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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction Notes
Chapter 1, Destiny, Historicity, and Historical Path of the

Bulgarian People after the Liberation from the Ottoman Empire
1.1. Notion of Destiny
1.2. Hegel’s Conception about the World-Historical Peoples
1.3. Heidegger about Destiny, Historicity and Historical Path
1.4. The Viewpoints of V. Prodanov about Overtaking Development
1.5. Historicity and Historical Path of the Bulgarian People after the
Liberation from the Ottoman Empire
Notes
Chapter 2, Truth and Destiny after Heidegger
2.1. Paragraph 44 of “Being and Time”: “Dasein, Openness and Truth”
2.2. Paragraph 74 of “Being and Time”: “Basic Constitution of Historicity”
2.3. “Moira”
2.4. “Aletheia”
Notes
Chapter 3, Destiny of Being
3.1 The Last Two Paragraphs (82, 83) of “Being and Time” by Heidegger
3.2. The Last Two Paragraph (44, 45) of “Kant and the Problem of
Metaphysics” by Heidegger
3.3. Kant’s Thesis about Being”
3.4. “Time and Being”
Notes
Chapter 4, Destiny as Cognition and Cognition of Destiny
4.1. Cognition by Heart, and Metaphor
4.2. Destiny and Poem
4.3. Destiny as Cognition, and “Internal Sense” after Kant

4.4. Unity of Mind and Heart: the Idea of Fundamental History
4.5. Symbol and Cognition of Destiny
Notes
Chapter 5, Historical Path and Counterfactual Analysis
5.1. History: a Science about Facts or a Science about Choices?
5.2. Counterfactual analysis
5.3. Counterfactual analysis and Historical Path
Notes
Chapter 6, Overtaking Development as a Historical Path
6.1. The Critics of P. Tillich against “Progressism”
6.2. The Critics of Assen Ignatov against “Accelerated Development”, in
particular, and the Enlightenment Ideology of Progress, at all
6.3. R. Kosellek about the Christian and the Secularized “Progress”, and
about the Category “Time’s Shortening”
6.4. The Collective Viewpoint of Some Bulgarian Philosophers about
Overtaking
6.5. Care as Fundamentally Historical (Existential) Overtaking
6.6. Historical Path (Destiny) as Fundamentally-Historical (Existential)
Overtaking
6.7. Overtaking as Duality of Care and Historical Path
6.8. Instead Conclusion: “We are in time, and time is in us”
Notes
Chapter 7, Historical Time
7.1 The Historical Existential of Historical Time
7.2. A Sketch in Such a Perspective of Some Philosophical Conceptions about
Time from the Antiquity to the Present
7.3. Historical Time of Events and of Structures
7.4. Kairos of P. Tillich
7.5. A. Ignatov about Embedness of Infinite Nature in Finite Historical Time
7.6. Notion of Non-finity of Historical Time

7.7. Instead of Conclusion: Axial Time of Jaspers
Notes
Conclusion and Inferences
Index (names and subjects)
Literature
Abstract in Bulgarian
Abstract in English

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hj]ZgbaZpby+HJHO [2].
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hj]ZgbaZpbyO_]_e-107) [4].
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k\h_h[jZaghlh ^Z meh\yl dhgdj_lgb \tafh`ghklb \ _^bg k\yl gZ
g_hqZd\Zgh \tagbd\Zsb kemqZcghklb b gZ g_ij_dtkgZlb bgh\Zpbb
<Z`ghlh_ih^]hlh\dZlZgZkhpbmfdhclh_]hlh\^Zkta^Z\Zbgh\Zpbb

^Z ltjkb g_ij_dtkgZlh gh\b b gh\b gbrb \ _^bg \k_ ih-mkdhjy\Zs b
ijhf_gyshkh[_ghklbl_kbk\ylIjh^Zgh\[
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gZ bahklZ\Zg_ b g_ij_dtkgZlh ^h]hg\Zg_ kZ ijhbalbqZeb ltdfh hl
klj_f_`Z aZ [tjah hkts_kl\y\Zg_ gZklb]Zg_ b gZ^fbgZ\Zg_ b kZ k_
ij_^klZ\yebbf_gghdZlhrZgkh\_ [9].
AZlh\Zh[jtsZcdbk_dtfrZgkh\_l_ljy[\Z^ZbfZf_ij_^\b^b
kthl\_lgbl_ jbkdh\_ GZijbf_j Xe Fbgdh\ ihkhq\Z dZlh aZdexq_gb_
aZ [te]ZjkdZlZ i_jki_dlb\Z KZfhlh _\_glmZegh ba]m[\Zg_ gZ
[te]ZjkdZlZ ^tj`Z\ghkl ke_^ ijbf_jgh gydhedh ^_k_lbe_lby [b
ke_^\Zeh ^Z hklZ\Z _^bg hl g_badexq\Zgbl_ \ZjbZglb gZ [t^_sby
bklhjbq_kdboh^Fbgdh\
Bklhjbqghklbbklhjbq_kdbitlgZ[te]ZjkdbygZjh^
ke_^Hk\h[h`^_gb_lh
K ihke_^h\Zl_eghkllZ hl KZgkl_nZgkdby b ;_jebgkdby
^h]h\hj \k_ _^gh ^motl \ bklhjbylZ aZ^Z\Z gZkhdZlZ aZ gZpbhgZegh
h[_^bg_gb_ [10] ;te]ZjkdZlZ gZpby k_ hktagZ\Z dZlh hs_l_gZ aZjZ^b
lh\Z q_ _ aZdtkgyeZ b k_ hibl\Z ^Z ^h]hg\Z Itj\hgZqZegbl_ mki_ob –
Kt_^bg_gb_lh [11]ih[_^ZlZ\Kjt[kdh-[te]ZjkdZlZ\hcgZh[y\y\Zg_lh
gZ g_aZ\bkbfhkllZ [12] ih[_^ZlZ gZ^ HkfZgkdZlZ bfi_jby \ Itj\ZlZ
[ZedZgkdZ \hcgZ – \h^yl ^h \k_ ih-]heyfh ijhlb\hihklZ\yg_ gZ
[ZedZgkdbl_^tj`Z\baZ^dhblhklhyl]he_fbl__\jhi_ckdb<j_amelZl
b^\Z ihjZ`_gb_lh \t\ <lhjZlZ[ZedZgkdZF_`^mktxagbq_kdZlZ\hcgZ
[13] AZdhghf_jgh b \ Itj\ZlZ [14] b \t\ <lhjZlZ k\_lh\gZ \hcgZ
ba[bjZ kljZgZlZ ih-kdhjh gZ aZdtkg_ebl_ hs_l_gbl_ b ^h]hg\Zsbl_ b
ltjibihjZ`_gb_
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mklZgh\y\Zl hdhgqZl_egbl_ ]jZgbpb gZ ;te]Zjby L_jblhjbylZ c k_

hdZa\Z agZqbl_egh ih-]heyfZ hl hlj_^_gZlZ \ ;_jebgkdby ^h]h\hj b
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B ke_^ k_il_f\jb ] b ke_^ gh_f\jb ]
;te]Zjby ^h]hg\Z AZiZ^Z itj\by itl \ dZq_kl\hlh fm gZ kti_jgbd l
gZj jZa\blb dZiblZebklbq_kdb kljZgb \lhjby itl – dZlh djbl_jbb aZ
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beb hfZeh\Z`Z\Z hiZkghklbl_ b jbkdh\_l_ Fh`_ [b hdheh 30-
]h^brgZlZ bklhjby gZ ;te]Zjby ke_^ Hk\h[h`^_gb_lh \_q_ ij_îheZ]Z
_^bgih-ft^tjb^Zegh\b^_ghilbfbatfdhclh^Z\^togh\y\Zh[Zq_[_a
`_eZghlh^Zk_ijb_fZaZj_Zegh:\kydZ\tafh`ghkl^Zk_hp_gy\Zktk
k\hy jbkd Ltc dZlh gyfZ \tafh`ghkl [_a jbkd gyfZ ^h]hg\Zg_ [_a
hiZkghkl hl dZlZkljhnZ b bahklZ\Zg_ >hdhedhlh h[Zq_ [te]ZjkdZlZ
gZpby\_q__ijb_eZb^te[hdhbaiblZeZkt^[ZlZkbdZlhk\h[h^_gba[hj
[15] Z g_ dZlh gZljZi_gZ mqZkl ly \_q_ _ bklhjbqgZ b bfZ k\hy
bklhjbq_kdb itl B\Zg OZ^`bckdb ]jZ^b k\hylZ hilbfbklbqgZ l_hjby
ltdfh gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ hlo\tjeyg_lh gZ gydZd\Z \_qgZ gZpbhgZegZ
km[klZgpbygZgydZd\Z\_qgZmqZklgZ[te]ZjkdbygZjhÔZ^`bckdb
<j_f_ggbl_ bklhjbq_kdb ij_^bfkl\Z gZ _^bg gZjh^ gZ^
^jm]b k_ ^te`Zl gZ g_jZ\ghf_jghlh jZa\blb_ gZ hl^_egbl_ gZjh^b
OZ^`bckdb
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^h]hg\Z b lh ijb lh\Z \bgZ]b fgh]h ih-[Z\gh b ih-g_mki_rgh
hldhedhlh [b `_eZeZ gh \k_ iZd j_amelZlbl_ kZ gZebp_ LZdZ _^gZ
nbehkhnby gZ ^h]hg\Zg_lh bfZ k\hbl_ rZgkh\_ b jZa[bjZ k_
kthl\_lgbl_hiZkghklb^Zk_hdZ`_[te]ZjkdZlZgZpbhgZegZnbehkhnby
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]eh[ZebabjZsh y\e_gb_ b \h^_s nZdlhj gZ ]eh[ZebaZpbylZ beb \

l_jfbgbl_ gZ O_]_e \k_h[s fhf_gl gZ ^moZ \tietl_g \ hkh[_ghlh
kZfhktagZgb_ ^moZ gZ [te]Zjkdby gZjh^ [b^_cdb ijb lh\Z
j_ne_dlbjZghbdZlh_^gZnbehkhnbygZ^h]hg\Zg_lh

;_e_`dbdtf]eZ\Zitj\Z
[1] Ltgdbyl _abdh\ mk_l _ ijbgm^be ]tjpbl_ ^Z hagZqZl ojhghkZ,
nhjfZeghlh \j_f_ k ^mfZ jZaebqgZ hldZcjhkZbklbgghlh\j_f_–
fhf_glbaiteg_gktkkt^tj`Zgb_bkfbkteBg__kemqZcghq_^mfZlZ
dZcjhk ijb^h[b\Z ^te[bgZ gZ kfbkteZ b klZ\Z lhedh\Z q_klh
mihlj_[bfZ dh]Zlh ]jtpdbyl _abd klZ\Z ktkt^ dhclh \f_kl\Z
^bgZfbqgby ^mo gZ x^ZbafZ b gZ jZgghlh ojbklbygkl\h \Gh\byaZ\_l
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ke_^lh\Zlhb^\Zlh\Z_dZcjhkfhf_gltlgZiteghlZgZ\j_f_lhKZfh
aZ Z[kljZdlghlh hlkljZg_gh kta_jpZgb_ \j_f_lh _ ijZagZ nhjfZ
kihkh[gZ ^Z \f_klb \kydZd\h kt^tj`Zgb_ gh aZ hgab dhclh hktagZ\Z
^bgZfbqgby l\hjq_kdb oZjZdl_j gZ `b\hlZ \j_f_lh _ gZkbl_gh k
gZij_`_gbyiteghk\tafh`ghklblhijbl_`Z\ZdZq_kl\_goZjZdl_jb_
ij_baiteg_gh ktk kfbkte G_ \kbqdh _ \tafh`gh \t\ \kydh \j_f_ g_
\kbqdh _ bklbggh \t\ \kydh \j_f_ b g_ \kbqdh k_ babkd\Z \t\ \kydh
\j_f_<jZaebqgbl_\j_f_gZk\_ltlk_gZfbjZ\t\\eZkllZgZjZaebqgb
dhkfbq_kdb kbeb gh =hkih^ \eZ^__ gZ^ \kbqdb \ baiteg_ghlh k
^jZfZlbatf \j_f_ f_`^m <tadj_k_gb_lh b <lhjhlh ijbr_kl\b_ – \
gZklhys_lh\j_f_dh_lhihk\hylZktsghkl_jZaebqghhl\kydh^jm]h
\j_f_ \ fbgZehlh < lh\Z ^jZfZlbqgh ktagZgb_ aZ bklhjby k_ dhj_gb
b^_ylZaZdZcjhkZbhllh\ZgZqZehlys_[t^_ij_h[jZam\ZgZ\ihgylb_
dh_lh s_ k_ baihea\Z \t\ nbehkhnbylZ gZ bklhjbylZ Lbeebo
217).
[2] ?^bg gZjh^ _ bah[sh k\_lh\ghbklhjbq_kdb kZfh ^hdhedhlh \
g_]h\by hkgh\_g _e_f_gl \ g_]h\ZlZ hkgh\gZ p_e _ iheh`_g _^bg
\k_h[s ijbgpbi kZfh ^hlhedh\Z ^_ehlh >:HUN@ dh_lh _^bg lZdt\ ^mo
kta^Z\Z_gjZ\kl\_gZiheblbq_kdZhj]ZgbaZpby+HJHO
[3] >motl \ bklhjbylZ _ bg^b\b^ dhclh _ k \k_h[sZ ijbjh^Z gh ijb
lh\Z hij_^_e_g l_ _^bg gZjh^ bah[sh b ^motl k dhclh ljy[\Z ^Z
[hjZ\bf _ g Z j h ^ g b y l ^ m o GZjh^gbl_ ^moh\_ h[Zq_ iZd k_

jZaebqZ\Zl kihj_^ ij_^klZ\ZlZ dhylh kb kta^Z\Zl aZ kZfbl_ k_[_ kb
kihj_îh\tjoghkllZbeb^te[hqbgZlZ\dhylhl_kZko\ZgZeb^h[jZeb
kZ k_ ^h lh\Z dZd\h _ ^motl IjZ\hlh gZ gjZ\kl\_ghlh m gZjh^bl_ _
ktagZgb_lhgZ^moZaZk_[_kbl_kZihgylb_lhdh_lh^motlbfZaZk_[_
kb Ke_^h\Zl_egh ij_^klZ\ZlZ gZ ^moZ _ lh\Z dh_lh k_ j_ZebabjZ \
bklhjbylZ Hl lh\Z dh_lh ^motl agZ_ aZ k_[_ kb aZ\bkb ktagZgb_lh gZ
gZjh^Z b ihke_^ghlh ktagZgb_ dtf dh_lh k_ k\_`^Z \kbqdh _ q_
qh\_dtl_k\h[h^_g+HJHO
[4] <k_h[sbyl^mobah[shg_mfbjZijhklhhl_kl_kl\_gZkftjllhcg_
kZfh ijb\bd\Z dtf k\hy `b\hl gh ^hdhedhlh _ ^mo gZ gZjh^Z
ijbgZê_`Zs dtf k\_lh\gZlZ bklhjby lhc ^hklb]Z ^h ihagZgb_lh gZ
lh\Z dh_lh _ g_]h\h ^_eh b ^h fbke_g_lh aZ k_[_ kb Bah[sh lhc k_
hdZa\Zk\_lh\ghbklhjbq_kdbkZfh^hdhedhlh\g_]h\byhkgh\_g_e_f_gl
\ g_]h\ZlZ hkgh\gZ p_e k_ gZfbjZ \k_h[sbyl ijbgpbi kZfh ^hlhedh\Z
l\hj_gb_lhdh_lhkta^Z\ZlZdt\^mok_hdZa\ZgjZ\kl\_gZiheblbq_kdZ
hj]ZgbaZpbyO_]_e-107).
[5] < ij_\h^Z gZ *HVFKLFN dZlh bklhjbq_kdb itl k_ ke_^\Z jmkdbyl
ij_\h^gZ<;b[bobgOZc^_]]_j
[6] J_rbfhkllZ [_r_ hij_^_e_gZ dZlh fteqZeb\h ]hlh\h aZ m`Zk
k_[_aZo\tjeyg_ gZ kh[kl\_ghlh [blb_ gZ \bgh\ghkl Ly ^hklb]Z k\hylZ
kh[kl\_ghkl dZlh baij_\Zj\ZsZ j_rbfhkl < g_y 'DVHLQ k_ jZa[bjZ hl
k\hylZ kihkh[ghkl gZ [blb_ ih lZdt\ gZqbg q_ ]e_^Z kftjllZ \ hqbl_
lZdZ q_ kts_kl\m\Zshlh dh_lh _ lh kZfhlh gZitegh ^Z ijb_f_ k\hylZ
aZo\tje_ghkl+HLGHJJHU 1993: 382).
[7] Dh]Zlh h[Zq_ kt^[h\gbyl 'DVHLQ dZlh [blb_-\-k\_lZ ktsghklgh
_dabklbjZ dZlh [blb_-aZ_^gh k ^jm]bl_ >0LWVHLQ PLW $QGHUHQ@ g_]h\hlh
kt[blb__kt[blb_-aZ_^gh>0LWJHVFKHKHQ@bk_hij_^_eydZlhbklhjbq_kdb
itl+HLGHJJHU
[8] L_jfbgtl ijbfhj^bZebatf _ [be baihea\Zg hl ba\_kl_g [jhc
khpbZegb mq_gb b ^jm]b [hjZ\_sb k y\e_gb_lh gZ itj\bqgb qm\kl\Z

beb ihgylby ijbktkl\Zsb ihg_ aZ gydhb gZ[ex^Zl_eb \ gydhb
h[s_kl\Zdhblhk_\taijb_fZlhlghkbl_ebl_gZdmelmjZbZgZeblbpbl_
^Z kZ ktsghklgb aZ lyoghlh kZfhhij_^_e_gb_ ;_a l_ab ijbfhj^bZegb
itj\bih\Z`ghklbebitj\hgZqZegbbebnmg^Zf_glZegb_e_f_glb
\kibktdZgZdhblhh[bdgh\_ghk_\dexq\Zl_abdj_eb]bydjt\gZebgby
dZklZ jZkZ gZke_^kl\_ghkl b ^j l_jblhjby b fh`_ [b gydhb ^jm]b
\tijhkgZlZ ]jmiZ g_ [b fh]eZ ^Z kb ij_^klZ\b k_[_ kb kts_kl\m\ZsZ
(Schiffman 1999: 25).
[9] < hlebqb_ hl ]jtpdhlh lxo_ [md\ ihiZ^_gb_ dtkf_l
kemqZcghkl\dh_lh\yj\Zl_ebgbl_bhgh\Zdh_lhjbfeygbl_gZjbqZl
nhjlmgZ dblZcpbl_ kfylZl q_ Zdh b ^Z k_ kemqb dtkf_l lh _
g_h[oh^bfh hs_ ^Z k_ ihfbkeb ke_^\Z eb ^Z k_ \taihea\Zr hl g_]h
gyfZ eb ^Z ijbg_k_ lh\Z ih-]heyfZ [_^Z Zdh k_ \taiheam\Zr hl hgh\Z
dh_lhg__ij_^gZagZq_ghaZl_[_=jb]hjv_\Z-101).
[10] ;te]ZjkdbylgZpbhgZe_g\tijhk\tagbd\Zhs_ij_a;,9\dh]Zlh
[te]Zjbl_ aZ]m[\Zl k\hylZ ^tj`Z\gZ kZfhklhyl_eghkl Hllh]Z\Z ^h ^_g-
^g_r_gl_kZijbgm^_gbihklhyggh^ZaZsblZ\Zlb^hdZa\ZlijZ\hlhgZ
kts_kl\m\Zg_dZlhhl^_egZ_lgbq_kdZh[sghklDhk_\Dhk_\
b >hcgh\ haZ]eZ\y\Zl iZjZ]jZn b gZ ]eZ\Z kthl\_lgh
Ljbmfntl gZ bexabbl_ \ KZg Kl_nZgh b DjZyl gZ bexabbl_ \
;_jebg \ ]heyfZlZ iheblbdZ \Z`Zl _^bgkl\_gh aZdhgbl_ gZ
^`mg]eZlZ b ijZ\hlh gZ kbegbl_ FhjZegbl_ ghjfb lmd gyfZl fyklh
Ihgylb_lh omfZgbatf b kijZ\_êb\hkl kem`Zl kZfh aZ dZfmneZ` b
fZkdbjh\dZ beb \ gZc-^h[jby kemqZc dZlh ihôh^ysZ Zj]mf_glZpby aZ
g_sh k h]e_^ gZ ij_ke_^\Zgbl_ p_eb \ bf_lh gZ lhqgh hij_^_e_gb
bgl_j_kbIjbl_abgjZ\b\f_`^mgZjh^gbl_hlghr_gby[m^bm^b\e_gb_
g_ lhedh\Z lh\Z q_ [te]Zjkdbyl \tijhk _ j_r_g g_kijZ\_êb\h Z ih-
kdhjh nZdltl q_ \k_ iZd ihemqZ\Z gydZd\h j_r_gb_ fZdZj b fgh]h
^Ze_qhlhqZd\ZgbylZDhk_\>hcgh\

[11] B >bfbljh\ - oZjZdl_jbabjZ Kt_^bg_gb_lh dZlh
lZab^tjahklgZ[te]ZjkdbygZjh^^Zk_hiteqbkj_sm\kbqdbkbe_gk
\yjZlZq_ijZ\hlh_gZg_]h\ZkljZgZ
[12] h[y\y\Zg_lh gZ g_aZ\bkbfhkllZ ih gZqbg dhclh ij_^ba\bd\Z
\jZ`^_[gZ f_`^mgZjh^gZ baheZpby gZ ;te]Zjby b bahkljy ^h djZcghkl
[te]Zjh-lmjkdbl_ hlghr_gby k_ hljZay\Z hljbpZl_egh \tjom
klhiZgkdhlhiheh`_gb_gZkljZgZlZij_ab]=hjZgh\
192).
[13] FZedh gZjh^b kZ ij_`b\_eb lZdb\Z kt^[hghkgb ij_\jZlghklb
dZdlh [te]Zjkdbyl gZjh^ ij_a nZlZeghlh aZ g_]h eylh gZ ] KZfh
^\Zf_k_pZb_^bgZ^_k_l^gbke_îhîbk\Zg_lhgZEhg^hgkdby^h]h\hj
aZfbjm\_gqZeitegZlZih[_^ZgZ^HkfZgkdZlZbfi_jby\;mdmj_s[_
^bdlm\Zg gZ ;te]Zjby fbj hlg_fZs c ieh^h\_l_ hl lZab ih[_^Z
FZjdh\
[14] ;te]Zjby k_ gZf_kb \ Itj\ZlZ k\_lh\gZ \hcgZ aZ ^Z hkts_kl\b
k\h_lh aZ\_lgh b k\_s_gh gZpbhgZegh h[_^bg_gb_ ktdjmr_gh \t\
<lhjZlZ[ZedZgkdZ\hcgZFZjdh\
[15] LZdZ gZijbf_j ih ih\h^ gZ Kt_^bg_gb_lh b Kjt[kdh-[te]ZjkdZlZ
\hcgZ KlZl_eh\Z b IZgl_\ hl[_eya\Zl q_ \ [te]Zjbl_ mdj_i\Z
m[_`^_gb_lh q_ \_q_ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl l\hjpb gZ k\hylZ kt^[Z
KlZl_eh\ZIZgl_\

=eZ\Z\lhjZ
BKLBG:BKT>;:IJBO:C>?=?J
OZc^_]_j ij_h[jZam\Z h[bqZcghlh jZa[bjZg_ aZ bklbgZ hl

adaequatio\g_kdjblhklDMOKYTHLDBklbgZlZdZlhg_kdjblhklktshdZdlh
adaequatio _ hlghr_gb_ gh f_`^m [blb_ b \j_f_ l_ g_ gZij f_`^m
km[_dlbh[_dlbebf_`^ml\tj^_gb_bg_]h\byij_^f_lbihlhabgZqbg
k_ij_ihl\tj`^Z\Z[blbckl\m\Zshlh\hldjblhklF_`^m[blb_b\j_f_
hlghr_gb_lh g_ _ h[bqZcgh jZa[bjZgh nmgdpbhgZegh beb ^hjb _^gh-
_^ghagZqgh hlghr_gb_ Z lZdh\Z gZ hldjblhkl beb ]jm[h dZaZgh
ij_^klZ\ey\Z kt\dmighkl hl nmgdpbhgZegb hlghr_gby Ltdfh hl
jZadjblhkllZ beb jZal\hj_ghkllZ gZ [blbckl\Zshlh itd \ ;blb_ b
\j_f_ [b\Z ba\_^_gZ bklbgZlZ dZlh g_kdjblhkl 'DVHLQ b DMOKYTHLD
\aZbfgh k_ ij_îheZ]Zl b babkd\Zl 'DVHLQ H \ bklbgZlZ" (Heidegger
< jZfdbl_ gZ lh\Z _ b q_ 'DVHLQ [b^_cdb ktsghklgh
ijhiZ^Zs_ihk\h_lh[blbcghmkljhckl\h\g_bklbgZlZ" (Heidegger
1993: 222).
GZ bklbgZlZ dZlh adaequatio kthl\_lkl\m\Z lt`^_kl\hlh gZ
km[_dl b h[_dl ih gZqbg ZgZeh]bq_g gZ hgab ijb dhclh gZ bklbgZlZ
dZlhDMOKYTHLDkthl\_lkl\m\ZjZa[bjZg_lhaZ[blb_lhdZlhihklhygkl\hgZ
ijbktkl\b_lh gZ 'DVHLQ dZdlh b k\_`^Zg_lh gZ \tijhkZ aZ [blb_lh ^h
lhab gZ f_lZnbabdZlZ \ OZc^_]_jh\ kfbkte aZ [blb_lh gZ
kts_kl\m\ZshlhblhktshdZlhgydZd\hkts_kl\m\ZshIhklhygkl\hlh
\ djZcgZ kf_ldZ _ ihklhygkl\h gZ HMQHYUJHLD iheh`_gb_ ihklZ\_gh \
l_f_ebl_ b gZ kt\j_f_gghlh ijbjh^hagZgb_ aZdhgtl aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ
_g_j]bylZdhclhk_ba\_`^ZhlitegZlZgb\_ebjZghkl–jZ\ghf_jghkl
_^ghbaf_jghkl b [_akljmdlmjghkl – gZ nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ ?lh aZsh
nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ _ ktsghklgh k\tjaZgh k bklbgZlZ dZlh adaequatio.
OZc^_]_j pblbjZ < Omf[he^ Lhc kZfbyl >_abdtl@ g_ _ ijhba\_^_gb_
(ErgoQZ^_cghkl(QHUJHLD+HLGHJJHUaLZdZ\j_^bpZlZgZ

nbabq_kdhlh\j_f_bbklbgZlZdZlhadaequatiofh`_f^Z^h[Z\bf_abdZ
jZa[jZgdZlhkt\dmighklhllhqgbihgylby_abdtl\bgZ]bjZ\_ggZk_[_
kbl_\djZcgZkf_ldZb^_ZetlgZgZmqgby_abd –\kbqdhlh\Ziheh`_gh
\ _^bg rbjhdh hkfbke_g dmelmjheh]bqgh b pb\bebaZpbhgggh
ltedm\ZgaZdhgaZaZiZa\Zg_gZ_g_j]bylZ [1].
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h[Z]j_ghklG_]h\ZlZbklbgZZdhfh`_f^Z]h\hjbfaZlZdZ\ZjZa[bjZ
k_ g_ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ bklbgZlZ dZlh adaequatio [2]. Lhc km[_dlb\gh
badjb\y\Zkdh_lhij_^Z\Zg_ijhklhij_^f_lZZij_^f_lZij_`b\yghl
_^gZ^mrZGZbadjb\y\Zg_lhkthl\_lkl\m\Z_^ghg_gb\_ebjZgh\j_f_–
g_jZ\ghf_jgh fgh]hf_jgh b k \tlj_rgZ kljmdlmjZ Kbf\hetl fbltl
p_gghklgZlZ kbkl_fZ k\_lh]e_^tl [3] kZ ktsh lZdZ ih^h[gb
badjb\y\Zgby ij_\_`^Zsb \ agZqbfZlZ km[_dlb\ghkl gZ _^gZh[sghkl
bgl_jkm[_dlb\gZ ih hlghr_gb_ gZ bg^b\b^mZegZlZ K lyo k_ aZ^Z\Z
kt^[ZlZ gZ h[sghkllZ dZlh g_bg bklhjbq_kdb itl *HVFKLFN >belZc
ibr_q_\k_dbk\_lh]e_^bfZjZa\blb_b\lh\ZjZa\blb_k__dkiebpbjZ
g_]h\hlh kt^tj`Zgb_ lZdZ ihkl_i_ggh k l_q_gb_ gZ \j_f_lh lhc
ijb^h[b\Z ljZcghkl mklhcqb\hkl b fhs lhc _ ijh^mdl gZ bklhjbylZ
>belZc
DZlh pyeh lh\Z _ ihkhdZlZ gZ \j_f_lh hdheh dhylh
djb\mebqb kt^[ZlZ LZab ihkhdZ _ qm\kl\hlh gZkljh_ghkllZ 6WLPPXQJ
[4] j_rbfhkllZ ^Z k_ ke_^\Z ihkhdZlZ gZ kt^[ZlZ g_aZ\bkbfh hl
g_cgbl_ij_\jZlghklb–ex[h\dtfkt^[ZlZamor fatiIhebgbylZgZ
kt^[ZlZ HMQHYUJHLD ^_cghkllZ b \j_f_gZlZ k_ ijhf_gyl gh [blb_lh
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kZfh ih lZdZ ba[jZgZlZ ihkhdZ gZ \j_f_lh aZlh\Z agZdtl ijhklh dZlh
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gZ h[_dlb\ghkllZ Ih-kdhjh ljy[\Z ^Z fbkebf h[_dlb\ghkllZ dZlh
k\h_[jZa_g qZkl_g kemqZc gZ ij_`b\ygZ h[_dlb\ghkl l_ gZ
km[_dlb\ghkllZ nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ – gZ \j_f_lh dZlh nbehkhnkdZ

j_Zeby Z ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb – gZ gZmdbl_ aZ ^moZ ltc dZlh gb_ k_
aZgbfZ\Zf_ kZfh b \bgZ]b k bklhjby ^hdhedhlh kZfb kf_ bklhjbqgb
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_abd \ lq b nbehkhnkdbyl b ih_lbqgbyl – kbf\heb fblh\_
p_gghklgb kbkl_fb – kZ ij_îhqblZgby [5], dhblh ijZ\yl ih-\_jhylgb
_^gb\tafh`ghklbaZkf_ldZgZ^jm]bbijblh\Z[b\Zcdbg_ij_klZggh
m^hklh\_jy\Zgbbihkl_i_gghij_h[jZam\Zgbqj_aj_Zegbl_kts_kl\_gb
ba[hjbgZohjZlZ\lyogZlZdhgdj_lgZkt^[Z`bl_ckdbybfitl[6].?lh
aZsh \k_h[sh ijbagZlbl_ kbf\heb fblh\_ b p_gghklgb kbkl_fb
gZijbf_jj_eb]bhagbl_kZ\h^_sbl_bklhjbq_kdbkljmdlmjbdhblh[_a
^Zij_^hij_^_eyloh^ZgZ^Z^_ghkt[blb_\k__^ghkj_^ghklZlbq_kdb
ij_^hij_^_eyloh^ZgZbklhjbylZ
S_ [t^Zl jZa]e_^Zgb q_l\hjbpZ [7] l_dklh\_ hl OZc^_]_j \
qbylhkj_^bgZ^Z\tagbdg__^ghjZa[bjZg_aZbklhjbq_kdZlZbklbgZdZlh
kt^[Z ihagZ\Z_fZ dZlh kbf\he fbl p_gghklgZ kbkl_fZ beb _lhk gZ
ih\_^_gb_
IZjZ]jZn gZ ;blb_ b \j_f_ 'DVHLQ
jZal\hj_ghklbbklbgZ
OZc^_]_jh[ykgy\Zh[shijb_lhlhjZa[bjZg_aZbklbgZ–bklbgZlZ
dZlhadaequatiokt]eZkm\Zghkl\qZklghklkt]eZkm\ZghklgZbadZa\Zg_lh
k g_]h\by ij_^f_l – qj_a e_`Zsh ih-^te[hdh b ih-^j_\gh ko\ZsZg_ aZ
bklbgZlZ dZlh g_kdjblhkl DMOKYTHLD DZd\h bah[sh agZqb l_jfbgtl
kt]eZkm\Zghkl" Kt]eZkm\Zghkl gZ g_sh k g_sh bfZ nhjfZegby
oZjZdl_j hlghr_gb_ gZ g_sh dtf g_sh <kydZ kt]eZkm\Zghkl b
ke_^h\Zl_egh ktsh b bklbgZ _ hlghr_gb_ Gh g_ \kydh hlghr_gb_ _
kt]eZkm\Zghkl +HLGHJJHU Kt]eZkm\ZghkllZ hagZqZ\Z q_
badZa\Zg_lhbebhljZ`_gb_lh\km[_dlZdhibjZ[_abadjb\y\Zg_k\hy
ij_^f_l beb h[_dlZ Ijb lZdh\Z jZa[bjZg_ km[_dlb\ghkllZ dhylh
ltdfh badjb\y\Z h[jZaZ _ kbghgbf gZ g_bklbgZlZ DZd lh]Z\Z h[Zq_

fh`_ ^Z _ bklbggZ _^gZ f_lZnhjZ beb _^gh klbohl\hj_gb_" < lyo _
gZebp_ gZkljh_ghkl jZaiheh`_gb_ ^Z k_ badZ`_ ^Z k_ ihdZ`_ ^Z k_
hklZ\b ^Z k_ \b^b \ ihkhdZlZ gZ hij_^_e_gh qm\kl\h BadZa\Zg_lh _
bklbgghagZqblhjZadjb\Zkts_kl\m\Zshlh\g_]hkZfhlhLhbadZa\Z
lh ihdZa\Z lh hklZ\y ^Z k_ \b^b DMSRYIDQVL kts_kl\m\Zshlh \
g_]h\ZlZ jZadjblhkl ;blb_lh gZ bklbggh (bklbgZlZ gZ badZa\Zg_lh
ljy[\Z ^Z k_ jZa[_j_ dZlh [blb_lh gZ jZadjb\Zsh Ke_^h\Zl_egh
bklbgZlZkt\k_fgyfZkljmdlmjZlZgZkt]eZkm\Zghklf_`^mhihagZ\Zg_b
ij_^f_l \ kfbkteZ gZ m_^gZd\y\Zg_ gZ _^gh kts_kl\m\Zsh km[_dl k
^jm]h h[_dl ;blb_lh gZ bklbggh dZlh [blb_lh gZ jZadjb\Zsh _ iZd
hglheh]bq_kdb \tafh`gh kZfh gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ [blb_lh-\-k\_lZ Lhab
n_ghf_g \ dhclh hihagZof_ hkgh\ghlh mkljhckl\h gZ ijbktkl\b_lh _
nmg^Zf_gl gZ bagZqZegby n_ghf_g gZ bklbgZlZ +HLGHJJHU 18-
219).
Fyklhlh gZ kt]eZkm\ZghkllZ _ aZ_lh hl jZadjblhkllZ Hl
_^gZlZ kljZgZ gZ jZadjblhkllZ _ 'DVHLQ dhclh ij_[b\Z\Z \
ljZgkp_g^_gpby k_[_gZô\tjeyg_ [blb_-gZij_^ ]jb`Z LyogZlZ
gZkhdZ _ ^Z^_gZ \ gydZd\Z gZkljh_ghkl jZaiheh`_gb_ \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ
_fibjbqgh ikboheh]bq_kdb – dZlh hij_^_e_gh qm\kl\h Hl ^jm]ZlZ
kljZgZ _ kts_kl\m\Zshlh BfZ bklbgZ kZfh ^hdhedhlh b ^hdZlh
'DVHLQ _ Kts_kl\m\ZshlhkZfhlh]Z\Z_jZadjblhb_jZal\hj_ghkZfh
^hdZlh Dasein e +HLGHJJHU < lZab jZadjblhkl ]jZgbpZlZ
f_`^m 'DVHLQ b kts_kl\m\Zshlh g_ ijhklh baq_a\Z Z g_sh ih\_q_
baykgy\Z k_ q_ gbdh]Z g_ y _ bfZeh hk\_g \ [blbcgZlZ hijZ\^Zghkl gZ
f_lZnbabdZlZdhgklblmbjZsZkts_kl\m\ZshlhdZlhij_^f_lgZg_fkdb
Gegenstand – [md\ ³kj_sme_`Zshlh´ aZ jZaebdZ hl VXELHFWXP eZl
XMSRYNHLPHQRQ ]j ihê_`Zshlh ihê_`Zs__ jmk ihêh] [te]
<aZbfgZlZ jZadjblhkl beb ^hjb \aZbfhijhgbd\Zg_ gZ 'DVHLQ b
kts_kl\m\Zshlh _ bklbgZlZ dZlh g_kdjblhkl DMOKYTHLD b ^hdhedhlh ly _
bfZ[blb_BfZ[blb_–g_kts_kl\m\Zsh–kZfh^hdhedhlhbklbgZlZ_

B ly _ kZfh ^hdhedhlh b ^hdZlh 'DVHLQ H ;blb_ b bklbgZ kZ _^gZd\h
bagZqZegh (Heidegger 1993: 230).
JZa[bjZ k_ qZkl_g kemqZc gZ \aZbfgZlZ ijbgZê_`ghkl –
\aZbfgZ jZadjblhkl beb \aZbfhijhgbd\Zg_ – gZ 'DVHLQ b
kts_kl\m\Zshlh _ lyogZlZ kt]eZkm\Zghkl bklbgZlZ dZlh DGDHTXDWLR
ijhklh ^hijyghkl b jZa]jZgbq_ghkl l_ \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ gme_\hlh
jZaiheh`_gb_ gZkljh_ghkllZ aZ h[_dlb\ghkl \ kfbkteZ gZ ij_^-
klZ\_ghklbij_^f_lghklgZk\_lZdZlhdZjlbgZhkgh\hiheZ]ZsZ\lh\Z
qbkeh b gZmdZlZ Gh ^Zeb ih^h[gh jZa[bjZg_ aZ bklbgZlZ _ bah[sh
ijbeh`bfh aZ bklhjbylZ dhylh ih kZfZlZ kb ktsghkl _ \t\ \j_f_lh \
hldjblhkl\t\\aZbfhijhgbd\Zg_ktkk\hyh[_dldZlhg_]h\hjZa[bjZg_
bltedm\Zgb_"
<hkgh\ZlZgZbklbgZlZklhbba[hjtlZbf_gghbagZqZegbyl
ba[hj f_`^m bklbgZ b g_bklbgZ Ke_^h\Zl_egh fh`_f ^Z hij_^_ebf
bklbgZlZ b dZlh bagZqZegh ba[jZghlh hl qh\_dZ b dZlh dhgdj_lgh
ba[bjZghlh hl g_]h Lh\Z ba[bjZg_ _ ktsh lZdZ \aZbfgh ba[bjZg_ – g_
kZfh qh\_dtl ba[bjZ ba[jZghlh dZlh bklbgZ gh b lh ]h _ ba[jZeh dZlh
\ZabfhijbgZê_`ghkl beb kt-ijbgZê_`ghkl b \abfhijhgbd\Zg_ aZ
jZaebdZ hl g_bklbgZlZ \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ g_ba[jZghlh hklZ\beZ qh\_dZ \
g_keylhkl k g_y Q_ [h]bgylZ gZ bklbgZlZ dhylh \h^b IZjf_gb^ ]h
ihklZ\y ij_^ ^\Z itly itly gZ hldjb\Zg_lh b itly gZ kihlZy\Zg_lh
hagZqZ\Zg_g_sh^jm]hZ'DVHLQ\bgZ]b\_q_kts_kl\m\Z\bklbgZlZb
g_bklbgZlZ Itlyl gZ hldjb\Zg_lh k_ ihklb]Z kZfh \ NULYQHLQ ORYJZ \
jZa[bjZshlh jZaebqZ\Zg_ gZ ^\ZlZ b j_rZ\Zg_lh aZ _^bg +HLGHJJHU
1993: 222-223).
<hkgh\ZlZgZba[hjZdZlh\aZbfhijbgZê_`ghklkba[jZghlh
_ gZkljh_ghkllZ jZaiheh`_gb_lh Z _fibjbqgh ikboheh]bq_kdb
qm\kl\hlhqj_adh_lhk_ba[bjZbjZa[bjZ<bg^_e[Zgîbr_
q_ \k_db bgl_j_k b ij_p_gdZ \kydh p_gghklgh hij_^_e_gb_
(BestimmunJ k_ hlgZky ^h hl^_eghlh b _^ghdjZlghlh G_dZ ^Z h[tjg_f

\gbfZgb_ \tjom lh\Z dhedh [tjah gZr_lh qm\kl\h k_ ijbltiy\Z shf
g_]h\bylij_^f_lk_jZafgh`bbebitdk_bay\bdZlhkemqZckj_ôbey^b
ih^h[gb
Kt\dmighkllZ hl agZqbfb ba[hjb l_ ba[hjbl_ gZ
dhgdj_lgZlZ qh\_rdZ bklbgZ djb\mebpbl_ gZ gZkljh_ghkllZ qm\kl\hlh
\bgZ]bhq_jlZ\Zl_^gZkt^[ZOZc^_]_jh\hlhjZa[bjZg_aZbklbgZlZdZlh
DMOKYTHY LD H fgh]h ih-[ebah ^h kt^[Z hldhedhlh ^h bklbgZlZ dZlh
adaequatio b ke_^h\Zl_egh fgh]h ih-[ebah ^h bklbgZlZ \ bklhjbylZ
hldhedhlh^hlZab\ijbjh^hagZgb_lh
?dabkl_gpbZegh-hglheh]bq_kdZlZ bgl_jij_lZpby gZ
n_ghf_gZ gZ bklbgZlZ ihdZaZ BklbgZlZ \ gZc-bagZqZe_g kfbkte _
jZal\hj_ghkllZ gZ 'DVHLQ dtf dhylh ijbgZê_`b jZadjblhkllZ gZ
\tlj_rghk\_lh\hlh kts_kl\m\Zsh 'DVHLQ _^gZd\h bagZqZegh
kts_kl\m\Z\bklbgZlZbg_bklbgZlZ+HLGHJJHU
2.2. IZjZ]jZn gZ ;blb_ b \j_f_ Hkgh\ghlh
mkljhckl\hgZbklhjbqghkllZ"
< lhab iZjZ]jZn OZc^_]_j ^Z\Z nbehkhnkdh hij_^_e_gb_ gZ
kt^[Z K ^mfZlZ kt^[Z >6FKLFNVDO@ hagZqZ\Zf_ ktklhyshlh k_ \
kh[kl\_gZlZ j_rbl_eghkl bagZqZegh kt[blb_ gZ 'DVHLQ \ dh_lh lh
>'DVHLQ@ k\h[h^gh aZ kftjl k_ ij_^Z\Z gZ kZfhlh k_[_ kb \ gZke_^_gZ
gh\k_iZdba[jZgZ\tafh`ghkl'DVHLQkZfhaZlh\Zfh`_^ZihiZ^g_ih^
m^Zjbl_gZkt^[ZlZaZshlh\hkgh\ZlZgZk\h_lh[blb_lh_\ihkhq_gby
kfbktekt^[ZKt^[h\gh_dabklbjZcdb\k_[_-ij_^Z\ZsZlZj_rbl_eghkl
'DVHLQ \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ [blb_-\-k\_lZ _ jZal\hj_gh aZ kj_sZg_ gZ
sZkleb\b h[klhyl_ekl\Z b gZ `_klhdhkllZ gZ kemqZcghklbl_
< pblZlZ Z b \ ij_^r_kl\m\Zsbl_ 'DVHLQ _ hklZ\_gh [_a
ij_\h^dZd\ZlhijZdlbdZ_^hklZjZaijhkljZg_gZ
Ih gZqZeh 'DVHLQ hagZqZ\Z [blb_ b lZdZ k_ mihlj_[y\Z
gZijbf_j hl DZgl OZc^_]_j h[Zq_ \gZky ki_pbnbqgh agZq_gb_

hkgh\Z\Zsh gZ ih^q_jlZ\Zg_lh gZ qZklbpZlZ 'D – lmd _lh k_]Z
'DVHLQ _ [blb_ dh_lh _ lmdZ nZdlbqgh _ k\tjaZgh _ k qh\_dZ g_]h\
`bl_ckdb itl `blb_-[blb_ b kts_\j_f_ggh _ nbehkhnkdb hkfbke_gh
'DVHLQbkt^[ZkZfgh]hlykghk\tjaZgbktshdZdlhbbklbgZlZ-DMOKYTHLD
bkt^[Z
Fh`_^Zk_l\tj^bq_OZc^_]_j\djZcgZkf_ldZbklhjbabjZ
^\ZlZ hkgh\gb nbehkhnkdb l_jfbgZ bklbgZ b [blb_ ihkj_^kl\hf
lhabgZkt^[ZlZij_\jtsZcdb]bkthl\_lgh\DMOKYTHLDb'DVHLQ?lh
aZsh kt^[ZlZ dhgklblmbjZ bagZqZegZlZ bklhjbqghkl gZ 'DVHLQ
(Heidegger 1993: 386). "KZfh kh[kl\_gZlZ \j_f_\hkl dhylh aZ_^gh k
lh\Z _ djZcgZ ijZ\b lZdZ \tafh`gh g_sh dZlh kt^[ZlZ l_
kh[kl\_gZlZbklhjbqghkl" (Heidegger 1993: 385).
Kt^[ZlZ jZa[bjZ k_ _ ktsghklgh \j_f_\Z Hglheh]bqghlh
mkeh\b_ aZ g_cgZlZ \tafh`ghkl _ ltdfh \j_f_\hkllZ Kt^[ZlZ dZlh
g_fhsgZlZ ijb]hl\ysZ ij_\jZlghklbl_ k\jtofhs gZ fteqZeb\hlh
]hlh\haZm`ZkaZo\tjeyg_k_[_kbgZk\h_lh[blb_-gZ-\bgh\_gbabkd\Z
[blbcghlh mkljhckl\h gZ ]jb`ZlZ l_ \j_f_\hkllZ dZlh hglheh]bqgh
mkeh\b_aZk\hylZ\tafh`ghkl+HLGHJJHU
Kt^[ZlZ _ g_ij_klZgghlh \tah[gh\y\Zg_ beb ih\lhj_gb_ gZ
'DVHLQ qj_a dZd\hlh lh k_ hk\h[h`^Z\Z ^Z ba[_j_ bbeb \ gydZd\Z
kl_i_g b ^Z hlo\tjeb ljZ^bpbylZ <ta\jtsZsZlZ k_ dtf k_[_ kb
ij_^Z\ZsZlZ k_ gZ k_[_ kb j_rbl_eghkl lh]Z\Z klZ\Z ih\lhj_gb_ gZ
aZ\Zj_gZlZ \tafh`ghkl aZ _dabkl_gpby Ih\lhj_gb_lh _ bajbqgh
ij_^Zgb_ l_ \ta\jZl gZ 'DVHLQ \t\ \tafh`ghklb gZ \k_db^g_\ghlh
Kh[kl\_ghlhih\lhj_gb_gZ[b\ZeZlZ\tafh`ghklgZ_dabkl_gpbylZ–q_
'DVHLQ kb ba[bjZ k\hbl_ ]_jhb – _dabkl_gpbZegh k_ hkgh\Z\Z \
ij_^\b`^ZsZlZ j_rbl_eghkl ^hdhedhlh \ g_y ij_^b \kbqdh k_ ba[bjZ
ba[hjtl dhclhhk\h[h`^Z\ZaZ[hj_sbyk_ihke_^\Zg_lhbij_^ZghkllZ
dtf ih\lhjbfhlh +HLGHJJHU Fgh]h kts_kl\_gh _ q_ \
ij_^\b`^ZsZlZ j_rbl_eghkl k_ ba[bjZ ba[hjtl dmjkb\tl fhc –

<I Ih-]hj_ OZc^_]_j \_q_ _ dZaZe q_ 'DVHLQ k_ ij_^Z\Z gZ kZfhlh
k_[_ kb \ gZke_^_gZ gh \k_ iZd ba[jZgZ \tafh`ghkl +HLGHJJHU
384).
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ij_îhqblZgb_ aZ ba[hj hkgh\Zgh gZ ih\lhj_gb_lh ij_^Zgb_lh b
ljZ^bpbylZ lh\Z ij_îhqblZgb_ aZ ba[hj _ b kfbktetl gZ gZijZ\_gby
ba[hjdZlhihke_^h\Zl_eghklhldhgdj_lgbba[hjb\k_dbhldhclh_
gZijZ\_g kj_^ kt\dmighkl hlZel_jgZlb\gbgZg_]hba[hjbLjZ^bpbylZ
k_j_ZebabjZqj_aihklhygghba\tjr\Zsbk_ba[hjbbihlhabgZqbgk_
hq_jlZ\Z dZlh dhgdj_l_g `bl_ckdb itl gZ qh\_dZ kt^[Z 6FKLFNVDObeb
dZlh bklhjbq_kdb itl *HVFKLFN gZ gydZd\Z h[sghkl Ih\lhj_gb_lh
oZjZdl_jbabjZf_dZlhfh^mkgZkZfh-ij_^Z\ZsZlZk_j_rbl_eghklqj_a
dhylh 'DVHLQ bajbqgh _dabklbjZ dZlh kt^[Z :dh h[Zq_ kt^[ZlZ
dhgklblmbjZ bagZqZegZlZ bklhjbqghkl gZ 'DVHLQ lh bklhjbylZ bfZ
k\hylZktsghklgZl_`_klgblh\fbgZehlhgblh\gZklhys_lhbg_]h\ZlZ
\tagbd\Zshhl[t^_s_lhgZ'DVHLQ+HLGHJJHU
DZlh pyeh dhgp_ipbylZ _dabkl_gpbZeZ gZ OZc^_]_j aZ
kt^[ZlZ\g_ihkj_^kl\_gZlZc\jtadZk'DVHLQg_]h\ZlZ_dabkl_gpbZegh
ijbktsZ bklhjbqghkl b ijhbalbqZsZlZ hl lmd bklhjby *HVFKLFKWH b
bklhjbq_kdb itl gZ _^gZ h[sghkl \kbqdb l_ nmg^bjZgb \ bagZqZegZlZ
\j_f_\hklgZ'DVHLQfh]Zl^Zk_h[h[syllZdZ
E_`Zshlh \ j_rbl_eghkllZ ij_^\b`^Zsh k_[_ij_^Z\Zg_ gZ
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ijhimkdZ hl ih]e_^Z kb \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h \a_lh \ l_k_g kfbkte dZlh
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_^\Zqj_aijh_dlbjZg_lh(QWZXUIHQgZ_^bgljZgkp_g^_glZe_gij_^f_l
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b rbjhd kfbkte qj_a dhblh h[Zq_ ktsh lZdZ \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h \
rbjhd kfbkte h[o\ZsZ beb_mkeh\b_aZ\tgrghlhk_lb\h\tij_dbq_
\tgrgbyl hibl _ \ ktshlh hlghr_gb_ kijyfh \tlj_rgby Ih lhab
gZqbg klZ\Z ykgh q_ kZfbyl \tgr_g hibl hl k\hy kljZgZ ij_îheZ]Z
_^gh hij_^_eyg_ gZ \tlj_rghlh fb k_lb\h ^hdZlh \tlj_rgbyl hibl
ij_îheZ]Z \_q_ gZebqb_lh gZ \tgr_g hibl Klh_\ [29].
<_q_ k_ baltdgZ q_ \tlj_rghlh b \tgrghlh k_lb\h g_ ke_^\Z ^Z k_

jZa]jZgbqZ\Zl qj_a l_ogbl_ _fibjbqgb ij_^f_lb kthl\_lgh lyehlh
b ^mrZlZ Z gZijhlb\ – _^bgkl\_gh qj_a l_ogbl_ Zijbhjgb nhjfb
kthl\_lgh\j_f_lhbijhkljZgkl\hlhKlh_\ [30].
G_shih\_q_fh`_^Zk_badZ`_ij_îheh`_gb_lhdh_lhih-
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ktk <_ckfZg - Hllmd f_lZhibl s_ j_q_ hibl kj_^
hiblZ – hibl ba[jZg kj_^ hiblZ B lZdt\ _ \tlj_rgbyl hibl B hk\_g
lh\Zlhc–bkihj_^ml\tj^behlhk_agZq_gb_gZPHWDY\t\nbehkhnbylZ
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c dZq_kl\h gZ ba[hjghkl b ba[jZghkl – b hllmd _^gZ ZgZeh]by aZ
ljZgkp_g^_glZegZlZ Zi_jp_ipby \ bagZqZeghlh c dZq_kl\hlh gZ ba[hj,
dhclh\hglheh]bq_gkfbkteyij_^r_kl\m\Z
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ZijbhjgZlZ kb nhjfZ \j_f_lh ij_^klZ\_gh \ gZ]e_^Z k l_hjbylZ gZ
hlghkbl_eghkllZ dZlh nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_-ijhkljZgkl\h h[o\ZsZ
\tgrghlh k_lb\h hij_^_e_gh kihj_^ ZijbhjgZlZ kb nhjfZ
ijhkljZgkl\hlh bf_ggh aZshlh ba[hjtl ZnbpbjZ \tlj_rghlh
k_lb\h ke_^ b kj_^ lh\Z ij_^klZ\ycdb k_ dZlh ba[jZghkllZ gZ
ZnbpbjZehlh \tgrghlh k_lb\h LZdZ k_ ^hklb]Z ^h p_gljZegby
ijh[e_f k\tjaZg k \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h lhab aZ g_]h\hlh ZnbpbjZg_
ktshj_p_ilb\ghklKlh_\
AZ ^Z k_ baykgb lmd ij_êZ]ZgZlZ b^_y dZd ba[hjtl ZnbpbjZ
\tlj_rghlh k_lb\h ljy[\Z ^Z k_ aZ[_e_`b q_ ltdfh ba[hjtl
hkts_kl\y\Z lh\Z gZ ijt\ ih]e_^ iZjZ^hdkZegh ktiheZ]Zg_ \tgrghlh
k_lb\h_iheh`_gh\t\\tlj_rghlhbkts_\j_f_ggh\tlj_rgbylhibl_

iheh`_g \t\ \tgrgby Hlghkgh ba[hjZ \tgrghlh _ g_ba[jZghlh Z
\tlj_rghlh – ba[jZghlh Hk\_g lh\Z ijbba[hjZk_ba[bjZ\bgZ]b_^gZ
qZkl dhylh qj_a ba[hjZ k_ ij_\jtsZ \ gh\hlh pyeh b ih lhab gZqbg
kt^tj`Z g_ba[jZghlh \tlj_ \ k_[_ kb \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ kbf\he l_ gZ
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kihj_^ gZijZ\_ghlh jZa]jZgbq_gb_ hdZaZehlh k_ \tgrgh – [b\Z
kbf\hebabjZgh dZlh \tlj_rgh gZ hiblZ b dZlh kbf\he gZ \tlj_rgby
hibl Ih lhab gZqbg kbf\hetl aZ jZaebdZ hl f_lZnhjZlZ baitegy\Z
hkgh\gb ktsghklgh ki_dmeZlb\gb nmgdpbb Z bf_ggh lhc ij_o\tjey
hl\t^ghlhkj_^hiblghlhbihlhabgZqbgj_ZebabjZ_^bgkl\hlhgZ^\_l_
agZq_gby gZ PHWDY – ke_^ hl\t^ b kj_^ \kj_^ lyoghlh _^bgkl\h
hagZqZ\Z q_ f_lZnbabqghlh k_ _ hdZaZeh [blb_-\-k\_lZ Hlghkgh
ba[hjZf_lZnbabqghlh\h[bqZ_gkfbktegZhl\t^_g_ba[jZghlhltc
dZlhjZa[bjZk__hl\t^ghgZba[jZghlh:eZihg_`_khkts_kl\y\Zg_lh
gZkZfbyba[hjqZkllZgZba[jZghlhk__ij_\tjgZeZ\gh\hlhpyehlh
\k_ iZd g_ba[jZghlh g_fbgm_fh ijbktkl\Z\g_]hgh\_q_\dZq_kl\hlh
gZ kbf\he >\b`_gb_lh \tlj_rghk_lb\h–\tgrghk_lb\h– (3)
\tgr_ghibl–\tlj_r_ghibl^Z^_gh\kbf\heZktshlZdZjZa]jtsZ
\j_f_lh b dZlh h[_^bgy\Zsh \tlj_rgh b \tgrgh beb k ^jm]b ^mfb
h\j_f_gy\Z
<k_db hl q_lbjbl_ ihkhq_gb fhf_glZ gZ h\j_f_gy\Zg_lh
kydZr fh`_ ^Z k_ ktihklZ\b k _^bg hl q_lbjbl_ kfbkteZ gZ
jZa]jZgbq_gb_ f_`^m \tlj_rgh b \tgrgh ij_êh`_gb hl Oj Klh_\
(2005: 195-lZdZ
–
\tlj_rghlh k_lb\h jZa]jZgbqZ\Z f_`^m \tlj_rgh b
\tgrgh\f_lZnbabq_gieZg [31];
–
\tgrghlhk_lb\h–\_fibjbq_gkfbkte [32];
–
\tgrgbylhibl–\ljZgkp_g^_gl_gkfbkte [33];
–
\tlj_rgbylhibl\ljZgkp_g^_glZe_gkfbkte [34].
<tlj_rghlh k_lb\h ihagZ\Z km[klZgpbZeghlh kt^[ZlZ
\tgrghlh k_lb\h – _fibjbqghlh \b^bfhlh \tgrgbyl hibl h[o\ZsZ
dZlh k\h_ \tlj_rgh \kbqdb y\e_gby ^hdZlh \tgrghlh gZ \tlj_rgby
hibl _ \kbqdh dh_lh fh`_ ^Z klZg_ h[_dl gZ fh_lh fbke_g_ Fgh]h
\Z`gh _ q_ ih lhab gZqbg k_ bay\y\Zl g_sZlZ kZfb ih k_[_ kb \ ^\Z
hkgh\ghjZaebqgbkfbkteZf_lZnbabq_gbljZgkp_g^_gl_g

Hl gZijZ\_gby ZgZeba \_q_ klZ\Z ykgh q_ \ ^moZ gZ
gZklhyshlhjZa]e_`^Zg_k_ijb_fZq_kbf\hetlZnbpbjZ\tlj_rghlh
k_lb\h \ _^bg ihagZ\Zl_e_g kfbkte ^hdZlh ba[hjtl ]h ZnbpbjZ \
hglheh]bq_g kfbkte b ih lhab gZqbg k_ h[hkgh\Z\Z \tafh`ghkllZ aZ
ihagZgb_ ijb dh_lh b ba[hjtl b kbf\hetl hklZ\Zl kdjblb gh
ij_^klZ\_gb\ljZgkp_g^_glZegZlZZi_jp_ipbyHllZab]e_^gblhqdZl_
klZ\Zl y\gb \ ko\ZsZg_lh gZ ijhihabpbylZ dZlh f_lZnhjZ gZ
eh]bq_kdhlhfbke_g_–dZlhih_lbqgh
<a_fZcdb ij_^\b^ q_ ba[jh_gbyl ih-]hj_ h\j_f_gy\Zs
pbdte fh`_ b g_ij_dtkgZlh ^Z k_ ih\lZjy lh _ gZebp_ fhf_gl gZ
g_ihkj_^kl\_gZ\jtadZbebgZqZklbqghkt\iZ^_gb_lt`^_kl\hdh_lh_
gZebp_ f_`^m ^\Z pbdteZ f_`^m \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h b kbf\heZ
Itj\hlh\klti\Z\dZq_kl\hlh\k__^ghgZZnbpbjZghlhi_jp_ilb\ghlh
j_p_ilb\ghlh Z \lhjbyl – dZlh ZnbpbjZshlh kihglZgghlh < lhab
kfbktefh`_^Zk_dZ`_q_\tlj_rghlhk_lb\h_kbf\hetl [35] ghb
\_^bgh[jZl_goh^gZ\j_f_lhkbf\hetl_\tlj_rghlhk_lb\hdh_lh
jZa[bjZk__iZjZnjZaZgZijhqmlhlhhdhlhkdh_lhgb_\b`^Zf_;h]_
hdhlh k dh_lh lhc gb \b`^Z j_ki \ _^bg h[jZl_g oh^ gZ \j_f_lh
hdhlhkdh_lh^y\hetlgb\b`^Z_hdhlhkdh_lhgb_]h\b`^Zf_
H[kt^_ghlh^hlmd\_q_gbiha\hey\Z^ZgZ^gbdg_f\itegZlZ
^te[hqbgZ gZ iheh`_gby hl Oj Klh_\ ijh[e_f hlghkgh \tlj_rghlh
k_lb\hijbDZgldZlhp_gljZe_glhabaZg_]h\hlhZnbpbjZg_
DZglfbkebZnbpbjZg_lhgZ\tgrghlhk_lb\hihîhgylb_lh
aZ mk_sZg_ ^Zeb h[Zq_ lh _ ijbeh`bfh b dtf kn_jZlZ gZ \tlj_rgby
gZ]e_^"Hs_hlkZfhlhgZqZehijbij_]e_^gZiZkZ`bl_hlDjblbdZgZ
qbklbyjZamf\dhblhk_]h\hjbaZ\tlj_rghlhk_lb\hklZ\Zykghq_
fh]Zl ^Z k_ jZa]jZgbqZl ^\Z Zki_dlZ \ dhblh DZgl ]h\hjb aZ g_]h\hlh
ZnbpbjZg_GZitj\hfyklh^hdhedhlh\tlj_rghlhk_lb\hljy[\Z^Zk_
hibk\ZdZlhiZjZe_eghgZ\tgrghlhg_]h\ZlZj_p_ilb\ghklbkthl\_lgh
ZnbpbjZg_k_ktklhb\lh\Zq_lhih^h[ghgZ\tgrghlhg_k_hlgZkydtf
k\hy\tlj_r_gij_^f_lqj_a_^gZkihglZgghklZgZijhlb\–qj_a_^gZ
iZkb\ghkl \ dhylh lh [b\Z hij_^_eygh GZ \lhjh fyklh h[Zq_ k_
]h\hjb aZ ZnbpbjZg_ gZ \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h ^hdhedhlh lh k_
hij_^_ey hl ^_cghkllZ gZ kihglZggby km[_dl Ijh[e_ftl _ ^Zeb lmd
klZ\Z ^mfZ aZ ^\_ jZaebqgb ZnbpbjZgby hl kljZgZlZ gZ _^bg ^Z^_g

ij_^f_l beb hl kljZgZlZ gZ _^bg hij_^_eys km[_dl beb gZijhlb\ kZ
_^ghbktshDZdlh[_baq_jiZl_eghihdZaZghZnbpbjZg_lhljy[\Z^Z
k_ ko\ZsZ dZlh _^gh b ktsh dZlh qj_a hij_^_eysZlZ ^_cghkl gZ
Zdlb\gby km[_dl \tjom iZkb\gby km[_dl \t\ \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h k_
iheZ]ZVHW]HQkZfby_fibjbq_gij_^f_lgZ\tlj_rghlhk_lb\hHl
^jm]Z kljZgZ kZfbyl g_]h\ ljZgkp_g^_glZe_g ij_^f_l ljy[\Z ^Z k_
fbkeb dZlh lt`^_kl\_g k hij_^_eysby km[_dl ^hdhedhlh bah[sh
bajZatlij_^f_l_Z^_d\Zl_gihhlghr_gb_gZ\tlj_rghlhZnbpbjZg_
Lh\ZiheZ]Zg_gZ_fibjbqgbyij_^f_lgZ\tlj_rghlhk_lb\hfh`_^Z
k_ bgl_jij_lbjZ \ lhab kfbkte q_ hij_^_eysby :a l_ qh\_dtl dZlh
ghmf_g l\hjb kZfby k_[_ kb \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ n_ghf_g \t\
\tlj_rghlh k_lb\h Lh\Z l\hj_g_ jZa[bjZ k_ ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ko\ZsZ \
_^bg kZfh nhjfZe_g gh g_ b \ kt^tj`Zl_e_g beb Z[khexl_g lZdt\
Klh_\-193).
?^bgkl\hlh gZ mf b ktjp_ b^_ylZ aZ nmg^Zf_glZegZ
bklhjby
Hq_\b^gh _ q_ kihj_^ iZlhkZ gZ gZklhyshlh jZa]e_`^Zg_
ihke_^ghlh baj_q_gb_ g_ fh`_ ^Z k_ ijb_f_ \tij_db q_ _ gZitegh gZ
fyklh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ DZgl b g_]h\by djblbq_g dhi_jgbdZgkdb
ih\jZl AZshlh ^Z k_ ihklZ\b ijh[e_ftl aZ kt^[ZlZ dZlh p_gljZe_g
nbehkhnkdbhagZqZ\Zltdfh^Zk_hihagZ_dZdqh\_dl\hjbkZfk_[_kb
\hglheh]bq_gieZgBebhlihagZ\Zl_egZ]e_^gZlhqdZdZdqh\_dfbkeb
bklhjbq_kdb l_ fbkeb \ kh[kl\_gby OZc^_]_jh\by kfbkte gZ
fbke_g_ dZlh _^bgkl\h gZ mf b ktjp_ – _^bgkl\h
ljZgkp_g^_glbjZsh ljZgkp_g^_glZegbl_ ]jZgbpb gZ qbklby
jZamf.
AZ ^Z jZa]tjg_f gZ[_eyaZgZlZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ b kts_\j_f_ggh
aZ ^Z k_ hlleZkg_f hl ihagZ\Zl_egby ihôh^ oZjZdl_j_g aZ DZgl dtf
hglheh]bqgby dhclh _ \h^_sbyl \ gZklhysZlZ jZ[hlZ b dhclh _
oZjZdl_j_g jZa[bjZ k_ aZ OZc^_]_j s_ k_ h[tjg_f dtf b^_bl_ gZ
;_j^y_\ aZ \j_f_lh lyogZlZ \jtadZ k l_ab gZ OZc^_]_j h[Zq_
_dkiebpbjZgb ih gZqbgZ ij_^klZ\_g hl :k_g B]gZlh\ -264)
dZlh h[sghkl b kthlgZkyg_ gZ dhkfbq_kdh bklhjbq_kdh b
_dabkl_gpbZegh \j_f_ [36]. "< ^_ckl\bl_eghkl _dabkl_gpbZeghlh
\j_f__ijhy\ZgZ\_qghkllZlh_ijhgbd\Zg_gZ\_qghkllZdhylhg__

Z[khexlgh hl\t^gZ \t\ \j_f_lh \ a_fgby `b\hl lh _ fhf_gl \
dhclh [b^_cdb hs_ gZ a_fylZ \ lhab `b\hl \_q_ mqZkl\m\Zf_ \t\
\_qghkllZ B]gZlh\ [37] <tafh`ghkllZ aZ iZjZe_eghkl
gZ \_qghkllZ b bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ ij_îheZ]Z g_dhg\_gpbhgZegh
ko\ZsZg_ aZ hlghr_gb_lh f_`^m bfZg_glghkl b ljZgkp_g^_glghkl
kihj_^dh_lhf_`^mlyog_kts_kl\m\Zg_ij_h^hebfZ[_a^gZB]gZlh\
1999: 263).
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gZ ;_j^y_\ b OZc^_]_j [38] aZ \j_f_lh hl _^gZ kljZgZ dZdlh b f_`^m
l_ogbl_bk\hyhl^jm]Z[bof_bkdZeb^Zih^q_jlZ_fgydhedhfhf_glZ
hlgZkysb k_ ^h jZa]e_`^Zg_lh gZ kt^[Z b kbf\he hkh[_gh \
kdbpbjZgby ih-]hj_ dhgl_dkl gZ nmg^bjZg_ gZ \tijhkZ aZ ihagZgb_lh
DZgl\t\\tijhkZaZ[blb_lhOZc^_]_j
Bklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f__djZcghbfh`_^Zk_kbf\hebabjZk
h]jZgbq_gZebgbykgZqZehdjZcbhkh[_gZ\tlj_rgZlhqdZZgZeh]bqgZ
gZ<tiets_gb_lh
< bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ _ nmg^bjZgh [_adjZcghlh b
gb\_ebjZgh\lqb[_ahkh[_gblhqdbdhkfbq_kdh\j_f_H[Zq_ijb
;_j^y_\lh[b\Zkbf\hebabjZghqj_adjt]
< hkgh\ZlZ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh Z qj_a g_]h b gZ
dhkfbq_kdhlh \j_f_ _ _dabkl_gpbZeghlh \j_f_ kbf\hebabjm_fh dZlh
lhqdZ [_a baf_j_gby qj_a dh_lh \ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ gZ\ebaZ
\_qghkllZ Ijb lh\Z \kydh lZdh\Z gZ\ebaZg_ k_ kthlgZky ktsghklgh k
hkh[_gZlZlhqdZgZbklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f_–<tiets_gb_lh
Ljbl_ \j_f_gZ g_ [b\Z ke_^h\Zl_egh ^Z k_ jZa]e_`^Zl dZlh
ihke_^h\Zl_egb ke_^\Zsb j_Zegb nZab \ jZa\blb_lh gZ \j_f_lh [39].
l_ kZ ih^j_^_gb g_ \ l_fihjZegZ ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl Z kihj_^
jZklyshlh gb\h gZ [blbcghlh bf dZq_kl\h L_ g_ kZ kmdp_kb\gb Z
hldZdlh kts_kl\m\Zl ohjZlZ kZ klZgZeb kbfmelZglgb B]gZlh\
263).
F_`^ml_abq_lbjb\j_f_gZ–q_lbjbltcdZlhbfiebpblgh_
^h[Z\_gh dtf _dkiebpblgbl_ ljb b _^gh q_l\tjlh \_qghkllZ – b
q_lbjbl_ fhf_glZ \ pbdteZ gZ h\j_f_gy\Zg_lh ij_êh`_g ih-]hj_ Z
bf_ggh \tlj_rgh k_lb\h – \tgrgh k_lb\h – \tgr_g hibl – \tlj_r_g
hibl_gZebp_ZgZeh]byihkts_kl\h

... ...
\_qghkl \tlj_rghk_lb\h
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[14] <j_f_lh itj\hgZqZegh b g_ihkj_^kl\_gh _ Zijbhjghlh mkeh\b_
gZ\tlj_rghlhk_lb\hbgZg_]h\bl_y\e_gby\l_k_gkfbkteb_^\Zke_^
lh\Z g_ihkj_^kl\_gh b gZ l_ab gZ \tgrghlh ?lh aZsh lh
itj\hgZqZegh h[o\ZsZ lykgZlZ kn_jZ gZ y\e_gbylZ gZ gZrbl_ ^mrb
dhylhkh[kl\_gh_g_hij_^_ebfZkihj_îjhkljZgkl\_gbhlghr_gbyIh-
gZlZltdlhk_y\y\ZbnhjfZlZgZ\kydh_^gh_fibjbqghktagZgb_Qj_a
lh\Zbf_gghq_kljmdlmjZlZgZ\kydhktagZgb_k_hij_^_eyhlDZgldZlh
\j_f_\Z lhc hl\Zjy itly gZ baltedm\Zg_ gZ \j_f_\hkllZ dZlh gZc-
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ijbktkl\b_ bah[sh Klh_\ Qh\_dtl dZlh y\e_gb_ \t\
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gbshg_fh`_^Zk_dZ`_Zijbhjbbkbgl_lbqghKlh_\
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h[jZaghkl \t\_^_gZ hl ;_j^y_\ aZ _dabkl_gpbZeghlh \j_f_ dZlh lhqdZ
bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ dZlh hlk_qdZ Z dhkfbq_kdhlh \j_f_ dZlh
hdjt`ghkl djt] ihklmebjZcdb ktsh lZdZ b fhf_gl gZ lt`^_kl\h
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ijhlb\h\j_f_lhgZgZf_j_gb_lhk_ihy\y\ZlijbktihklZ\yg_gZhlk_qdZ
k hdjt`ghkl djt] b gZ lhqdZ k hlk_qdZ b hdjt`ghkl djt] :dh
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g_sZlZ kb bfZ k\h_ kj_sm\j_f_ h[jZlgh \j_f_ b ijhlb\h\j_f_ qj_a
dhblhijbktkl\Zkthl\_lghnbabq_kdbbklhjbq_kdb_dabkl_gpbZegh
[16] BfZh[shkt]eZkb_q_ZgZeh]bqghlhh[hkgh\Z\Zg_\dexq\Zij_ghk
gZbgnhjfZpbyaZhlghr_gbylZhl_^gZh[eZkldhylh\_q_kts_kl\m\Z\
iZf_llZh[bdgh\_ghgZjbqZgZh[eZklbalhqgbdbeb[Zah\Zh[eZkldtf
h[eZkllZ dhylh ke_^\Z ^Z k_ h[ykgb gZjbqZgZ p_e_\Z h[eZkl
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ZgZeh]by aZ\bkb hl lh\Z ^Z bfZ gydZdt\ \b^ ih^h[b_ f_`^m h[eZkllZ
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\_jhylgh ^Z b]jZ_ ]eZ\gZ jhey \ gydhb hl dexqh\bl_ ijhp_kb
ZkhpbbjZgbkZgZeh]bqghlhh[hkgh\Z\Zg_9RVQLDGRY2UWRQ\-7).
>Zh[tjg_f\gbfZgb_gZlh\Zq_balhqgbdgZZgZeh]bylZ_ih^h[b_lhk
fbgZehlh ktojZg_gh \ iZf_llZ b ke_^h\Zl_egh ly _ ih ktsghkllZ kb
\j_f_\Z hl _^gZ kljZgZ b lh ^jm]Z ij_^klZ\ey\Z o_jf_g_\lbqgh
hlghr_gb_ ihkj_^kl\hf fbgZehlh k_ ltedm\Z gZklhys_lh gh lh\Z
fbgZeh_kihfg_ghbklh\Z\b^hbaf_g_ghhlgZklhys_lh
[17] Lh\Z ij_kbqZg_lh gZ ^\_ fh^Zeghklb gZ ljZgkn_j – kihj_^
gbaoh^ysby j_^ gZ [blb_lh b kihj_^ \taoh^ysby j_^ gZ agZq_gb_lh –
h[ykgy\Z dZd k_ dhgklblmbjZl kf_k_gbl_ ^bkdmjkb\gb fh^Zeghklb \
dhblh ijhihjpbhgZegZlZ f_lZnhjZ b ljZgkp_g^_glZegZlZ ZgZeh]by
h[_^bgy\Zlkfbkeh\bl_kb_n_dlbJbdvhj
[18] <tafh`gh _ ih^h[bylZ hl _^bg b ktrb j_^ ^Z [t^Zl \aZbfgh
ih^h[gb \aZbfgh h[jZlbfb ihf_`^m kb b _^gh aZ ^jm]h aZf_gbfb
kihj_^ ijhba\_^_gby \b^ gZ ih^h[b_lh gh g_ fh`_f ^Z ^himkg_f
\aZbfhh[jZlbfhkl ijb ijbqbgZlZ b ke_^kl\bylZ>bhgbkbc:j_hiZ]bl
1996: 114-115).
[19] Gh g_h[oh^bfh eb _ ^Z k_ ]h\hjb aZ lh\Z" AZshlh kZfhlh
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klhb ih-^hem hl ijbqbgZlZ b c hlklti\Zl ih [_adjZcgbl_ b g_kf_k_gb
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[20] <_jlbdZegbylZki_dlgZijbqbgy\Zg_ijhbaebaZhl[h]hih^h[b_lh
gZ l\hj_gb_lh \ kfbkte q_ l\hj_gb_lh _ ih^h[gh gZ l\hj_pZ g_ dZlh
f_lZnhjZ f_lZnhjbqgZ ZgZeh]by Z dZlh ZgZeh]by \ kh[kl\_g kfbkte
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ZgZeh]bb l_ab \ dhblh ZgZeh]bqgh hlg_k_gbl_ _^bgbpb kZ ba\e_q_gb
hl dhgp_ilmZegh jZaebqgb beb hl^Ze_q_gb h[eZklb b l_ab \ dhblh
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b]jb b nZfbegbl_ ijbebdb _ ijbjZ\gbe dZl_]hjbbl_ b
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aZ_^bg
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kj_^kl\Z aZ nbehkhnkdb ZgZeba gZ k_lb\gh \taijb_fZgby k\yl
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l_hj_lbqgbyjZamf–dhgkljmbjZlmfhihklb`bfZlZj_ZeghklihZgZeh]by
ktk k_lb\gh \taijb_fZghlh Ih lZdt\ gZqbg \kydh gZr_ kt`^_gb_ – b
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nbehkhnkdZZgZeh]byIZgq_gdh
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ijbl_`Z\Z k\hy ZijbhjgZ nhjfZ dhylh aZ^Z\Z gZqbgZ gZ gZj_^[Z gZ
fgh]hh[jZaghlh gZ _fibjbqgby gZ]e_^ NhjfZlZ gZ \tgrghlh k_lb\h _
ijhkljZgkl\hlh ^hdZlh lZab gZ \tlj_rghlh _ \j_f_lh >\_l_ Zijbhjgb
nhjfbkZg_k\h^bfb_^gZdtf^jm]ZKlh_\

[24]Ki_pbnbdZlZgZ\j_f_lh\kjZ\g_gb_kijhkljZgkl\hlhijbDZgl
dZdlh_ba\_klghk_hij_^_ey[eZ]h^Zj_gb_gZlh\Zq_ijhkljZgkl\hlh_
kthlg_k_gh k \tgrghlh Z \j_f_lh k \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h
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k\tja\Zs \j_f_lh b ijhkljZgkl\hlh \t\ \j_f_-ijhkljZgkl\h hagZqZ\Z
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y\e_gbyljy[\Z^ZktklZ\ey\Zij_^f_lZgZ\tlj_rghlhk_lb\h^mrZlZ
dZlhy\e_gb_DjblbdZgZqbklbyjZamfkKlh_\
[26] iZjZe_eghkllZ f_`^m ^\_l_ k_lb\Z \tlj_rgh b \tgrgh k_
kg_fZ ^hdhedhlh \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h k_ y\y\Z ih-\k_h[o\Zlgh b \
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_fibjbqgZlZ Zi_jp_ipby Ih lhab gZqbg \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h hl _^gZ
kljZgZ fh`_ ^Z k_ jZa]e_`^Z \ l_k_g b rbjhd kfbkte dZlh \ rbjhd
kfbkte \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h baitegy\Z fgh]h \Z`gb nmgdpbb
ihkj_^kl\hfk\hylZZijbhjgZnhjfZ\j_f_lhKlh_\
[27]DZkbj_jqj_ak\h_lhgZqZeghihgylb_aZ_^bg[_a-km[_dl_gb[_a-
h[_dl_g hibl gZklhy\Z aZ _^bg ite_g iZjZe_ebatf b jZ\ghklhcghkl gZ
kn_jbl_ gZ \tlj_rghlh b gZ \tgrghlh k_lb\h ijb dh_lh ^Z\Zg_lh gZ
ijbhjbl_l gZ _^gZ hl ^\_l_ kn_jb \h^b ^h aZeblZg_ beb dtf
ikboheh]bq_kdb b^_Zebatf beb ^h]fZlbq_kdb j_Zebatf Lh\Z hl
k\hy kljZgZ \h^b h[Zq_ ^h g_^hhp_gy\Zg_ gZ l_aZlZ gZ DZgl aZ
ljZgkp_g^_glZeghlh jZaebqb_ gZ kn_jbl_ gZ \tlj_rghlh b \tgrghlh
k_lb\h ij_^b b g_aZ\bkbfh hl hiblZ Z bf_ggh k h]e_^ gZ l_ogbl_
jZaebqgbZijbhjgbnhjfbKlh_\
[28] < lZab \jtadZ [bo bkdZe ^Z h[tjgZ \gbfZgb_ gZ fgh]h ^te[hdhlh
gZ[ex^_gb_gZGFhljhrbeh\Zq_DZglbaihea\Z*HPüt (ktjp_Zg_
6HHOH^mrZZZa[bo^h[Z\be–bhs_ih-fZedh9HUQXQIWjZamfaZ^Z
hij_^_eb hgh\Z dh_lh k_ ZnbpbjZ hl ij_^f_lbl_ DZd\h _ ^Z^_gh \

dZglh\kdZlZ aZ^ZqZ" Bah[sh b dZlh pyeh _ ^Z^_gZ ^Z^_ghkllZ gZ
ij_^f_lbl_gZqh\_rdhlhktagZgb_K^jm]b^mfb_ihklmebjZghhgh\Z
dh_lh \ ij_^r_kl\m\ZsZlZ nbehkhnby \_q_ _ klZgZeh k\h_]h jh^Z
ZdkbhfZ gZ gZk gb_^Z^_gij_^f_lbebij_^f_ltlihgydZdt\gZqbg
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mihlj_[ZlZ gZ ^mfbl_ GDV *HPüt" b DIIL]LHUHQ _ fgh]h \Z`gh 'DV
Gemüt \_^gZ]Z bfZ gydhedh agZq_gby ktjp_ gjZ\ oZjZdl_j b _^\Z gZ
ihke_^gh fyklh ^mrZ G_ _ kemqZcgh kljm\Z fb k_ q_ g_ k_ baihea\Z
^mfZlZ GLH 6HHOH – ^mrZ \ itj\hlh hkgh\gh agZq_gb_ >hdhedhlh aZ
DZgl _ \Z`gZ ijhklh ^Z k_ hl[etkg_ hl lhab nZdl q_ ij_^f_lbl_
hklZ\Zsb g_hij_^_e_gb \ta^_ckl\m\Zl gZ kt\dmighkllZ rbjhdh [_a
dhgdj_lgb hij_^_e_gby gh \ ktshlh \j_f_ gZitegh j_Zebklbqgh [_a
j_eb]bha_ghll_gtd\a_lZ^moh\gZlZg_hij_^_e_ghklGDV*HPüt) bq_l_
\ke_^kl\b_ gZ lh\Z gb k_ ^Z\Zl gZ gZk G_ _ fZeh\Z`gZ b ^mfZlZ
DIIL]LHUHQ ly hagZqZ\Z \ta^_ckl\b_ \ kfbkteZ gZ \ta[m`^Zg_
ijh[m`^Zg_ gZ hl\_lgZ j_Zdpby DZgl bkdZ kydZr ^Z ih^q_jlZ_
\aZbfghkllZ gZ ijhp_kZ ij_^f_ltl ^_ckl\m\Z ZnbpbjZ DIIL]LHUW
k_lb\ghkllZ hl]h\Zjy ly _ ZnbpbjZgZ DIIL]LHUW ZHUGHQ Fhljhrbeh\Z
1984: 88).
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hij_^_eyf b kZfby k_[_ kb dZlh _fibjbq_g Za aZ dh]hlh lhab hibl _
gZebp_ AZshlh aZ DZgl \kydh _^gh ihagZgb_ gZ g_sh \tgrgh k_
j_ZebabjZ itj\hgZqZegh qj_a _^gh ZnbpbjZg_ gZ \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h
L_gZf_gfb_\tafh`gh^ZdhgklblmbjZf\tgrgbykbhiblqj_a_^gZ
kihglZggZ ^_cghkl kZfh aZshlh fZl_jbZetl gZ lhab \tgr_g hibl
j_ki_dlb\gh _fibjbq_g k\yl _ ^Z^_g dZlh fhb ij_^klZ\b \t\
\tlj_rghlhfbk_lb\hKlh_\
[30] Ih ih\h^ gZ \ta]e_^bl_ gZ ijhn IjZmk O Klh_\ hl[_eya\Z
\tgrgbyl hibl g_ _ g_ihkj_^kl\_gh \tgr_g gh _ g_ihkj_^kl\_gh
hibll_hibl\kh[kl\_gbykfbktegZl_jfbgZKlh_\

[31] GZ itj\h fyklh \ f_lZnbabq_kdb ieZg \tlj_rghlh h[hagZqZ\Z
km[klZgpbZeghlhlh\Zdh_lhg_fh`_^Zk_ihagZ_kZfhqj_aj_eZpbb
b ^_ckl\by kijyfh g_sh ^jm]h <tgrghlh gZijhlb\ ijbl_`Z\Z
j_eZpbhg_g oZjZdl_j lh k_ oZjZdl_jbabjZ q_ _ \bgZ]b kijyfh g_sh
^jm]h Z g_ kZfh ih k_[_ kb ?lh aZsh y\e_gbylZ ij_^klZ\ey\Zl
\tgrghlh gZ ij_^f_lbl_ ^hdZlh g_sZlZ kZfb ih k_[_ kb – lyoghlh
ijbgpbibZeghg_ihagZ\Z_fh\tlj_rghKlh_\: 195).
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l_eZgZj_^kfh_lhijhkljZgkl\hKlh_\
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ghkbkftjlbjh[kl\hhk\_glh\ZlZb\k_[_kbg_shdh_lhnbehkhntl
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_dabkl_gpbZeghlh \j_f_ Lh\Z \j_f_ gyfZsh gbdZd\b dhebq_kl\_gb
baf_j_gbyghkbktkk_[_kbe_dkj_sm[he_kllZgZ\j_f_lhbj_r_gby
gZ g_cgbl_ iZjZ^hdkb Lh\Z _ \j_f_lh gZ gZrZlZ k\h[h^Z \j_f_lh gZ
ebqghkllZ gb_ ]h ba`b\y\Zf_ \ j_^dbl_ fhf_glb gZ l\hjq_kl\hlh
ex[h\lZ b k\_lhkllZ ><` GbdheZc ;_j^y_\ H jZ[kl\_ b k\h[h^_
q_eh\_dZIZjb`k-@B]gZlh\0-261).
[37] ;_j^y_\ ktsh ih^q_jlZ\Z djZcghkllZ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ gh
aZ jZaebdZ hl OZc^_]_j lhc \b`^Z \t\ \_qghkllZ nZdlhjZ dhclh ]h
ljZgkp_g^_glbjZ b h]jZgbqZ\Z Ke_^ djZy gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_
aZihq\Z \_qghkllZ B]gZlh\ Ke_^h\Zl_egh mq_gb_lh gZ
;_j^y_\ ihdZa\Z ]jZgbpbl_ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ b lyoghlh
ij_h^hey\Zg_ Lh\Z g_ [b\Z ^Z k_ jZa[bjZ g_ij_f_ggh \ kfbkte q_
\_qghkllZb^\Zke_^bklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f_bgZg_]h\hfyklhhlgh\h
baihea\Zg_ gZ iZjZ^hdkZegb l_jfbgb <ktsghkl b ij_^b baq_a\Zg_lh
gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ lh fZdZj ^Z ijh^te`Z\Z ^Z kts_kl\m\Z k_
ij_h^hey\Z qj_a \_qghkllZ hl kts_kl\m\Zshlh gZj_^ k g_]h
_dabkl_gpbZegh \j_f_ dh_lh _ h[jZa gZ \_qghkllZ Lh\Z s_ j_q_ q_ \
fhf_glbl_ gZ l\hjq_kdb b _fhpbhgZe_g _dklZa gZbklbgZ kZfh \ l_ab
j_^db fhf_glb Za dZlh ebqghkl `b\_y g_ \ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ b
hs_ ih-fZedh \ dhkfbq_kdhlh fZdZj q_ khpbZeghlh fb baf_j_gb_ b
fh_lh lyeh hklZ\Zl gZitegh \t\ \eZkllZ gZ l_ab ^\_ \j_f_gZ Z \
_dabkl_gpbZeghlh \j_f_ \_qghkllZ Ke_^h\Zl_egh Za ij_`b\y\Zf
dtkq_ \_qghkl Lh\Z gZoem\Zg_ gZ \_qghkllZ \ gZrby `b\hl k_

ijhy\y\Z \ fbklbqgby hibl \ ex[h\lZ jZa[bjZgZ \ gZc-rbjhdby
kfbkte gZ ^mfZlZ ex[h\lZ dtf ;h] dtf [eb`gby ex[h\lZ dZlh
ijbyl_ekl\h ex[h\lZ f_`^m ft`Z b `_gZlZ ex[h\lZ dtf
fbjha^Zgb_lh dZdlh b \t\ \kydZ l\hjq_kdZ ^_cghkl B]gZlh\
263).
[38] Gb_jZa]e_`^Zf_b^_ylZgZ;_j^y_\dZlhgZc-^h[jhlhhk\_ley\Zg_
b j_rZ\Zg_ gZ ihklZ\_gbl_ hl OZc^_]_j \tijhkb Lh\Z h[Zq_ ihjZ`^Z
\tijhkZ^Zeb_\tafh`_gkbgl_af_`^m^\_l_l_abHl]h\hjtlfh`_ih
gZr_fg_gb_^Z[t^_iheh`bl_e_gDZd[bba]e_`^Zelhabkbgl_a"S_
]h nhjfmebjZf_ ih ke_^gby gZqbg djZcghlh \j_f_ aZ dh_lh ]h\hjb
OZc^_]_j kt\iZ^Z k bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ ijb ;_j^y_\ ;_adjZcghlh
fZl_fZlbq_kdh-dhkfbq_kdh \j_f_ _ dhgkljmdpby gZ `b\__sby \
djZcghlhbklhjbq_kdh\j_f_qh\_ddhclhh[Zq_h[jtsZijbhjbl_lbl_b
ba\_`^Z ihjZ`^Zshlh hl ihjh^_ghlh Lh\Z kt[blb_ hibkZgh ih lhab
gZqbg hl OZc^_]_j _ aZ ;_j^y_\ j_amelZl hl h[_dlb\bjZg_lh dh_lh
ihjh[\Z j_ZeghkllZ <t\ \k_db kemqZc b aZ ^\ZfZlZ fbkebl_eb
ijbhjbl_ltl gZ dhkfbq_kdhlh \j_f_ _ bexaby P_gljZegZlZ jhey \
lhab kbgl_a [b ke_^\Zeh ^Z k_ ih_f_ hl _dabkl_gpbZeghlh \j_f_
^Z\ZshbajZagZ\_qghkllZhldhylhOZc^_]_jk_Z[kljZobjZqb_lh
ijb_fZg_h[Zq_g_[bij_qbehgZkbgl_aZ<t\\jtadZklh\Zk_ihklZ\y
\tijhktl ^Zeb oZjZdl_jtl gZ OZc^_]_jh\ZlZ nbehkhnby lhlZegh
bfZg_glgZbdhgp_gljbjZgZ\tjomdjZcghlhg_badexq\Z\tafh`ghkllZ
aZ kbgl_a k ojbklbygkdhlh klZgh\bs_ dZlh ;_j^y_\hlh" Ih^q_jlZ\Zf_
q_ klZ\Z ^mfZ kZfh aZ Z[kljZobjZg_ hl ljZgkp_g^_glghkllZ b aZ gbsh
ih\_q_ l\tj^_ ih\tjoghklgZlZ l_aZ q_ OZc^_]_j [be Zl_bkl hl^Z\gZ
g_ k_ aZsblZ\Z hl gblh _^bg k_jbha_g bgl_jij_lZlhj <k_ iZd hl
h]jZgbqZ\Zg_lh kZfh \tjom bfZg_glghlh g_ ke_^\Z hljbpZgb_ gZ
ljZgkp_g^_glghlhB]gZlh\
[39] <_q_ ihdZaZof_ q_ dhkfbq_kdhlh \j_f_ \ gbdZdt\ kemqZc g_
ij_^r_kl\m\Z bklhjbq_kdhlh Z _ gZebp_ fZdZj b kihjZ^bqgh

mkihj_^gh k g_]h : \_qghkllZ qbclh bajZa \ lhab `b\hl _
_dabkl_gpbZeghlh \j_f_ \ gbdZdt\ kemqZc g_ ij_^r_kl\m\Z
bklhjbq_kdhlh Z _ gZebp_ fZdZj b kihjZ^bqgh mkihj_^gh k g_]h :
\_qghkllZ qbclh bajZa \ lhab `b\hl _ _dabkl_gpbZeghlh \j_f_ g_
ke_^\Z ke_^ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ b \ lhab kfbkte g_ ij_^klZ\ey\Z
ihke_^gZ nZaZ aZshlh g_ ij_^r_kl\m\Z \kbqdb ^jm]b \j_f_gZ
Ke_^h\Zl_egh Zdh klZ\Z ^mfZ aZ gydZd\Z ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl lh ly [b
ba]e_`^ZeZlZdZitj\h_\_qghkllZihke__bklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f_b
hl^jm]ZkljZgZij_`b\y\Zl_dabkl_gpbZeghlh\j_f_Ij_êh`_gbylhl
kZfby ;_j^y_\ j_^ \ dhclh dZlh itj\h nmgdpbhgbjZ dhkfbq_kdhlh
\j_f_dZlh\lhjhbklhjbq_kdhlhbdZlhlj_lh_dabkl_gpbZeghlh\j_f__
\k_ iZd hkgh\Zl_e_g klb]Z ^Z g_ k_ aZ[jZ\y q_ l_ kZ ih^j_^_gb g_ \
l_fihjZegZ ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl Z kihj_^ jZklyshlh gb\h gZ [blbcghlh
bfdZq_kl\hB]gZlh\
[40] <t\\k_\tafh`ghlh[bljy[\Zeh^Zk_ih^q_jlZ__^gZieh^hl\hjgZ
^\mkfbke_ghkl dhylh [b ijhebqZeZ ih-ykgh k baihea\Zg_lh gZ l_jfbgZ
hfgbihl_gpby l_ kt\dmighkllZ hl \kbqdb \tafh`ghklb ^Z^_gZ
ZdlmZegh dZlh _^gh pyeh b \k_fh]ts_kl\h dZlh dZq_kl\h gZ gydZd\Z
ebqghklghklgZijgZ[h`_kl\_gZlZebqghkl
[41] B lmd fh`_ ^Z k_ ihklZ\b \tijhktl ^Zeb k_ kthlgZkyl
ljZgkp_g^bjZg_lh gZ ljZgkp_g^_glghkllZ \ bfZg_glghkllZ b
ljZgkp_g^_glZeghkllZ
[42] GZijbf_j _^gh fgh]h \Z`gh lZdh\Z g_h[kt`^Zgh baf_j_gb_ _
ij_o\tjeyg_lhhlg_ktagZ\Zgh\ktagZgb_l_hktagZ\Zg_lh
[43] Dh_lhjZa^\hy\Zg_f_lZnbabq_kdbk_ij_^klZ\ydZlhij_^klZ\yg_gZ
ij_^f_lZ*HJHQ–VWDQGbdhj_kihg^_glgZl_hjbygZbklbgZlZ
[44] <kbf\heZkfbktetlgZgydZdt\ij_^f_lk_ij_gZky\kt\k_f^jm]
ij_^f_l b kZfh \ lZdt\ kemqZc lhab ihke_^gbyl fh`_ ^Z k_ hdZ`_
kbf\he gZ itj\bqgby ij_^f_l Gh gZc-bgl_j_kghlh lmd _ lh\Z q_
kfbktetl ij_g_k_g hl _^bg ij_^f_l gZ ^jm] lhedh\Z ^te[hdh b

\k_kljZgghk_keb\Zklhab\lhjbij_^f_lq_klZ\Zg_\tafh`ghl_^Zk_
hl^_eyl_^bghl^jm]Ehk_\
[45] < lhab kfbkte h[shlh g_ _ m_^bg_gZ kljmdlmjZ bahebjZgZ hl
\kbqdh ^jm]h gh ly _ AZdhg ih\_ebl_egh gZkhq\Zs ijhlbqZg_lh gZ
\kbqdh kthl\_lkl\m\Zsh _^bgbqgh Gh Zdh ih-]hj_ ]h\hjbof_ q_
kbf\hetlg_shh[hagZqZ\Zb_agZd\k_fZglbqgbykfbktegZ^mfZlZlh
_ykghq_dtfg_]hkZgZiteghijbeh`bfbfZl_fZlbq_kdbl_ijbchfbgZ
jZaeZ]Zg_ gZ ^Z^_gZ nmgdpby \ [_adjZ_g j_^ Lh\Z _ g_]h\ZlZ bklbgkdZ
KljmdlmjZLhckts_kl\m\Zg_ijhklhkZfihk_[_kbgh_ijbgpbigZ
dhgkljmbjZg_bgZ\kbqdh^jm]hdh_lhihiZ^Zih^g_]hGhlh\Zh[sh
gb_ gyfZ ^Z ]h jZa[bjZf_ kZfh dhebq_kl\_gh dZdlh ]h jZa[bjZ
fZl_fZlbdZlZ gh b dZq_kl\_gh l_ \ g_]h fh`_ ^Z [t^_ b k\hy b^_y b
h[jZagh\tiets_gb_gZlZabb^_yghkZfhk_^ghmkeh\b_lZabb^_cgZ
h[jZaghkl\kbf\heZaZ^te`bl_egh_h[sghklaZdhghf_jghjZaeh`bfZ
\ j_^bpZ hl^_egb _^bgbqghklb AZ l_ab _^bgbqghklb ihkhq_gZlZ
h[sghklb_kbf\hetlLhqghlZdZbhl^_egbl__^bgbqghklb^hdhedhlh
kZ ihjh^_gb hl ba\_klgZ h[sghkl \ dhylh LPSOFLWH k_ ktklhyl ktsh k_
y\y\Zl kbf\heb gZ ihjZ`^ZsZlZ ]b h[sghkl B kZfh \t\_`^Zcdb lZab
kljmdlmjZ \ ihgylb_lh aZ kbf\he gb_ aZ itj\b itl ]h hij_^_eyf_ ih
kts_kl\h Kbf\hetl _ hgZab h[h[s_gZ kfbkeh\Z fhs gZ ij_^f_lZ
dhylh jZaeZ]Zcdb k_ \ [_adjZ_g j_^ hkfbkey k_[_ kb b pyeZlZ
[_adjZcghkl hl qZklgb ij_^f_lb kfbkte gZ dhylh ly k_ y\y\Z Ehk_\
1976: 64-65).
[46] BlZdZkbf\hetlihkhq\ZgydZdt\g_ba\_kl_gaZgZkij_^f_lfZdZj
b ^Z gb ^Z\Z \ ktshlh \j_f_ itegZ \tafh`ghkl ^Z gZijZ\bf
g_h[oh^bfbl_ba\h^baZ^ZklZg_lhabij_^f_lba\_kl_gF_lZnhjZlZg_
ihkhq\ZgbdZdt\\tgr_ggZk_[_kbij_^f_lLykZfZihk_[_kbk_y\y\Z
kZfh^hklZltq_g ij_^f_l b ^hklZltqgh ^te[hd aZ ^Z [t^_ ^te]h
jZa]e_`^Zg b \ g_]h ^te]h ^Z k_ aZfbkebf [_a ^Z ij_fbgZ\Zf_ dtf
gbdZd\b ^jm]b ij_^f_lb Ehk_\ Ijb ihgylb_lh hl ^jm]Z

kljZgZ hkh[_gh \b^bfh qj_a fZl_fZlbq_kdhlh ihgylb_ aZ fgh`_kl\h
_^bgkl\hlh _ ^Z^_gh qj_a gydZd\h lhqgh ^_nbgbjm_fh k\hckl\h dh_lh
iha\hey\Z kljh]h b \ b^_Ze ^hjb Ze]hjblfbqgh ^Z k_ hij_^_eb ^Zeb
^Z^_g dhgdj_l_g ij_^f_l ihiZ^Z beb g_ ih^ bake_^\Zghlh ihgylb_
Kbf\hetl – aZ jZaebdZ b hl f_lZnhjZlZ – dZikmebjZ aZl\Zjy k\h_lh
[_adjZcgh \tlj_rgh _^bgkl\h dZlh ij_^f_l >mfZlZ \ k\hylZ
ijbgZê_`ghkldtf_abdZ_lZdt\ij_^f_ldZikmebjZekbf\heblZdZly
_\tiets_gb_gZeh]hkZ
[47] Lh\Z l\tj^_gb_ ke_^\Z ^Z k_ mlhqgb ih ke_^gby gZqbg Ih
hlghr_gb_ gZ bg^b\b^mZegbl_ kt[blby ke_^h\Zl_egh bfZ kljmdlmjgb
mkeh\bydhblhijZ\yl\tafh`_goh^ZgZ_^ghkt[blb_LZdb\Zkljmdlmjb
fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl hibkZgb gh l_ ktsh lZdZ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl \dexq_gb \
dhgl_dklZ gZ gZjZlb\ ihîhfZ]Zcdb \ baykgy\Zg_lh gZ kt[blb_ qj_a
l_ogby g_ ojhgheh]bq_g ijbqbg_g oZjZdl_j H[jZlgh kljmdlmjbl_ kZ
_^bgkl\_ghjZa[bjZ_fb\kj_^ZlZgZkt[blbykj_^dhblhkljmdlmjbl_k_
ZjlbdmebjZl b dhblh kZ _abdh\h bajZabfb dZlh kljmdlmjb \tlj_ \ lyo
(Kosellek 1985: 109).
[48] Mceyf ?fiktg hibk\Z f_lZnhjbl_ dZlh [j_f_ggb ktk agZq_gb_
Kl_geb DZ\_e gZjbqZ f_lZnhjZlZ gZitibeZ ktk agZq_gb_ lhc
gZklhy\Z q_ iZjZ]jZnbl_ k f_lZnhjb \ktsghkl aZ\tjr\Zl k b lZdZ
gZlZltd >&DYHOO 6 (1967), "Aesthetic Problems of Modern Philosophy, in
M. Black, ed. Philosophy in America (Ithaca, Cornell University Press): 74-
97]" (Stern 2000: 267-268).
[49] Ihl_gpbZetlaZih-gZlZltrgZbgl_jij_lZpby_kts_kl\_gaZ^Zk_
jZa[_j_ dZd f_lZnhjbl_ nmgdpbhgbjZl \ gZmdZlZ ?^bg mq_g ij_êZ]Z
f_lZnhjZ [ZabjZgZ gZ kt^tj`Zgb_ dh_lh ly bajZay\Z \ _^bg
itj\hgZqZe_gdhgl_dkldhgl_dkl\dhclh^Zj_q_flhcaZ[_eya\ZblZdZ
\ gZrby kfbkte ij_îheZ]Z q_ [md\Zegbyl j_n_j_gl gZ ij_ghkZ
>YHKLFOH@ _da_fiebnbpbjZ q_jlZ dhylh ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ijbibr_ Lh\Z
dh_lh dZa\Z hlg_k_gh ^h ij_îheh`_ghlh fgh`_kl\h k_ ijb_fZ aZ

bklbggh beb g_bklbggh \ lhab dhgl_dkl Gh ij_êZ]Zcdb f_lZnhjZlZ
lhc fh`_ ktsh lZdZ ^Z \taeh`b ^jm]bl_ ^Z y \taijb_fZl dZlh k\hy
kh[kl\_gZ ^Z ijb_fZl bklbgZlZ bajZa_gZ qj_a f_lZnhjZlZ \ lhab
dhgl_dkl dZlh obihl_aZ aZ ^Z y bake_^\Zl dZdlh qj_a jZarbjy\Zg_ gZ
f_lZnhjZlZ \ ihke_^h\Zl_egb dhgl_dklb kjh^gb gZ jZarbj_ghlh
ij_îheh`_gh fgh`_kl\h ihkljh_gh \tjom k\h_lh kh[kl\_gh lZdZ b
ke_^\Zcdb ZkhpbZpbbl_ hkts_kl\_gb \ jZaebqgbl_ fj_`b dtf dhblh
[md\Zeghlh ij_gZkygh >YHKLFOH@ ijbgZê_`b H[Zq_ aZ[_e_`_l_ q_
kt^tj`Zgb_lh gZ f_lZnhjZlZ\[t^_sbl_dhgl_dklbgblh_hij_^_e_gh
gblh_h]jZgbq_ghhlitj\hgZqZeghlhZ\lhjh\hgZf_j_gb_ijbba[hjZgZ
f_lZnhjZ k g_cgby kthl\_l_g oZjZdl_j beb agZq_gb_ < oh^Z gZ
bake_^\Zg_ gZ f_lZnhjZlZ \ ihke_^\Zsb dhgl_dklb ih-dtkgbl_
bgl_jij_lZlhjb g_ hldjb\Zl beb \taklZgh\y\Zl kt^tj`Zgb_lh
itj\hgZqZegh ij_^\b^_gh hl hgab dhclh _ \t\_e f_lZnhjZlZ <_^gt`
\t\_^_gZ f_lZnhjZlZ ijbl_`Z\Z k\hc kh[kl\_g `b\hl g_cgbyl i_jbh^
gZ`b\hlh]jZgbq_gkZfhhlkl_i_glZgZihl_gpbZeZghk_ghloZjZdl_jZ
cbhlij_îheh`_gbydhblhaZ\bkylhldj_Zlb\ghkllZ\th[jZ`_gb_lhb
hldjb\Zl_ekdZlZ fhs gZ g_cgbl_ ihlj_[bl_eb \ kthl\_lgbl_ bf
dhgl_dklbF_lZnhjZlZfh`_^Z_[j_f_ggZktkagZq_gb_ghgyfZgm`^Z
\kbqdb ihl_gpbZegb bgl_jij_lZlhjb ^Z k_ kt^tj`Zl _f[jbhgZegh \
itj\hgZqZeghlh kt^tj`Zgb_ beb hjb]bgZegbyl Sinn \ gZ hgab dhclh
itj\b_ko\ZgZef_lZnhjZlZ6WHUQ-270).
[50] F_gkdb gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ bgl_jij_lZpbylZ gZ ?\_j_l ij_êZ]Z
ke_^gZlZ obihl_aZ S_ jZakt`^Z\Zf_ eh]bqgh :dh h[_dlb\gh l_ \
kthl\_lkl\b_ ktk aZdhgbl_ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ k_e_dpby gZ
Zel_jgZlb\bl_ g_ k_ ba\tjr\Z Z gZ[ex^Zl_eyl \tij_db lh\Z \bgZ]b
hktagZ\Z kZfh _^gZZel_jgZlb\ZagZqbk_e_dpbylZgZZel_jgZlb\bl_k_
ba\tjr\Z\ktagZgb_lhgZgZ[ex^Zl_eyLZabfbkteg__gh\ZB?\_j_l
b \kbqdb g_]h\b ihke_^h\Zl_eb \ _^gZ beb ^jm]Z nhjfZ ijbagZ\Zl q_
k_e_dpbylZ _ k\tjaZgZ ktk ktagZgb_lh H[Zq_ aZ jZaebdZ hl ^jm]b

Z\lhjb s_ mkbebf lh\Z iheh`_gb_ b s_ ij_îheZ]Zf_ q_ lh\Z g_ _
ijhklh\jtadZf_`^m^\_jZaebqgby\e_gbybebihgylbyZl_aby\e_gby
dhblh ba]e_`^Zl jZaebqgb fZdZj b k\tjaZgb \ ^_ckl\bl_eghkl kZ
lt`^_kl\_gbihf_`^mkbK^jm]b^mfbij_îheZ]Zf_q_k_e_dpbylZgZ
Zel_jgZlb\bl_ ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_ hlt`^_kl\_gZ ktk ktagZgb_lh F_gkdbc
Ijh[e_ftl dhclh hl lmd ke_^\Z _ dZd ijbktkl\m\Zl
g_ba[jZgbl_ Zel_jgZlb\b \ ba[jZgZlZ Kihj_^ f_g Ba[jZgZlZ
Zel_jgZlb\Z ke_^\Z ^Z k_ hlt`^_kl\b ktk kts_kl\m\Zshlh ^hdZlh
\kbqdb hklZgZeb g_ba[jZgb Zel_jgZlb\b ijbktkl\m\Zl \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ
kbf\hebKbf\hetl\bgZ]bij_^klZ\ey\Z\tiets_gb_gZ\tafh`ghkl\
lh\ZqbkehbgZkemqbeZk_g_ba[jZgZZel_jgZlb\Z\kts_kl\m\Zshlh\
Ba[jZgZlZ Zel_jgZlb\Z ?kl_kl\_gh kbf\hegbyl Zki_dl gZ k\_lZ g_ _
\tafh`_g [_a qh\_rdhlh ktagZgb_ b ijhbalbqZshlh hl g_]h qh\_rdZ
^_cghkl b ke_^h\Zl_egh ^hjb fh`_ ^Z k_ hlt`^_kl\b k itj\hlh beb k
\lhjZlZbebk^\_l_aZ_^ghKe_^h\Zl_eghbklhjbq_kdbylitl_^Z^_gb
fh`_ [b ^hjb ij_^^Z^_g ij_^hij_^_e_g b dZlh ljZgknhjfZpby gZ
kbf\heb aZ j_]bhg gZ dhblh gZijbf_j fh`_ ^Z k_ h[y\b
g_ktagZ\Zghlh b dZlh \j_f_ dhebq_kl\_gh baf_jbfh \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ
bgnhjfZpby kj\ k Q_jlh\ -34) – lh_kl dZlh hlghr_gb_ gZ
\tafh`ghbfZl_jbZeghbeb\dZq_kl\hlhgZfZl_jbZegh_^ghhkh[_gh
kts_kl\m\ZshbfZshhlghr_gb_dtf\tafh`ghlh'DVHLQ
[51] Hs_ ih-kbegZ obihl_aZ _ q_ lhlZeghkllZ gZ g_ba[jZgbl_
\tafh`ghklb kt\iZ^Z k ba[jZgZlZ bebq_^_ckl\bl_eghlh_lhlZeghkllZ
gZ \tafh`ghlh F ?isZcg ij_êZ]Z k\hy kh[kl\_gZ ihabpby dhylh
fh`_^Zk_hij_^_ebdZlhihkb[bebatfAZf_g_\Z`ghg_^Zk_k\_`^Z
\tafh`ghkllZ dtf ^jm]b ih-rbjhdb dZl_]hjbb dZlh j_Zeghkl beb _abd
[blb_bebihgylb_Z^Zk_baoh`^ZhlkZfZlZdZl_]hjbyaZ\tafh`ghlh
dZlh hkgh\hiheZ]ZsZ <tafh`ghlh aZ f_g_ g_ _ gydZd\Z hkh[_gZ
j_Zeghklijbl_`Z\ZsZk\hynbabq_kdZijhly`ghklbebijhkljZgkl\_gh-
\j_f_\bdhglbgmmfGh\tafh`ghlhbg__mkeh\gZnbdpbyhljZay\ZsZ

\ kbf\hebqgZ nhjfZ k\hckl\ZlZ gZ gZrby j_Ze_g k\yl <tafh`ghlh _
hkh[_g fh^mk gZ fh`_kl\m\Zg_ dhclh gb ba\_`^Z aZ^ ij_^_ebl_ gZ
lZab j_Zeghkl gh [_a g_ij_f_ggh ^Z ijbgZê_`b gZ gydZd\Z ^jm]Z
j_Zeghkl Hkh[_ghkl gZ \tafh`ghlh _ g_]h\ZlZ g_k\h^bfhkl dtf
j_Zeghlh [beh lh j_ZeghkllZ gZ gZrby k\yl beb ^jm]b k\_lh\_
WisZcg<tafh`ghlhg__kts_kl\m\Zshg__hgh\Zdh_lh_
beb dh_lh g_ _ lh _ hkh[_g fh^mk dhclh g_ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ \th[s_
ij_\_^_g gZ _abdZ gZ j_Zeghlh beb b^_Zeghlh kts_kl\m\Zg_
Ihkb[bebaftl _ nbehkhnby gZ \tafh`ghlh dhylh gZfbjZ k\hylZ
ij_îhklZ\dZ itj\hgZqZehlh \ kZfZlZ dZl_]hjby gZ \tafh`ghlh,
\_q_ ke_^ lh\Z y ijbeZ]Z dtf ihgylb_lh j_Zeghkl b^_y agZd
_abdb^jWisZcg
[52] Djbid_ baltd\Z q_ ijb ij_oh^Z hl ^_ckl\bl_egby dtf \tafh`_g
beb hl _^bg dtf ^jm] \tafh`_g k\yl \tagbd\Z ijh[e_fZ aZ
lt`^_kl\_ghkllZ gZ _^bg h[_dl aZ dZd\hlh – hk\_g \ jZfdbl_ gZ
fZl_fZlbdZlZ – g_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ ^Z^Zl kljh]b djbl_jbb :dh bfZl_
djbl_jbc aZ lt`^_kl\_ghkl lh]Z\Z fh`_ ^Z ih]e_^g_l_ \ ^jm]bl_
\tafh`gb k\_lh\_ aZ qh\_dZ dhclh _ Gbdktg b \tijhktl ^Zeb \ hgab
^jm] \tafh`_g k\yl Gbdktg bfZ hij_^_e_gb k\hckl\Z _ ^h[j_
^_nbgbjZg .ULSNH >_ckl\bl_egh Z^_d\Zlgbl_ g_h[oh^bfb
b ^hklZltqgb mkeh\by aZ lt`^_kl\_ghkl dhblh ^Z g_ kZ l\tj^_
ktfgbl_egb kZ l\tj^_ j_^db \t\ \k_db kemqZc FZl_fZlbdZlZ _
_^bgkl\_gbyl kemqZc dhclh j_Zegh agZy dt^_lh _ ^Z^_gh ^Z`_ \tlj_ \
_^bg \tafh`_g k\yl ^Z k_ dZ`_ bklbgZlZ G_ agZy lZdb\Z mkeh\by aZ
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[t^_ nhjfZegZ Z \bgZ]b babkd\Z ltedm\Zgb_ QZkl_g kemqZc gZ
lt`^_kl\_ghkllZgZkbf\heZ_\jtadZlZf_`^mhagZqZ\ZshbhagZqZ\Zgh
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ly \bgZ]b k_ hdZa\Z kZfh b ijhklh dhg\_gpbhgZegZ GZijhlb\

ltedm\Zl_egZlZ \jtadZ f_`^m hagZqZ\Zsh b hagZqZ\Zgh y hah\Z\Z \
kbf\heghlhhglheh]bqghbaf_j_gb_gZj_ZeghkllZ<g_]hn_ghf_gtl
dhclhkZfk_[_kbihdZa\Z\k_[_kb_lt`^_kl\_ghkllZgZkbf\heZ
Lh\Z baf_j_gb_ g_h[oh^bfh babkd\Z _^gZ hkh[_gZ ltedm\ZsZ qZkl \ b
hlj_ZeghkllZ'DVHLQdhylh^ZyljZgkp_g^_glbjZ
[53] \tlj_rghlh b \tgrghlh k_lb\h k h]e_^ gZ l_ogbl_ Zijbhjgb
nhjfb h[jZam\Zl ^\_ kZfhklhcgb iZjZe_egb \ oZjZdl_jbklbdbl_ kb b
g_k\h^bfb_^gZdtf^jm]bkn_jbgZgZrZlZk_lb\ghklqbylh\jtadZg_
[b\Z ^Z k_ k\_`^Z ^h ijh[e_fZlbdZlZ \hlghr_gbylZf_`^m\tgrgbyb
\tlj_rgby hibl Hkgh\Zgb_lh aZ jZaebdZlZ f_`^m kn_jbl_ gZ
\tlj_rghlh b \tgrghlh k_lb\h _ aZ DZgl ih-kdhjh f_lZnbabq_kdb
nmg^bjZgZ \ djZcghkllZ gZ qh\_dZ dZlh djZcgh jZamfgh kts_kl\h
AZshlhaZ[_adjZcghlhkts_kl\hlZdZ\ZjZaebdZg_kts_kl\m\Zbebih-
lhqgh dZaZgh kZfbyl gZ]e_^ ijb g_]h _ aZ_^gh k lh\Z b \tgr_g gZ]e_^
gZ]e_âZ_^bgktl\hjy\Zg\kZfbylhabgZ]e_^k\yl<lZab\jtadZgbk_
kljm\Zq_bDZglhl[_eya\Zq_\t\\tlj_rghlhk_lb\he_`blZcgZlZgZ
ijhbaoh^Z gZ k_lb\ghkllZ gb >DjblbdZ gZ qbklby jZamf K k-
@Klh_\
[54] <qZklghklba]e_`^ZDZgl_jZa]e_`^Ze\tafh`ghkllZlZabb^_y^Z
bfZ \Z`gZ jhey \ jZa\b\Zg_lh b mkbe\Zg_lh gZ Zj]mf_glZ gZ
hijh\_j`_gb_ gZ b^_ZebafZ jZa^_e ihy\be k_ aZ itj\b itl \t\
\lhjhlhba^Zgb_gZitj\ZlZDjblbdZHijh\_j`_gb_lhk_aZgbfZ\Zk
mkeh\bylZ ijb dhblh _ \tafh`gh ktagZ\Zg_lh gZ kh[kl\_ghlh gb
kts_kl\m\Zg_ dZlh hij_^_e_gh \t\ \j_f_lh <tafh`ghkllZ dhylh
ba]e_`^ZDZgl_jZa]e_`^Zeih^mfbl_gZO_gjb:ebktglyehlhgb^Z
nmgdpbhgbjZ dZlh ljZ_g h[_dl ih hlghr_gb_ gZ dh]hlh gZr_lh
kts_kl\m\Zg_ _ hij_^_e_gh \t\ \j_f_lh >$OOLVRQ + .DQW
V
Transcendental Idealism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p.
@DZkZf

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gZfbjZ g_ gZ\kydt^_ bg_\bgZ]bZlmlmdlmlZfbijblh\ZaZfZedb
bgl_j\Zebhl\j_f_JZôZdjbrgZg-125).
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bklhjby lZdZ q_ ^Z fh`_
balhqgbpbl_ ^Z [t^Zl \th[s_
gZdZjZgb ^Z ]h\hjyl" (Kosellek 1985:
155).
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l_hjby _^gZ l_hjby gZ \tafh`gZlZ
bklhjby LZdZ\Z l_hjby _ bfiebpblgZ
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ke_^kl\b_ GZ _e_f_glbl_ gZ bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ^Z^_
dhebq_kl\_g bajZa Debhf_ljbylZ _ hgZab h[eZkl hl bklhjbylZ dt^_lh
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debhf_ljbylZ b j_\babjZ fgh]h iheh`_gby hl ljZ^bpbhggZlZ
bdhghfbq_kdZbklhjbybdhghfbq_kdZlZg_ba]h^ghklgZjh[h\eZ^_ekdZlZ
kbkl_fZ dZlh ij_îhklZ\dZ aZ g_cghlh iZ^Zg_ gZij_^tdtl \
debhf_ljbylZ iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ ba\tjrZl gydhb ³ijbgpbigb dhj_dpbb \
ljZ^bpbhggZlZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZ jh[kl\hlh´ Fogel, Engerman 1974: 4-
l_fih\_l_ gZ bdhghfbq_kdhlh jZa\blb_ gZ K:S ke_^ ]jZ`^ZgkdZlZ
\hcgZ North 1961); kZfhlh ijhkeh\mlh bake_^\Zg_ gZ Nh]_e aZ
\ta^_ckl\b_lh hl \t\_`^Zg_lh gZ `_e_agbpbl_ \tjom bdhghfbq_kdhlh
jZa\blb_Fogel 1964)ijbqbgbl_aZ[tjahlhjZa\blb_gZf_lZemj]bqgZlZ
ijhfbre_ghkl (Temin 1964) nZdlhjbl_ aZ jtkl gZ l_dklbegZlZ
ijhfbre_ghkl (DZvis 1960) Ij_^r_kl\_gbpbl_ gZ ³gh\ZlZ bklhjby´
fh]Zl ^Z k_ ijhke_^yl b baq_jiZl_eghba[jhylihg_^h-l_]h^bgbgZ
\_dDZvis 1966: 658-659).
< dgb]ZlZ gZ Nh]_e ³@_e_agbpbl_ b Zf_jbdZgkdbyl
bdhghfbq_kdbjZkl_`´hkgh\gbylba\h^Gmj__\EZlh\_q_
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beb g_ – \h^b ^h jZaebdZ \ bdhghfbq_kdby jZkl_` hl - aZ i_jbh^Z

1840- \ iheaZ gZ \t\_`^Zg_lh Ij_îhq_l_g _ ih-^h[jbyl \ZjbZgl
ihhlghr_gb_gZjZkl_`Zghg_]h\hlhij_^bfkl\h_fgh]hih-fZedhhl
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j_amelZlb IjhfZobgZ - <lhjZlZ qZkl hl dgb]ZlZ _
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jZa]e_`^Zgbyi_jbh^
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obihl_lbdh-^_^mdlb\gb fh^_eb´ Fogel ³?^bgkl\_gh qj_a
kjZ\g_gb_ gZ lh\Z dh_lh _ [beh k lh\Z dh_lh [b fh]eh ^Z [t^_ kf_ \
ktklhygb_ ^Z badZ`_f l\tj^_gb_ hlghkgh ijbjh^ZlZ gZ kt[blbylZ´
(Davis 1966: 658).
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–hljbpZl_egh
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fh`_ ^Z k_ hldjb_ hs_ \ ³dhi_jgbdZgkdby ih\jZl´ gZ DZgl k dhclh
\j_f_lhbijhkljZgkl\hlhk_ba\_`^Zlg_hlg_sZlZ³kZfbihk_[_kb´Z
kZ³qbklbl_ZijbhjgbgZ]e_^b´DZglJbfZgh\bl_]_hf_ljbb
– \tij_db q_klh kj_sZghlh ijhlb\hiheh`gh fg_gb_ – g_ hijh\_j]Z\Zl
ihôh^ZgZDZgldh_lhhkh[_ghykghijhebqZ\Zhl:cgsZcgh\ZlZb^_y
aZ \k_h[sZ dh\ZjbZglghkl gZij Ghjlhg Dhghie_\Z Khdhebd
1972: 118- b ijbeh`_gZ hl g_]h \ h[sZlZ l_hjby gZ
hlghkbl_eghkllZ?\deb^h\ZlZ]_hf_ljbyhklZ\Zijb\be_]bjh\ZgZbkj_^
jbfZgh\bl_dZlhb^_ZegZlZdZlhhlijZ\gZlZlhqdZ\l_jfbgbl_gZDZgl
–dZlhqbklbyZijbhj_ggZ]e_^
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^moZ gZ lh]Z\Z \_q_ hkts_kl\_gZlZ \ fZl_fZlbdZlZ obihl_lbdh-
^_^mdlb\gZj_\hexpbyitj\hgZqZeghdhk\_ghbg^mpbjZgZhlDZglh\bl_
b^_b – \t\ nbehkhnbylZ ih^ \ebygb_ gZ fZl_fZlbdZlZ \tafh`ghlh b
^_ckl\bl_eghlh k_ jZa]e_`^Zl kt\f_klgh b dZlh jZ\ghijZ\gb aZ ^Z k_
bay\b lyogZlZ g_h[oh^bfh h[sZ kljmdlmjZ n_ghf_gtl <tjgZlh dtf
fZl_fZlbdZlZ n_ghf_gtl – lh\Z _ ZdkbhfZlbqgZlZ kljmdlmjZ
_fZgpbibjZgZ hlk\hylZobihl_lbqghkl:aZ ihke_^gZlZk_hdZa\Zq_g_
fh`_ ^Z bfZ \tlj_rgh fZl_fZlbq_kdh hij_^_e_gb_ OZc^_]_j gZ k\hc
j_^ jZa\b\Z dhgp_ipby aZ bklbgZlZ DMOKYTHLD, dhylh ^Z g_ _ h[\tjaZgZ k
^_ckl\bl_eghkllZ gZ bklbgghlh Heidegger 1993: 212- \tijhk
h[k^_g \ ]eZ\Z LZdZ \t\ n_ghf_gheh]bylZ _ jZajZ[hl_g nbehkhnkdb
hkgh\gbyl \tijhk gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\by ZgZeba ^Zeb b dZd fh`_f hl
^_ckl\bl_eghlh ^Z ihemqbf ^hklh\_jgh \tafh`ghlh ^Z hibr_f
dZq_kl\_ghbdhebq_kl\_ghjZaebdZlZf_`^mlyo<j_f_lhk_ij_\jtsZ\
hkgh\_g h[_dl b \j_f_\bl_ \jtadb – \ ]eZ\_g ij_^f_l <j_f_lh b
\j_f_\bl_\jtadbkZp_gljZegbylijh[e_fbgZijhlb\hnZdlh\byZgZeba
K \t\_`^Zg_lh gZ jbfZgh\bl_ ]_hf_ljbb dZlh \h^_sby
fZl_fZlbq_kdb fh^_e \ _^gZ nmg^Zf_glZegZ nbabq_kdZ l_hjby –
:cgsZcgh\ZlZh[sZl_hjbygZhlghkbl_eghkllZ–_^bgghlhjZa]e_`^Zg_
gZ\tafh`ghb^_ckl\bl_egh_\tietl_gh\gZmqgbyijbgpbibb^_ZeaZ
h[sZ dh\ZjbZglghkl GZ k\hc j_^ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ j_rZ\Z ktsby
ijh[e_f ih ^jm] gZqbg b gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ ^jm] fZl_fZlbq_kdb
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^bkbiZlb\gh j_^mpbjZsh ³\tegh\by iZd_l´ Lh\Z _ gZitegh \ ^moZ gZ
kihf_gZlZlZ \_q_ QWERTY-dhgp_ipby Gmj__\ EZlh\ -120).
Ltdfh k lZab bagZqZegZ kemqZcghkl h[Zq_ kdjblh ba[hjtl _ \t\_^_g
dZlhhkgh\ZgZfbjha^Zgb_lhbklh\Z]hbklhjbabjZ.
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H[bqZcghlhjZa[bjZg_aZkt^tj`Zgb_lhgZgZmdZlZbklhjby_
baeh`_gb_lh gZ \j_f_\Z ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl hl bklhjbq_kdb nZdlb [2].
Ijb lh\Z hklZ\Z kftl_g djbl_jbyl aZ hij_^_eyg_ gZ _^bg nZdl dZlh
bklhjbq_kdb <ta hkgh\Z gZ lZdZ\Z ojhgheh]bqgZ ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl hl
nZdlb _ g_\tafh`gh ^Z k_ ijZ\yl aZdexq_gby hlghkgh \_jhylghkllZ gZ
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gZmdb beb gZmdbl_ aZ ^moZ aZ jZaebdZ hl ghfhl_lbqgbl_ gZmdb
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j_e_\Zglgbl_nZdlb [3].
;jh^_eDha_e_db^jjZa]jZgbqZ\Zlbklhjbq_kdbkt[blbyhl
bklhjbq_kdb kljmdlmjb ijb dh_lh itj\bl_ iha\hey\Zl bklhjbylZ ^Z _
_^bg jZadZa aZ g_ih\lhjbfb b agZqbfb kt[blby ^hdZlh \lhjbl_ kZ
hibkZgb_gZgydZd\bh[h[s_gbkljmdlmjb [4]ijh]ghabl_kZ\tafh`gb
kZfh aZshlh \ bklhjbylZ bfZ nhjfZegb kljmdlmjb dhblh k_ ih\lZjyl
\tij_db q_ lyoghlh dhgdj_lgh kt^tj`Zgb_ _ _^ghdjZlgh b aZ
aZk_]gZlbl_lhkbhklZ\Zbag_gZ^\ZshDha_e_d<tij_dbq_
kt[blbylZ b kljmdlmjbl_ kZ ^mZegb lyoghlh ktiheZ]Zg_ _ \tafh`gh
ihkj_^kl\hfdhgp_ipbylZaZ\j_f_\bl_ieZklh\_h[o\ZsZsbijhp_kb
kjZaebqgZkdhjhkl [5]<t\\k_dbkemqZcbf_gghihhlghr_gb_gZl_ab
ihdjb\ZeZ hl [Z\gZ bklhjby pyehlh gZ bklhjbylZ k_ fbkeb dZlh
aZihq\Zg_hl_^gZbgnjZkljmdlmjZ<kbqdb_lZ`b\kbqdbobey^b_lZ`b
\kbqdb obey^b \ajb\h\_ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ k_ kt^tj`Zl \
ihl_]eyg_lh hl lZab ^te[bgZ hl lZab ihemg_ih^\b`ghkl \kbqdh k_
\tjlb hdheh g_y Braudel 1969: 54) [6] ;jh^_e ^hklb]Z ^h b^_ylZ aZ
\j_f_lhgZfgh]h[Z\gZlZijhfygZ\j_f_lhgZbklhjbq_kdbl_kljmdlmjb
ihkj_^kl\hfihgylb_lhaZpb\bebaZpbbQj_aZgZebaZgZpb\bebaZpbylZ
;jh^_egbbaijZ\yij_^p_gljZegbyimgdlgZk\hylZbklhjbq_kdZl_hjby
–ij_^hkgh\gZlZdZl_]hjbygZkhpbZeghlh\j_f_– "longue durée_ih-

ijh^te`bl_eghhlbklhjbylZgZhl^_egbl_qh\_rdbh[sghklbbeb^Z`_
pb\bebaZpbbKlhygh\
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\j_f_gZ [7] – gZ kt[blby b gZ kljmdlmjbl_ [8] S_ ihklmebjZf_ b
hgZ]e_^bf gydhedh l\tj^_gby hlghkgh \j_f_lh gZ kljmdlmjbl_ b
g_]h\hlh kthlgZkyg_ k \j_f_lh gZ kt[blbylZ hl _^gZ kljZgZ b k
ihgylb_lhaZpb\bebaZpbyhl^jm]Z
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kt[blbylZ q_ hl ]e_^gZ lhqdZ gZ ihke_^ghlh fh`_ ^Z k_ ijb_f_ aZ
g_ih^\b`ghaZ\_qghkl–IeZlhgh\byl_hg
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\aZbfh^_ckl\m\Zl b lh\Z kZ fhf_glbl_ gZ kt^[h\gb bklhjbq_kdb
j_r_gby DZlh hgZ]e_^y\Zg_ fh`_ ^Z k_ baihea\Z itj\h kthlgZkyg_lh
gZ kt^[Z b ij_^hij_^_e_gb_ dZdlh _ baeh`_gh ijb ;h_pbc [9] \lhjh
ihgylb_lh aZ hkh[_gh bklhjbq_kdh \j_f_ dZcjhk ijhlb\hihklZ\_g gZ
nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ ojhghk ijb IZme Lbebo Lbeebo
DZcjhk \ g_]h\by mgbdZe_g b mgb\_jkZe_g kfbkte _ aZ ojbklbygkdZlZ
\yjZ ijbr_kl\b_lh gZ Bkmk Ojbklhk AZ nbehkhnbylZ gZ bklhjbylZ
dZcjhktl\g_]h\byh[sbki_pbnbq_gkfbkte_\k_dbih\jZl_gfhf_gl
\ bklhjbylZ dh]Zlh \_qghlh kt^b b ij_h[jZay\Z \j_f_\hlh Lbeebo
1995: 231) [10].
Pb\bebaZpbbl_ dZdlh dZl_]hjbqgh ih^q_jlZ\Z Otglb]ltg
[11]k_kljmdlmjbjZlbhij_^_eylhlk\hbl_j_eb]bbKihj_^Djbklhntj
>hmktgj_eb]bylZ_dexqtldtfbklhjbylZb_g_\tafh`gh^ZjZa[_j_f
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Ltdfh gZ pb\bebaZpbylZ ljy[\Z ^Z ktihklZ\bf ih ijZ\h [Z\ghlh
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[Z\ghlh \j_f_ k_ ij_^klZ\y b hktagZ\Z hl ohjZlZ hl _^gZ kljZgZ \
k\h_lhj_eb]bhaghmq_gb_bhl^jm]Z\qh\_rdZlZh[sghkldhylh[b\Z
h[_^bg_gZhlkthl\_lgZlZj_eb]by

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ktsghklgh^Zk_ktihklZ\ylihkj_^kl\hfgZqbgZgZkthlgZkyg_gZ^\_l_
\j_f_gZ–gZkt[blbylZbgZkljmdlmjbl_ [12].
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– bklhjbylZ j_ki ^hjb iheblbdZlZ aZ [m^bafZ – g_ktagZ\Zghlh j_ki
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p_gghklgZ kbkl_fZ DZdlh hl[_eya\Z :k_g B]gZlh\ ^_kbpbhgbklbqgh
g_hagZqZ\Zg_ij_f_gghijhba\hegh^_kbpbhgbklbqgbl_Zdlh\_fh]Zl
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h[Zq_ \tjom gydZd\Z ijbjh^hh[jZagZ h[_dlb\ghkl Z \tjom _^gZ
p_gghklgZkljmdlmjZdZlhpyehoZjfhgbqgZbih^j_^_gZdhylhh[Zq_
Zdh b ^Z _ hkts_kl\_gZ b ihklb]gZlZ hl p_eb ihdhe_gby \k_ iZd _
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FZfhg).
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j_Z[beblbjZg_bj_^hiheZ]Zg_gZqm\kl\ZlZkljZklbl_gZj_^kjZamfZ\
dZq_kl\hlhgZZglbpbibjZsbgZkhdZlZgZbklhjbq_kdbyitlBa[hjtlg_
k_ hkts_kl\y\Z kZfh jZpbhgZegh gh b ktk ktjp_lh qj_a dh_lh
^_ckl\m\Z bklhjbq_kdZlZ kljmdlmjZ [13] JZ\gh\_kb_lh f_`^m mf b
ktjp_ [14]_jZ\gh\_kb_f_`^m\j_f_lhgZkt[blbylZbgZkljmdlmjbl_
BklhjbylZ g_ k_ hkts_kl\y\Z \ _^bg gZêbqghkl_g beb g_ebqghkl_g
k\yldZdlh\gh\h_\jhi_ckdhlhfbke_g_k_jZa[bjZijbjh^ZlZ–g_sh
ih\_q_ bklhjbylZ \k_ _^gh k_ ba\tjr\Z \tlj_ \ _^gZ _^bggZ ebqghkl,
dZd\hlh_x^_ckdZlZbkeyfkdZlZbhkh[_ghojbklbygkdZlZb^_yaZ[h]Z

"bklhjbylZ_Bgl_gpbhgZe_gihlhd" (Margolis 1993: 187) [15]; "lh\Z
dh_lh _ Bgl_gpbhgZegh j_Zegh _ dhgk_gkmkgh j_Zegh (Margolis 1993:
178) [16] Bklhjbq_kdZlZ bklbgZ _ lZab gZ dhgk_gkmkZ hlghkgh
kih^_eyg_lhgZbklhjbq_kdbyitlbke_^h\Zl_eghgZkt^[h\gbl_ba[hjb
MgbdZeghkllZb^bh]jZnbqghkllZb\k_h[sghkllZghfhl_lbqghkllZ
hl _^gZ kljZgZ b g_ih\lhjbfhkllZ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh kt[blb_ b
d\Zab_fibjbqgZlZ \_qghklgZbklhjbq_kdZlZkljmdlmjZhl^jm]Zfh]Zl
^Z [t^Zl h[_^bg_gb ke_^\Zcdb Xg] -72) [17] dZlh _^gZ
q_l\hjbpZ gZ pyehklgZlZ ebqghkl dhylh \ k\_lZ gZ ojbklbygkdbl_
ij_^klZ\b _ kbf\hebabjZgZ hl Ojbklhk Hibl\Zf k_ ^Z ihdZ`Z dZd
ljZ^bpbhggbyl h[jZa gZ Ojbklhk h[_^bgy\Z q_jlbl_ gZ _^bg Zjo_lbi
ih-ki_pbZegh–gZZjo_lbiZgZpyehklgZlZebqghklXg] [18].
Gh ke_^ dZlh lZab pyehklghkl gZô\tjey bg^b\b^mZeghlh ktagZgb_ \
g_hij_^_e_gZ b g_hij_^_ebfZ kl_i_g ly \bgZ]b \dexq\Z \ k_[_ kb
g_ktagZ\Zghlh b k lh\Z – kt\dmighkllZ hl \kbqdb Zjo_lbib : itd
Zjo_lbibl_kZ^hite\Zsbkthl\_lkl\bygZ\tgrgbyk\ylbihjZ^blh\Z
bfZl dhkfbq_g oZjZdl_j Lh\Z h[ykgy\Z lyogZlZ gmfbghaghkl b
[h`_kl\_ghkl Xg] :jo_lbitl gZ [h]hqh\_dZ hl _^gZ
kljZgZ _ klZgZe bklhjbq_kdZ j_Zeghkl qj_a Ojbklhk Z hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ
\eZ^__^mrZlZdZlh\_qghijbktkl\m\ZsXg]
Hlijb\_^_gbl_pblZlbhlXg]klZ\Z^hklZltqghykgh\dZdt\
kfbkte ke_^\Z ^Z k_ jZa[bjZ hl _^gZ kljZgZ hkts_kl\y\Zg_lh gZ
bklhjbylZg_gZkp_gZlZgZijbjh^ZlZZ\tlj_\_^gZpyehklgZebqghkl
Zhl^jm]Z\jtadZlZf_`^mg_ktagZ\ZghbbklhjbyLtdfhlZabbagZqZegZ
\tlj_-ebqghklghklgZbklhjbylZij_îheZ]Zq_
J_ZeghkllZ gZ ebqghklbl_ b \tlj_ \ qh\_rdby k\yl
j_ZeghkllZ gZ agZq_gbylZ, ^_eZlZ, Zjl_nZdlbl_, ijh^mdlbl_,
bklhjbbl_ ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_ hl _^bg b ktsb \b^ Lh\Z _ j_Zebatf gZ
dhgk_gkmkZ j_Zebatf gZ j_ne_dkb\ghlh jZa[bjZg_ gZ ^_ckl\bl_egZlZ
lt`^_kl\_ghkl gZ ihagZ\Zs b ihagZ\Zgh gZ kih^_eyg_lh gZ

Lebenswelten, Lebensformen, _ibkl_fbgZqbgbgZijhba\h^kl\hGeistgZ
_^gZ beb ^jm]Z _ihoZ ljZ^bpbylZ b^_heh]bylZ Lh\Z _ _^bg verstende
dhgk_gkmkdhgk_gkmkgZbgl_jij_lZpbylZ0DUJROLV
H[sbyl\b^gZ_^gZbklhjbyaZba[hjbl_Zg_aZnZdlbl_[b
[be hibkZgb_ gZ j_Zegbl_ b bklhjbq_kdb Zel_jgZlb\b b lyoghlh
\taijb_fZg_ hl h[sghkllZ dhgdj_lgbyl gZijZ\_g ba[hj b g_]h\hlh
hkts_kl\y\Zg_qZklbqghhkts_kl\y\Zg_bebg_hkts_kl\y\Zg_dZlhnZdl
ih^\ta^_ckl\b_gZkt\dmighklhlnZdlhjbGZijZ\_gbylba[hj\bgZ]b_
l\hjq_kdZ bgl_jij_lZpby gZ bklhjbq_kdZ kljmdlmjZ – ijhjb\ gZ
_fibjbqgZlZ \_qghkl \t\ \j_f_lh gZ kt[blbylZ LZdZ fh`_ ^Z [t^_
ihablb\gh ltedm\Zgh p_gljZeghlh kt[blb_ gZ ojbklbygkl\hlh –
<tiets_gb_lh – dZlh dhgklblmbjZg_ gZ bklhjbqghkllZ bah[sh dh_lh
baykgy\Zl\tj^_gbyhljh^ZgZOjbklbygkl\hlh_bklhjbq_kdZj_eb]by
SDUH[FHOHQFHOjbklbygkl\hlh[_e_`bdhj_g_gih\jZl\hlghr_gb_lh
gZ qh\_dZ dtf bklhjbylZ Lh \ktsghkl jZadjb\Z bklhjbq_kdhlh
baf_j_gb_bklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f_F_j^`Zgh\Z-138) [19].
?^bg bklhjbq_kdb nZdl kt[blb_ ijb^h[b\Z k\hy kfbkte
kZfh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ Zel_jgZlb\gbl_ gh gbdh]Z kZf ih k_[_ kb
dZdt\lh gZijhlb\ _ b^_Zetl gZ bklhjbh]jZnbylZ Bklhjbq_kdbl_
nZdlb g_ ihê_`Zl gZ h[h[s_gb_ ^hdZlh bklhjbq_kdbl_ ba[hjb fh]Zl
^Z [t^Zl lbibabjZgb dZlh ^mo gZ \j_f_lh beb gZ gZjh^Z beb dZlh
gZjh^hikboheh]by Ihkj_^kl\hf ihgylb_lh aZ bklhjbq_kdb ba[hj
ghfh]jZnbqghkllZ b b^bh]jZnbqghklZ k_ ijbfbjy\Zl Kt\dmighkllZ hl
ba[hjbjZadjb\ZgydZd\hih\lZjyshk_ihklhygkl\h (ghfhl_lbqghkl),
gh \k_db ba[hj _ mgbdZegh j_r_gb_ b ltedm\Zgb_ gZ lh\Z ihklhygkl\h
kj_^j_Zegh^Z^_gbl_dZlh\tafh`ghklbZel_jgZlb\bb^bh]jZnbqghkl).
GZrZlZ kt^[Z _ hgh\Z hldt^_lh \tagbd\Zl gZrbl_ j_r_gby Lbeebo
2000: 184) [20].
<tahkgh\ZgZlZabghfhl_lbqghklkZ\tafh`gbbklhjbq_kdb
ij_^kdZaZgby gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ bg^mdlb\gh h[h[s_gb_ gZ ijZ\_gbl_

^hk_]Z ba[hjb hl kthl\_lgZlZ h[sghkl L_ h[Zq_ g_h[oh^bfh bfZl
\_jhylghkl_gbebobihl_lbq_goZjZdl_jltdfhihjZ^bg_hlkljZgbfhlh
ijbktkl\b_gZb^bh]jZnbqghkllZgZj_^kghfhl_lbqghkllZ\ihgylb_lh
aZbklhjbq_kdbba[hjGZc-[ebadZlZZgZeh]by_\abfZg_lhgZj_r_gb_hl
kt^ \ta hkgh\Z gZ ij_p_^_glb _\_glmZegh h[h[s_gb dZlh gydZdt\
ijZ\h\aZdhg
Bklhjbq_kdbyl itl [21] ij_^klZ\ey\Z kt\dmighkllZ hl
bklhjbq_kdbl_ba[hjbbke_^h\Zl_egh_\tiets_gb_gZbklhjbq_kdZlZ
kljmdlmjZ ltedm\ZgZ hl h[sghkllZ ijb \kydh j_Zegh kemq\Zsh k_
kt[blb_
Hl baeh`_ghlh \_q_ _ ykgZ lykgZlZ \jtadZ f_`^m
bklhjbq_kdbitlbijhlb\hnZdlh\ZgZeba [22].
5.2. Ijhlb\hnZdlh\bylZgZeba
Ijhlb\hnZdlh\byl ZgZeba \tagbd\Z \t\ \jtadZ k ZgZebaZ gZ
ijbqbgghkllZ \ bklhjbylZ Z dh]Zlh kibktdtl hl ijbqbgb _
ij_^klZ\_gbklhjbpbl_h[bdgh\_ghgZklhy\ZlaZgydZd\Zl_]eh\ghklgZ
hlghkbl_egZlZ \Z`ghkl gZ l_ab ijbqbgb \ mkbebylZ ^Z k_ ij_l_]eb
hlghkbl_egZlZ \Z`ghkl h[bdgh\_gh \dexq\Zl ijhlb\hnZdlh\Z
ki_dmeZpby k lh\Z _ ]eZ\gZlZ ijbqbgZ aZsh lZdZ\Z ki_dmeZpby k_
baihea\Z\gh\ZlZbdhghfbq_kdZbklhjbyGgZc-gZdjZy–bgZc-\Z`gh
hl\kbqdh–Zdhij_l_]eyg_lhgZhlghkbl_egZlZ\Z`ghklg_ijhbaoh`^Z
hl ijhlb\hnZdlh\ZlZ ki_dmeZpby djZcgh ljm^gh _ ^Z k_ hij_^_eb dZd
fh`_^Zijhbae_a_lZdh\Zij_l_]eyg_0F&OHODQG
Hs_ fh^_etl gZ bfiebdZpbylZ ihgydh]Z ij_^klZ\yg b dZlh
eh]bq_kdb fh^_e gZ ijbqbgghkllZ g_y\gh \dexq\Z b^_ylZ aZ
ijhlb\hnZdlh\ ZgZeba >_ckl\bl_egh dh]Zlh ij_îhklZ\dZlZ _ gZebp_
klhcghkllZ gZ bfiebdZpbylZ ih\lZjy klhcghkllZ gZ
ke_^kl\b_lh Dh]Zlh h[Zq_ ij_îhklZ\dZlZ g_ _ gZebp_ –
kemqZylijhb]jZ\Zghlijhlb\hnZdlh\byZgZeba [23], –lhbfiebdZpbylZ
_ bklbggZ ^hdZlh klhcghkllZ gZ ke_^kl\b_lh g_ b]jZ_

jhey Lh\Z gZ\_`^Z gZ fbktelZ q_ ijhlb\hnZdlh\byl ZgZeba _
lt`^_kl\_gh bklbg_g [24] ^hdZlh h[jtsZg_lh gZ ihkhdZlZ gZ
nZdlh\byZgZebakf_gyf_klZlZgZbklbgZbg_bklbgZ:dhhl:ke_^\Z
< lh hl g_-< ke_^\Z g_-: Ke_^h\Zl_egh hl kdbpbjZgZlZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ
eh]bq_kdbyl ijh[e_f gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\by ZgZeba g_ _ g_]h\ZlZ
g_bklbgghklZlhqghgZijhlb\–g_]h\ZlZlZ\lheh]bqghklAZ^Zbae_a_
hllh\ZaZljm^g_gb_–ltcdZlh^hdhedhlh_lZ\lheh]bqghbklbg_glhc_
gZitegh [_aihe_a_g – k_ ba\tjr\Z iheZ]Zg_lh g_bklbgZ bklbgZ
Hllmd \_^gZ]Z ke_^\Z q_ \Zeb^ghkllZ gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\by
ZgZebababkd\ZiZjZe_eghlhiheZ]Zg_gZijZ\ZlZihkhdZgZ\j_f_lhaZ
h[jZlgZ < j_amelZl k_ hdZa\Z q_ hglheh]bqghlh hkgh\Zgb_ gZ
ijhlb\hnZdlh\by ZgZeba _ ^\hcghlh iheZ]Zg_
g_^_ckl\bl_egh \tafh`gh \tafh`gh ^_ckl\bl_egh ijb h[jZlgZ
ihkhdZgZ\j_f_lh
LtcdZlh\tafh`ghlh_fgh`_kl\_gh^hdZlh^_ckl\bl_eghlh
_ _^bgbqgh h[jtsZg_lh gZ ihkhdZlZ gZ \j_f_lh babkd\Z _^bg \lhjb
\_q_ ijhlb\hnZdlh\ ba[hj gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\h ^_ckl\bl_egh
Bklhjbq_kdhlh kt[blb_ lh]Z\Z gyfZ ^Z _ ijhklh kemq\Zg_lh fm dZlh
bklhjbq_kdb nZdl Z bgl_jij_lbjZg_lh gZ lhab nZdl kthlg_k_g k _^bg
^jm] g_kemqbe k_ \th[jZ`Z_f nZdl \k_ _^gh kemqbe k_ \ h[jZlgZ
ihkhdZ gZ \j_f_lh H[jZlgh Zdh _ gZebp_ kt[blb_ dh_lh
g_ijZ\hf_jgh hlt`^_kl\y\Zf_ ktk kZfh gydZdt\ nZdl lh k lh\Z k_
kdjb\Z _^bg ijhlb\hnZdl nZdl-gZf_j_gb_ [25] Lhab ijhlb\hnZdl ih
gbdZdt\ gZqbg h[Zq_ g_ [b\Z ^Z k_ fbkeb dZlh b hs_ ih\_q_
hlt`^_kl\y\Z ktk km[_dlb\gby \tagZf_jy\Zg nZdl fZdZj b dZlh
badexq_gb_^Z_\tafh`gh^Zkt\iZ^g_kg_]h
Bgl_jij_lbjZg_lh gZ _^bg nZdl dZlh kt[blb_ g_ _
ijhba\heghZk_hij_^_ey_^ghagZqghhlijhlb\hnZdlZdhclhij_^klZ\y
[t^_s_lh \ gZklhys_lh < ihagZ\Zl_egbl_ kihkh[ghklb gZ qh\_dZ lh\Z
g_ _ lZab gZ mfZ Z gZ ktjp_lh dh_lh ZglbpbibjZ ijhlb\hnZdlZ b

qj_ag_]h[t^_s_lhgZdhylhZglbpbiZpbykthl\_lkl\Z\hglbq_gieZg
ij_^qm\kl\b_lh ij_^-qm\kl\b_lh Z \ hglheh]bq_g – jZaiheh`_gb_lh
%HILQGOLFKNHLW k l_jfbgZ gZ OZc^_]_j beb fh`_ [b gZf_j_gb_lh,
\tagZf_jy\Zg_lh Nb]mjZlb\gh dZaZgh bklhjbq_kdhlh kt[blb_ _ \
kthlgZkyg_lhhljZa[jZghlhkmfZey\hlhihemdte[hgZfhatdZ [26])
dZlh nZdl hl ihqm\kl\Zghlh ih-qm\kl\Zgh l_ ij_^-qm\kl\Zgh hl
ktjp_lh ^ykghlh ihemdte[h gZ fhatdZ [27] \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ
ijhlb\hnZdl
GZ _^bgkl\_ghkllZ dZlh h[_dlb\ghkl ijb jZa[bjZg_lh gZ
nZdlZ kthl\_lkl\m\Z fgh`_kl\_ghkl gZ ij_^qm\kl\bylZ gZ ktjpZlZ
dhylh_kthl\_lkl\b_lhgZfgh`_kl\_ghkllZgZbg^b\b^mZegbl_kt^[b
gh \k_ iZd kthlg_k_gb k h[sZlZ kt^[Z dZlh bklhjbq_kdb itl
H[_dlb\ghkllZ \ ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb fh`_ b ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ba\_`^Z hl
bklhjbqghkllZdhgdj_lgh^Z\ZgZdZlhbklhjbq_kdbitlHllmdORYJR-tl
_ f_`^bgghkl b jZ\gh\_kb_ f_`^m _^gh b fgh]h _^gh-fgh]h B ih
ktsbygZqbgfbke_g_lh–ke_^dZlhZdhb^hdhedhlhkf_aZihqgZeb^Z
fbkebf–HktshlhlZdh\ZGDV6HOEHmf-ktjp_Fbke_g_lh_mf-ktjp_.
HlgZijZ\_gbyZgZebake_^\Zq_ijhlb\hnZdlbl_fh]Zl^Zk_
baihea\Zl aZ p_ebl_ gZ ijbqbggby ZgZeba \t\ \lhjby kemqZc
ijhlb\hnZdlbl_ kZ ij_^qm\kl\bylZ gZ ktjp_lh [28] beb gZkhdZlZ gZ
bklhjbq_kdbyitlkt^[ZlZij_^klZ\_gb\dZq_kl\hlhgZobihl_lbqgb
nZdlb beb g_hkts_kl\_gb ba[hjb [29] Bklhjbq_kdbyl itl djb\hebqb
g_ij_dtkgZlh b ih jZaghh[jZa_g gZqbg hldehgy\Zcdb k_ hl h[sZlZ kb
ihkhdZ KthlgZkyg_lh gZ nZdlZ b ijhlb\hnZdlZ _ kthlgZkyg_ gZ
^_ckl\bl_egh kemqbehlh k_ k h[sZlZ gZ gZkhdZ gZ bklhjbq_kdby itl
h[bdgh\_ghih-^h[j_ij_^klZ\bfZg_qj_a^_ckl\bl_eghkemqbehlhk_Z
qj_aijhlb\hnZdl
Ijhlb\hnZdlbl_ \ebaZl \ bklhjbq_kdby ZgZeba b \
_`_^g_\gZlZ j_q ihg_ ih ^\Z jZaebqgb gZqbgZ Itj\byl k_ hlgZky ^h
ijbqbggby ZgZeba gZ nZdl dt^_lh ijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_ l\tj^_gby kZ

baihea\Zgb ^Z ih^jZa^_eyl \Z`ghkllZ gZ hl^_e_g ijbqbg_g nZdlhj
dhclh gZbklbgZ _ \ta^_ckl\m\Ze gZ jZa]e_`^ZgZlZ kblmZpby<lhjbyl
lbi gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\Z ki_dmeZpby _ ljm^gh ^Z k_ h[h[sb bgZq_ hk\_g
^Z k_ dZ`_ q_ ly g_ k_ ZkhpbbjZ k ijbqbggby ZgZeba gZ nZdl Q_klh
baihea\ZgZ ijhp_^mjZ _ f_glZegh ^Z k_ ^h[Z\b Z g_ ^Z k_ ba\Z^b
hl^_e_g ijbqbg_g nZdlhj b ^Z k_ ki_dmebjZ hlghkgh \ebygb_lh dh_lh
f_glZegh^h[Z\_gbylnZdlhj[bfh]te^ZbfZ0F&OHOODQG
Ijhlb\hnZdlh\hlh fbke_g_ fh`_ k_ h[kt`^Z \t\
nbehkhnkdb ikboheh]bq_kdb b khpbZegh-ikboheh]bq_kdb ieZg gZij
Roese, Olson 1995 2-6).
<t\nbehkhnkdbieZg:
Fh^_jghlhnbehkhnkdhlj_lbjZg_gZfh^ZegZlZijbjh^ZgZ
j_ZeghkllZ ^himkdZ ba\_klgh jZa]e_`^Zg_ gZ \kbqdb \tafh`gb k\_lh\_
<tlj_ \ lh\Z ihe_ bamqZ\Zg_lh gZ ijhlb\hnZdlbl_ aZ_fZ _^gZ ih-lykgh
hij_^_e_gZ h[eZkl 5RHVH 2OVRQ Kts_\j_f_ggh
ijhlb\hnZdlh\ZlZijh[e_fZlbdZaZ^Z\Z\tafh`ghkllZaZjZa]e_`^Zg_g_
kZfh gZ \tafh`gb k\_lh\_ gh b gZ \tafh`gb \j_f_gZ Hlg_k_gh dtf
OZc^_]_jh\ZlZZgZeblbdZgZ'DVHLQlh\ZhagZqZ\Zh[kt`^Zg_g_kZfhgZ
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fh`_ ^Z \dexqb b jZa]e_`^ZgbylZ gZ OZc^_]_j b j_^bpZ ^jm]b Z
ijh_dltl gZ fh^_jghkllZ – ^h _^gZ k\h_h[jZagZ f_lZfh^_jghkl,
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obihl_lbqghkl beb hkh[_gb \j_f_\b fh^mkb aZ dhblh ebik\Z

]jZfZlbqgZ beb k_fZglbqgZ bajZabfhkl gh dhblh fh]Zl ^Z k_ jZadjbyl
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dhi_goZ]_gkdZ bgl_jij_lZpby gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ ^_ckl\bl_egby
k\yl ^Z k_ jZa]e_`^Z dZlh kghi beb iZd_l hl fgh]h [ebadb ihqlb
lt`^_kl\_gb \tafh`gb k\_lh\_ Lbibqgh ih-kdhjh _^bg ijhlb\hnZdl
ihklmebjZ\tafh`_gk\yldhclh_\th[jZ`Z_fhfgh]h[ebah^hj_Zegby
k\ylkt^tj`Zcdbfgh]hfZedhbebkZfh_^gZq_jlZdhylh]hhlebqZ\Z
hl lhab k\yl 5RHVH 2OVRQ GZ lZab ZgZeh]by kthl\_lkl\Zl
k_fZglbqgb b ikboheh]bq_kdb nZdlb gZ ihqlb kemqbehlh k_aZdhblh
kth[sZ\Z>DZg_fZg
Ij_^b gydhedh ]h^bgb DZjhe <Zj_c b Za bake_^\Zof_
y\e_gb_ dh_lh ba]e_`^Z ih-lykgh k\tjaZgh k ijbqbgghlh \taijbylb_
hldhedhlh k ijbqbggby ba\h^ \i_qZle_gb_lh q_ bfZ beb _ bfZeh
l_g^_gpby >SURSHQVLW\@ ^Z k_ kemqb _^gh kt[blb_ BamqZ\Zof_ lh\Z
ihgylb_aZl_g^_gpbyqj_abake_^\Zg_gZmkeh\bylZijbdhblh[b[beh
mf_klgh^Zk_dZ`_q__^ghkt[blb_ihqlbk__kemqbeh–bebihqlbg_
k_ _ kemqbeh GZjbqZf_ l_ab kemqZb [ebadb >FORVH@ ijhlb\hnZdlb
<t\ \k_db hl l_ab ijbf_jb _^gZ kbegZ l_g^_gpby aZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\
baoh^ _ kts_kl\m\ZeZ g_ fgh]h ij_^b ^_ckl\bl_egby baoh^ dhclh k_ _
hkts_kl\be.DKQHPDQ
Ijhlb\hnZdlbl_ ihklZ\yl \tijhkZ b k dZd\Z dhgp_ipby aZ
bklbgZlZke_^\Z^Zk_jZ[hlbaZ^Zfh`_^Zk_hp_gblyogZlZbklbgghkl
hp_gdZlZgZbklbgghkllZgZijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_l\tj^_gbyg_fh`_^Zk_
ba\tjrb ih ijZ\beZlZ gZ eh]bdZlZ \ ^hiteg_gb_ ljy[\Z ^Z k_
ihklmebjZl bagZqZegh ikboheh]bq_kdb ijbgpbib gZ ihklmebjZg_

5RHVH 2OVRQ FZjd h[kt`^Z \jtadZlZ f_`^m
f_lZnhjbqgZbklbgZbijhlb\hnZdlh\ZbklbgZ
<tijhktl aZ bklbgZlZ ijb ijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_ l\tj^_gby
gZ\_`^Z gZ g_h[oh^bfhkllZ aZ bake_^\Zg_ gZ ikboheh]bq_kdbl_ b
khpbZegh-ikboheh]bq_kdb h]jZgbq_gby aZ lyoghlh baihea\Zg_ bfZ
ikboheh]bq_kdbijZ\beZdhblhh]jZgbqZ\Zlkth[jZ`_gbylZgZohjZlZaZ
lh\Z dhb kt[blby beb mkeh\by ^Z k_ ijhf_gyl \ mfZ Gb_ baihea\Zf_
l_jfbgZijhlb\hnZdlh\bh]jZgbq_gbyaZ^Zk_hlg_k_f^hl_abijZ\beZ
(Seelaw, Seelaw, Wells, Windschitl 1995: 59-60).
Kihj_^ ktsbl_ Z\lhjb \tij_db q_ ijhlb\hnZdlh\hlh
fbke_g_ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ jZa]e_^Zgh dZlh lbi nZglZaby 6HHODZ 6HHODZ
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ijb lh\Z ^Z k_ baiZ^Z \ bafZfgZlZ Zel_jgZlb\Z ^Z k_ ba[bjZ f_`^m
ebg_Zjgbbebdjt]hh[jZagb\j_f_\bijhp_kbDha_e_d
[6] Kj_^ jZaebqgbl_ \j_f_gZ bklhjbylZ ^te]byl i_jbh^ gZ [Z\gZ
ijhfygZ [longue durée] k_ ij_^klZ\y ke_^h\Zl_egh dZlh hkh[Z
hl_]qbl_egZ keh`gZ q_klh g_h[bqZcgZ >Z k_ \t\_^_ \ ktjp_\bgZlZ gZ
gZrZlZ ijhn_kby g_ _ ijhklZ jZ[hlZ gZc-fZedhlh [_] jZarbjy\Zg_ gZ
bake_^\Zg_lhbbgl_j_kbl_GblhklZ\Z\tijhkaZba[hjdhclhghkbkZfh
iheab AZ bklhjbdZ \t\_`^Zg_lh fm aZ^Z\Z ijhfygZ gZ klbeZ gZ
gZ]eZkZlZ ijhfygZ gZ fbke_g_lh _^gZ gh\Z dhgp_ipby aZ khpbZeghlh
Lh\Z _ ^Z k_ k[eb`bf k [Z\gh \j_f_ ihgydh]Z ihqlb gZ ]jZgbpZlZ gZ

^\b`_gb_lh GZ lhab _lZ` g_ gZ ^jm] e iha\he_gh ^Z k_ jZa^_ebf k
\abkdZl_eghlh\j_f_gZbklhjbylZ^Z]hgZimkg_fihke_^Zk_\tjg_f k
^jm]bhqbgZlh\Zj_gbk^jm]b [_aihdhckl\Zk^jm]b\tijhkbBraudel
1969: 54).
[7] :gZebabjZcdb \ta]e_^bl_ gZ gZc-djmigbl_ nbehkhnb ih ijh[e_fZ
aZ\j_f_lhij_^b\kbqdhh[jtsZf_\gbfZgb_gZlh\Zq_ihqlb\kbqdb
]h\hjylaZ^\ZlbiZih-lhqghh[jZaZgZ\j_f_lhKZ\_ev_\ZIhe_lZ_\
GZijbf_jijbIeZlhg_hg– \_qghklbojhghk–\j_f_
iZd lZf :\lhjbl_ h[h[sZ\Zl ke_^gbl_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb gZ
nbehkhnkdbl_ dhgp_ipbb aZ \j_f_lh <j_f_ klZlbqgh ohfh]_ggh
dhebq_kl\_gh ^bkdj_lgh fZl_fZlbq_kdb g_ij_dtkgZlh dZmaZegh
g_mljZegh<j_f_^bgZfbqgho_l_jh]_gghdZq_kl\_ghdhglbgmZegh
^bgZfbqghg_ij_dtkgZlhdZmaZegh_n_dlb\gh
[8] >hdZlh kt[blbylZ k_ bgbpbbjZl b ij_`b\y\Zl hl dhgdj_lgb ohjZ
kljmdlmjbl_kZgZ^bg^b\b^mZegbbbgl_jkm[_dlb\gbL_gbdh]Zg_fh]Zl
^Z k_ k\_^Zl ^h hl^_egb ebqghklb b kZfh jy^dh fh]Zl ^Z k_ k\tj`Zl k
hij_^_e_gb ]jmib KZ\_ev_\Z Ihe_lZ_\ - < gZklhysZlZ
jZ[hlZ h[Zq_ k_ ij_îheZ]Z q_ gZ^bg^b\b^mZegbl_ b bgl_jkm[_dlb\gb
kljmdlmjb_g_h[oh^bfh^Zk_k\tj`Zlkhkgh\Zl_ebl_gZj_eb]bbgZij
;m^ZDhgnmpbcEZh-âtBkmkOjbklhkFhoZf_^
[9] ijh\b^_gb_lh _ g_ih^\b`gZlZ b ijhklZ nhjfZ gZ g_sZlZ dhblh
ljy[\Z ^Z klZgZl Z itd kt^[ZlZ _ ih^\b`gZlZ k\tjaZghkl b \j_f_\byl
j_^ gZ g_sZlZ dhblh [h`bylZ ijhklhlZ _ jZaiheh`beZ aZ ^Z klZgZl :
hllmd ke_^\Z q_ \kbqdh dh_lh _ ih^qbg_gh gZ kt^[ZlZ k_ ih^qbgy\Z
ktsh b gZ ijh\b^_gb_lh gZ dh_lh _ ih^qbg_gZ b kZfZlZ kt^[Z Z itd
dh_lh_ih^qbg_ghg_ihkj_^kl\_ghgZijh\b^_gb_lhgZ^fh]\ZgbrdZlZ
gZkt^[ZlZ;h_pbc
[10] :k_g B]gZlh\ ktsh lZdZ ]h\hjb aZ dZcjhk ijb lh\Z [_a ^Z k_
ihah\Z\Z gZ I Lbebo \ _^bg ^hklZ koh^_g kfbkte GZijbf_j GZc-
bgl_j_kgb kZ h[Zq_ g_ ijhklh gZc-[h]Zlbl_ gZ kt[blby \j_f_gZ Z

hg_ab [h]Zlb gZ kt[blby \j_f_gZ dhblh ijhf_gyl gZkhdZlZ gZ
bklhjbylZ l_ \j_f_gZ \ dhblh klZ\Zl kts_kl\_gb jZ^bdZegb
ijhf_gb]he_fbij_h[jZah\Zgbybij_ehfb\j_f_gZ\dhblhdmelmjgbl_
b ^tj`Z\gbl_ nhjfZpbb ijb^h[b\Zl ^jm] ebd Lh\Z kZ ih\jZlgbl_
_ihobB]gZlh\
[11] J_eb]bylZ _ p_gljZegZ hij_^_eysZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZ
pb\bebaZpbbl_bdZdlhDjbklhntj>hmktgdZa\Z\_ebdbl_j_eb]bbkZ
hkgh\bl_gZdhblhihqb\Zl]he_fbl_pb\bebaZpbb>&KULVWRSKHU'DZVRQ
Dynamics of World History (La Salle, Il: Sherwood Sugden Co, 1978), p.
128] (Huntington 1997: 47).
[12] Itj\ZlZ Z\l_glbqgZ l_heh]by gZ bklhjbylZ kj_sZf_ m :\]mklbg
'H FLYLWDWH 'HL dhclh ml\tj`^Z\Z j_ZeghkllZ gZ \j_f_lh qj_a
kt[blbylZZgZ\_qghkllZqj_ap_gghklbl_K\_s_ghlhbijhnZgghlh
\ bklhjbylZ kZ g_ ^\Z iZjZe_egb \j_f_\b ihlhdZ Z ^\Z ieZgZ gZ
_^bggZlZqh\_rdZbklhjbyieZggZkfbkebl_[h`_kl\_ghij_âZ^Z^_gb
b h[hkgh\Zgb b ieZg gZ kt[blbylZ gZ dhgdj_lgbl_ qh\_rdb b
[h`_kl\_gbZdlh\_F_j^`Zgh\Z
[13]<`]eZ\ZiZjZ]jZnKtjp_lhfbgZc-bkdj_ghdhig__^ZmagZ_
dt^__bklbgkdhlh[eZ]haZ^Zk_gZkhqbdtfg_]h]hlh\ktfgZ\kbqdb
`_jl\b \ bf_lh gZ \_qghkllZ IZkdZe Ktjp_ bgklbgdl
ijbgpbibIZkdZe
[14] Lh\Z ^bgZfbqgh jZ\gh\_kb_ _ ktsghkllZ gZ ebqghkllZ
EbqghklghkllZ beb kZfhkllZ _ \ hkgh\ZlZ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh
ihagZgb_ <_dh\gbyl hibl gZ ^moh\_g`b\hl_mklj_f_g\kydh]Zdtf
h[_^bgy\Zg_ gZ l_hj_lbqgZlZ b fhjZegZlZ bklbgZ dtf kt_^bgy\Zg_ gZ
jZamfZktkktjp_lhA_gdh\kdb
[15] "... bklhjbylZ _ Bgl_gpbhgZe_g ihlhd ^bkdmjkb\gh m^tj`Zg
\tlj_ \ _^gZ ljZ^bpby ij_^klZ\_gZ beb kth[s_gZ \ kthl\_lkl\b_ k
dhgk_gkmkgh gZjZlbabjZgZlZ iZf_l gZ h[s_kl\hlh aZ g_]h\bl_

kh[kl\_gb ijZdlbdb gZ hlgZkyg_ aZy\y\Zg_ bg^b\b^mZebabjZg_
j_b^_glbnbdZpbyb^jih^h[gb" (Margolis 1993: 187).
[16] <k_ iZd lh\Z dh_lh _ Bgl_gpbhgZegh j_Zegh _ dhgk_gkmkgh
j_Zegh PyeZlZ ]eZ\h[etkdZgbpZ gZ bklhjbylZ aZ\bkb hlnZdlZq_gyfZ
gbdZdt\ _^bg_g djbl_jbZe_g dhgk_gkmk hlghkgh dhgklblmbjZg_lh gZ
dhgk_gkmk lhc bfZ k\hy kh[kl\_gZ bklhjby jZa[bjZ k_ lh\Z _ _^gZ
bklhjby (Margolis 1993: 178). <ktsghklltdfh_fibjbqgZlZ\_qghkl
gZ pb\bebaZpbhggZlZ bklhjbq_kdZ kljmdlmjZ l_ gZ j_eb]bylZ _
hkgh\ZlZ gZ djbl_jbZegby dhgk_gkmk hlghkgh dhgklblmbjZg_lh gZ
dhgk_gkmk
[17] < k\_lZ gZ ojbklbygkdbl_ ij_^klZ\b Ojbklhk g_ktfg_gh
kbf\hebabjZ pyehklgZlZ ebqghkl DZlh \bkrZ kl_i_g gZ
bg^b\b^mZeghkllZ ly _ mgbdZegZ b g_ih\lhjbfZ Gh ltc dZlh
ikboheh]bq_kdZlZ pyehklgZ ebqghkl _ ljZgkp_g^_glgh ihgylb_
bajZay\ZshkmfZlZhlktagZ\Zgbbg_ktagZ\Zgbkt^tj`Zgbylyfh`_^Z
k_ hibr_ kZfh dZlh Zglbghfby l_ ]hjgbl_ ^\_ dZq_kl\Z ljy[\Z ^Z k_
^hitegyl k l_ogbl_ ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb aZ ^Z k_ oZjZdl_jbabjZ \yjgh
ljZgkp_g^_glZeghkllZ GZc-ijhklh _ lh\Z ^Z klZg_ ih^ nhjfZlZ gZ
q_l\hjdZhl^\_^\hcdbijhlb\hiheh`ghklb
g_ih\lhjbfhkl
mgbdZeghkl \k_h[sghkl
\_qghkl
LZabnhjfmeZbajZay\Zg_kZfhikboheh]bq_kdZlZpyehklgZebqghklgh
b ^h]fZlbqgby h[jZa gZ Ojbklhk DZlh bklhjbq_kdZ ebqghkl Ojbklhk _
mgbdZe_gbg_ih\lhjbfdZlh[h]–\k_h[sb\_q_gPyehklgZlZebqghkl
dZlh bg^b\b^mZeghkl _ mgbdZegZ b g_ih\lhjbfZ Z dZlh Zjo_lbi_g
kbf\hely_h[jZagZ;h]Zl_\k_h[sZb\_qgZXg]-73).
[18] Lh\Z kt\k_f g_ _ gZf_kZ \ f_lZnbabdZlZ l_ \t\ \yjZlZ
Ij_^klZ\bl_ dhblh j_eb]bhaghlh \th[jZ`_gb_ kb kta^Z\Z aZ ;h] b
Ojbklhk kZ g_ba[_`gh b hldjh\_gh Zgljhihfhjngb b ihjZ^b lh\Z k_

ih^^Z\Zl gZ ikboheh]bq_kdb ZgZeba dZdlh \k_db ^jm] kbf\he Xg]
1995: 77).
[19]Kj\bkdhgl_dklZgZ]eZ\ZiZjZ]jZn
[20]GZrZlZkt^[Z_hgh\Zhldt^_lh\tagbd\ZlgZrbl_j_r_gbylh\Z_
g_h]jZgbq_ghrbjhdZhkgh\ZgZgZrZlZp_gljbjZgZkZfhkllh\Z_hgZab
dhgdj_lghklgZgZr_lh[blb_dhylhijZ\b\kbqdbgZrbj_r_gbygZrb
j_r_gby Dh]Zlh Za \a_fZf j_r_gb_ lh ]h \a_fZ g_
_ibkl_fheh]bq_kdbyl km[_dl Z dhgdj_lgZlZ p_ehdmighkl gZ \kbqdh
hgh\Z dh_lh ij_^klZ\ey\Z fh_lh [blb_ Lh\Z k_ hlgZky b ^h l_e_kgZlZ
kljmdlmjZ b ^h ^mr_\gbl_ klj_f_`b b ^h ^moh\gby oZjZdl_j Lh\Z
\dexq\Z \ k_[_ kb b hg_ab h[sghklb dtf dhblh Za ijbgZê_`Z b
fbgZehlhbhgh\Zdh_lhg_k_ihfgbbhgh\Zdh_lhk_ihfgbbhgZab
kj_^Z dhylh f_ _ nhjfbjZeZ b hgab k\yl dhclh fb _ hdZaZe \ebygb_
Lh\Z k_ hlgZky b ^h \kbqdb fhb ij_^brgb j_r_gby Kt^[ZlZ g_ _
gydZd\Zhl\t^gZkbeZ^_l_jfbgbjZsZhgh\Zdh_lhljy[\Z^Zk_kemqbk
f_g Lh\Z ktf Za kZfbyl dZlh g_sh ^Z^_gh nhjfbjZgh hl ijbjh^ZlZ
bklhjbylZbf_gkZfbyFhylZkt^[Z_hkgh\ZlZgZfhylZk\h[h^ZfhylZ
k\h[h^Z ktmqZkl\m\Z \t\ nhjfbjZg_lh gZ kt^[ZlZ fb Lbeebo
184).
[21] OZc^_]_j hij_^_ey bklhjbq_kdby itl *HVFKLFN dZlh hgh\Z
kt[blb_ *HVFKHKHQ dh_lh _ h[sh kt[blb_ aZ_^gh k ^jm]b – kt[blb_-
aZ_^gh 0LWJHVFKHKHQ Dh]Zlh h[Zq_ kt^[h\gbyl 'DVHLQ dZlh [blb_-\-
k\_lZ ktsghklgh _dabklbjZ dZlh [blb_-aZ_^gh k ^jm]bl_ >0LWVHLQ PLW
$QGHUHQ@ g_]h\hlh kt[blb_ _ kt[blb_-aZ_^gh >0LWJHVFKHKHQ@ b k_
hij_^_eydZlhbklhjbq_kdbitl+HLGHJJHULhc_hkgh\Zg\
kt^[ZlZ dhylh _ j_rbl_eghkllZ aZ baij_\Zj\Zsh k_[_ij_^hklZ\yg_ gZ
h]jZgbq_ghkllZ>GDV'D@gZfb]Z+HLGHJJHUKbklhjbq_kdb
itl gb_ hagZqZ\Zf_ kt[blb_lh gZ h[sghkllZ gZ gZjh^Z +HLGHJJHU
Lhcg__ktklZ\_ghlkt^[bl_gZhl^_egbl_ohjZGZijhlb\l_
ij_^\Zjbl_egh kZ aZ^Z^_gb \ [blb_lh-_^bg-k-^jm] 0LWHLQDQGHUVHLQ b \

j_rbl_eghkllZ aZ hij_^_e_gb \tafh`ghklb l_ \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ \
bklhjbq_kdby itl < ij_\h^Z gZ *HVFKLFN dZlh bklhjbq_kdb itl k_
ke_^\Z jmkdbyl ij_\h^ gZ < ;b[bobg OZc^_]]_j . >jm]
\tafh`_g ij_\h^ _ ³kt^[bgb´ qj_a dhclh [b k_ ih^q_jlZeZ
kt[bjZl_eghkllZ gZ bgb^\b^bmeZgbl_ kt^[b \ h[sZlZ \ h[sbl_
kt^[bgb LZdt\ ij_\h^ k_ ih^kdZa\Z hl kfbkteZ gZ kt[bjZl_eghkl \
ij_^kl\ZdZlZGe- .
[22]KZ\_eb_\ZbIhe_lZ_\hl[_eya\Zlq_gZj_^kgZ]e_^gZlZ
ij_^klZ\Z aZ lhqdbl_-kt[blby gZ hklZ gZ \j_f_lh ijb bklhjbpbl_
kts_kl\m\Z ij_^klZ\Z aZ gydZdt\ bklhjbq_kdb dhglbgmmf fbgZehlh
gZklhys_lh Z ke_^ lh\Z b [t^_s_lh \ dhclh kt[blbylZ \klti\Zl
ihf_`^m kb \ hlghr_gby gZ ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl ijbqbgghkl b
\aZbfhaZ\bkbfhkl bih\heylZgZbklhjbdZh[jZam\ZlgZc-jZaghh[jZagb
kljmdlmjbbdhf[bgZpbb
[23] Hkgh\Zl_egh lhqghlh nbehkhnkdh hij_^_e_gb_ _ q_
ijhlb\hnZdlbl_ FRXQWHUIDFWXDOV kZ km[_dlgb mkeh\by \ dhblh
ij_îhklZ\dZlZ _ ba\_klgZ beb ij_îheh`_gZ aZ p_ebl_ gZ
Zj]mf_glZpbylZdZlhg_\yjgZ7HWORFN%HONLQ
[24] ?lh aZsh Zdh ijb_f_f fh^_eZ gZ bfiebdZpbylZ aZ j_e_\Zgl_g aZ
ijhlb\hnZdlh\by ZgZeba g_ fh`_f ^Z k_ kt]eZkbf k l\tj^_gb_lh
\kbqdb ijhlb\hnZdlb kZ g_h[oh^bfh g_bklbggb ^hdhedhlh lyogZlZ
ij_îhklZ\dZ k_ hlgZky ^h gydZd\h iheh`_gb_ gZ g_sZlZ dh_lh g_ _
lZdZ5RHVH2OVRQ
[25]<kemqZygZf_j_gb_k_baihea\Zih^te[hdhkt^tj`Zl_egbygZqbg
\t\_^_g \ mihlj_[Z \ ^bk_jlZpbylZ GZf_j_gb_ b \j_f_ gZ =_hj]b
:g]_eh\
[26]GZij\+HOOLJH-40; 54-64.
[27] GZij \ +HOOLJH -54; 54-64; Davidson 1998: 362-365; Lioti,
Tucker 1998: 389-393.

[28]Ba\h^bhl^jm]bbake_^\Zgby\dexqbl_eghgZrbkh[kl\_gbh[Zq_
ihdZa\Zlq_ijhlb\hnZdlbl_fh]ZlktshlZdZ^Zih^mrZl[t^_s_lh\
k\h_lh \ebygb_ gZ Zn_dlb\gbl_ hl]h\hjb mklZgh\db b ih\_^_gb_ K
^jm]b^mfb]jb`bl_bfbkebl_gZbg^b\b^bl_hlghkghl_ogbl_[t^_sb
i_jki_dlb\b [boZ fh]eb ^Z hnhjfyl _kl_kl\hlh b ke_^kl\bylZ gZ
lyoghlh ijhlb\hnZdlh\h fbke_g_ (Gleicher, Boninger, Strathman, Armor,
Ahn 1995: 283).
[29] GZ l_ab ^\Z gZqbgZ gZ baihea\Zg_ gZ ijhlb\hnZdlbl_ \
bklhjbq_kdby ZgZeba kthl\_lkl\Zl ^\_ ikboheh]bq_kdb nmgdpbb dhblh
l_fh]Zl^Zbaitegy\Zl\ikbobdZlZgZbg^b\b^ZBake_^\ZgbylZdhblh
kf_ hibkZeb k_ hkgh\Z\Zl gZ ^himkdZg_lh aZ ihg_ ^\_ dhgp_ilmZegh
jZaebqgbnmgdpbbgZdhblhfh`_^Zkem`bijhlb\hnZdlh\hlhfbke_g_
Itj\h lZdb\Z fh]Zl ^Z h[kem`\Zl _^gZ ih^]hl\bl_egZ nmgdpby l_ l_
fh]Zl^Zhk\_leylgZqbgbl_ihdhblhbg^b\b^bl_fh]Zl^Zk_ih^]hl\yl
aZ [t^_s_lh b kthl\_lgh ^Z ih^h[jyl k\hylZ kt^[Z \ [t^_s_
FZgbimebjZcdb Zel_jgZlb\bl_ aZ fbgZeb ^_ckl\by bg^b\b^bl_ fh]Zl
^Zbake_^\Zlb^Zklb]gZl^hjZa[bjZg_dZdlhgZfbgZeb]j_rdblZdZb
gZ fbgZeb mki_ob kbgl_abjZcdb ]b \ ij_îbkZgby dhblh fh]Zl ^Z
me_kgyl mki_oZ \ [t^_s_ F_oZgbaftl dhclh e_`b \ hkgh\ZlZ gZ
lZab nmgdpby k_ hkgh\Z\Z gZ ijbqbggZlZ bgnhjfZpby kt^tj`ZsZ k_ \
ijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_l\tj^_gbyIjhlb\hnZdlh\bl_mkeh\bykZkts_kl\_gh
ijbqbggb kt`^_gby 5RHVH 2OVRQ 0- Ijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_
fbkebfh]ZlktshlZdZ^Zkem`ZlgZZn_dlb\gZlZnmgdpbyl_l_fh]Zl
ijb hij_^_e_gb h[klhyl_ekl\Z ^Z [t^Zl baihea\Zgb ^Z gZdZjZl
bg^b\b^bl_^Zk_qm\kl\Zlih-^h[j_5RHVH2OVRQ
[30]KjZ\g_gbkghjfZegbl_kt[blbygZijbf_jba\tgj_^gbl_kt[blby
kZ ih-baitd\Zsb b ke_^h\Zl_egh kZ ih-]h^gb b _ ih-\_jhylgh ^Z [t^Zl
ijhf_g_gb\mfZ6HHODZ6HHODZ:HOOV:LQGVFKLWO

[31]L_\dexq\Zlqh\_rdbl_hkgh\ZgbyaZjZa]e_`^Zg_gZZel_jgZlb\gb
baoh^bgZnZdlbq_kdbkt[blby6HHODZ6HHODZ:HOOV:LQGVFKLWO
62).

=eZ\Zr_klZ
>H=HG<:SHLHJ:A<BLB?D:LHBKLHJBQ?KDBITL
AZ ij_oh^ dtf \t\_^_gb_lh gZ gZklhysZlZ ]eZ\Z fh`_ ^Z

ihkem`b jZa[bjZg_lh gZ G ?ebZk aZ koh^kl\hlh b jZaebqb_lh f_`^m
ihgylbylZpb\bebaZpbybdmelmjZNZdlbq_kdbltdfh^h]hg\Zg_lh
ij_^klZ\ey\ZjZaebdZlZf_`^m^\_l_
Pb\bebaZpby h[hagZqZ\Z ^Z^_g ijhp_k beb ihg_ j_amelZlZ
hl ijhp_kZ Ly _ ihklhyggh k\tjaZgZ k g_sh dh_lh ihklhyggh _ \
^\b`_gb_ dh_lh ihklhyggh \tj\b gZij_^ G_fkdhlh ihgylb_
"dmelmjZ [1] ltc dZdlh k_ mihlj_[y\Z ihgZklhys_f bfZ ^jm]Z ihkhdZ
gZ^\b`_gb_lhk_hlgZkydtfqh\_rdbl_ijh^mdlbdhblhkZdZlhp\_ly
ih ihe_lh dtf om^h`_kl\_gb ijhba\_^_gby dgb]b j_eb]bhagb beb
nbehkhnkdbkbkl_fb\dhblhk_bajZay\Zk\h_h[jZab_lhgZ_^bggZjh^
Ihgylb_lh dmelmjZ bfZ kihkh[ghkllZ ^Z jZa]jZgbqZ\Z ?ebZk
dmjkb\tl fhc – <I Hl ijb\_^_gby pblZl klZ\Z ykgh q_
^h]hg\Zg_lhko\ZgZlhdZlhjZaebdZlZf_`^mihgylbylZpb\bebaZpbyb
"dmelmjZkts_\j_f_ggh]bk\tja\Z.
Hl_^gZkljZgZpb\bebaZpby\k\hylZitj\hgZqZegZhkgh\Z
_ fh`_ [b ih-kdhjh b^_heh]bq_kdh ihgylb_ aZ ZjlbdmebjZg_ gZ
o_]_fhgbklbqgh-mgb\_jkZebkldZlZij_l_gpbygZAZiZ^Z
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[Verweisungsganze der Bedeutsamkeit] – dZlh lZdh\Z dhgklblmbjZ
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'DVHLQdh_lhbfZktsghklghmkljhckl\hgZ[blb_-\-k\_lZ" (Heidegger
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(Heidegger 1993: 6);
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hll_gtpb^Z\eZklghlh\j_f_gZk\_lZBraudel 1969: 76-77).
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<j_f_lhg_ijhlb\hklhbgZ\_qghkllZ\j_f_lhih]etsZ\_qghkllZ\
k_[_ kb <kbqdb ^\hcdb ijhlb\hiheh`gb dZl_]hjbb k ojbklbygkdb
ijhbaoh^ k_ jZaiZ^Zl \ke_^kl\b_ gZ ke_^gZlZ iheh`_gZ dZlh
h[sh\Zeb^gZ ij_îhklZ\dZ – k\_lh\ghlh \j_f_ gZ bklhjbylZ g_ kZfh
ij_^ba\bd\Z ijh[e_fb gh b \h^b ^h lyoghlh jZaj_rZ\Zg_ Beb dZaZgh
ih ^jm] gZqbg ijhlb\hiheh`ghkllZ f_`^m fbgZeh b [t^_s_ aZ_fZ
p_gljZegh fyklh b _ebfbgbjZ ijhlb\hiheh`ghkllZ f_`^m hl\t^ghlh b
a_fghlh GZbklbgZ lhab ijhp_k fh`_ ^Z k_ hibr_ dZlh k_dmeZjbaZpby
ghih-ijZ\begh_lhc^Zk_hij_^_ebdZlhl_fihjZebabjZg_Klh\Z[b
k_hldjbe_^bgitj\bih^kltidtfgZrby\tijhkaZhlghr_gb_lhf_`^m
mkdhjy\Zg_ b k_dmeZjbaZpby AZshlh Zdh bah[sh kts_kl\m\Z gydZdt\
bfZg_gl_g gZ k\_lZ bklhjbq_kdb hibl aZ \j_f_ dhclh k_ jZaebqZ\Z hl
h[\tjaZgbl_kijbjh^ZlZjblfbgZ\j_f_lhlhlh\Zg_ktfg_gh_hibltl
gZ mkdhjy\Zg_lh ih kbeZlZ gZ dh_lh bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ ijb^h[b\Z
dZq_kl\hlh gZ ki_pbnbqgh ijhba\_^_gh hl ohjZlZ \j_f_ ?^\Z qj_a
ktagZgb_lhaZmkdhjy\Zg_–bebaZdhj_kihg^bjZshlhkg_]haZ[Z\yg_–
\bgZ]b^Z^_gbylgZijbjh^ZlZhiblaZ\j_f_lhfh`_^Zk_hij_^_ebdZlh
ki_pbnbqghbklhjbq_kdbhiblaZ\j_f_lhDha_e_d
[10] Lmd bkdZf kZfh ^Z ^h[Z\y q_ ke_^ \_d p_ebyl iheblbq_kdb b
khpbZe_g j_qgbd k_ _ ijhf_gbe ba hkgh\b Kts_kl\m\Z \tlj_rgZ
l_fihjZegZ kljmdlmjZ gZ iheblbq_kdbl_ b khpbZegb ihgylby dhylh

ihdZa\Z q_ ke_^ \_d qZklbl_ gZ hiblZ b qZklbl_ gZ hqZd\ZgbylZ
bapyehkZijhf_gbebk\hylZagZqbfhklDha_e_d
[11] JZaebqgZ deZkbnbdZpby gZ bklhjbq_kdb ihke_^h\Zl_eghklb k_
kt^tj`Z \ _^gZ b ktsZ gZlmjZebklbqgZ ojhgheh]by <tlj_ \ lZab
l_fihjZegZ j_njZdpby k_ kt^tj`Z jZaghh[jZab_ hl l_fihjZegb keh_\_
dhblhkZkjZaghh[jZagZ^te]hljZcghklkihj_^\tijhkgbl_Zdp_glbbeb
h[klhyl_ekl\Z b dhblh ke_^\Z ^Z k_ baf_j\Zl _^gh kijyfh ^jm]h Ih
ktsby gZqbg jZaebqgbl_ ijh^te`bl_eghklb hl \j_f_ k_ kt^tj`Zl \
ihgylb_lh *OHLFK]HLWLJNHLW GHU 8QJOHLFK]HLWLJHQ [_^gh\j_f_gghkl gZ
g__^gh\j_f_gghlh] L_ k_ hlgZkyl ^h ijh]ghklbqgZlZ kljmdlmjZ gZ
bklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f_ihg_`_\kydZijh]ghaZij_^\b`^Zkt[blbydhblh
ktk kb]mjghkl kZ \dhj_g_gb \ gZklhys_lh b \ lh\Z hlghr_gb_ kZ \_q_
kts_kl\m\ZsbfZdZj^Zg_kZk_kemqbeb^_ckl\bl_egh.RVHOOHN
95).
[12] Ltdfh\lhjhlhagZq_gb_gZl_jfbgZk_dmeZjbaZpbyiha\hey\Z^Zk_
]h\hjbaZk_dmjZebaZpbhg_ghklZltd\ke_^gbykfbkte<gZqZehlhgZ
gh\hlh \j_f_ ba\tgbklhjbq_kdb ij_âZ^Z^_ghlh ktdjZsZ\Zg_ gZ
\j_f_lh k_ ij_\jtsZ \ _^gZ bfZg_glgh-bklhjbq_kdZ ZdkbhfZ aZ
mkdhjy\Zg_lh Ijb lh\Z km[_dltl k_ ijhf_gy hl ;h] lhc klZ\Z qh\_dtl
dhclh qj_a ij_h[jZam\Zg_lh gZ ijbjh^ZlZ b bklhjbylZ ljy[\Z ^Z
ij_^ba\bdZ \tijhkghlh mkdhjy\Zg_ DZlh k_dmeZjbaZpbhg_g hklZltd \
kfbktegZijb_fZg_lhgZhij_^_e_ghojbklbygkdhgZke_^kl\hlmdfh`_
^Z k_ h[hagZqb gZ itj\h fyklh hij_^_e_gZ p_ek\tja\ZgZkgZ^_`^baZ
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pZjkl\h gZ sZklb_lh b k\h[h^ZlZ hl \kydh ]hkih^kl\h GZ \lhjh fyklh
k_dmeZjbaZpbhg_g hklZltd ijb \kbqdb iheh`_gby fh`_ ^Z k_ gZj_q_
h[klhyl_ekl\hlhq_bklhjbylZbah[shljy[\Z^ZbfZp_eDha_e_d
239-240).
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k_dmeZjbabjZgk\yl_ih]j_rgh;tj]tj?lhaZshl_jfbgtl

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kZfhktagZgb_lh gZ fZepbgkl\hlh k_dmeZjbabjZgb ih ;tj]tj lh\Z kZ
gZc-h[sh^\_l_]eZ\gbbadexq_gby?\jhiZb_ebltl
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hj]ZgbaZpbhggb ihklb`_gby GZc-k_lg_ dh]Zlh h]jZgbqbf ih]e_^Z kb
\tjom hg_ab ijb[ebabl_egh ]h^bgb gZ gZrbl_ \bkhdb dmelmjb
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bklhjbq_kdh-\j_f_\hmkdhjy\Zg_Hllh]Z\ZgZk_lg_gZrbyl`bag_gk\yl
[b\Z ij_h[jZa_g hl l_ogbdZlZ b bg^mkljbylZ lZdZ q_ \tijhktl aZ ih-
gZlZltrghlh mkdhjy\Zg_ bah[sh k_ ij_\jtsZ \t\ \tijhk gZ gZr_lh
[t^_s_Dha_e_d-246).
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hagZqZ\Z jZa[bjZ k_ ^Zijb_f_fq_dhgdj_lgbl_j_eb]bhagbp_gghklb
gZ aZiZ^ghlh h[s_kl\h [yoZ ih gydZdt\ gZqbg beb g_baf_ggh
miteghfhs_gb beb ki_pbnbqgh g_h[oh^bfb aZ ih^^tj`Zg_lh gZ
pb\bebaZpbhggbyihjy^tdLh\Zih-kdhjhhagZqZ\Z^Zij_îheh`bfq_
ihg_ \ aZiZ^ghlh h[s_kl\h nmgdpbbl_ dhblh \ fbgZehlh [yoZ
hkb]mjy\Zgb beb gZc-fZedhlh ih^dj_iygb hl j_eb]bylZ ^g_k fh]Zl ^Z
hklZgZl g_baiteg_gb b lZdZ ^Z ihklZ\bf \tijhkZ ^Zeb \ [t^_s_
mkeh\bylZgZ`b\hls_[t^ZlbapyehomfZggb[_a^_ckl\b_lhgZlZdb\Z
bgklZgpbbMbektg
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]eZ]heZ ktf b dZlh gZklZ\dZ -ghkl ?lh aZsh kZ gZebp_ b
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hlgZij_^ghklllZ-gZ-k_[_-kb hl\t^ghkllZ-gZ-k_[_-kb b dZlh
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hij_^_eb lZdZ >dZlh g_sh \ ijhkljZgkl\hlh gZ k\_lZ@ \kbqdb bfZl
ktsby gZqbg gZ [blb_ gZ gZebqgh [blb_ dZdlh b g_sZlZ kj_sZsb k_
\tlj_ \ k\_lZ GZebqb_lh \ g_sh gZebqgh ktgZebqb_lh
>0LWYRUKDQGHQVHLQ@\g_shktkktsby\b^[blb_\kfbkteZgZhij_^_e_gh
hlghr_gb_ ih fyklh kZ hglheh]bqgb q_jlb gZjbqZgb hl gZk
dZl_]hjbZegb lZdb\Z dhblh ijbgZê_`Zl gZ kts_kl\m\Zsh k gZqbg gZ
[blb_ g_ k baf_j_gb_ gZ 'DVHLQ ;blb_lh-\ gZijhlb\ bfZ ij_^\b^
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q_ LQ bagZqZegh gyfZ kfbkte gZ ijhkljZgkl\_gh hlghr_gb_ hl
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[blb_lh gZ 'DVHLQ dh_lh bfZ ktsghklghlh mkljhckl\h [blb_-\-
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dtfjZajmrZ\Zg_gZklZjZkhpbZegZkbkl_fZ<kbqdhlh\Zfh`_^Z[t^_
hibkZghkZfhkihfhslZgZbaihea\Zg_gZmgb\_jkZegb\j_f_\bkdZebhl
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khpbheh]Z lmd g_ kZ ijb]h^gb ihg_`_ \kydZ hl lyo _ dhgkljmbjZgZ aZ

baf_j\Zg_ gZ gydZdt\ hij_^_e_g qZkl_g n_ghf_g Braudel 1969: 77-78).
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\ y\e_gbylZ dh_lh g_ ijbgZê_`b gZ gbdh_ dhgdj_lgh \j_f_ Braudel
1969: 79).
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2002: 371).
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dhblh fh]Zl ^Z k_ ijbeZ]Zl hlgh\h b hlgh\h Dha_e_d -273).
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A
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amor fati
analogia entis
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B
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C
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D
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das Da
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L
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long run
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O
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S
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Stimmung
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T
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WRYJH
WRYSR
U
X-SRNHLYPHQRQ
Ursein
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V
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W
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12<eZ^h\Z:NbehkhnbygZ^h]hg\Zg_lhgydhbij_^\Zjbl_egb
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13 =Z^Zf_j O-= BklbgZ b f_lh^ Hkgh\gb q_jlb gZ _^gZ
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14 =Zc^_gdh I Ihgylb_ \j_f_gb \ Zglbqghc b
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23 >_gdh\ > FZjlbg OZc^_]_j Hglheh]by gZ ljZ]bqghlh K
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24 >belZc < Lbih\_l_ k\_lh]e_^b b jZa\blb_lh bf \
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26 >bfbljh\Z B Ihe_agZ eb _ l_hjbylZ aZ ^h]hg\Zshlh
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27>bfbljh\ZBZKhpbZegZdhfie_dkghklb^h]hg\ZshjZa\blb_
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28>bhgbkbc:j_hiZ]blAZ[h`_kl\_gbl_bf_gZK=:E-BDH

29 >h[jhohlh\ : DZl_]hjby [ulby \ deZkkbq_kdhc
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31 ?jZkh\ ; Pb\bebaZpby keh\h – l_jfbg – kfuke –
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32 A_gdh\kdb <. 2000. Hkgh\b gZ ojbklbygkdZlZ nbehkhnby <
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35DZglBDjblbdZgZqbklbyjZamfKBa^Zl_ekl\hgZ;:G
36 DZgl B DjblbdZ gZ kihkh[ghkllZ aZ kt`^_gb_ K
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39 DZkbj_j ? Nbehkhnby gZ kbf\hegbl_ nhjfb L ?abdtl.
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41 DZpZjkdb B ?lZib gZ fh^_jgbaZpby b jZa\blb_ gZ
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42 Dh[a_\ : Mq_gb_ <Zg YgfbgZ b deZckbq_kdZy dblZckdZy
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43 Dha_e_d J IeZklh\_l_ gZ \j_f_lh K >hf gZ gZmdbl_ aZ
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44. Dhghie_\Z G = Khdhebd Kbf_ljbb b lbiu nbabq_kdhc
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45 Dhj[_g : Bklhjby gZ bkeyfkdZlZ nbehkhnby KFZmeZgZ
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50 E_\qbd > Jh[_jl Mceyf Nh]_e b ³gh\Zy wdhghfbq_kdZy
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51Ebq_\<<j_f_lhbmkdhj_ghlh^h]hg\ZshlhjZa\blb_–<
52 Ebq_\ < F Fhfh\ Ebqghklgb ijhnbeb b kljZl_]bb gZ
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53 Ehk_\ : Ijh[e_fZ kbf\heZ b j_Zebklbq_kdh_ bkdmkkl\h.
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54FZjdh\=;te]Zjkdhlhdjmr_gb_]KhnbyBa^Zl_ekl\h
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55FZjdh\==heyfZlZ\hcgZb[te]ZjkdbyldexqaZ_\jhi_ckdby
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56FZjlbgh\G=_hf_ljbyKGZmdZbbadmkl\h
57 F_gkdbc F Dhgp_ipby khagZgby \ dhgl_dkl_ d\Zglh\hc
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58 F_j^`Zgh\Z B ?koZlheh]bqgZlZ Zgljhih^bp_y Qh\_dtl b
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59 Fbgdh\ X Djbl_jbZegZ hijZ\^Zghkl gZ ^h]hg\ZsZlZ
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61 Fhljhrbeh\Z G AgZq_gb_ l_hjbb \j_f_gb DZglZ êy
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64 Gbdheh\Z J D Ijh[e_ftl aZ klhcghkllZ dZlh l_hj_lbq_g
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67 IZgq_gdh L H jZaebq_gbb kbf\hebq_kdh]h b
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70 I_gq_\ < >mfZlZ g_cghlh agZq_gb_ b g_cgZlZ [ebahkl –
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71I_gq_\<;blb_bgZmdZK>ZfygYdh\
72I_gq_\<ZDhf_glZjdtfFZfZj^Zr\bebKEBD
73 I_gq_\ < Nbabq_kdbyl b nbehkhnkdb ijh[e_f DZd\h _
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74 I_gq_\ < Z Ovhe^_jebg b OZc^_]_j gydhedh m\h^gb ^mfb
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156.
75 I_gq_\ < Fbke_g_ b klbohl\hj_g_ – Nbehkhnkdb
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76 I_gq_\ < Hibl aZ e_l_g_ ]jZ\blZpby b \talhj`_ghkl –
NbehkhnkdbZel_jgZlb\b, 3, 80-96.
77 I_gq_\ < Z )XYVL \ jZ[hlbl_ gZ OZc^_]_j aZ Ovhe^_jebg –
Nbehkhnby, 3, 14-18.
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10 OZc^_]]_j F <j_fy b [ulb_ – kts Z\l <j_fy b [ulb_.
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NbabdZ<. – Nbehkhnkdbnhjmf4, 23-64.
11 OZc^_]]_j F Ijhe_]hf_gu d bklhjbb ihgylby \j_f_gb.
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11 Ojbklh\Z K FhjZe b ^h]hg\ZsZ fh^_jgbaZpby – <
11Omk_je?N_ghf_gheh]bylZ– NbehkhnkdZfbkte, 1, 51-59.

P_ebs_\ < Nbehkhnkdb_ ijh[e_fu k_fZglbdb \hafh`guo
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SUMMARY
The text content is distributed into seven chapters.

Chapter 1, Destiny, Historicity, and Historical Path of the
Bulgarian People after the Liberation from the Ottoman Empire, is
devoted to the definition of destiny in the philosophical literature, especially
in philosophy of history. The central place is occupied by Heidegger’s
consideration of destiny in Chapter 5 of Division II of “Being and Time”; also
of the connected existencials of choice and historical path (Geschick).
Hegel’s conception about world-historical peoples and Vasil Prodanov’s
about overtaking development are considered. At last, the historical path of
the Bulgarian people after the Liberation from the Ottoman Empire is cited as
an example.
Chapter 2, Truth and Destiny after Heidegger, considers the
connection between the existentials of truth and destiny after Heidegger on
the base of four texts: two early (paragraphs from “Being and Time”) and two
later (from the forties and fifties). “Truth” after Heidegger touches essentially
“destiny”: truth is_un-hidden-ness, DMOKYTHLD, destiny is openness, resolution
to be accepted Being-at-fault (Schuldsein) by choice, which repeats, modifies
or can even refuse historical continuity. Destiny is not anything existing: there
is it (Es gibt, literally, it is given, presented). It happens as events, Being-with,
i.e. as sometimes happening Being-with-being, Ereignis, meeting.
Chapter 3, Destiny of Being, extends the existential of destiny from
the latter chapter in relation to being itself, which still Heidegger considers
historically: being itself has a history, even whether there is God is
determined by constitution of being; by this token, also truth is fundamentally
historized. Again, four texts are considered (two early, both the concluding
paragraphs of “Being and Time” and of “Kant and the problem of
metaphysics” and two later, “Kant’s thesis of being” and “Time and Being”).

Accepting history of being, also time in its ground is confirmed. A transition
from fundamental ontology to fundamental history is suggested.
Chapter 4, Destiny as Cognition and Cognition of Destiny, is
directed – after considering of ontological problems connected to destiny - to
questions of its cognition, by which also destiny itself is a kind of cognition.
Thereupon, “internal sense” after Kant is discussed. Equilibrium of mind and
recovered its philosophical importance “heart” allows for destiny to be
cognized. An idea of fundamental history for ontology is suggested. It goes
behind the ground “being” characterizing ontology. Metaphor is a form,
which generalizes proposition. It represents a variable ontological direction,
and proposition is only a particular case when this direction is fixed.
Metaphor required an interpretator: an interpretator of proposition is
necessary only for choice of the initial principles (axioms). Metaphor is
sometimes true: proposition is constantly related to some “external”,
“objective” truth. Analogically, poetical thought predicted by Heidegger
generalizes logical thinking. Destiny is given, it issues from symbol hidden in
the collective unconscious. A. Ignatov’s, P. Tillich’s, A. Lossev’s viewpoints
are discussed, too.
Chapter 5, Historical Path and Counterfactual Analysis, debates the
path, by which history may be considered as rather a science for historical
choices than for facts. Using such an approach, counterfactual analysis is
brought to the forefront weighing alternative unrealized courses of history –
choices and paths. We consider as reasons as premises of counterfactual
analysis. It allows for any historical path to be rationalized in its proper
essence of a become reality, chosen option. The actual, chosen and possible
alternatives are compared and equalized.
Chapter 6, Overtaking Development as a Historical Path, is
concentrated over P. Tillich’s critique of “progressivism”, over those of R.
Kosellek about “time’s shortening”, and of A. Ignatov about “time’s
acceleration”. A conception of “reflexive secularization” is introduced.

Thereupon, the collective viewpoint of a number of Bulgarian philosophers
about “overtaking development” is debated. In depth of the latter notion, we
may gain a fundamentally historical category of overtaking on basis of an
analysis of Heidegger’s existentials of Care, Historical path (Geschick) and
Destiny (Schicksal). Equilibrium between the fundamental-ontological and
fundamental-historical is explicated as duality of Care and Historical path
(Destiny), of endogeneous and exogeneous time using Braudel’s terms.
Chapter 7, Historical Time, is the concluding last chapter. In it,
“historical existential” comparing with Heidegger’s “existential” is introduced
as a new form of philosophical reflexion directed to balancing of the
existential and the historical. Substantializing of choice leads to ushering
historical existential of information as the ground of the world in its unity of a
(human) history and nature – a looming, inconstant, and variable substance of
being. It is defined as the measure of quantity and quality of choices ant their
existential experience. As the philosophical ground of the world, information
is correlative or relative to time. “Historical time” – inhomogeneous,
irregular, and structured – generalizes the conception of physical time in the
corresponding theories. The doctrine of Braudel about long run (“longue
durée”), and that of Kosellek about “time’s strata”, the “kairos” of Paul
Tillich, the interpretation of Assen Ignatov about time after Heidegger in
connexion with Berdiaev’s view about existential time, the idea about
embedding of cosmic time in historical and existential time, “non-finity” (or
“un-finity”, but not “infinity” of historical time), Jaspers axial time – all of
those is considered.
Historical continuity is a basic regularity for the course of history,
which may be rationalized by the historical existentials of Destiny and
Historical path. The fast changes are not stable: they are almost always
cancelled by the course of history. They are chaotic. They represent
fluctuations, deviations from an average, statistic, slow change for a long

period: long run by term of Peirce, or longue durée by that of the Annales
School.

Book of Destiny

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Book of Destiny

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