Mach Phan Cuc Va Khuech Dai Tin Hieu Nho Dung BJT - Diendandaihoc.vn

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT
Chng II
MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH DNG BJT
Ta bit BJT c th hot ng trong 3 vng: - Vng tc ng: (Vng khuch i hay tuyn tnh) vi ni B-E phn cc thun ni B-C phn cc nghch - Vng bo ha: Ni B-E phn cc thun Ni B-C phn cc thun - Vng ngng: Ni B-E phn cc nghch Ty theo nhim v m hot ng ca transistor phi c t trong vng no. Nh vy, phn cc transistor l a cc in th mt chiu vo cc cc ca transistor nh th no transistor hot ng trong vng mong mun. D nhin ngi ta cn phi thc hin mt s bin php khc n nh hot ng transistor nht l khi nhit ca transistor thay i. Trong chng ny, ta kho st ch yu BJT NPN nhng cc kt qa v phng php phn tch vn ng vi BJT PNP, ch cn ch n chiu dng in v cc tnh ca ngun in th 1 chiu.
2.1. PHN CC C NH: (FIXED-BIAS)

Mch c bn nh hnh 2.1
Phng php chung phn gii mch phn cc gm ba bc: - Bc 1 : Dng mch in ng vo xc nh dng in ng vo (IB hoc IE). - Bc 2: Suy ra dng in ng ra t cc lin h IC=IB IC=IE
B
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Mch in T
- Bc 3:Dng mch in ng ra tm cc thng s cn li (in th ti cc chn, gia cc chn ca BJT...) p dng vo mch in hnh 2.1
* S bo ha ca BJT: S lin h gia IC v IB s quyt nh BJT c hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh hay khng. BJT hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh th ni thu - nn phi phn cc nghch. BJT NPN v c th hnh 2.1 ta phi c:
th BJT s i dn vo hot ng trong vng bo ha. T iu kin ny v lin h IC=IB ta tm c tr s ti a ca IB, t chn RB sao cho thch hp.
B B
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Mch in T
2.2. PHN CC N NH CC PHT: (EMITTER STABILIZED BIAS)

Mch c bn ging mch phn cc c nh, nhng cc pht c mc thm mt in tr RE xung mass. Cch tnh phn cc cng c cc bc ging nh mch phn cc c nh.
* S bo ha ca BJT: Tng t nh trong mch phn cc c nh, bng cch cho ni tt gia cc thu v cc pht ta tm c dng in cc thu bo ha ICsat
Ta thy khi thm RE vo, ICsat nh hn trong trng hp phn cc c nh, tc BJT d bo ha hn.
2.3. PHN CC BNG CU CHIA IN TH: (VOLTAGE - DIVIDER BIAS)

Mch c bn c dng hnh 2.3. Dng nh l Thevenin bin i thnh mch hnh 2.3b
Trong :
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Mch in T
Mch nn - pht: VBB= RBBIB+VBE+REIE Thay: IE=(1+)IB

B
Suy ra IC t lin h: IC=IB
* Cch phn tch gn ng: Trong cch phn cc ny, trong mt s iu kin, ta c th dng phng php tnh gn ng. l in tr ng vo ca BJT nhn t cc B khi c RE l:
Ta thy, nu xem ni tr ca ngun VBE khng ng k so vi (1+)RE th Ri=(1+)RE. Nu Ri>>R2 th dng IB<<I2 nn I1# I2, ngha l R2//Ri # R2. Do in th ti chn B c th c tnh mt cch gn ng:
V Ri=(1+)RE # RE nn thng trong thc t ngi ta c th chp nhn cch tnh gn ng ny khi RE 10R2.
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Mch in T
Khi xc nh xong VB, VE c th tnh bng:
Trong cch tnh phn cc ny, ta thy khng c s hin din ca h s . im tnh iu hnh Q c xc nh bi IC v VCE nh vy c lp vi . y l mt u im ca mch phn cc vi in tr cc pht RE v h s rt nhy i vi nhit mc d khi c RE khuch i ca BJT c suy gim.
2.4. PHN CC VI HI TIP IN TH: (Dc Bias With Voltage Feedback)

y cng l cch phn cc ci thin n nh cho hot ng ca BJT
2.5. MT S DNG MCH PHN CC KHC

Mch phn cc bng cu chia in th v hi tip in th rt thng dng. Ngoi ra ty trng hp ngi ta cn c th phn cc BJT theo cc dng sau y thng qua cc bi tp p dng.
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Mch in T
2.6. THIT K MCH PHN CC

Khi thit k mch phn cc, ngi ta thng dng cc nh lut cn bn v mch in nh nh lut Ohm, nh lut Kirchoff, nh l Thevenin..., t cc thng s bit tm ra cc thng s cha bit ca mch in. Phn sau l mt vi th d m t cng vic thit k.
2.6.1. Th d 1:
RB.
B
Cho mch phn cc vi c tuyn ng ra ca BJT nh hnh 2.9. Xc nh VCC, RC,
T ng thng ly in: VCE=VCC-RCIC ta suy ra VCC=20V
c cc in tr tiu chun ta chn: RB=470K; RC=2.4K.

B
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Mch in T
Chn
RB=1,2M
B
2.6.3. Thit k mch phn cc c dng nh hnh 2.11
in tr R1, R2 khng th tnh trc tip t in th chn B v in th ngun. mch hot ng tt, ta phi chn R1, R2 sao cho c VB mong mun v sao cho dng qua R1, R2 gn nh bng nhau v rt ln i vi IB. Lc
B
2.7. BJT HOT NG NH MT CHUYN MCH

BJT khng nhng ch c s dng trong cc mch in t thng thng nh khuch i tn hiu, dao ng... m cn c th c dng nh mt ngt in (Switch). Hnh 2.12 l m hnh cn bn ca mt mch o (inverter).
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Mch in T
Ta thy in th ng ra ca VC l o i vi in th tn hiu p vo cc nn (ng vo). Lu l y khng c in p 1 chiu phn cc cho cc nn m ch c in th 1 chiu ni vo cc thu. Mch o phi c thit k sao cho im iu hnh Q di chuyn t trng thi ngng dn sang trng thi bo ha v ngc li khi hiu th tn hiu vo i trng thi. iu ny c ngha l IC=ICEO 0mA khi IB=0mA v VCE=VCEsat=0V khi IC=ICsat (tht ra VCEsat thay i t 0,1V n 0,3V) - hnh 2.12, Khi Vi=5V, BJT dn v phi thit k sao cho BJT dn bo ha.
B
mch trn, khi vi=5V th tr s ca IB l:
Th iu kin trn ta thy:
nn tha mn BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha. - Khi vi=0V, IB=0A, BJT ngng v IC=ICEO=0mA; in th gim qua RC lc ny l 0V, do :
B
VC=VCC-RCIC=5V - Khi BJT bo ha, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht l:
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Mch in T
Nu coi VCEsat c tr trung bnh khong 0,15V ta c:
Nh vy ta c th coi Rsat#0 khi n c mc ni tip vi in tr hng K. - Khi vi=0V, BJT ngng, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht c k hiu l Rcut-off
Kt qa l gia hai cc C v E tng ng vi mch h Th d: Xc nh RC v RB ca mch in hnh 2.15 nu ICsat=10mA

B
Khi bo ha:
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Mch in T
Ta chn IB=60A m bo BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha
Vy ta thit k: RC=1K RB=150K Trong thc t, BJT khng th chuyn tc thi t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn hay ngc li m phi mt mt thi gian. iu ny l do tc dng ca in dung 2 mi ni ca BJT. Ta xem hot ng ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu (hnh 2.16)
B
Khi chuyn t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn, BJT phi mt mt thi gian l: (2.14) ton=td+tr td: Thi gian t khi c tn hiu vo n khi IC tng c 10% gi tr cc i tr: Thi gian IC tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i. Khi chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng, BJT phi mt mt thi gian l: toff=ts+tf (2.15) ts: Thi gian t khi mt tn hiu vo n khi IC cn 90% so vi tr cc i tf: Thi gian t khi IC 90% n khi gim cn 10% tr cc i.
Thng thng toff > ton
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Mch in T
Th d 1 BJT bnh thng: ; tr=13ns ts=120ns ; td=25ns tf=132ns Vy: ton=38ns ; toff=132ns So snh vi 1 BJT c bit c chuyn mch nhanh nh BSV 52L ta thy: ton=12ns; toff=18ns. Cc BJT ny c gi l transistor chuyn mch (switching transistor)
2.8. TNH KHUCH I CA BJT

Xem mch in hnh 2.17
Gi s ta a mt tn hiu xoay chiu c dng sin, bin nh vo chn B ca BJT nh hnh v. in th chn B ngoi thnh phn phn cc VB cn c thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu vi(t) chng ln. vB(t)=VB+vi(t)
B
Cc t C1 v C2 ng vo v ng ra c chn nh th no c th xem nh ni tt dung khng rt nh - tn s ca tn hiu. Nh vy tc dng ca cc t lin lc C1, C2 l cho thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu i qua v ngn thnh phn phn cc mt chiu.
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Mch in T
V BJT, ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng kiu mu re hay mch tng ng theo thng s h. Hnh 2.20 m t 2 loi mch tng ng ny 2 dng n gin v y
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Mch in T
* Dng n gin
* Dng y
Hnh 2.20
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Mch in T
Do ngun ph thuc ib c th thay th bng ngun gm.vbe
2.9. MCH KHUCH I CC PHT CHUNG

Tn hiu a vo cc nn B, ly ra cc thu C. Cc pht E dng chung cho ng vo v ng ra
2.9.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n nh cc pht

Mch c bn nh hnh 2.21 v mch tng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.22
Tr s do nh sn xut cho bit Tr s re c tnh t mch phn cc:
T mch tng ng ta tm c cc thng s ca mch. * li in th:
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Mch in T
Du - cho thy vo v vi ngc pha
tnh tng tr ra ca mch, u tin ta ni tt ng vo (vi=0); p mt ngun gi tng c tr s vo vo pha ng ra nh hnh 2.23, xong lp t s
Khi vi=0 ib = 0 ib=0 (tng ng mch h) nn
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Mch in T
Ch : Trong mch c bn hnh 2.21 nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE (nh hnh 2.24) hoc ni thng chn E xung mass (nh hnh 2.25) th trong mch tng ng xoay chiu s khng cn s hin din ca in tr RE (hnh 2.26)
Phn gii mch ta s tm c:
Tht ra cc kt qu trn c th suy ra t cc kt qu hnh 2.22 khi cho RE=0
2.9.2. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc bng cu chia in th v n nh cc pht
y l dng mch rt thng dng do c n nh tt. Mch c bn nh hnh 2.27 v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.28 So snh hnh 2.28 vi hnh 2.22 ta thy hon ton ging nhau nu thay RB=R1//R2 nn ta c th suy ra cc kt qu:
B
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Mch in T
Ch : Trong mch in hnh 2.27, nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE cc pht (hnh 2.29) hoc ni thng cc pht E xung mass (hnh 2.30) th trong mch tng ng cng khng cn s hin din ca RE
Cc kt qu trn vn ng khi ta cho RE=0
2.9.3. Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th v n nh cc pht

Mch tng qut nh hnh 2.31 v mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 2.32
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Mch in T
* li in th:
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Mch in T
* Tng tr ra: Z 0 =
vo : ni tt ng vo (vi=0) ib=0 v ib=0 io
Zo=RC//RB
(2.47)
Ch : Cng ging nh phn trc, mch hnh 2.31, nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE vo cc E ca BJT hoc mc thng cc E xung mass th cc thng s ca mch c suy ra khi cho RE=0
2.10. MCH KHUCH I CC THU CHUNG

Cn gi l mch khuch i theo cc pht (Emitter fllower). Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 2.33 v mch tng ng xoay chiu v hnh 2.34
Nh kt qu c thy phn sau, im c bit ca mch ny l li in th nh hn v gn bng 1, tn hiu vo v ra cng pha, tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra li rt
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Mch in T
nh nn tc dng gn nh bin th. V cc l do trn, mch cc thu chung thng c dng lm mch m (Buffer) gip cho vic truyn tn hiu t hiu sut cao nht.
* Tng tr ra Zo Ni tt ng vo (vi=0), p 1 in th vo ng ra
Ch : - Mch khuch i cc thu chung cng c th c phn cc bng cu chia in th nh hnh 2.36. Cc cng thc trn mch phn gii trn vn ng, ch cn thay RB=R1//R2
B
- Mch cng c th c mc thm 1 in tr RC nh hnh 2.37. Cc cng thc trn vn ng khi thay RB=R1//R2. Tng tr vo Zi v tng tr ra Z0 khng thay i v RC khng lm nh hng n cc nn v cc pht. RC a vo ch lm nh hng n vic xc nh im tnh iu hnh.
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Mch in T
2.11. MCH KHUCH I CC NN CHUNG

Dng mch thng dng v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.38
Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:
2.12. PHN GII THEO THNG S h N GIN

Vic phn gii cc mch dng BJT theo thng s h cng tng ng nh kiu mu re. y ta s khng i su vo cc chi tit m ch dng li nhng kt qu quan trng nht ca mch. Cc thng s h thng c nh sn xut cho bit. Ngoi ra ta cn nh n cc lin h gia 2 mch tng ng
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Mch in T
2.12.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung

Th d ta xem mch hnh 2.39a v mch tng ng hnh 2.39b Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c - Tng tr vo Zi=R1//R2//Zb vi: Zb=hie+(1+hfe)RE#hie+hfeRE
(2.56)
- Tng tr ra: Zo=RC
(2.57)
Ghi ch: Trng hp ta mc thm t phn dng CE hoc mch in khng c RE (chn E mc xung mass) th trong mch tng ng s khng c s hin din ca RE Cc kt qu s l:
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Mch in T
2.12.2. Mch khuch i cc thu chung

Xem mch hnh 2.40a vi mch tng ng 2.40b
- Tng tr vo: Zi=R1//R2//Zb - Tng tr ra: Mch tnh tng tr ra nh hnh 2.40c
Thng thng hie << hfeRE Av # 1 - li dng in:

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Mch in T
2.12.3. Mch khuch i cc nn chung

Dng mch v mch tng ng nh hnh 2.41
Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:
2.13. PHN GII THEO THNG S h Y

im quan trng trong cch phn gii theo thng s h y l cng thc tnh cc thng s ca mch khuch i c th p dng cho tt c cc cch rp. Ch cn ch l mch cc pht chung l hie, hfe, hre, hoe; mch cc nn chung l hib, hfb, hrb, hob v mch cc thu chung l hic, hfc, hrc, hoc. M hnh sau y l mch tng ng tng qut ca BJT theo thng s h mt cch y , ngi ta xem BJT nh mt t cc.
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Mch in T
Khc vi phn trc, y li dng in Ai c xc nh trc.
Nu hoRL << 1 Ai # hf
Ta tm li c dng quen thuc Zi=hi nu s hng th hai rt nh so vi s hng th nht - Tng tr ra Zo L t s ca in th ng ra v dng in ng ra khi ng vo ni tt (vs=0)
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Mch in T
Ta s tm li c dng quen thuc Zo=1/ho khi s hng th hai (ca mu s) khng ng k so vi s hng th nht.
BI TP CUI CHNG II
Bi 1: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc dng cu chia in th vi ngun in VCC=24V, BJT s dng c =100/si v iu hnh ti ICQ=4mA, VCEQ=8v. Chn VE=1/8VCC. Dng in tr c gi tr tiu chun. Bi 2: Thit k mch o vi thng s nh hnh 2.44. BJT dng c =100/si v ICsat=8mA. Hy thit k vi IB=120%IBmax v dng in tr tiu chun.
B
Bi 3: Trong mch in hnh 2.45 a. Xc nh cc tr phn cc IB, IC, VE, VCE . b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c CE) c. Tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th
B
ca mch (khng c CE) d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc CE vo mch
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Mch in T
Bi 4: Trong mch in hnh 2.46 a. Xc nh tr phn cc IC, VC, VE, VCE . b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c CE) c. Tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th Av=vo/vi ca mch (khng c CE) d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc CE vo mch.
Bi 5: Trong mch in hnh 2.47 a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh b. Thit lp cng thc tnh Zi, Av c . p dng bng s tnh Zi v Av
Bi 6: Trong mch in hnh 2.48
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Mch in T
c. Nhn xt g gia vo1 v vo2
Bi 7: Trong mch in hnh 2.49 a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh b. Thit lp cng thc tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th Av c. p dng bng s tnh Zi v Av.
Bi 8: Trong mch in hnh 2.50, Hy xc nh:
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Mch in T
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Mch in T

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Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.1. PHN CC C NH: (FIXED-BIAS)

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.2. PHN CC N NH CC PHT: (EMITTER STABILIZED BIAS)

2.3. PHN CC BNG CU CHIA IN TH: (VOLTAGE - DIVIDER BIAS)

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Mch nn - pht: VBB= RBBIB+VBE+REIE Thay: IE=(1+)IB

Suy ra IC t lin h: IC=IB

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Khi xc nh xong VB, VE c th tnh bng:

2.4. PHN CC VI HI TIP IN TH: (Dc Bias With Voltage Feedback)

2.5. MT S DNG MCH PHN CC KHC

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.6. THIT K MCH PHN CC

Cho mch phn cc vi c tuyn ng ra ca BJT nh hnh 2.9. Xc nh VCC, RC,

T ng thng ly in: VCE=VCC-RCIC ta suy ra VCC=20V

c cc in tr tiu chun ta chn: RB=470K; RC=2.4K.

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.6.3. Thit k mch phn cc c dng nh hnh 2.11

2.7. BJT HOT NG NH MT CHUYN MCH

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

mch trn, khi vi=5V th tr s ca IB l:

Th iu kin trn ta thy:

VC=VCC-RCIC=5V - Khi BJT bo ha, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht l:

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Nu coi VCEsat c tr trung bnh khong 0,15V ta c:

Kt qa l gia hai cc C v E tng ng vi mch h Th d: Xc nh RC v RB ca mch in hnh 2.15 nu ICsat=10mA

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Ta chn IB=60A m bo BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha

Thng thng toff > ton

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.8. TNH KHUCH I CA BJT

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Do ngun ph thuc ib c th thay th bng ngun gm.vbe

2.9. MCH KHUCH I CC PHT CHUNG

2.9.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n nh cc pht

Tr s do nh sn xut cho bit Tr s re c tnh t mch phn cc:

T mch tng ng ta tm c cc thng s ca mch. * li in th:

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Du - cho thy vo v vi ngc pha

Khi vi=0 ib = 0 ib=0 (tng ng mch h) nn

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Phn gii mch ta s tm c:

Tht ra cc kt qu trn c th suy ra t cc kt qu hnh 2.22 khi cho RE=0

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Cc kt qu trn vn ng khi ta cho RE=0

2.9.3. Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th v n nh cc pht

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

vo : ni tt ng vo (vi=0) ib=0 v ib=0 io

2.10. MCH KHUCH I CC THU CHUNG

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.11. MCH KHUCH I CC NN CHUNG

Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:

2.12. PHN GII THEO THNG S h N GIN

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.12.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung

- Tng tr ra: Zo=RC

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT