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Tm tt: Mi trng a cht l phn trn cng ca thch quyn vi cc tnh cht c bn nh tnh bin dng, tnh bt ng nht, tnh i xng, tnh t iu chnh, tnh bn vng vv Da trn c s cc yu t hp thnh, vng thnh ph H Ni c chia thnh ba ph vng I, II, III tng ng vi mi trng a cht c tnh bn vng cao, trung bnh v thp. Bng cc s liu c th v mc h thp mc nc di t trong nhng nm gn y v tc ln mt t t vi ba milimet/nm n 35-40 milimet/nm cc ph vng I, II, III, tp th tc gi nu ln cc giai on bin i khc nhau ca tnh bn vng trong mi trng a cht lin quan n cc hot ng nhn sinh cc ph vng ni trn.
M U
Qu trnh th ha thnh ph H Ni vt qu tm kim sot ca cc c quan chc nng ca thnh ph. Bn cnh nhng mt tch cc nh thc y tc tng trng kinh t, tng thm nhiu din tnh nh , ci thin c s h tng, to thm nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng, qu trnh y cn lm gim tnh bn vng ca mi trng a cht, gy ln mt t, bin dng, ln nt nhiu cng trnh, lm suy gim tr lng v cht lng nc di t vv...
c xu th ng v pha lm suy gim hiu qu ca cc tc ng tng h. T iu chnh l tnh vn c ca mi trng a cht [2, 7, 8]. Tnh bn vng ca mi trng a cht c hiu l kh nng bo tn thnh phn, cu trc v trng thi ca n di nh hng ca cc tc ng bn ngoi hoc thay i trong gii hn khng gy tn hi n chc nng ca h thng t nhin k thut, hoc khng gy ra cc hu qu v mt sinh thi [1, 4, 9]. Cc tiu chun c bn nh gi tnh bn vng l cc tham s v cc ch tiu v thnh phn, cu trc v trng thi ca mi trng a cht di nh hng ca cc tc ng nhn sinh dn n s xut hin v hot ha cc qu trnh a cht nguy him. Cc yu t xc nh tnh bn vng ca mi trng a cht bao gm cu to a cht, a hnh, trng thi a ng lc, iu kin a cht thu vn, bao gm c cc lp ngn bo v tng nc di t v cc yu t th hin tnh cht ca mi trng. Ngoi ra, nh gi tnh bn vng ca mi trng a cht theo thi gian cc yu t nhn sinh ng vai tr quan trng.
Ph vng III c trng bi cu to a cht rt phc tp, trong mt ct a cht tn ti nhiu lp t yu vi b dy, thnh phn trm tch v tnh cht vt l v c hc khc nhau (Hnh 3) v thay i khng theo quy lut t ni ny n ni khc. a hnh thp, trng, b h thng sng, knh, h, ao phn cch. nh hng ca cc tc ng nhn sinh mnh m v biu hin r rng do qu trnh th ha din ra rt nhanh, tp trung nhiu khu cng nghip, mt dn s cao, cht thi rn v lng vi s lng ln tng ln hng ngy, vic khai thc v s dng qu mc lm suy gim tr lng v cht lng nc di t gy ln mt t.
nhng ni c mt ct a cht phc tp, cha cc thnh to t yu vi b dy ln nh cc khu Thnh Cng, Ging V, Ngc Khnh, Nguyn Khuyn, Ng S Lin, Ga H Ni th mc ln mt t do khai thc nc di t ln v c th gy tn hi cho cng trnh. Bng 2 th hin kt qu quan trc thc nghim ti trm o ln Thnh Cng t cui nm 1997 n cui nm 2003. Bng 2. Mc ln mt t hng nm vng Thnh Cng Nm 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Mc ln mt t (mm) 35,17 38,80 4437 37,03 35,97 40,88
Phn ln din tch cn li bao gm nhng ni c mt ct a cht phc tp, cha cc lp t yu nhng b dy khng ln nh cc vng H nh, Php Vn, Tng Mai, Lng Yn, Gia Lm vv khi mc nc di t b h thp, mt t b ln vi mt tc ng lo ngi. Kt qu quan trc ln t cui nm 1997 n cui nm 2003 hai a im c trnh by bng 3 v bng 4. Bng 3. Mc ln mt t hng nm vng H nh Nm 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Mc ln mt t (mm) 18,89 17,80 20,18 16,37 17,42 17,63
Bng 4. Mc ln mt t hng nm vng Php Vn Nm 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Mc ln mt t (mm) 22,63 19,97 19,51 15,54 17,49 17,58
Theo quy lut bin i tnh bn vng ca mi trng a cht [1, 3, 4, 9] ton b din tch thnh ph H Ni ang trong gii hn bin dng n hi, tc l h s bn vng ca mi trng k>1. Tuy nhin, mt s din tch vo giai on u, mt s din tch vo giai on gia v mt s din tch khc vo giai on cn cui ca qu trnh bin dng n hi. Ni cch khc, tng ng vi cc giai on bin dng ni trn l cc ph vng I vi mi trng a cht c tnh bn
vng cao, ph vng II vi mi trng a cht c tnh bn vng trung bnh v ph vng III vi mi trng a cht c tnh bn vng thp.
VN LIU
1. Emelyanova T.Ya., Storova P.A., 1999. O prinsipakh i metodike raionirovaniya territorii po ustoitchivosti geologitcheskoi sredy k tekhnogennomu vozdeistviyu (na primere Tomskogo priobya). Geoekologiya, 2. Moskva. 2. Geoekologiya, 1991. Problemy i reshenie. Tez. dokl. i soobsh. Vsesoyuz. nauko-tekhn. Konf., 1, Obshie Problemy. Moskva, 210 str. 3. Koff G.L., Kozhevina L.S., Zhigalin A.D., 1997. Obshie printsipy otsenki ustoitchivosti gorodskoi ekosistemy. Geoekologiya, 4 (1997). Moskva. 4. Mamaev Yu. A., Kurinov M.V., 1998. Voprosy metodologiya v otsenke ustoitchivosti territorii. Geoekologiya, 5 (1998). Moskva. 5. Osipov V.I., 1993. Geoekologiya mezhdisiplinaya nauka ob ekologitcheskikh problemakh geospher. Geoekologiya, 1 (1993). Moskva. 6. Ostrovski V.N., 1997. Ob izutchenii dinamiki geologitcheskoi sredy. Geoekologiya, 3 (1997). Moskva. 7. Pashkin E.M., 1992. Sinertchetika geosistem: Novyi podkhod b inzhenernoi geologii. Inzhenernaya geologiya, 6 (1992). Moskva. 8. Pashkin E.M., 1992. Porodnye konstruktsii i ikh rol v formirovanii ustoitchivosti gornykh vyrabotok. Inzhenernaya geologiya, 1 (1992). Moskva. 9. Trn Vn Hong, Bi Th Bo Anh, 2002. Nhng nguyn tc c bn nh gi mc bn vng ca mi trng a cht trong qu trnh th ho (v d thnh ph H Ni). Tp ch a cht, A/269 : 39-43. H Ni.