tiu dit vi sinh vt, cn phi bit tr s D v z biu th cho loi vi sinh vt cn tiu dit. (ng hiu chnh)(ng thc nghim)

Hnh 3 Thi gian tit trngNh ta bit ng thi gian cht nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l nhit l mt ng thng, ta v th biu din (hnh 4.3) Hnh 4.3. Biu din thi gian cht nhit ca vi sinh vt - F : thi gian cn thit (tnh bng pht) tiu dit vi sinh vt, ti mt nhit nht nh. - z : khong nhit cn thit cho ng thi gian cht nhit thc hin mt chu trnh logarite (i vi mi loi vi sinh vt v thc phm khc nhau, c gi tr D v z khc nhau) Bng 4.2. S khng nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l nhit Nhm vi khun D (pht) z (OC) Sn phm khng chua v t chua(pH > 4,5)- Vi khun chu 2,0 - 5,0 (1)0,1 - 8 - 128 nhit (bo t) - Vi khun khng chu nhit (bo t) 1,5 (1) 10 Sn phm chua (pH 4,0 - 4,5)- Vi khun chu nhit (bo t)- Vi 0,01 - 0,07 8 - 107 khun khng chu nhit (bo t) (1)0,1 - 0,5 (2) 10 Sn phm rt chua (pH < 4,0)Vi sinh vt khng chu nhit (vi 0,5 - 1,0 (3) 5-7 khun khng sinh bo t, nm men, nm mc) Bng 2 (Carla,1992) Ghi ch (1): x l 121,1OC (2): x l 100OC (3): x l 65OC Bng 4.3. S v hot vi sinh vt (bo t) trong qu trnh tit tng LOI VI SINH VT(Type of microorganism)MI TRNG(Medium)z-value (oC)D121,1 (min)Bacillus stearothermophilusGeneral7,6-10,31,8-4,7Bacillus subtilis 5230General7,4-130,3-0,76Bacillus coagulanssolution8,2-9,00,2-2,5Bacillus cereusGeneral9,70,0065Bacillus megateriumGeneral8,80,04Clostridium perfringensGeneral10,0/Clostridium sporogenesGeneral8,0-12,00,48-1,4Clostridium botulinumGeneral9,90,21(Carla.1992) Bng 4.4. S v hot vi sinh vt (T bo sinh dng) trong qu trnh thanh trng LOI VI SINH VT(Type of microorganism)MI TRNG(Medium)z-value (oC)DT (min)Escherichia coli/4,94,5 (56oC)Pseudomonas fluoresens/7,53,2 (60oC)Streptococcus

faecalisFish6,715,7 (60oC)Staphylococcus aureusPea soup4,610,4 (60oC)Salmonella senftenbergPea soup5,710,6 (60oC)Lactobacillus plantarumTomato soup12,511,0 (70oC)Listeria monocytogenesCarrots6,70,27 (70oC)Closstridium botulinumNonproteolytic type BNon-proteolytic type EBuffer pH 7,0Water9,79,432,3 (82oC)3,3 (80oC)Bacillus cereusBuffer pH 7,010,58,0 (100oC)Bacillus subtilisBuffer pH 6,89,80,57 (121oC)(Carla.1992) Bng 4.5. S khng nhit ca cc enzyme trong qu trnh x l nhit Enzyme D (pht) z (OC) 232 (1)20 (1)0,82 PeroxydasePolygalacturonaseO(1)0,09 286,85,58,58,32628 diphenoloxydaseLipoxygenaseCatalaseLipaseProtease (1)0,02 (1)25 (2)300 (2) Bng 3 (Carla.1992) Ghi ch (1): x l 80OC (2): x l 120OC Bng 4.6. Gi tr Z i vi s v hot enzyme v cc nhn t cht lng ca mt s thc phm ENZYME GA TR Z (oC) Lipoxygenase (peas) 8,7 Lipoxygenase (soybean) 6,9 Polyphenoloxidase (mushroom) 6,5 Polyphenoloxidase (plum) 17,6 Chlorophyllase (spinach) 12,2 Peroxidase (potato) 35,0 NHN T CHT LNG Thiamine (milk) 29,4 31,4 Thiamine (meat, vegetables) 25,0 31,3 Cht lng chung (peas) 28,3 Cht lng chung (green beans) 28,8 Cht lng chung (bp) 31,6 Bng 4 (Carla.1992) Bng 4.7. Ga tr Z ca cc nhn t thc phm (tng qut) NHN T GA TR Z (oC) Bo t vi khun 7 12 T bo sinh dng 48 Vitamins 25 30 Proteins 15 37 Enzymes 5 50 Cht lng cm quan chung 25 45 Cu trc 17 47 Mu sc 17 - 57 Bng 5

(Carla.1992) Theo hnh 4.3, ta c th vit: dc ca ng thng lgtlgF lgtlgF=121,1T Hay c th vit li lgF t Z Z 121,1T =1 Z =

=T121,1

F=t.10 T121,1 z Mt cch tng qut, ga tr F c biu th : F z Tref =t.10 TTref z Tref : nhit tham chiu tng ng vi qu trnh x l nhit (v d i vi qu trnh tit trng th nhit l 121,1oC, i vi qu trnh thanh trng th nhit l 100oC...) T : Nhit x l nhit (oC) z : ty thuc vo loi vi sinh vt cn tiu dit v tnh cht ca sn phm. Ni chung, ngi ta chn loi sinh bo t Clostridium botulinum l mc tiu ca qu trnh thanh trng v i din cho loi chu nhit, c z = 10oC F z Tref = 10 T(t)T ref z .dt Trong trng hp nhit thay i theo thi gian, ngi ta ghi nhn T(t), khi gi tr F c tnh nh sau : N c ngha l tnh trn tng thi gian nh hng tc thi, m c biu th bi ga tr 10 (T - Tref)/z c gi l yu t Bigelow. Cng thc Bigelow cho ta tnh c s ph hy cc bo t bi nhit trong trng hp x l nhit khng c nh. Mc tiu ca qu trnh tit trng Bo t ym kh Clostridium botulinum l mc tiu chnh trong qu trnh ch bin nhit v : - C th sn sinh ra c t lm cht ngi d liu lng rt thp. - C kh nng thnh lp bo t, rt bn nhit - Clostridium botulinum c th tm thy bt c ni u, v vy hu ht nguyn liu u nhim vi sinh vt ny, nn chng quan h mt thit ti lnh vc an ton thc phm Chnh v nhng l do trn, Clostridium botulinum c xem l nguyn nhn gy ng c thc phm. trnh s "bng n" v ng c, cc nh ch bin thc phm cn : - Gim mt s bo t Clostridium botulinum n mc c th chp nhn c trong thc phm - Ngn cn s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum (bo t) v qu trnh sn sinh c t Trong thc t rt kh v hot bo t Clostridium botulinum, v vy trnh h hng i hi phi x l nhit cao, y l nguyn nhn dn n vic gim tnh cht dinh dng, cm quan ca cc thc phm, khng p ng c i hi ca ngi tiu dng.

Chnh v th, vic ngn cn h hng thc phm thng l hn ch s pht trin nhanh ca bo t Clostridium botulinum hn l v hot. Vic x l nhit thnh cng ph hy bo t Clostridium botulinum l kt hp vi nhiu yu t (yu t bn trong v bn ngoi) nh pH, nhit , oxy, hot ng ca nc, ph gia bo qun hoc kt hp vi nhm vi sinh vt cnh tranh Bng 4.8. Cc ni v ngoi tc nhn gp phn ngn chn s pht trin ca clostridium botulinum Yu t bn trong- aw : 0,93 (theo FDA, aw < 0,85)- pH < 4,6- Ph gia : Nitrit : 0,1 0,2g/kg, Mui : < 100g/kg Yu t bn ngoi- Nhit bo qunT < 10oC : Clostridium botulinum dng A, B; enzyme phn gii proteinT < 3,3oC : Clostridium botulinum dng B, E, F; khng phn gii protein Bng 6 (Carla.1992) Thng thng bo t Clostridium botulinum khng hnh thnh v pht trin trong thc phm c pH < 4,6. V vy, pH : 4,6 c chn l ranh gii phn chia gia thc phm acid v t acid. - Trong thc phm acid (pH < 4,6) bo t Clostridium botulinum c th hin din, khng c du hiu lin quan n s pht trin nhanh, c th p dng x l nhit trung bnh ph hy chng (thanh trng) - Trong thc phm t acid (pH > 4,6) x l nhit mc tng i c th s dng vi mc ch tiu dit bo t Clostridium botulinum, nhng phi kt hp vi qu trnh bo qun mt. Trong trng hp ny, qu trnh tit trng thng c p dng hn. Xc nh im kt thc ca qu trnh tit trng Tri s gi tr tit trng F cn c xc nh cho mi loi h hng do vi sinh vt. Mt tr s ca qu trnh ny c tnh ton da vo z = 10oC v nhit qui c l 121,1oC, c k hiu l F0. Nhiu nm trong thc t ng hp cho php kt lun i vi qu trnh tit trng nhit m, tr s F10121,1 (Clostridium botulinum) tc l F0 = 3 pht, ti tm ca sn phm ng hp s cho kt qu an ton theo quan im an ton v mt sc khe. Nhng bo t ca vi sinh vt chu nhit c th cn sng i vi qu trinh nhit c thit lp git bo t Clostridium botulinum v c th gy h hng cho sn phm, nhng khng sinh ra c t trong khi bo qun thc phm. V vy, vic thit lp qu trnh nhit ti thiu l hng n vic tiu dit cc bo t ca cc ging Clostridium botulinum phn gii protein da vo nhng thng s z (khong nhit cn thit thc hin 1 chu trnh logarit tiu dit vi sinh vt) v nhit thc hin qu trnh tiu dit vi sinh vt. im kt thc ca qu trnh thanh trng thng c xc nh theo Xc sut ca mt vi sinh vt cn sng st (PNSU: Probability of a Non-Sterile Unit) Tr s thc nghim ca F10121,1 i vi : 1. Sc khe cng ng Bo t Clostridium botulinum N0 = 103 D121,1 = 0,2 pht PNSU = 10-9 F0 = 3 pht 2. Ngn nga h hng - Bo t chu nhit trung bnh N0 = 104 D121,1= 0,5 pht PNSU = 10-6 F0 = 5 pht D121,1= 0,7 pht F0 = 7 pht

- Bo t chu nhit Phn b nhit < 30oC N0 = 102 D121,1= 1,5 pht PNSU = 10-2 F0 = 6 pht Phn b nhit > 30oC N0 = 102 D121,1= 1,5 pht PNSU = 10-6 F0 = 12 pht D121,1= 2,5 pht F0 = 20 pht Chn ch thanh trng Ta phi chn c mt ch thanh trng hp l, c ngha l m bo c yu cu tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c hi trong hp , ng thi cc cht dinh dng t b tn tht nht, phm cht sn phm tt nht. a. Chn nhit thanh trng Tt c cc loi thc phm em ng hp u l mi trng sng ca cc loi vi sinh vt. Mc d c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca vi sinh vt, trong acid nh hng rt ln, nn acid l yu t quan trng trong vic chn nhit thanh trng. Ngi ta chia sn phm hp thnh 2 nhm theo acid hot ng ca sn phm, lm c s cho vic chn nhit thanh trng : >- Nhm sn phm hp khng chua v t chua c pH 4,6 4,6<- Nhm sn phm hp chua c pH + i vi cc loi hp thuc nhm khng chua hay 4,5 ( nh hp tht, c, mt s hp>t chua, tc l c mi trng pH rau.): vi sinh vt pht trin mnh trong mi trng ny u l cc vi sinh vt chu nhit. Trong loi nguy him hn c, c hi n sc khe ngi s dng l nhng bo t ca loi vi khun Clostridium botulinum c kh nng phn gii protein, l loi vi sinh vt chu nhit nguy him nht, c cc nc trn th gii coi l i tng ch yu phi loi tr, v tiu dit nha bo ca n c coi l tiu chun thanh trng ti thiu. Mc d n khng phi l i din a nng nht ca nhm vi sinh vt ln men thi. Trong hp tht, c, ta cn c th gp cc loi vi khun ym kh gy thi hng hp nh Clostridium sporogenes bn vi nhit hn c Clostridium botulinum. Ngoi ra cc loi hp c acid hot ng khng cao lm, cng thng c cc loi vi khun bn vi nhit nh Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum thuc nhm ym kh a nhit, c tc dng phn hy glucid. V loi hiu kh a nhit nh loi Bacillus stearothermophillus, l loi vi sinh vt lm hng hp. 4,6>Do i vi cc loi hp c mi trng pH cn phi c nhit thanh trng cao mi tiu dit c cc loi vi sinh vt a nhit gy h hng hp. Nhit vo khong 105oC - 121oC, c gi l qu trnh tit trng. + i vi cc loi hp thuc nhm chua, tc l c 4,6 (nh hp qu, c chua, rau mui chua): cc vi khun chu<mi trng pH nhit khng nhng khng pht trin c m tnh chu nhit ca chng cng gim i, nn n d dng b tiu dit khi nng cao nhit . Cc loi nm men, nm mc tuy c th pht trin mnh c trong mi trng acid, nhng hu ht l km bn i vi nhit. Nn c th thanh trng cc loi hp c acid cao nhit thp hn nhit d thanh trng cc loi hp t chua. Nhit thng nhit 100oC hoc thp hn, khong 80oC. Khi xc nh nhit thanh trng, phi ch nhit phi l nhit ca c khi sn phm cn c thanh trng, phi l nhit v tr trung tm ca hp (i vi hp sn phm c th v tr trung tm l gia hp, i vi hp sn phm lng th v tr

trung tm nm 2/3 ca hp). Trong thc t, nhit v tr ny gn bng nhit thit b thanh trng i vi hp lng, hoc thp hn nhit thit b thanh trng 0,5 - 1,5oC i vi hp c. b. Chn thi gian thanh trng mt nhit thanh trng nht nh, vi sinh vt trong hp thng khng b tiu dit ngay tc thi, m cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh gi l thi gian thanh trng hay thi gian tc dng nhit, k hiu l t (pht). Trong qu trnh thanh trng, sn phm ng trong hp, khng c un nng tc thi ti nhit thanh trng cn t c, m nhit lng phi truyn dn t mi trng un nng, qua bao b vo lp sn phm bn ngoi, ri vo ti khu vc trung tm ca hp. Qu trnh ny phi mt mt thi gian, gi l thi gian truyn nhit (k hiu l t1). Khi khu vc trung tm ca hp t ti nhit thanh trng, th gi nhit trong mt thi gian nht nh, gi l thi tiu dit (k hiu l t2). Nh vy thi gian thanh trng tng qut ca hp (hay thi gian hp chu tc dng nhit) bao gm thi gian truyn nhit (t1) v thi gian tiu dit (t2) t = t1 + t2 (pht) Nhng trong thc t, ngay trong thi gian truyn nhit, mt s vi sinh vt c trong hp cng b tiu dit, do tc dng ca nhit cao hn nhit pht trin ca vi sinh vt . V vy thi gian thanh trng thc t nh hn tng ca thi gian truyn nhit v thi gian tiu dit. ttt < t1 + t2 Mun xc nh c chnh xc thi gian thanh trng t, cn phi kho st cc yu t nh hng ti thi gian truyn nhit t1 v thi gian tiu dit t2 i vi hp cn thanh trng. c. p sut i khng Thc phm ng trong hp bao gm cc thnh phn : cht rn, cht lng, cht kh. Di tc dng ca nhit cao, cc p sut ring phn v s dn n ca cc cu t tng ln, lm cho p sut chung trong bao b ng sn phm tng ln. p sut ny (c th ti 2 atm) c th lm cho bao b st ty b bin dng, bao b thy tinh b nt, v. V vy ta cn to ra p sut trong thit b thanh trng (cn c vo tnh cht ca bao b, thnh phn ca sn phm ng trong hp v nht l nhit thanh trng) bng hay gn bng p sut d tng ln trong hp, p sut ny gi l p sut i khng, thng vo khong 0,4 - 1,4 atm. p sut (Bar)

Hnh 4 Ghi ch Sn phmThit b

Hnh 4.4. S thay i p sut trong qu trnh thanh trng(khng c p sut i khng)Hnh 4.5. S thay i p sut trong qu trnh thanh trng(c p sut i khng)p sut (Bar)

Hnh 5 * Khi xc nh c cc thng s ca mt ch thanh trng hp, ta ghi li thnh cng thc thanh trng tng qut : aABC T o P a: Thi gian ui khng kh ra khi thit b thanh trng (bng hi nc), tnh bng pht. Thi gian ui kh thng ko di : 5 - 10 pht Nu thanh trng trong thit b h (bng nc) th khng c thi gian ui kh a. A: Thi gian nng nhit , trong thit b thanh trng cha hp, t nhit ban u ti nhit thanh trng cn thit (pht). B: Thi gian gi nhit khng i trong thit b thanh trng (pht). C: Thi gian h nhit t nhit thanh trng ti nhit c th ly hp ra (pht). To: Nhit thanh trng (oC) p: p sut i khng cn to ra trong thit b thanh trng (atm)

Hnh 6 Hnh 4.6. th thanh trng tng qut Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian thanh trng a. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit trong qu trnh thanh trng + Tnh cht vt l ca sn phm

Cc loi hp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau nh nht v trng lng ring. Do cc loai hp c thi gian truyn nhit khc nhau. - Cc loi hp sn phm lng (nh nc qu) c nht thp v t trng nh, nn s truyn nhit ca cc sn phm ny xy ra nhanh bng cc dng i lu. Nhit gia hp t ti nhit thanh trng chm hn thit b t ti nhit thanh trng khong 13 - 15 pht. - Cc loi hp sn phm c (nh pat, tht hm) s truyn nhit ca cc sn phm ny bng cch dn nhit. V h s dn nhit ca thc phm nh nn s un nng cc sn phm ny xy ra chm. Nhit thanh trng gia hp t c chm hn nhit thanh trng thit b khong 40 pht. - Cc loi hp sn phm c phn th c, c phn th lng (nh hp qu nc ng, c ngm du). S truyn nhit xy ra theo hai cch : i lu v dn nhit. Nhit thanh trng gia hp t c chm hn nhit thanh trng thit b khong 28 pht. Ngoi ra cc dung dch c cha nhiu ng, tinh bt, pectin, cellulose lm nh hng n tnh cht vt l nn nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit. C th ko di thi gian truyn nhit. + Tnh cht ca bao b Cc loi sn phm thc phm ng trong cc loi bao b lm bng vt liu khc nhau, c dy khc nhau, kch thc khc nhau. Nn thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng khc nhau. - nh hng tnh cht vt l ca bao b Khi truyn nhit t mi trng un nng bn ngoi vo khu vc trung tm ca bao b. Trc ht phi khc phc nhit tr ca thnh bao ) v h s dn nhit ca vt b, nhit tr ny ph thuc vo dy ca bao b ( . Nhit tr chung cng / ). Nhit tr biu th bng t s liu lm bao b ( ln th thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di. Bng 4.9. Tnh cht vt l ca cc loi bao b Chiu (m)] [ dy trung (w/m.oC)][ dn Nhit Loi bao b bnh nhit ( oC.m2/w)] / [ tr St tyThy 0,24 0,26.10-32 4,6 - 7,8.10-5200 46 - 520,6 - 0,9 tinh 6.10-3 1000.10-5 Bng 7 (Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000) Nhng trong qu trnh thanh trng, khng th nghin cu ring r nh hng nhit tr ca bao b, m phi xt nh hng ca c khi sn phm : Trng hp sn phm lng ng trong bao b st ty: s truyn nhit t mi trng un nng ti thnh hp st l s truyn nhit ch yu bng i lu. Thi gian truyn nhit i vi cc sn phm lng ng trong bao b st ty rt ngn. Trng hp sn lng ng trong bao b thy tinh: s truyn nhit gm i lu v dn nhit. Thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng ny ln hn thi gian truyn nhit ca trng hp trn. Trng hp sn phm c ng trong bao b st ty : s truyn nhit bn trong hp ch yu bng dn nhit. Thi gian un nng trong trng hp ny s ko di hn 2 trng hp trn. V coi thi gian ch yu ph thuc vo tnh cht v nhit tr ca sn phm c.

Trng hp sn phm c ng trong bao b thy tinh : S truyn nhit ch yu cng bng dn nhit. Thi gian truyn nhit trong trng hp ny di nht v ph thuc vo tnh cht ca bao b thy tinh v sn phm, trong tnh cht ca sn phm gi vai tr ch yu. Tm li trong c 4 trng hp: Tnh dn nhit v dy ca bao b ch c nh hng ng k n thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng khi c cc dng i lu mnh. Trng hp hp cha sn phm c, ngha l s truyn nhit ch yu bng dn nhit th cc c im ca bao b t c nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit. M ch yu l tnh cht ca sn phm, sn phm cng c, cng c h s dn nhit nh v b dy lp sn phm t ngoi vo lp gia hp cng ln, th thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di. - nh hng kch thc hnh hc ca bao b Cc loi bao b c nhng hnh dng v kch thc hnh hc rt phc tp. Nn vic nghin cu nh hng kch thc hnh hc ca bao b ti thi gian truyn nhit cha c y lm. Loi bao b c kch thc hnh hc n gin nht l bao b hnh tr. Da trn nhng kin thc c bn ca l thuyt v truyn nhit, tnh c thi gian truyn nhit ca bao b hnh tr theo cng thc : to = A (8,3HD + D2) Vi A=191 lgd0,01 973 ; =T 2 T 1

T n T 1 H : chiu cao ngoi ca hp, (cm) D : ng knh ngoi ca hp, (cm) T1 : nhit ban u ca hp, (oC) T2 : nhit khi cui gia hp, (oC) Tn : nhit thanh trng, (oC) : h s dn nhit chung ca hp, (w/moC) to : thi gian un nng gia hp t nhit T1 n T2, (pht) Nu thanh trng cng mt sn phm ng trong 2 bao b c kch thc hnh hc khc nhau, th ta c t l n gin : t 01 t 02 =8,3H 1 D 1 +D 2 1 8

,3H 2 D 2 +D 2 2 Cng thc ny cho ta tnh c gn ng thi gian truyn nhit mt loi hp c kch thc khc khi bit thi gian truyn nhit ca sn phm ng trong bao b xc nh. Cng thc truyn nhit khng nhng cho bit thi gian truyn nhit m cn c th kho st nh hng ca cc loi hp . Cng mt th tch, nu hp dt (H/D<1) tc l hp c ng knh ln s truyn nhit 0,25 . nhanh hn hp cao. Vn tc truyn nhit cc i khi H/D + nh hng ca nhit ban u ca hp Thi gian truyn nhit ca hp cn ph thuc vo nhit ban u ca hp trc khi thanh trng v nhit ca thit b thanh trng. - i vi sn phm lng, do s truyn nhit ch yu bng cc dng i lu, nn nhit ban u t c nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit.

- i vi sn phm c, th s truyn nhit ch yu bng dn nhit, nn nhit ban u ca sn phm c nh hng nhiu n vn tc truyn nhit ca sn phm. hp lc thanh trng cng ngui th thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di. T cng thc to = A (8,3 HD + D2), vi cc gi thit l nhit thanh trng khong 110 - 120oC, nhit gia hp sau khi un nng thp hn nhit ca thit b l 1oC, lp ra cng thc tnh gn ng thi gian truyn nhit hp nh sau i vi hp loi ngui (c nhit ban u : 20 - 45oC) t 0 =0,072(8,3HD+D 2 ) i vi hp loi nng ( c nhit ban u : 45 - 90oC)

t 0 =0,061(8,3HD+D 2 ) Theo 2 cng thc ny khi un nng hp nng th rt ngn c 18% thi gian truyn nhit. Vy i vi hp c nhit ban u cng ngui, th vn tc truyn nhit cng nh, thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di. + nh hng ca trng thi chuyn ng ca hp khi thanh trng. Trong sn xut hp phn ln cc thit b thanh trng u l loi khng lm chuyn ng hp khi lm vic. V vy thi gian truyn nhit i vi cc loi hp tng i di. Khi to ra s i lu nhn to bng cch lm chuyn ng hp th s truyn nhit s tng ln. Gim c thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng. Mun to ra s i lu nhn to , ngi ta ch to cc loi thit b thanh trng c bng ti hp, thng l cc thit b lm vic lin tc. Ty theo cu to ca mi loi thit b m hp c vn tc chuyn ng quay khc nhau hay phng php quay khc nhau. b. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt trong qu trnh thanh trng + nh hng ca nhit thanh trng nhit 60OC th cc loi vi sinh vt c th bt u b tiu dit. Nhng nu nhit thanh trng thp th phi ko di thi gian tiu dit. Ngc li, nhit thanh trng cng cao th thi gian tiu dit cng ngn. Gia thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt v nhit thanh trng c mi quan h logarite. Ngi ta xc nh c mi lin h theo phng trnh sau: T2 - T1 t2 = t2 . 10 Z t2 : thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt tng ng vi nhit T1 (pht) t2: thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt tng ng vi nhit T2 (pht) z : h s nhit , ty theo tnh cht ca mi loi vi sinh vt m c tr s z khc nhau (loi tiu biu nht, trong ch thanh trng hp, phi loi tr l Clostridium botulinum c tr s z = 10OC). + nh hng thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm Vi sinh vt sng trong mi trng ca sn phm thc phm khc nhau, th nhit tiu dit cc loi vi sinh vt khng ging nhau. V vy cn kho st cc thnh phn ha hc ca mi trng thc phm n kh nng tiu dit bng nhit cc vi sinh vt . nh hng ca acid: ch s pH l yu t quan trng c nh hng n bn i vi nhit ca vi sinh vt. Nu mi trng c acid hot ng cng cao (ch s pH nh) th nhit thanh trng nht nh, thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt cng ngn. Tuy nhin vn c nhng trng hp c bit ch s pH hu nh khng c nh hng n thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt. Bng 4.10. nh hng ca pH n s khng nhit ca bo t vi khun

clostridium sporogenes nhit 115oC pH Thi gian khng nhit ti a (pht) 5,05,76,06,67,07,58,2 9121521252015 Bng 8 (G. Guilmain. 1996) Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy khng nhng ch c acid hot ng ca mi trng c nh hng n bn nhit ca vi sinh vt. M loi acid ca mi trng cng c nh hng ng k. nh hng ca nng ng v mui: ng v mui l nhng cht c kh nng to ra p sut thm thu cao nn nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Dung dch ng c tc dng bo v vi sinh vt lm cho chng kh b tiu dit hn khi un nng. Nu thnh phn thc phm c nhiu ng th thi gian tiu dit cng ko di. Nu tng nng mui th bn nhit ca vi sinh vt cng gim, chng d b tiu dit hn. Nhng nu nng ng hay mui qu cao th do tc dng ca hin tng tiu nguyn sinh, cc vi sinh vt yu i nhiu v d b tiu dit. nh hng ca protid v lipid: trong cc sn phm thc phm cha nhiu protid, lipid th thi gian tiu dit phi ko di. V cc cht ny lm cn tr s truyn nhit tiu dit cc t bo vi sinh vt. Hin tng ny l do dung dch keo (t bo vi sinh vt) tip xc vi cht bo to thnh mng. T bo vi sinh vt c mng ny bo v nn s dch chuyn nc t mi trng xung quanh vo t bo lm ng t phn protid ca t bo y s b cn tr. V vy trong mi trng cng nhiu cht bo, cc vi sinh vt cng chu c nhit cao, thi gian tiu dit cng ko di. nh hng ca cc thnh phn ha hc khc: ngoi cc thnh phn trn, th cc phitonxit cng c nh hng ln n ch thanh trng. Thi gian thanh trng hp c th gim xung khi cho thm mt s rau hay gia v c cha nhiu phitonxit nh: hnh, ti c allycin, c chua c tomatin, t c capcaicin, tiu c piperin ... l cc cht c tnh cht khng sinh. Do khi ch bin cc loi hp tht, c ta cho thm cc gia v ny, khng nhng lm tng hng v ca sn phm m cn gim c mc nhim trng trong hp trc khi thanh trng. V cng gim c thi gian thanh trng cn thit. + nh hng ca loi v s lng vi sinh vt Thi gian tiu dit ca mt ch thanh trng ph thuc rt nhiu vo c im ca cc loi vi sinh vt c th pht trin trong hp, v kh nng chu nhit ca cc loi vi sinh vt rt khc nhau. Trong cng mt mi trng c cng acid hot ng, cc loi vi khun khng nha bo b tiu dit nhanh hn loi vi khun c nha bo. Thi gian tiu dit ca phn ln cc vi sinh vt khng nha bo ch cn 60 - 80OC trong vi pht. Cn cc loi vi sinh vt c nha bo phi i hi thi gian ko di hn nhiu c th hn hng gi. Thi gian tiu dit trong ch thanh trng cn ph thuc vo s lng vi sinh vt nhim vo hp. Lng vi sinh vt nhim nhiu th thi gian tiu dit di, cho thy qua cng thc : t=DlgN 0 N Cch thit lp ch thanh trng Thit lp ch thanh trng cho mt loi hp l xc nh nhit v thi gian thanh trng cn thit va m bo yu cu tiu dit vi sinh vt, va gi c gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm quan ca hp.

Cc giai on tin hnh trnh t nh sau: - Phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca thc phm cn ng hp, ch yu l acid, hm lng ng, mui, cht bo, protid ... - Chn nhit thanh trng cn c vo acid (pH) + hp c pH < 4,6 th nhit thanh trng : 80 - 100OC+ hp c pH > 4,6 th nhit thanh trng :105 - 121OC - Xc nh tc truyn nhit vo trung tm hp theo nhit thanh trng chn bng ni hp th nghim: di ni hp t mt hp sn phm, trn np hp c t mt nhit k, bu thy ngn ca nhit k cm ng trung tm hp. Cho hi vo ni hp v c sau mt khong thi gian (thng khong 1 pht) c nhit ct nhit k. Sau khi o c nhit gia hp tng thi im ngi ta v th truyn nhit. T xc nh c thi gian truyn nhit. - Phn lp vi sinh vt xc nh loi vi sinh vt nguy him nht bao gm loi gy bnh, loi c c t, loi chu nhit... Tm tc tiu dit theo cc s liu c. Trn c s v th thi gian tiu dit. Thit lp thi gian thanh trng. - Kim tra ch thanh trng theo phng php biu ca Biegelow, hay theo phng php hiu ng ca Ball - Flaumenbaum. - T cc mu hp thanh trng theo cc ch khc nhau, ngi ta kim tra cht lng hp v cm quan v v vi sinh vt. Sau xt n hiu qu kinh t ca ch thanh trng, m chn ra ch thanh trng tt nht. Gii thiu thit b thanh trng a. Thit b thanh trng h np C cu to n gin nh ni nu, dng mi trng truyn nhit l nc c un si bng hi hoc un trc tip bng nhin liu. Dng thanh trng cc loi hp c nhit thanh trng khng qu 100OC. b. Thit b thanh trng c p sut cao lm vic gin on Dng thanh trng cc loi hp c nhit thanh trng t 100oC tr ln, c np y kn, cn gi l ni hp thanh trng. C 2 loi ni hp: loi t thng ng v loi t nm ngang. + Thit b hp thanh trng loi thng ng C thn hnh tr, y v np hnh chm cu, np c cc cht ghp cht vi thn thit b, di y c lp ng phun hi nng thanh trng. Bn trong thit b c gi t gi ng hp, c loi ch c 1 gi, loi 2 gi, loi 3 gi. + Thit b hp thanh trng loi t nm ngang Thn thit b t nm ngang, bn trong khng c gi gi m c ng ry cho xe ng cc gi hp y vo. Loi ny c kh nng lm vic cao, nhng thao tc phc tp, chu k lm vic ko di, tn hi v nc nhiu.

Hnh 7

Hnh 8 Hnh v: Thit b tit trng hi dng nm ngang c. Thit b thanh trng lm vic lin tc dng p sut thy tnh Thit b gm c 2 nhnh ct nc cao 12 - 20 m cha y nc nng. Gia 2 ct nc l mt phng cha y hi nc nng. Cui ct nc th II l thng nc lnh. hp c chuyn bng bng ti xch. p sut trong phng hi c iu chnh bng cch iu

chnh chiu cao mc nc 2 nhnh ct nc. Thi gian thanh trng c iu chnh bng vn tc ca bng ti. Thit b ny lm vic vi nng sut cao nhng c nhc im l cu to hi cng knh.

Hnh 9 d. Thit b thanh trng bn mng y l loi thit b lm vic lin tc p sut hi nc cao hn p sut kh quyn. Cu to ca thit b nh cc khoang cha nc qu t xen k vi cc khoang cha cht ti nhit, v nc qu chy trong khoang kn ch bng mt lp mng, li c truyn nhit t 2 mt nn thi gian thanh trng rt nhanh. Thit b thanh trng bn mng dng thanh trng nc qu trc khi rt vo hp v phi rt hp trong iu kin v trng.

Hnh 10

Hnh 11

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