PHN 1

PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH C N TRONG DU

GI TR TUYT I

A). PHNG TRNH C N TRONG DU GI TR TUYT I
I). TM TT L THUYT
1). Dng c bn

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t
B A
A
B A
A
B A
B
B A
B A B A
0
0
0
2

2). Cc dng khc
- Ta thng xt du cc biu thc trong du gi tr tuyt i kh du gi tr tuyt i trn
mi khong. Gii phng trnh trn mi khong .
- C th t n ph
II). MT S V D
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
1 1
2
+x x
Gii
1 1
2
+x x
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0
1
2 1
1 0
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
) 1 ( 1
0 1
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
Vy x=1; x= 0
V d2 :Gii phng trnh ( )
2
2 4 3 1 x x x +
Gii:
+ Lp bng xt du. T ta c 3 trng hp:
Trng hp 1:
0
1 2
x
x

<

ta c:
2 2
3 5
(1) 3 4 3 3 1 0
2
x x x x x
t
+ + .
Hai gi tr ny u khng thuc khong ang xt nn trng hp ny phng trnh v nghim.
Trng hp 2: 0 1 x < ta c
2 2
1 5
(1) 4 3 1 0
2
x x x x x
t
+ + . Ta thy
1 5
2
x
+
tha mn.
Trng hp 3: x > 2 ta c
2 2
1 29
(1) 4 3 7 0
2
x x x x x
t
+ + . Ta thy
1 29
2
x
+
tha mn.
Tm li: Phng trnh c hai nghim
1 5
2
1 29
2
x
x

.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
9 5 6
2
+ x x x
Gii
9 5 6
2
+ x x x

+
+

3
1
9 5 6
9 5 6
2
2
x
x
x x x
x x x
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Vy: x= 1; x= 3
V d 4: Gii phng trnh: (|x|+ 1)
2
= 4|x|+ 9
Gii
(|x|+ 1)
2
= 4|x|+ 9
t t= |x| vi 0 t
PT: (t+ 1)
2
= 4t + 9

) ( 2
4
0 8 2
2
l o a i t
t
t t
Vi t= 4 th |x|= 4 4 t x
Vy x= 4; x= 4
V d 5: Gii v bin lun |x
2
2x +m|+x=0
Gii
|x
2
2x +m|+x=0
m
m c T a
m x x
m x x
x
x m x x
x
x m x x
4 1
4 9
) 2 ( 0
) 1 ( 0 3
0
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
2
2

'

+
+

'

t +

+
Bin lun
+
2
4 1 1
2
4 9 3
0
m
x
m
x m




+ m> 0: V nghim
III) BI TP NGH:
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh sau:
1). 2 1 2 1 4 x x + +

( 1) x t
7).
8 2 1
2 2
+ x x x

9
( )
2
x
2). 2 3 4 x x +
1 9
( ; )
2 2
x 8).
x
x
x

2
1
2

1 3
( )
2
x
t

3). 2 2 2 1 5 x x + +
(PTVN) 9).
5
2 3 2
2 3

+ +

x x
x x

23 3
( ; )
9 23
x
4).
2 4 3 + x x
1
( 3; )
2
x 10).
2
1 1
2
( 2)
x x
x x
+ +

(x=5)
6).
1 1
2
+ x x
(x=0; 1; 1) 11).
1 2 2 3
2
+ + x x x
( 5 21) x t
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau
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2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 1 17 1
1) 2 2 ( ; ) 5) 2 2 1 ( 1; ; 1 2)
3 4 3
2) 2 2 1 ( 1;3; 5) 6) 3 2 2 1 ( 5 21)
3) 4 3 3 ( 0; 5) 7) 12 2 ( 5; 7)
1 1 3 17
4) 2 3 ( 1; ; )
2 4
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x
x
t
+ t
t + t
+ + + t
+

Bi 3: Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau
0 2 2 4 ). 2
1 3 ). 1
2
+ +
+
m m x x x
x m x
Bi 4: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
|x
2
2x + m| = x
2
+ 3x m 1
B). BT PHNG TRNH CHA DU GI TR TUYT I:
I). TM TT L THUYT
1). Cc dng c bn
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>

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>

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< < <

< + < <
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ) ) ( (
B A
B
B
B A
A
B A
A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B
B A
A
B A
A
B A B B A
B A B A B A B A
2). Cc dng khc
- Tng t nh i vi phng trnh c cha du gi tr tuyt i, ta kh du gi tr
tuyt i v gii bt phng trnh trn tng khong.
- Dng n ph
II). MT S V D
V d 1: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1 2 4 1 ). 2
3 3 3 2 ). 1
2
+
<
x x
x x x
Gii
3 3 3 2 ). 1
2
< x x x
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5 2
2 3
3 1
5 0
3 1
0 6
0 3 2
0 5
0 3 2
3 3 3 2
0 3 2
3 3 3 2
0 3 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
< <

'

> <
< <

'

< <

'

< +
<

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<

'

< + +
<

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x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
Vy: 2< x< 5
1 2 4 1 ). 2 + x x
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>

'

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+ +
<

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1
0
1
4
1
0
4
1
1 2 4 1
0 4 1
1 2 4 1
0 4 1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
Vy
1 0 x hoac x
V d 2: Gii v bin lun theo a bt phng trnh:
2 2
2 3 x x a x x a +
Gii: Bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) 0 (2 5 )( 2 ) 0
5
0
( )
2
2 5 0
2
2 0
5
2 5 0
2
2 0
0
2
x x a x x a x x a x x a x x x a
x
I
x x
x a
x a
x
x x
II
x a
x
x a
+ + +

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+

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+

Trng hp 1:
5
2 0 0 ( ) 0 ; ( ) 2
2
a a I x II x a
.Vy nghim h l
5
0
2
2
x
x a

Trng hp 2:
5 5 5
0 2 0 ( ) 2 ; ( ) 0
2 4 2
a a I a x II x < < < <
.Vy nghim h l
5
2
2
0
a x
x

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Trng hp 3:
0
5 5
2 ( ) ; ( )
5
2 4 2
2
x
a a I VN II
x a

.Vy nghim h l
0
5
2
2
x
x a

III). BI TP NGH:
Bi 1: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
1) 6 ( 6 1 7)
2) 5 6 ( 1 2 3 6)
3) 5 4 2 ( 2 2 4)
1 1
4) 3 2 1 ( )
4 2
5) 5 9 6 (1 3)
6) 2 4 0 ( 2 1)
1
7) 1 2 )
2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
< < < +
< < < < <
+ > < +
< < <
+ < < <
+ > > <
< >

8) 1 2 3 ( 0 2)
2
9) 3 5 3 ( )
3
x x x x x
x x x x
+ > < >
+ < >
Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
2
2
2
2
2
2
1). 2 4 2 , ( 3 5) 6). 2 (0 1)
3
4 2
2). 1, ( ) 7). 1 ( 5 2 1)
2 5 2
2 5 3 1
3). 1 0 (3 2) 8). 3 ( 2 1)
3 1
2 2 3
10 3 1 1 3
4). 3 (3 ) 9). 1 ( )
5 6 3 1 4 2 4 2
5).
x x
x x x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
+
+ <
+ +

> < < >

+ + +
+
+ > > < < >
+ +

<
+ +
2
3
1 ( 4 1 1 4)
4
x
x x x
x
<

C). MT S PHNG PHP KHC

I). PHNG PHP T N S PH:
V d 1: Tm m phng trnh: ( )
2 2
2 1 0 1 x x m x m +
c nghim.
Gii:t
1 0 t x
ta c t
2
-1=x
2
-2x nn pt (1) tr thnh:t
2
-mt+m
2
-1=0 (2).
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi (2) c t nht mt nghim 0 t
Trng hp 1: phng trnh (2) c nghim t=0
2
0 1 0 1 P m m t .
Trng hp 2: phng trnh (2) c nghim
2
1 2
0 0 1 0 1 1 t t P m m < < < < < <
.
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Trng hp 3: phng trnh (2) c nghim
2
2
1 2
2 3 2 3
3 3
3 4 0
0
1
2 3
, 0 0 1 0 1 .
1 3
0 0
0
m
m
m
t t P m m
m
S m
m

+

>

> > > < <

' ' '

<

> >

>

p s:
2 3
1
3
m
V d 2: Cho phng trnh :
2
2 1 x x m x +
a) Gii phng trnh vi m=0.
b) Tm m phng trnh c bn nghim phn bit.
Gii: t t = x 1, th phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
1 (*) t m t +
a) Vi m = 0 ta c
2 2
3 5
0
0 0
1 5
2
1 5
2 1 1 0
1 5
2
2
t
x
t t
t
t t t t
t
x

t +

' ' '
t t
t t
+

b) Phng trnh cho c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c 4 nghim phn bit.
2 2
0 0
(*)
1 1 0
t t
t m t t t m


' '
+ t t +

.Phng trnh (*) c 4 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi mi
phng trnh t
2
t + m 1 = 0 v t
2
+ t + m 1 = 0 c hai nghim khng m phn bit. Nhng phng
trnh t
2
+ t + m 1 = 0 khng th c hai nghim khng m (v S= 1<0).
Vy phng trnh cho khng th c 4 nghim phn bit.
BI TP NGH: Gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh sau:
2
2
2
2
1). 2 1 0
1 1
2). 4 2 6 0
3). 1 0
4). 4 2 2 0
x mx x m
x x
x x
x x m
x x x m m
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
II). PHNG PHP TH : Thng s dng phng php ny khi tham s ng c lp.
V d: Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh :
2 x x m
.
Hng dn: V th hai hm s
2 ; y x x y m
BI TP NGH: Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh :
) ( 2) 1
) 2 1
)( 3) 1
a x x x m
b x x x m
c x x m
+ + +
+ +

.
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PHN 2
PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH
V T

A). PHNG TRNH CHA CN THC
I). TM TT L THUYT
1). Cc dng c bn
3
3
2
0
) 0 ( 0
B A B A
B A
B
B A
B A
B h a y A
B A

'

'

2). Cc dng khc
- t iu kin cho 0
2
A l A
n
, nng c hai v ln ly tha tng ng kh cn
thc
Lu :
1 2 1 2
2 2
0 .
+ +

'

n n
n n
B A B A
B A
B A
B A
- t n ph a v phng trnh hay h phng trnh n gin
II). MT S V D:
V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
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2
2
2
1). 4 2 2
2). 25 1
3). 3 9 1 2
x x x
x x
x x x
+

+ +
Gii
2
2 2 2
1). 4 2 2
2 0 2
4 2 ( 2) 3 0
2
3
0 3
x x x
x x
x x x x x
x
x
x x
+


' '
+



'

2
2 2 2
2). 25 1
1 0 1 1
4
4 3 25 ( 1) 2 2 24 0
x x
x x x
x
x x x x x x



' ' '


2 2
2 2 2
3). 3 9 1 2 3 9 1 2
2
2 0 2
3
1
3 3 9 1 ( 2) 2 5 3 0
2
x x x x x x
x
x x
x
x x x x x x x
+ + +




' ' '
+

V d 2: Gii cc phng trnh :

2
0 0
1) 2 3 0 2 3 3
1 3 2 3
x x
x x x x x
x x x x

+ +
' '
+

2
2) 4 1 1 2 4 1 2 1
1 1
4 4
2 2
4 1 2 (1 )(1 2 ) 1 2 (1 )(1 2 ) 2 1
1
4
1 1 2
1
2 2
0
7 2
0
(1 )(1 2 ) 4 4 1 2
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x x
+ + +




' '

+ + + +

' '



+ +

III. PHNG PHP T N S PH:

kh cn thc, ta c th a thm mt hoc nhiu n ph. Ty theo dng ca
phng trnh, bt phng trnh m la chn cho thch hp.
V d 1: Cho phng trnh :
1
( 3)( 1) 4( 3) (1)
3
x
x x x m
x
+
+ +

.
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = -3
b) Tm m phng trnh c nghim
Gii: t
2
1
( 3) ( 3)( 1)
3
x
X x X x x
x
+
+

nn pt (1) a v :X
2
+4X-m=0 (2)
a) Vi m = -3 th phng trnh (2) tr thnh
2
1
4 3 0
3
X
X X
X

+ +

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+ Nu

2
3 3
1
1 1 ( 3)
1 ( 3)( 1) 3 2 4 0
3
1 5
1 5
< < +

' '
+

<

'
t

x x
x
X x
x x x x x
x
x
x
+ Nu
2
3 3
1
3 3 ( 3)
9 ( 3)( 1) 3 2 12 0
3
1 13
1 13
< < +

' '
+

<

'
t

x x
x
X x
x x x x x
x
x
x
b) Trc ht phng trnh (2) c nghim 0 4 0 4 m m + .
Gi s nghim l X
0
th
0
1
( 3)
3
x
x X
x
+

.
+ Nu X
0
= 0 th x = 1
+ Nu X
0
> 0 th
2
0
2
0
3
1 4
( 3)( 1)
x
x X
x x X
>
+ +
'
+

+ Nu X
0
< 0 th
2
0
2
0
3
1 4
( 3)( 1)
x
x X
x x X
<
+
'
+

Vy vi 4 m th phng trnh (2) c nghim tc l phng trnh (1) c nghim.

V d 2: Gii phng trnh 3 6 (3 )(6 ) 3 x x x x + + + .
Hng dn: t 3 6 X x x + + .a v phng trnh:X
2
2X 3 = 0
V d 3: Gii phng trnh
3 3
1 2 2 1 x x + .
Hng dn: t
3
3 3
3
1 2
2 1 1 2
1 2
x y
y x y x
y x
+

+
'
+

.p s: x=1;
1 5
2
x
t

V d 4: Gii bt phng trnh

5 1
5 2 4
2 2
x x
x x
+ < + +
.
Hng dn: t
1
2
t x
x
+
. Bt phng trnh tr thnh
2
2
2 5 2 0
1
2
t
t t
t
>

+ >

<

Trng hp 1:
3
2
2
2
3
0 2
2
x
t
x

> +

>

< <

Trng hp 2:
1
2
t < .Bt phng trnh v nghim.
V d 5: Gii phng trnh
4
) 2 )( 4 ( x x +
=
2
x
2x 8 (1)
Hng dn: t t =
) 2 )( 4 ( x x +
(t 0)
(1) tr thnh: 4t =
2
t

4 t
0 t
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* Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, sau khi t n ph t, phng trnh vn cn li c n x c,
khi ta s coi x l tham s trong phng trnh mi hoc coi x l n th 2 (cng vi t) trong 1 h
phng trnh. C th:
+ Nu phng trnh mi (n t, tham s x) c bit thc chnh phng ( = ) x ( g
2
, g(x) l
mt a thc, thng c bc 1) th gii t theo x; nu phng trnh l phng trnh ng cp (ca x
v t) th t x = ty.
V d 6: Gii phng trnh
(4x 1)
1 x
2
+
= 2
2
x
+ 2x + 1 (1)
Hng dn: t t =
1 x
2
+
(t 1)
(1) tr thnh (4x 1)t = 2
2
t + 2x 1
=
2
) 3 x 4 ( (chnh phng)

t =
4
) 3 x 4 ( ) 1 x 4 ( t

+
+
1 x 2 1 x
2
1
1 x
2
2
V d 7: Gii phng trnh
2
2
x
3x + 2 = x 2 x 3 (1)
Hng dn: t t = 2 x 3 (t 0)
(1) tr thnh
2
t + xt 2
2
x
= 0.
Cch 1: = 9
2
x (chnh phng)

t =
2
x 3 x t

x 2 2 x 3
x 2 x 3
Cch 2: phng trnh ng cp

t x = ty:
2
t + y
2
t 2
2
y
2
t = 0
2
t (1 + y 2
2
y ) = 0.
V d 8: Gii phng trnh
2(1 x)
1 x 2 x
2
+
=
2
x
2x 1.
+ Nu phng trnh mi khng phi ng cp v cng khng chnh phng th coi t v x l
2 n ca 1 h phng trnh.
V d 9: Gii phng trnh
2
x
+ 5 x + = 5 (1)
Hng dn: t t = 5 x + (t 0)
Ta c h phng trnh

'

+
+
5 x t
5 t x
2
2
Tr hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau c: (t + x)( x t + 1) = 0.

+

1 x t
x t

+ +
+
1 x 5 x
x 5 x
V d 10: Gii phng trnh
2
x
+ 4x = 6 x + (1)
Hng dn:
Nu t t = 6 x + (t 0) ta c h

'

+
+
6 x t
t x 4 x
2
2

kh khn
Ta d kin t
6 x +
= at + b a v h phng trnh i xng:
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Ta c h phng trnh:

'

+ +
+ +
2 2 2
2
b 6 x a b t 2 t a
b a t x 4 x
h ny i xng nu

'

2
2
b 6 b
1 a
4 a b 2
1 a

'

2 b
1 a
. Nh vy ta t t + 2 = 6 x + (t 2)
Khi c h pt i xng:

'

+ +
+ +
2 x t 4 t
2 t x 4 x
2
2
(S
3 17 5 13
; )
2 2
x
+

V d 11: Gii phng trnh

7
2
x
+ 7x =
28
9 x 4 +
(x > 0)
Hng dn:
D on t
28
9 x 4 +
= at + b ta tm c a = 1, b =
2
1
c h phng trnh i xng. Nh vy
s t t +
2
1
=
28
9 x 4 +
.
V d 12: Gii phng trnh
1 x
x

+
x
1 x
=
2
3
(1)
Hng dn:
t t =
1 x
x

x
1 x
=
t
1
(t > 0)
(1) tr thnh: t +
t
1
=
2
3
2
2
t 3t + 2 = 0.
V d 13: Gii phng trnh
1 x + + x 4 +
) x 4 )( 1 x ( +
= 5 (1)
Hng dn:
t t = 1 x + + x 4
) x 4 )( 1 x ( +
=
2
5 t
2

(1) tr thnh: t +
2
5 t
2

= 5.
V d 14: Gii phng trnh
x x
2
+
+
) x 1 ( x 7 + +
= 3 + 2 (1)
Hng dn:
t
x x
2
+
= t (t 0)
(1) tr thnh: t + 7 t
2
+ = 3 + 2

7 t
2
+ = 3 + 2 t (dng 1 cn)
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'

+ +
+
2 2
) t 2 3 ( 7 t
0 2 3
V d 15: Gii phng trnh
x x
2
+
+ 7 x x
2
+ + = 3 + 2 (1)
Hng dn:
t

'

+ +
+
7 x x v
x x u
2
2
(1) tr thnh: u + v = 3 + 2 .
Ta c h phng trnh

'

+ +
7 u v
2 3 v u
2 2
V d 16: Gii phng trnh
3(2 + 2 x ) = 2x + 6 x +
Hng dn:
t

'

+

6 x v
2 x 3 u
V d 3: Gii phng trnh
1 x + 2 4 x + + 9 x 2 + 4 1 x 3 + = 25 (1)
Gii.
t f(x) = VT(1), xt trn [
2
9
, + )
Ta thy f (x) > 0, x >
2
9

f(x) ng bin trn [

2
9
, + )

nu (1) c nghim th nghim

duy nht. Xt thy f(5) = 0 x = 5 l nghim duy nht.
BI TP NGH:
1) 1 4 1 + x x (x=3)
2) 7 8 2 5 + + + x x (x=4)
Bi 1:Tm iu kin ca m phng trnh
2
2 2 1 x x m x +
a) C nghim thc.
b) C 1 nghim thc
c) C 3 nghim thc
Hng dn: Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
2
1
2
3 6 1
x
m x x

'

. Dng th.
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Bi 2: Tm iu kin ca m phng trnh
2
2
16 4 0
16
m
x
x

c nghim thc.
Hng dn: t
( ]
2
16 0; 4 t x t . Phng trnh tr thnh
2
4 0 4
m
t t t m
t
. Lp
bng bin thin ca hm s y = t
2
4t, ta c: 4 0 m
IV). BI TP NGH:
Bi 1:Gii cc phng trnh
2
2
2
27583
1)3 34 3 3 1 :
9
1 1 1 1
2) 5 5 : 17; 21
2 2 2 2
1
3) 3 9 1 2 0 :
2
11
4) 2 9 4 3 1 : ; 0
3
5) 5 1 3 2 1 0 : 2
6) 2 3 5 2 4 6 0 : 2
x x kq x
x x kq x x
x x x kq x
x x x kq x x
x x x kq x
x x x x kq x
+

+ + +

+ +
+ + +

+ +
7). 3 1 4 1 : 5
47
8). 3 4 2 7 :
24
x x kq x
x x x x kq x
+ +

+ + + + + +
x x x 2 1 1 4 ). 9 + x=0
Bi 2: gii cc phng trnh
1) 4 2 x x (x=6)
2) 0 2 1 9 3
2
+ + x x x
1
(x )
2

3) 5 2 3 4
2
+ x x x (
5
14
x
)
4) 7 1 2 2 x x ( 5 x )
5) 1 2 3 2
2
+ + x x x ( )
3
15 3 t
x
4)
2 4
4
4
2 2
x x
( 2 2 t x )
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) 1 3 4 9 2 + + + x x x (
11
x 0 x )
3

2) 0 1 2 3 1 5 x x x (x=2)
3) 1 7 2 3 + x x ( 9 x )
4) 3 8 + + x x x ( 1 x )
5) 2 1 + + + x x x (
3
3 2 3 +
x )
6) 4 3 1 + + x x ( 0 x )
Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh
1) (x + 5)(2 x) = 3 x 3 x
2
+ . (x=1;x=-4)
2) x 3 + 1 x 4 3 x x 4
2
= 2. (x=2)
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3)
2
x
+ 7 x + = 7. x=2 ; (
1 1
29
2 2
x )
4)
3
2
) x 2 ( +
3
2
) x 7 ( +
3
) x 7 )( x 2 ( + = 3. ptvn
5) 19 3 3 2 7
2 2 2
+ + + + + + + x x x x x x (x=1;x=-2)
6) 3 6 3 3 3
2 2
+ + + x x x x (x=1;x=2)
7) 1 2 3
2 2
+ + x x x x (
1 1
5
2 2
x t )
8) 1 6 5 2 2 2 5 2
2 2
+ + + x x x x (
7
1;
2
x x

)
9) 11 26 26
2 2
+ + x x x x (x=1;x=5)
10)
2 2
4 3 2 4 x x x x + + (x=2;x=0;
2 1
14
3 3
x

)
11) 2 5 3 2 9 4 1 2 3
2
+ + + x x x x x (x=2)
12) ( ) 1 2 2 1 1 4
2 2
+ + + x x x x (
4
3
x )
Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh
1) x x x x 3 3 ) 2 )( 5 (
2
+ +
(x 1 x 4)
2)
5 ) 4 )( 1 ( 4 1 + + + + x x x x

(x 0 x 3)
3) 0 1 3 1 2
2
+ + x x x (x 1 x 2 2)
4) 1 1 2
3
x x
(x 1 x 2 x 10)
5)
4 ) 5 )( 2 ( 5 2 + + + + x x x x
(
2
5 3 3 t
x )
6) 16 2 12 2 4 4
2
+ + + x x x x (x=5)
7) 3 6 3 3 3
2 2
+ + + x x x x (x=1;x=2)
8) 2 5 3 2 9 4 1 2 3
2
+ + + x x x x x (x=2)
B). BT PHNG TRNH CHA N TRONG DU CN
I). TM TT L THUYT
1). Dng c bn
2
A 0
A B B 0
A B

< >
'

<

2
A 0
B 0
A B
B 0
A B

'
<

>

'

>

V d 3: Gii bt phng trnh:
2 2 2
3 2 4 3 2 5 4 x x x x x x + + + +
Gii: iu kin cc cn thc c ngha:
4
1
x
x

Trng hp 1: 4 x . Ta vit bt phng trnh di dng :

( )
( )
( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 3) 2 ( 1)( 4) 1 2 3 2 1 4
2 3 2 4 2 4 4 3
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ +
+
V 4 x nn v tri dng cn v phi m, bt phng trnh c nghim ng. Vy 4 x .
Trng hp 2: 1 x . Ta vit bt phng trnh di dng :
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( )
(1 )(2 ) (1 )(3 ) 2 (1 )(4 ) 1 2 3 2 1 4 x x x x x x x x x x x + +
Kh nng 1: x = 1 l nghim.
Kh nng 2: x < 1 bt phng trnh tng ng vi
2 3 2 4 2 4 4 3 x x x x x x x + .
V tri m, v phi dng, bt phng trnh v nghim.
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l: 4 x hoc x =1
C). BI TP NGH
Bi 1: gii cc bt phng trnh sau
1) 2 6
2
+ + x x x ( 3 x )
2) 1 ) 1 ( 2
2
+ x x ( 3 1 1 x x )
3) x x x < 12
2
( 4 x )
4) x x x > + 2 6 5 2
2
( 1 10 x x )
5)
3
7
3
3
) 16 ( 2
2

> +

x
x
x
x
x
Bi 3 : Gii cc bt phng trnh
2
2
2
1
1) 4 3 1 ( ; 1); ( 3)
3
2
2) 4 5 2 3 ( )
3
1
3) 4 1 ( 4); (0 ; )
6
7
4) ( 1)(4 ) 2 ( 1 ; )
2
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x
+ < + <
+ + >
+ + < <
+ > <
5) 3 x +
1 x
< 2 x (
2
21
3
x > )
6) 0 2 1 6 2
2
> + + x x x (
3 1
7; 3
2 2
x x > )
7) x x x 3 1 4 1 5 + (
1
4
x > )
8) 7 1 3 18 2 7 ( 9) x x x x + +
9) 5 1 1 2 4 ( 10 2) x x x x x > <
10)
2 3
5 4 3 ( 3 4 )
3
x x x x x + + > + < +
11)
2
51 2
1 ( 5; 1 2 13; 1; 1 2 13)
1
x x
x x x x
x

< < > +

12)
2
1 1 4 2 1 1
3 ( ; ;0 )
4 2 2
x
x x x
x

< < <
Bi 4: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
1) 1 2 4 11 + + x x x ( 5 4 x )
2) 1 5 5 3 > + x x ( 4 > x )
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3) x x x + + 1 2 (
3
3 2 3 +
x )
4)
2 2
2 5 4 2 4 3 ( 1; 1 2 6; 1 2 6; 1) x x x x x x x x + + + + +
5)
2 2
2 4 3 3 2 1 ( 3; 1) x x x x x x + + >

6) x x x x 2 7 1 10 5
2 2
+ + ( 1 3 x x )
7) 28 5 5 ) 4 )( 1 (
2
+ + < + + x x x x ( 9< x< 4)
Bi 5: Gii v bin lun cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) m x 2 x
2) 3 x 2
2
+ < x m
3) m x m 2 x > m 3 x
III. PHNG PHP HM S
Phng php ny da vo vic kho st mt vi tnh cht c bit no ca hm s
dn n kt lun nghim cho phng trnh, bt phng trnh ang xt.
V d : Gii bt phng trnh: 9 2 4 5 x x + + + > .
Gii: Xt hm s 9 2 4 y x x + + + , ta thy ngay hm s ny ng bin trn tp xc nh 2 x .Ta
c f(0) = 5 do :
+ Vi x > 0 th f(x) > f(0) = 5 nn x > 0 l nghim.
+ Vi
2 0 ( ) (0) 5 x f x f
nn 2 0 x khng l nghim.Tm li: x>0 l nghim.
IV. P DNG BT NG THC
1). MT S V D
V d 1: Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s 2 4 y x x + v p dng gii phng trnh:
2
2 4 6 11 x x x x + + .
Gii: p dng bt ng thc :
2 2 2
2( ) ( ) a b a b + + .ta c:
( )
2
2( 2 4 ) 2 4 2 x x x x y + + . Do y ln nht bng 2 khi v ch khi:
2 4 3 x x x .Mt khc
2 2
6 11 ( 3) 2 2. x x x x + + nn:
2
2
2 4 2
2 4 6 11 3
6 11 2
x x
x x x x x
x x

+ +
'
+

V d 2: Gii phng trnh

x 3 +
x
1
= 4
8
x
(1)
Gii.
MX: x > 0
C
4
x
1
x 3 +
=
8
x
1
x
1
x x x x x x + + + + + + +

8
x
(2) x > 0 (BT Csi)
Vy (1)

du = (2) xy ra

x =
x
1

x = 1.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh
2 x + x 4 =
2
x
6x + 11. (1)
Gii.
* Cch 1
[ ]
2
) 1 ( VT (
2
1
+
2
1
)(x 2 + 4 x) = 4. (BT Bunhiacopxki)
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VT 2.
VP(1) =
2
) 3 x ( + 2 2.
Vy (1)

'

2 ) 1 ( V P
2 ) 1 ( V T

'

0 3 x
1
x 4
1
2 x
x = 3.
* Cch 2
t
A x 2 4 x +
2 2 2
A 2 2 (x 2)(4 x) A 2 (x 2) (4 x) A 4 + + + (BT Csi)
VT 2 vi 2 x 4
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x 2 = 4 x x = 3
Mt khc VP =
2 2
x 6x 11 (x 3) 2 2 + + , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 3
Suy ra phng trnh cho tng ng vi h
2
x 2 4 x 2
x 3
x 6x 11 2

'
+

Vy x = 3 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh

V d 4: Gii phng trnh
3 x 7 x 3
2
+ + 4 x 3 x
2
+ =
2 x
2

+ 1 x 5 x 3
2
(1)
Gii.
Vit 3 x 7 x 3
2
+ = ) 2 x ( 2 1 x 5 x 3
2

4 x 3 x
2
+ = ) 2 x ( 3 2 x
2

Vy (1)

'

0 1 x 5 x 3
0 2 x
0 2 x
2
2

x = 2.
V d 5: Gii phng trnh

2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 4 2x x + + + + +
(1)
Gii.
2 2 2
(1) 3(x 1) 4 5(x 1) 9 5 (x 1) + + + + + +
VT(1) 5, VP(1) 5, x
VT(1) 5
(1) x 1 0 x 1
VP(1) 5

+
'

Vy x = -1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh

V. GII BT PHNG TRNH BNG CCH NHN LNG LIN HP
MT S V D:
V d 1: Gii bt phng trnh

2
1 1 4x
3
x

<
Bng cch nhn lng lin hp bt phng trnh tng ng
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( )
2
2
2 2
4x
3
x 1 1 4x
x 0 x 0
4x 3 3 1 4x 3 1 4x 4x 3
<
+



' '
< + >



2
1 4x
c ngha th
1 1
x
2 2
. V x
1
2
4x 3< 0
Do (1),(2)
x 0
1 1
x
2 2

'

. Tp nghim { }
1 1
S ; \ 0
2 2
1

1
]
V d 2: Gii bt phng trnh

2
12x 8
2x 4 2 2 x
9x 16

+ >
+
(1)
Bng cch nhn lng lin hp bt phng trnh tng ng
( )
2
2
6x 4 2(6x 4)
(3x 2) 9x 16 2 2x 4 2 2 x 0
2x 4 2 2 x
9x 16

1
> + + + >
]
+ +
+
(2)
Li thc hin php nhn lin hp
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
(2) (3x 2) 9x 16 4 12 2x 4 8 2x 0
(3x 2) 9x 8x 32 16 8 2x 0
(3x 2) x 2 8 2x x 2 8 2x 0 (3)
1
+ + >
1
]
+ >
+ + >

2
8 2x
c ngha th -2 x 2. Do
2
x 2 8 x 2 8 2x + + >
0 nn
( )
2
2 2
(3) (3x 2) x 2 8 2x 0
3x 2 0 3x 2 0
(I) (II)
x 2 8 2x 0 x 2 8 2x 0
>
> <


' '
> <


Gii (I)
4 2
x 2
3
<
Gii (II)
2
2 2
2
x 0 0 x<
2 2
2 x 0 0 x< 2 x< 3
3 3 8 2x 0
x 32 8x

<

<
' '


<

Vy
2 4 2
S 2; ; 2
3 3
1
_

1

,
]
VI. PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA:
Phng php ny nhm chuyn mt s loi phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t v phng trnh,
bt phng trnh lng gic.
1). MT S V D
V d 1:Gii phng trnh:
( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 x x x + +
Gii: iu kin: 1 1 x . t
sin , ;
2 2
x t t
1

1
]
. Ta c phng trnh:
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3
1 cos sin (1 2cos ) sin sin 2 2 cos 2cos .sin
2 2 2
t t t
t t t t t + + +
V
; cos 0
2 2 2
t
t
1

1
]
,ta c:
1
2 3
6
sin
2
2 2
1
2
t
x t
x t

V d 2: Gii bt phng trnh:

( )
5
2 5
1 1 x x + .
Gii: iu kin: 0 1 x . t x=cost vi 0
2
t

. Ta c
5
5
2
sin cos 1 t t +
.
Do
5
5 2 2
2
sin sin ; cos cos t t t t
nn
5
5 2 2
2
sin cos sin cos 1. 0;
2
t t t t t
1
+ +
1
]
nn bt phng trnh
c nghim l mi [ ]
0;1 x
VII. NHIU CN BC L:
* Nng ly tha:
3
A
+
3
B
=
3
C

A + B + 3
3
AB
(
3
A
+
3
B
) = C
A + B + 3
3
AB
3
C = C (Bc ny khng tng ng)

3
3
ABC = C A B

27ABC =
3
) B A C (
V d 1. Gii phng trnh
3
1 x 2
+
3
1 x
=
3
1 x 3 + . (1)
Gii:
(1)
2 2 3 3
3 3
2x 1 x 1 3 (2x 1) . x 1 3 2x 1. (x 1) 3x 1 + + + +

( )
( )
3 3
3
3 3
3
3
3
3 2
3x 2 3 (2x 1)(x 1) 2x 1 x 1 3x 1
3 (2x 1)(x 1) 2x 1 x 1 1
(2x 1)(x 1). 3x 1 1
(2x 1)(x 1)(3x 1) 1
6x 7x 0
x 0 (loai)
7
x
7
6 x (nhan)
6
+ + +
+
+
+

V d 2. Gii phng trnh

3
1 x
+
3
2 x
=
3
3 x 2 (1)
Gii.
(1) x 1 + x 2 + 3
3
1 x
3
2 x
(
3
1 x
+
3
2 x
) = 2x 3

2x 3 + 3
3
) 2 x )( 1 x (
3
3 x 2 = 2x 3

1
2
3
( )
2
x
x
x loai

Vy x= 1; x=2
* t n ph:
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V d 1. Gii phng trnh
3
x 10 +
3
1 x
= 3. (1)
Gii.
t u =
3
x 10
v =
3
1 x
Ta c h

'

+
+
9 v u
3 v u
3 3
(S x= 9; x= 2)
VI II. PHNG TRNH C C CN BC CHN, C CN BC L
* Cch 1: Lm mt cn ln 1: t 1 n ph.
Lm mt cn ln 2: nng ly tha.
* Cch 2: t nhiu n ph.
Cc v d:
V d 1. Gii phng trnh
3
7 x + x = 1 (1)
Hng dn
+Cch 1: t t = x (t 0)
(1) tr thnh
3 2
7 t + = t + 1

2
t + 7 =
3
t + 3
2
t + 3t + 1
(t 1)(
2
t + 3t + 6) = 0 (Bn c t gii) (S x=1)
+Cch 2: t

'

+
x v
7 x u
3
c h

'

7 v u
1 v u
2 3

V d 2. Gii phng trnh
3 x +
3
x
= 1 (1)
Hng dn
+ Cch 1: t t =
3
x
, (1) tr thnh: 1 t
3
+ = t + 1
+ Cch 2: t

'

+
3
x v
3 x u
c h

'

3 v u
1 v u
3 2
(S 1; 2 2) x x
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