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Mn hc

PHN TCH V THIT K H THNG THNG TIN


(4 VHT + 1 bi tp ln) Kin thc chun b: + C s d liu + Ngn ng lp trnh Mc ch mn hc: + Gii thiu v phng php PTTK HT c cu trc + C th phng php lun PTTK c cu trc + Gii thiu cc cng c phn tch + Cch thit k mt h thng. Cch tip cn: TopDown Ni dung gm: Chng 1: i cng v cc h thng thng tin qun l Chng 2: Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n Chng 3: Phng php lun phn tch v thit k h thng Chng 4: Phn tch h thng v x l Chng 5: Phn tch h thng v d liu Chng 6: Thit k h thng Ti liu tham kho: 1. Nguyn Vn Ba. Phn tch thit k HTTT - NXB HQG H Ni 3. Thc Bnh Cng. Phn tch thit k HTTT NXB Khoa hc v k thut 4. inh Th Hin. Phn tch thit k HTTT NXB Thng k

5. Ng Trung Vit, Phn tch v thit k h thng qun l- kinh doanh nghip v, nxb Giao thng Vn ti 6. L Tin Vng, Nhp mn CSDL quan h 7. Nguyn B Tng, C s d liu l thuyt v thc hnh, Nxb HQG

Mc lc Mc lc.............................................................................................3 Chng I i cng v cc h thng thng tin trong qun l..........................6 1. Khi nim v h thng..............................................................6 1.1. H thng.............................................................................6 1.2. Mi trng ca h thng.....................................................7 2. H thng kinh doanh.................................................................7 2.1. H thng kinh doanh...........................................................7 2.2. c im ca h thng KD..................................................8 2.3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng KD........................................8 3. H thng thng tin qun l........................................................8 3.1. Khi nim qun l...............................................................9 3.2. Chc nng ca h thng thng tin qun l..........................9 3.3. Nhim v ca h thng thng tin........................................9 3.4. Vng i ca h thng thng tin.......................................10 3.4. Cc b phn hp thnh ca H thng thng tin................11 4. Cc h thng thng tin t ng ho (tin hc ho)...................11 4.1. Mc t ng ho..........................................................11 4.2. Cc phng thc x l bng my tnh...............................12 5. Cc giai on phn tch v thit k H thng thng tin...........12 5.1. Gii thiu...........................................................................12 5.2. Cc giai on phn tch thit k h thng thng tin theo phng php SADT (k thut phn tch v thit k c cu trc) ................................................................................................12 Chng II Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n.............................................15 1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic kho st.......................................16 2. Kho st v nh gi hin trng..............................................16 2.1. Ni dung kho st v nh gi hin trng.........................16 2.2. Cc mc kho st..............................................................16 2.3. Cc hnh thc tin hnh kho st......................................17 2.4. Phn loi v h thng ho thng tin thu thp c ..........17 2.5. Pht hin nhng yu km ca hin trng v nhng yu cu trong tng lai.........................................................................18 3. Xc nh phm vi, kh nng v mc tiu ca d n................18 3.1. Xc nh phm vi (khoanh vng d n).............................18 3.2. Kh nng v hn ch thc hin d n...............................19 3.3. Mc tiu ca vic tin hc ho............................................19 3.4. Xc nh yu t thnh cng ca bi ton..........................19 4. Phc ho gii php, cn nhc tnh kh thi...............................19 4.1. Cc mc t ng ho........................................................19
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4.2. Hnh thc s dng my tnh.............................................19 4.3. Phn tch hiu qu v nh gi tnh kh thi......................19 5. Lp d tr v k hoch trin khai d n..................................20 5.1. Hnh thnh hp ng.........................................................20 2. Lp d tr thit b................................................................20 3. Lp k hoch trin khai d n..............................................20 Chng 3: Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc .......................................................................................................21 1. Cch tip cn tin hc ho: 2 cch............................................23 2. Phn tch thit k h thng c phng php...........................24 3. Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc......24 4. Cc phin bn khc nhau ca phng php lun phn tch c cu trc.......................................................................................25 5. T chc xy dng h thng thng tin......................................25 Chng 4: Phn tch h thng v x l...........................................26 1. Mc ch, yu cu ca giai on phn tch..............................27 1.1. Mc ch............................................................................27 1.2. Cch tin hnh..................................................................27 2. Biu phn cp chc nng (BPC - Bussiness Function Diagram).....................................................................................27 2.1. Khi nim..........................................................................27 2.2. Cc thnh phn ca BPC...................................................27 2.3. c im ca biu phn cp chc nng.......................28 2.4. Cch xy dng BPC...........................................................29 3. Biu lung d liu (BLD - Data Flow Diagram)....................30 3.1. Gii thiu v BLD...............................................................30 3.2 Biu lung d liu mc vt l (Hay cc lu h thng) ................................................................................................30 3.3 Biu lung d liu (BLD- Data Flow Diagram)................33 3.4. Chuyn t BLD mc vt l sang mc logic........................45 Chng 5: Phn tch h thng v d liu.......................................49 1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic phn tch d liu..........................49 1.1. Mc ch ca giai on......................................................49 1.2. Yu cu.............................................................................49 1.3. Phng php thc hin: C 2 phng php tip cn:........49 2. Biu cu trc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt (ER entity relation )...........................................................................49 2.1. S thc th ..................................................................49 2.2. Cc thnh phn ca s thc th...................................49 2.3. Xy dng s thc th - lin kt.....................................53 3. Hai cch tip cn thit k c s d liu quan h.................56 3.1. Chun ho theo hng phn tch:.....................................56 3.2. Chun ho theo hng tng hp:......................................57 5. Xc nh mi quan h xy dng s E-R.............................60
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6. M ho cc tn gi:.................................................................64 6.1. Khi nim m ho.............................................................64 6.2. Cht lng c bn ca m ho..........................................64 6.3. Cc kiu m ho khc nhau..............................................65 7. T in d liu........................................................................67 7.1. Khi nim:.........................................................................67 7.2. Cc hnh thc thc hin t in:........................................68 7.3. Cu to t in:................................................................68 Chng 6: Thit k h thng..........................................................70 1. Thit k tng th.....................................................................70 1.1. Phn nh ranh gii gia chc nng my tnh v chc nng th cng...................................................................................70 1.2. Phn nh cc h thng con ca my tnh.........................71 2. Thit k chi tit v cc th tc th cng v v cc giao tip ngi - my.................................................................................72 2.1. Cc chc nng th cng....................................................72 2.2. Thit k u vo ca thng tin..........................................73 2.4. Thit k mn hnh chn.....................................................74 3. Thit k chng trnh..............................................................74 3.1.i cng...........................................................................74 3.2. Cc m un chng trnh..................................................75 3.3. Lc cu trc................................................................75 3.4. nh gi v lc cu trc.............................................76 3.5. Chuyn BLD thnh LCT......................................................77 4. Thit k c s d liu..............................................................78 4. 1. Mc ch...........................................................................78 4.2. Thnh lp lc logic.....................................................79 4.2.5. Nguyn tc truy nhp.....................................................83 4.3. Thnh lp lc vt l....................................................84 5. Thit k kim sot...................................................................85 5.1. Gii thiu...........................................................................85 5.2. Nghin cu kim tra thng tin nhp, xut.........................85 5.3. Nghin cu cc giai on tip cn phn tch cc kim sot ................................................................................................86 5.4. Nghin cu cc kh nng gin on chng trnh v phc hi............................................................................................87 6. Lp trnh, chy th v bo tr..................................................89 6.1. Lp trnh............................................................................89 6.2. Vit ti liu hng dn s dng.........................................89 6.3. Bo tr h thng................................................................90

Chng I i cng v cc h thng thng tin trong qun l


1. Khi nim v h thng 1.1. H thng nh ngha: H thng l tp hp gm nhiu phn t c cc mi quan h rng buc ln nhau v cng hot ng hng ti mt mc ch chung. (v d mt c my l mt h thng cc chi tit lin kt vi nhau thc hin chc nng ca c my...). Nghin cu h thng l nghin cu xem h thng bin i ci g, bin i nh th no? Ci vo Ci vo Ci ra H thng Ci ra Ci vo Ci ra

Bin i

Nhng yu t c bn ca mt h thng bao gm:


- H thng lun c mc tiu, phi hng v mt mc ch chung - Phn t trong h thng bao gm cc phng tin, vt cht v nhn lc, mi phn t u c thuc tnh c trng quyt nh vai tr ca n trong h thng. - H thng c gii hn xc nh nhng phn t trong v ngoi h thng, tnh gii hn mang tnh cht m. Trong mt h thng cn c th c nhng h thng con. - Gia cc phn t lun c mi quan h, mi quan h ny c th l bn cht vt l hoc thng tin, cc mi quan h quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin ca h thng. Mi khi thm bt phn t s lm bin i cc mi quan h.
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- H thng c tnh kim sot (cn bng v t iu chnh) iu m bo tnh thng nht, n nh v theo ui mc tiu ca mnh. - H thng nm trong mt mi trng, trong c mt s phn t ca h tng tc vi mi trng bn ngoi. phn bit mi trng vi h thng ta cn phi xc nh gii hn ca h thng v phng din vt l hay khi nim, chnh xc ho cc giao im ca mi trng v h thng 1.2. Mi trng ca h thng Mi trng ca h thng l tp hp cc phn t khng thuc v h thng nhng trao i thng tin vi h thng. Vic xc nh mi trng (hay cn gi l khoanh vng h thng) da trn mc tiu c bn trn ton h thng.
Mi trng

H thng

Hnh 1 mi trng v h thng VD: S quan h gia X nghip v mi trng (H.2)


NH CUNG CP
NVL, dch v hng ho Dch v ti chnh NVL, dch v hng ho Dch v ti chnh

NGN HNG NVL, dch v hng ho Dch v ti chnh


Dng thanh ton

X NGHIP
Sn phm

KHCH HNG

I L

2. H thng kinh doanh Hnh 2 v d v mt h thng 2.1. H thng kinh doanh L khi nim chung dng cho cc t chc kinh t nh nh my, x nghip, cng ty, t chc dch v... c mc ch phc v cho kinh doanh (business). Kinh doanh c th v li ch hoc v li nhun. V d: - Cc cng ty, nh my, dch v ... l cc h thng kinh doanh v li nhun

- Cc trng hc, cc cng trnh cng cng, bnh vin, ... l cc h thng kinh doanh v li ch. 2.2. c im ca h thng KD - C s tham gia ca con ngi, c s sng to bng tr tu con ngi, lun bin ng cnh tranh khng ngng v s lng v cht lng - Mc ch ca h thng ny do con ngi t ra v phc v con ngi 2.3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng KD

H quyt nh: H quyt nh gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php xut cc quyt nh, cc chin lc kinh doanh, n c lin quan n mi hot ng ca ton h thng. Qu trnh ra mt quyt nh tri qua hai bc: -Tm hiu tnh hnh -La chn gii php

Tu theo tm quan trng, phm vi nh hng ta chia lm 2 loi quyt nh: - Quyt nh chin lc: L quyt nh cho mt k hoch tng th lu di, c tnh cht nh hng - Quyt nh chin thut: Quyt nh ny c tnh cht cc b c phm vi hp trong thi gian ngn h tr cho quyt nh chin lc

H tc nghip: H tc nghip bao gm con ngi, phng tin trc tip thc hin cc nhim v ca h thng kinh doanh t mc tiu xc nh. H thng thng tin: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin v phng php tham gia vo qu trnh thu thp, lu tr, x l thng tin m bo mi quan h gia h quyt nh v h tc nghip. -Nhng thng phn nh tnh trng hin thi ca h thng (tnh trng kinh doanh, thng tin v vt t, thit b, nhn s... -Nhng thng tin vo, ra

Thng tin bao gm:

H Q

Vo
H thng

Ra
thng tin H tc nghip

3. H thng thng tin Hnh 3lcu trc ca h thng KD qun


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3.1. Khi nim qun l - Cng tc qun l: - Qun l nh mt qu trnh bin i thng tin a n hnh ng, l mt qu trnh tng ng vic ra quyt nh. (J.W.Forsester) - Qun l bao gm vic iu ho cc ngun ti nguyn (nhn lc v vt cht) t ti mc ch... (F.Kasat v J.Rosenweig). - Cng tc qun l l mt ngh thut ng x ring ca tng c nhn lnh o tu thuc vo hon cnh kinh t x hi, tnh a dng ca mi trng l mt ngh thut t c mt mc ch no thng qua mt s ngi no . - Tri thc qun l: L kinh nghim thc t kt hp vi kt qu nghin cu khoa hc ca nhiu ngnh trong ngh ch quan ng vai tr quan trng. - Cc t c bn cu cng tc qun l:- Hng ti mc ch - Thng qua con ngi - S dng cc k thut - Bn trong mt t chc - Cc chc nng qun l: -Vch k hoch -T chc thc hin -B tr cn b -Lnh o -Kim sot 3.2. Chc nng ca h thng thng tin qun l - H thng thng tin phi h tr cho cc nh qun l h c th a ra nhng sch lc, chin lc trong vic ch o. - Thng tin phi mm do thch ng c vi nhng thay i v nhu cu v thng tin bng cch iu chnh nhng kh nng x l ca h thng. - Nhu cu thng tin cc mc qun l khc nhau:
Phn tch xu hng K hoch, iu chnh Bo co nh k X l giao dch C. lc Sch lc Tc nghip Tha hnh

Hnh 4 Cc mc nhu cu thng tin

3.3. Nhim v ca h thng thng tin - i ngoi: Trao i thng tin vi mi trng bn ngoi
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- i ni: HTTT l cu ni lin lc gia cc b phn ca h thng kinh doanh. N cung cp cho b phn quyt nh v b phn tc nghip cc thng tin phn nh tnh trng ni b ca c quan, t chc trong h thng v tnh trng hot ng kinh doanh ca h thng. 3.4. Vng i ca h thng thng tin
Giai on Hnh thnh Giai on Pht trin

Giai on Thoi ho

Giai on Khai thc

Hhnh 5

Vng i ca h thng thng tin

- Giai on hnh thnh: Mt ai c tng v h thng thng tin c th gip cung cp thng tin c tt hn. - Giai on pht trin: tng tr thnh thc t, nh phn tch h thng, ngi lp trnh v ngi s dng cng lm vic vi nhau phn tch cc nhu cu x l thng tin v thit k ra h thng thng tin. c t thit k c chuyn thnh cc chng trnh v h thng c ci t. - Giai on khai thc: Sau khi ci t, h thng tin bc vo giai on sn xut v i vo vn hnh bnh thng phc v cho nhu cu thng tin ca cng ty. Giai on khai thc l giai on di nht trong c 4 giai on (thng ko di t 4-7 nm). Trong giai on ny h thng tin lin tc c sa i hoc bo tr gi n thay i cng vi nhu cu ca cng ty. - Giai on thoi ho: Vic tch lu nhng thng tin bin i, tng trng lm nh hng n tnh hiu qu ca h thng. H thng thng tin tr thnh rc ri n mc khng th bo tr c na, vic duy tr n khng cn kinh t v hiu qu na. Lc ny n s b loi b v chm dt vng i h thng ta phi xy dng h thng mi. Tuy vy, c th mt s m un c ti s dng trong h thng mi. Vic xc nh vng i h thng dn ti vic cn a c yu t loi b h thng vo ngay trong qu trnh pht trin h thng.

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3.4. Cc b phn hp thnh ca H thng thng tin Nu khng k n con ngi, phng tin th HTTT ch gm 2 b phn l: cc d liu & cc x l - Cc d liu: D liu v cu trc: L nhng s kin, qu trnh tin ho, tng trng, cp nht c lu tr tng i n nh. D liu kinh doanh: Nhng thng tin v hot ng giao dch, thng l nhng tp d liu c cu trc (ho n chng t). Thng tin c cu trc bao gm lung thng tin vo v lung thng tin ra: Lung thng tin vo: phn loi cc thng tin cn x l thnh 3 loi: + Thng tin cn cho tra cu: Cc thng tin t b thay i, thng c cp nht 1 ln. + Thng tin lun chuyn chi tit: l loi thng tin hot ng ca n v, khi lng thng tin thng ln, cn phi x l kp thi + Thng tin lun chuyn tng hp: l loi thng tin c tng hp t cc cp thp hn, thng tin ny thng c ng x l theo k hay theo l Lung thng tin ra: + Thng tin u ra c tng hp t thng tin u vo, ph thuc vo nhu cu qun l trong tng trng hp c th, tng n v c th. + Thng tin u ra quan trng nht l cc tng hp, thng k, thng bo. - Cc x l: - L cc chc nng, quy trnh, phng php, th tc x l cho php thu thp, lu tr, tm kim, ch bin thng tin, thc cht l bin i t tp thng tin vo thnh tp thng tin ra - Cc chc nng x l trong h thng c tnh lin hon vi nhau trong m bo s thng nht, an ton trnh s c 4. Cc h thng thng tin t ng ho (tin hc ho) 4.1. Mc t ng ho H thng t ng ho c th theo hnh thc: - T ng ho ton b: H thng c x l hon ton t ng bng my tnh trong con ngi ch ng vai tr ph trong h thng. - T ng ho mt phn (b phn): H thng c chia thnh hai phn cng vic phn x l gia con ngi (thc hin th cng) v phn thc hin trn my tnh (khng tnh nhng cng vic con ngi phc v my tnh. Vic t ng ho mt h thng kinh doanh c th lm vi hai cch: - Phng php "h": S dng my tnh tp trung bao trm ton b h thng

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- Phng php "ging": p dng my tnh cho tng b phn ring r, cho tng phm vi nht nh. Tin hc ho ton b l mc ch cui cng nhng khng phi bao gi cng thc hin c, m nhiu khi ngi ta phi tin hnh tin hc ho b phn trc. 4.2. Cc phng thc x l bng my tnh - X l theo l (batch processing): thng dng trong cc trng hp sau: - X l c tnh cht nh k, (in cc bo co, kt xut, thng k) - Trong trng hp in cc giy t c s lng ln - X l trc tuyn (on-line processing): Cc giao dch pht sinh, cc thng tin n c cp nht v cn t ng x l ngay. Th d: Bn v my bay, v tu, cung cp thng tin trn INTERNET... +u im ca x l trc tuyn: - Gim c cng vic giy t, cc khu trung gian - Kim tra c s ng n ca d liu ngay sau khi nhp - Cho tr li nhanh chng +Nhc im: - Xy dng h thng tn cng sc, thi gian, chi ph t hn c v phn cng v phn mm - X l khng kp khi khi lng thng tin vo ra ln - D b nhm ln. - Kh phc hi d liu (v d liu lun trn dng d liu) Thng thng mt h thng c c hai ch x l trn v c s iu khin chuyn i gia hai phng thc thc hin ph hp vi yu cu tr li thng tin. 5. Cc giai on phn tch v thit k H thng thng tin 5.1. Gii thiu Phn tch v thit k mt h thng l vn nhn thc mt h thng. phn tch, thit k ta phi dng cc phng php m t. C nhiu phng php nhng Vit Nam s dng ch yu hai phng php: - SADT (Structure Analysis and Design Technology) - MERI (ca Php) 5.2. Cc giai on phn tch thit k h thng thng tin theo phng php SADT (k thut phn tch v thit k c cu trc)

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How?

M t h thng thc lm vic nh th no?

Xc nh h thng mi thc hin nh th no?

Mc vt l Mc khi nim hiu h thng lm g? Xc nh h thng mi lm g? Cn ci tin g?

What?

- Giai on 1 xc nh vn c bn v tnh kh thi ca d n: Cn tr li cc cu hi nh: C nn thc hin khng?; Mc chi ph bao nhiu?; Quy m n u?...Cn a ra cc lp lun lm xut hin mc tiu ca n cui cng nu chp nhn d n th phi vch k hoch cho giai on 2. - Giai on 2 phn tch h thng: Giai on ny ta m t h thng mc khi nim phn tch su sc hn cc chc nng, d liu ca h thng c (tr li cc cu hi l g?; lm g?) sau a ra m t khi nim cho h thng mi.. Khi phn tch dng cc biu (chc nng nghip v, lung d liu, m hnh d liu) - Giai on 3 thit k i th: Trn c s m hnh khi nim G 2 ta m t h thng mc vt l, tr li cc cu hi lm th no? Xc nh cc h thng con, vai tr ca my tnh... - Giai on 4 thit k chi tit bao gm: -Thit k c s d liu -Thit k cc th tc, cc m un x l -Thit k cc chc nng chng trnh -Thit k cc mu th KHO ST -Thit k giao din -Thit k cc kim sot - Giai on 5 ci t chng trnh - Giai on 6 khai thc v bo tr
BO TR V PHT TRIN PHN TCH

Ch : Vic phn chia giai on trn ch c tnh cht tng i. nh gi tng quan gia cc phn cng vic c th c nhiu tiu chun khc nhau tu theo trnh tin hc tng quc THIT K CI T gia. VD: cc nc phng Ty phn cng vic t giai on 1 - 4 c nh gi t 50-60%, phn lp trnh ci t t 20-30%, cn li l phn bo tr.
XY DNG

13 Hnh 6 S th hin cc giai on trin khai xy dng mt d n

Cu hi chng 1 1/ Ti sao khi xy dng cc HTTT cn phi c phn tch thit k h thng? 2/ Mc ch ca phn tch thit k h thng? 3/ Nhim v ca HTTT 4/ Vai tr ca HTTT trong h thng kinh doanh? 5/ Cc giai on ca qu trnh PTTK h thng? 6/ Nhng lnh vc no x l theo l, trc tuyn?

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Chng II Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n


Tin trnh trin khai mt d n y l giai on u tin ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k h thng, n quyt nh d n c tn ti hay khng. Cc bc tin hnh tng qut nh sau:

Kho st hin trng v thu thp thng tin


(Kho st 4 mc: Tha hnh, qun l, lnh o, chuyn gia)

Pht hin yu km v yu cu t ra cho tng lai

Xc nh mc tiu d n (cc b, ton b)

nh gi kh nng thc hin


(con ngi, ti chnh, thit b, thi gian, khng gian, mi trng)

Cn nhc tnh kh thi v la chn gii php

Lp d tr v trin khai d n

Cho php gii p mt s cu hi c bn sau: + Mi trng, hon cnh, cc rng buc v hn ch i vi h thng nh th no? + Chc nng v nhim v v mc tiu cn t c ca h thng l g, tc l ngi dng mun g h thng ? + C th hnh dung s b mt gii php c th p ng c cc yu cu t ra nh th no?

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1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic kho st Mc ch: Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n l giai on u ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k h thng. Mc ch ca giai on ny l tm c s m t h thng bng vn bn, xut ra phng n thc hin, cui cng l k c mt hp ng v hnh thnh 1 d n mang tnh kh thi (giai on kho st cn c th coi nh "Nghin cu tnh kh thi" hoc "Nghin cu hin trng") Vic kho st thng c tin hnh qua 2 giai on: - Kho st s b nhm xc nh tnh kh thi ca d n. - Kho st chi tit nhm xc nh chnh xc nhng g s thc hin v khng nh nhng li ch km theo Cc yu ca vic kho st: - Kho st, tm hiu, nh gi s hot ng ca h thng c - xut cc yu cu, cc mc tiu v cc u tin gii quyt cho h thng mi. - Phc ho gii php mi v cn nhc tnh kh thi ca d n - Lp k hoch cho d n cng vi cc d tr tng qut. 2. Kho st v nh gi hin trng 2.1. Ni dung kho st v nh gi hin trng - Tm hiu mi trng XH, kinh t, k thut ca h thng, nghin cu c cu t chc ca c quan - Nghin cu chc trch, nhim v, cc trung tm ra quyt nh v iu hnh, s phn cp cc quyn hn - Thu thp, nghin cu cc h s, s sch, cc tp cng vi cc phng thc x l thng tin trong - Thu thp v nghin cu cc qui tc qun l, cc qui nh, cc cng thc lm cn c cho qu trnh x l thng tin - Thu thp cc chng t giao dch v m t cc chu trnh lu chuyn v x l thng tin v ti liu giao dch - Thng k cc phng tin v ti nguyn v c th s dng - Thu thp cc i hi v thng tin, cc kin, d on, nguyn vng trong tng lai nh gi ph phn hin trng, ra hng gii quyt - Lp s tng th v hin trng 2.2. Cc mc kho st Vic tin hnh kho st c tin hnh trn 4 mc i tng

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- Thao tc tha hnh: l kho st nhng ngi trc tip vi nhng thao tc ca h thng. H c k nng, nghip v cao, nhn bit c nhng kh khn, phc tp v nhiu vn chuyn su trong cng vic. - iu phi qun l: y l nhng ngi qun l trc tip v mt mng cng vic no , chng hn qun c phn xng, h hiu c tnh hnh c quan thi im hin ti nhng khng c kh nng nhn nhn c cc vn xy ra trong tng lai - Quyt nh ca lnh o: y l nhng ngi ra quyt nh nn h c yu cu v cc thng tin tr gip - Mc chuyn gia c vn: y l nhng ngi nhn thc c s pht trin v vn ng ca h thng trong nhng mi trng 2.3. Cc hnh thc tin hnh kho st C nhiu hnh thc kho st, chng c s dng kt hp nng cao hiu qu, tnh xc thc, tnh khch quan, tnh ton din ca vic kho st. (1)- Quan st, theo di, ghi chp (gm quan st chnh thc v khng chnh thc): - Chnh thc: C chun b, c thng bo trc cho i tc chun b thng tin tr li theo yu cu ca ngi kho st. - Khng chnh thc: Khng thng bo trc cho i tc chun b thc hin bt k lc no, u...Vi quan st khng chnh thc thng cho kt lun chnh xc hn, tuy vy cch ny rt mt thi gian, thng lm vic vi nhng ngi lm vic lu din t cho mnh. (2)- Phng vn: a ra nhiu loi cu hi, cu hi trc tip, cu hi ng (lit k tt c cc phng n tr li theo kiu trc nghim), cu hi m c tnh cht gi . (3)- Nghin cu ti liu, cc ti liu gm: - Cc bo co nghip v - Qui ch v chc nng, nhim v - Quy nh, ni qui - Cc s sch thng tin chi tit giao dch hng ngy... (4)- Dng bng hi, phiu iu tra: Gi phiu iu tra cho i tc thu thp tr li x l gin tip khng c s trao i tranh lun. Phng php ny thng nhanh, r tin nhng tin cy thp. 2.4. Phn loi v h thng ho thng tin thu thp c -Thng tin hin ti phn nh chung v mi trng, hon cnh, cc thng s c li ch cho vic tm hiu, nghin cu h thng trong qu kh v hin ti. - Thng tin cho tng lai phi c kho st t m v cht ch. Nhng thng tin ny bao gm nhng thng tin c pht biu ra chng hn nhng li ca thn, phn nn, mong mun, c loi thng tin c thc nhng khng c pht biu ra, trng hp ny phi gi ly c li pht biu chnh thc, c nhng thng tin v thc, y l nhng pht biu khng r rng, mp m, cn phi d on nhn c nhng thng tin .
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- Thng tin tnh (c th cc thng tin s ng, cu trc ho): Nh h s cc phng ban, c nhn (h tn, chc v, nm sinh). - Thng tin ng: Hnh trnh ca thng tin trong h thng. ng v thi gian l thi im thay i, x l, kim tra thng tin. ng v khng gian l con ng di chuyn thng tin trong h thng. - Thng tin bin i: Cc qui tc qun l, quy nh ca Nh nc, ca c quan lm nn cho vic tnh ton, x l, kt xut thng tin. - Thng tin mi trng v thng tin ni b. Thng tin mi trng phn bit c u l phn t trong h thng, u l phn t ngoi h thng. D thng tin v mi trng khng lin quan n h thng nhng c nh hng ln n h thng ta khng th b qua khng xem xt k - Xem xt s b cc thng tin nhn c trn 4 kha cnh sau: - S lng - Tn sut s dng - chnh xc - Thi gian sng 2.5. Pht hin nhng yu km ca hin trng v nhng yu cu trong tng lai + Yu km - Hthng thiu ci g, (chc nng, phng tin, nhn lc) - Km hiu qu, hiu sut cng vic thp - Phng php x l khng cht ch, di chuyn thng tin vng vo - C cu t chc bt hp l - Giy t, ti liu trnh by km gy n tc lm cho h thng qu ti, gy tn ph v vt t, thit b, con ngi + Yu cu ny sinh - Khc phc nhng yu km trn - Nhng yu cu v thng tin cha c p ng - Nhng nguyn vng ca nhn vin - Cc d kin v cc k hoch pht trin v quy m ca n v 3. Xc nh phm vi, kh nng v mc tiu ca d n 3.1. Xc nh phm vi (khoanh vng d n)

- Ch r h thng mi tin hnh trong phm vi no?


+ Trong ton b c quan (phng php h) + Trong tng b phn (phng php ging). Nn kho st tng th trc khi khoanh vng ni thc hin tin hc ho. - nh gi tng phng php: + u im ca phng php h l nht qun trong x l, c s d liu tp trung nn trnh c d tha d liu, tuy nhin tc x l s chm, ci t phc tp
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+ Vi phng php ging th d thc hin nhng kh pht trin h thng con thnh h thng tng th. Ch : Mt HTTT thng kh phc tp m khng th thc hin trong mt thi gian nht nh bi vy cn hn ch mt s rng buc h thng mang tnh kh thi nht nh. Ti thi im ny cn xc nh cc mc tiu cho d n, chnh cc mc tiu ny l thc o kim chng v nghim thu d n sau ny. 3.2. Kh nng v hn ch thc hin d n Xt trn 5 mt sau: - V mt ti chnh: Kinh ph cho php trin khai. - V con ngi: Kh nng qun l, nm bt k thut mi, kh nng v o to, tip nhn cng ngh mi - V trang thit b k thut cho php - V mt thi gian: Cc rng buc ca cc h thng v thi gian hon thnh. - V mi trng: Cc yu t nh hng v mi trng, x hi. 3.3. Mc tiu ca vic tin hc ho - Khc phc yu km h thng c - p ng c yu cu trong tng lai - Mang li li ch kinh t - Tho mn c hn ch v chi ph v con ngi - Th hin c chin lc pht trin lu di 3.4. Xc nh yu t thnh cng ca bi ton - Mc tiu qun l: c ch ra bng cm danh ng t th hin tm tt cc qui trnh qun l c bn - Yu t thnh cng ca bi ton (CSF Critical Successful Factor): c th hin bng mt danh t, y l cc thng tin u ra phi c mt ca h thng. 4. Phc ho gii php, cn nhc tnh kh thi 4.1. Cc mc t ng ho - T chc li cc cng vic th cng - T ng ho vic x l tin nhng khng lm thay i c cu t chc - T ng ho km theo thay i t chc 4.2. Hnh thc s dng my tnh - X l theo m hay trc tuyn (offline or online) - X l tp trung/phn tn 4.3. Phn tch hiu qu v nh gi tnh kh thi -Tnh hiu qu: + Chi ph + Li ch (v kinh t) - Tnh kh thi: + Kh thi v mt k thut
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+ Kh thi v tc v + Kh thi v chi ph Nguyn tc chung l xut 1 s phng n i snh 5. Lp d tr v k hoch trin khai d n 5.1. Hnh thnh hp ng Quyt nh h thng kh thi hay khng v tho thun cc iu khon s b dn n 1 hp ng kinh t v trch nhim ca cc bn tham gia. 2. Lp d tr thit b - S b v d n + Khi lng d liu cn lu tr + Cc dng lm vic: Trc tuyn, t xa, theo m,... + S lng ngi dng + Khi lng thng tin cn thu thp, xut ra - Thit b cn c: My tinh n l hay mng my tnh, cc thit b chuyn dng v cc phn mm ang dng... - iu kin mua bn v lp t: iu kin v mt ti chnh, iu kin giao hng, k hoch tp hun, k hoch lp t, o to ngi dng... 3. Lp k hoch trin khai d n - Lp h s k hoch gm: Danh sch thnh vin nhm lm vic gm c hai bn; cc kt qu kho st s b; cc ph phn hin trng v yu cu pht trin trong tng lai; cc gii php v la chn; k hoch trin khai d n. - Thng qua trao i tho lun hon tt cc h s trn. Sau khi quyt nh phn cng nhim v cho tng nhm hay tng c nhn thc hin cc giai on tip theo.

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Chng 3: Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc


Ni dung: + Phn loi h thng tin hc / Cch tip cn trong vic tin hc ho + Phng php phn tch thit k h thng + Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng + T chc xy dng h thng Gii thiu s lc mt s phng php phn tch thit k Phn tch thit k HTTT l phng php lun xy dng v pht trin HTTT bao gm cc l thuyt, m hnh, phng php v cc cng c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch v thit k h thng. C nhiu phng php khc nhau. Phng php SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique) K thut phn tch v thit k cu trc Phng php ny xut pht t M, tng c bn ca n: Phn r mt h thng ln thnh cc phn h nh v n gin. - c xy dng da trn 7 nguyn l sau: 1. S dng 1 m hnh 2. Phn tch i xung (top down) 3. Dng mt m hnh chc nng v mt m hnh quan nim (gi l m hnh thit k) 4. Th hin tnh i ngu ca h thng 5. S dng cc biu din di dng ho 6. Phi hp hot ng ca nhm 7. u tin tuyt i cho s vit - SADT s dng cc k thut: + Dng d liu hay cn gi l biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams) + T in d liu (Data Dictionary) + Ting anh c cu trc (Structured English) + Bng quyt nh + Cy quyt nh

Phng php MERISE (Methode pour Rassembler les Idees Sans Effort)
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Phng php MERISE l phng php phn tch c ngun gc t Php, ra i vo cui thp nin 70. - tng c bn xut pht t 3 mt c bn sau: + Mt th nht: Quan tm n chu k sng ca h thng thng tin tri qua nhiu giai on Thai ngn- Quan nim / nim Qun tr Cht, c th ko di t 10 15 nm vi cc t chc ln. + Mt th hai: cp ti chu k c t hay chu k tru tng. Qui trnh x l c m t trn bnh din quan nim, k tip l trn bnh din t chc v cui cng l trn bnh din tc nghip. + Mt th ba: Lin quan n chu k ca cc quyt nh - c trng c bn ca phng php MERISE + Nhn ton cc + Tch ri cc d liu v x l + Tip vn theo mc - u im: c c s khoa hc vng chc - Nhc im: Cng knh Phng php MCX (Methode de xavier castellani) Phng php phn tch MCX c ngun gc t Php - Mt s nt c bn v phng php phn tch MCX: + Cho php xy dng c m hnh tng qut, chnh xc, biu din HTTT hc cc phn h thng tin. + Cho php phn tch, nm c d liu, qu trnh x l v truyn thng cc HTTT + Cho php biu din cc x l vi cc lu v cc chng trnh, son tho bi 1 ngn ng gii thut dng cc mc khc nhau. + Cho php lng ho cc x l. - Cc giai on c bn ca qu trnh phn tch: + Phn tch macro + Phn tch s b + Phn tch quan nim

Phng php GALACSI (Groupe d Animation et de Liaison pour i Analyse et la


Conception de systeme d Information)

22

Phng php GLACSI c ngun gc t Php. Ra i thng 4/1982. Ni dung c bn trnh by mt tp hp c cng c v nguyn liu tin hnh cc giai on c bn sau y ca qu trnh phn tch: - Nghin cu cc h thng t chc v cc h thng thng tin tng ng: nghin cu hin trng, nghin cu kh thi - Phn tch chc nng: m hnh d liu, m hnh x l - Phn tch cu trc: t chc d liu, t chc x l, mi trng tip nhn, giao din ngi my. - Lp trnh Nhc im ca phng php ny l cha th nghim nhiu trong thc t. 1. Cch tip cn tin hc ho: 2 cch - Tin hc ho b phn - Tin hc ho ton phn Cu hi: + Nh th no iu kin tin hc ho ton phn ? + Hay iu kin tin hc ho c + xut tin hc ho b phn hay ton phn? + Bt u t u trc? iu kin tin hc ho c: + Khi lng thng tin nhiu (v d: x l kho) + Qu trnh hot ng n nh (v d: vic thu/chi) Tin hc ho ton phn: + Khi khi lng thng tin ln + Mi vic trao i thng tin c lm trong ton phn Phn loi h thng tin hc: + H thng mc b phn: qun l k ton + H thng mc x nghip : gii php ERP qun tr doanh nghip + H thng mc ton ngnh Cu hi: + Tin hc ho b phn Tin hc ho ton phn: l khng tt V: khng nhn thy c mt cch tng th, chp v + Gii php tng th: a ra c nn chung nguy c khng lng trc c vic dng chung s liu nn d dn n sai + Ton ngnh: ti chnh phn ra 3 cp Cp 1: cp TW: a ra chnh sch, b phn iu hnh Cp 2: a ra vn bn hng dn ca cp 1: trung gian gia 1 v 3 Cp 3: cp di + M hnh tin hc: l m hnh 2 cp:Cp di chuyn ln cp trn
23

2. Phn tch thit k h thng c phng php

Cu hi: Th no l C phng php: (bn cht l phi tri qua cc bc theo phn tch TK HT c 1 phng php lun no ) Thc hin cc bc theo phng chm lm k 1 bc trc phng php? khi chuyn sang bc tip theo Cu hi: Ti sao lm Lm vic c phng php: vic c phng php - Trnh sai st (gim thiu mc sai st) - D t chc qun l thc hin (Khng quan trng nm) li c hiu qu hn ? - Hiu qu cao hn: (yu t ny quan trng nht) Cht lng tt hn khng chp v Nhanh hn v tin - D bo tr

3. Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc - Cu hi: V sao chn phng php lun PTTK c cu trc? Phng php lun PTTK c cu trc c c th g? - Phn tch h thng c cu trc l cch tip cn hin i ti cc giai on phn tch v thit k ca chu trnh pht trin h thng, c chp thun khc phc cc nhc im ca nhiu cch tip cn truyn thng. N s dng phng php lun bao gm: + B cng c, k thut, m hnh ghi nhn v phn tch h thng hin ti v cc yu cu mi t xc nh khun dng mi theo d kin. + Mt khun kh chung ch ra mi giai on s dng nhng cng c no v lin quan vi nhau ra sao Cc c th ca phng php lun c cu trc: (1) Phn tch h thng t 3 phng din: Chc nng, d liu, lung d liu (y va l u im, va l nhc im) u im: + So vi cc phng php trc y n quan st c c chc nng v phn tch d liu + n gin ho c bi ton Nhc im: Khng xem xt c mi quan h gia d liu v chc nng Khc phc: + Sinh ra m hnh lung d liu g ri cho nhc im ny + Sinh ra phng php lun hng i tng: quan st c hnh ng c d liu thng tin m i tng c (2) Cch tip cn TopDown: Xem xt s vt bt u t tng th chi tit ho dn dn tng bc

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Lm g? M hnh chc nng

Mc tiu qun l

Dng Dliu g? M hnh d liu Ph n tc h

M hnh lung d liu

Thit k

Thit k

Thit k

Thi t k

(3) S dng 3 cng c kinh in trong phn tch thit k - BPC s phn r chc nng - BLD s dng d liu - ERD s quan h thc th C th l xy dng cc s : - S chc nng nghip v (BPC): Ch ra cc chc nng ca h thng cn thc hin - S lung d liu (BLD): Ch ra cc chc nng cng vi thng tin cn thit thc hin cc nhim v -S cu trc d liu (ERD): Ch ra cc thc th v mi quan h gia cc thc th trong c s d liu. 4. Cc phin bn khc nhau ca phng php lun phn tch c cu trc Chung: + BPC s phn r chc nng + ERD s quan h thc th Khc nhau: + Cc bc thc hin (hay s lng bc) + Cc cng c x dng th hin lung d liu 5. T chc xy dng h thng thng tin Phi c ban qun tr d n Trong cc nng lc sau chn ci no: + Nhng hiu bit v tin hc + C kh nng nghip v + Nng lc qun l
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Cu hi: Ngi qun l d n Tin hc phi c nng lc th no?

Qun tr d n cn quan tm + C kh nng nghip v + Nng lc qun l Nng lc qun l: + Xc nh mc ch nhanh + Bit iu phi, ch ra k hoch .. Lp k hoch: .. Kim sot .. Qun l ti chnh Qun tr d n: chia lm 2 khi Pha lp trnh Qun tr d n + Phn tch, thit k + Lp trnh vin K s trng Lp trnh vin + TestCase

+ Bit vic + Nng lc ca tng c nhn + Chi ph

Pha ngi dng Qun tr d n: 3 yu t + Ngi hiu c c li qui trnh nhim v, i din cho quyn li b phn iu hnh + i din cho b phn thc hin + nh hng

Vit Nam: a s khng c b phn lm cng vic kim chng chuyn nghip Cu hi: Trong trng hp khng c b phn Test th dng n v no lm? - Nn nh ngi s dng - Hay dng ngi phn tch - Khng cho ngi lp trnh vin lm v ngi ta ch nhn nhn h thng v mt k thut ch khng nm c nghip v K s trng lm g? - Nm v cng c tham gia vi thit k lm cng c lp ghp cc modul khc nhau vo h thng

Chng 4: Phn tch h thng v x l


26

1. Mc ch, yu cu ca giai on phn tch 1.1. Mc ch - Nhn din v phn nh cc thnh phn v mi quan h trong h thng - u vo ca giai on ny l h s kt qu ca kho st h thng - u ra bao gm: + Biu chc nng nghip v (BPC - Bussiness Function Diagram) + Biu dng d liu (BLD - Data Flow Diagram) + Biu cu trc d liu (ERD Entity Relational Diagram) 1.2. Cch tin hnh - Xut pht t h thng c v cc nhu cu pht trin xy dng h thng mi - Chuyn t m t vt l sang m t logic hay ni cch khc l chuyn t mc vt l sang mc khi nim. - S dng k thut phn tch t trn xung (Top-down) hay i t tng th n chi tit. Phn tch h thng thnh 2 giai on con l phn tch h thng v x l v phn tch h thng v d liu. - C th tm tt giai on phn tch h thng v x l thng qua lc "How-What"

How?

M t h thng lm vic nh th no?

M t h thng mi lm vic nh th no?

What?

M t h thng lm vic g?

M t h thng mi lm vic g?

M t h thng lm vic g ch ra nhc im ca h thng c M t h thng mi lm vic nh th no ch ra u im ca h thng mi. 2. Biu phn cp chc nng (BPC - Bussiness Function Diagram) 2.1. Khi nim BPC l vic phn r c th bc n gin cc chc nng ca h thng trong min kho cu thnh cc chc nng nh hn, cui cng thu c mt cy chc nng. 2.2. Cc thnh phn ca BPC - K hiu chc nng l mt hnh ch nht bn trong l tn chc nng - Lin kt cc chc nng l ng thng
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Qun l kho

-Tn chc nng l ng t - b ng v ng t nn dng thc mnh lnh V d: Qun l XN

Qun l nhn s

Qun l ti chnh

Qun l vt t

Qun l h s

Qun l lao ng

2.3. c im ca biu phn cp chc nng - Cung cp cch nhn tng qut v chc nng ca h thng, phm vi cn phn tch - BPC trnh by cc chc nng ca h thng dng tnh, tc l khng th hin c mi quan h v chuyn giao thng tin gia cc chc nng, khng th hin trnh t thc hin x l thng tin. - Biu phn r chc nng thng c s dng b tr cho vic xy dng biu lung d liu. - Cht lng ca tn t cho cc chc nng l quan trng cho thnh cng ca h thng. Mi chc nng cn c mt tn duy nht, tn nn biu th tht st, y ngha ca cc chc nng con ca chc nng c t tn. Tn ca chc nng cn phi phn nh c cc chc nng ca th gii thc ch khng ch cho h thng thng tin. - Biu ny rt gn vi s t chc, tuy nhin khng c lm ln gia 2 s . V d: S c cu t chc ca x nghip: Ban gim c

Phng t chc

Phng KH, ti v

Phng vt t

Biu phn cp chc nng

Qun l x nghip

Qun l nhn s

Qun l ti chnh
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Qun l vt t

2.4. Cch xy dng BPC BPC th hin cc u vic m h thng cn thc hin t c mc tiu qun l (qun l ci g?), vic xy dng da trn c s ca bc kho st, v vy kho st cng k lng th vic xc nh m hnh chc nng cc y chnh xc. Mc tiu qun l Lm g? M hnh chc nng Thng tin c trn BPC: - Th hin y cc chc nng m h thng thc hin - Mt chc nng ln c th c phn thnh cc chc nng nh hn - Vic phn r c tin hnh theo tiu ch: + Theo bn cht x l (chc nng) + Theo b phn thc hin + Theo d liu phi x l Xy dng biu chc nng theo cc bc sau: - Xem c h thng l 1 chc nng duy nht, cn gi l mc 0 - Phn r khi chc nng mc trn thnh cc chc nng nh hn mc di, ln lt nh s l mc 1, mc 2, ...
H thng
Mc 0

Mc 1

Mc 2

- Trong mc cao nht mt chc nng chnh s l mt trong nhng loi sau: - Qun l tin trnh sn xut. - Qun l cung cp dch v - Qun l ti nguyn, tin vn - Qun l con ngi ... T chc nng chnh ny chng ta phn r thnh cc chc nng con hnh thnh nn mt biu hnh cy m gc trn.
29

- Thng thng i vi h thng ln cng khng nn c nhiu hn 6 mc (v kh theo di) v i vi h thng nh v trung bnh khng nn qu 3 mc. - Mt chc nng khng nn qu 7 chc nng con (kh theo di m hnh) - S nn tng i "cn bng" theo ngha mc ca cc chc nng con thp nht nn c xc nh tng ng nh nhau. - Phn tch chc nng a ra nhng chi tit quan trng m nhng chi tit s c dng nhiu nhng giai on sau ca phn tch. 3. Biu lung d liu (BLD - Data Flow Diagram) 3.1. Gii thiu v BLD Khi nim - BLD din t tp hp cc chc nng ca h thng v mi quan h chuyn giao thng tin gia cc chc nng hay ni khc i n cung cp bc tranh ng v h thng. - BLD c s dng l cng c c bn trong tt c cc giai on phn tch, thit k, trao i v lu tr d liu. Mc ch - Xc nh yu cu ca ngi s dng (NSD) - Lp k hoch v minh ho cc phng n cho nh phn tch v NSD xem xt - L cng c trao i gia nh phn tch v NSD do tnh tng minh ca BLD - Lm ti liu c t yu cu hnh thc v c t thit k h thng. Vic din t biu c chia thnh 2 mc: - Biu lung d liu mc vt l: + Trong biu mc vt l m t tt c cc chc nng x l, cc phng tin x l, cc gi mang thng tin (phng tin mang, vt mang) cng vi cc mi lin quan khng gian v thi gian. + Biu ny m t h thng lm vic nh th no (tr li cu hi "How?"), do vy n dng trong kho st h thng hin ti v thit k h thng mi - Biu lung d liu mc logic (mc khi nim, hay cn gi l mc quan nim) + Biu ny b qua yu t vt l, ch tp trung vo m t h thng lm g hay ni cch khc n tr li cu hi "What?" (m t h thng lm g?) + Biu ny ch quan tm n cc chc nng no cn x l trong h thng v nhng thng tin lin quan n chc nng . 3.2 Biu lung d liu mc vt l (Hay cc lu h thng) K hiu chung

<Tn thng tin>


30

Ho n xut

K hiu ring: Din t chi tit cc thng tin c lin quan n cc thit b

Trang in Danh sch di

Trng t

Ba c l

Bng t

Bng giy

a t Cc k hiu x l - K hiu chung - X l th cng Tn chc nng

Mn hnh

Sa h s

- X l nhp liu

Nhp tp

Phn r

Chn tp

Xp xp

K hiu ng truyn
31

Chuyn giao thng tin ng truyn xa V d 1: M t bi ton v ng k mua hng v thanh ton c trnh by nh sau:
Phiu ng k mua hng

Nhn n

T chi

Tp khch c chp nhn

n hng

Tp hng

Ho n

Phiu thanh ton

Ghi nhn n hng

Tp khch ghi nhn n

Lp ho n

Tp khch ghi ho n

Ghi nhn thanh ton

n khng gii quyt c

hng, b phn ny duyt phiu ng k nu khng gii quyt th tr li cho khch hng, ngc li th lu tr li phiu ng k. B phn ghi nhn n hng cn c vo n mua hng ca khch cng vi cc phiu ng k c duyt lc ra nhng n hng khng th p ng c v nhng n hng c th p ng c. Cc n ny chuyn cho b phn lp ho n. B phn lp ho n tra cu thng tin v hng cng vi n hng chp nhn vit thnh ho n. Mt lin tr li cho khch v 1 lin gi li. B phn thanh ton cn c vo t ho n trn thanh ton cho khch hng. Khi thanh ton phi lm thnh 2 lin, 1 lin tr li cho khch, 1 lin lu tr li. (s ny cn c mt cch gi khc l s lun chuyn thng tin trong h thng.)

Phiu ghi nhn thanh Tp khch Khch hng mun mua hng phi gi 1 phiu ng thanh tonb phn ton nhn khch k cho ghi

32

V d 2: Qui trnh x l bi ton qun l kho Nh cung cp


Hn g

B phn kho
Nhp hng

K ton kho
PNhp

n v nhn

Lnh o

Kho Hn g Xut hng Phiu xut

Tng hp tn

Bo co th kho th kho

Lu : - Xc nh xem cc b phn tham gia x l nm ct no - V vo s nhn thng tin hay sinh ra u ra - Gia 2 hnh bnh hnh khng c mi tn (Cc thc th) - Gia 2 hnh ch nht c th c mi tn - C nhng thng tin g s ny Cc chc nng m h thng phi thc hin: l hnh chc nht Thng tin d liu: Hnh bnh hnh Lung d liu n v tham gia qun l: B phn kho, K ton kho, Lnh o 3.3 Biu lung d liu (BLD- Data Flow Diagram) 3.3.1. Cc thnh phn ca biu + Chc nng x l (Process) + Lung thng tin (Data Flows) + Kho d liu (Data Store) + Tc nhn ngoi (External Entity) + Tc nhn trong (Internal Entity) Cc chc nng x l (Process) - Khi nim: Chc nng l mt qu trnh bin i thng tin -K hiu chc nng
33 Tng hp tn <Tn chc

nng>

<Tn chc nng>

- Tn chc nng: C dng ng t + b ng nu cn, cho php hiu mt cch vn tt chc nng lm g. Trong thc t tn cc chc nng phi trng vi tn t cho cc chc nng trong s chc nng nghip v. V d: Ghi ho n, nhp h s, . . . Lung d liu (Dng d liu Data Flow) - Khi nim: y l lung thng tin vo hoc ra ca 1 chc nng x l. - K hiu lung thng tin: L mt ng k c mi tn, trn c vit tn ca lung d liu

<Tn lung>

<Ho n kim tra>

Tn lung d liu phi l mt danh t, km thm tnh t nu cn, cho php hiu vn tt ni dung ca d liu c chuyn giao V d: Ho n kim tra, n hng duyt, H s sinh vin.... Lung d liu thng gn vi 1 chc nng no Tr 1 s trng hp c th, ni chung mi lung thng tin u phi c tn. Tn ny khng nht thit phi l duy nht, theo ngha cng thng tin c th i vo mt s tin trnh, nhng m bo rng cc dng thng tin khc nhau c mang cc tn khc nhau. Nhng thng tin no c thay i th nn c mang tn sa i biu th r iu . V d:
H s H s duyt

Duyt h s

Ch : Cc dng d liu v tn c gn cho chng phi ch ra c thng tin "logic" tng ng ch khng phi l ti liu vt l. Kho d liu (Data Store) - Khi nim: Mt kho d liu l mt d liu (n hay c cu trc) c lu li c th c truy nhp nhiu ln v sau. - K hiu: <Tn kho>

- Tn kho c dng Danh t + tnh t nu cn v cho php hiu mt cch vn tt ni dung ca d liu c lu d. V d: H s cn b, ho n nhp, im mn hc, Danh sch gi.... - Lin quan gia kho v chc nng c cc tnh hung nh sau:
34

+ Ct hay ghi d liu vo kho <Tn CN>


Hiu chnh gi c Nhp h s

<Tn kho> + c d liu t kho <Tn kho>

Danh sch gi

H s cn b

Danh sch gi

H s cn b

<Tn CN> + Cp nht d liu trong kho

Ln gi n hng

Tm kim

<Tn CN>

Trong cc trng hp ny tn lung d liu khng phi c hiu l tn kho


Hiu chnh h s B tr kho cho n hng

<Tn kho>

ghi v

H s cn b

Tp kho

Tc nhn ngoi (External Entity) L 1 ngi, 1 nhm ngi, 1 t chc hay 1 i tng (thc th) bn ngoi h thng, nhng c trao i thng tin vi h thng. S c mt ca cc nhn t trn s ch ra gii hn h thng v nh r mi quan h ca h thng vi th gii bn ngoi. iu quan trng cn hiu l "ngoi lnh vc nghin cu" khng nht thit l bn ngoi t chc. VD: vic nghin cu h thng x l n hng ang c xem xt th b phn k ton, b phn mua hng v cc b phn kho tng c th u l nhn t bn ngoi. Nhn t bn ngoi l phn sng cn ca h thng, chng l ngun gc cung cp thng tin cho h thng v l ni nhn cc sn phm ca h thng. - K hiu tc nhn ngoi l mt hnh ch nht
35

<Tn tc nhn ngoi>

- Tn tc nhn ngoi l Danh t VD: Khch hng, Nh cung cp, sinh vin, Gio vin, Phng o to... Tc nhn trong (Internal Entity) - y l 1 chc nng hay l 1 h thng con ca h thng ang kho st c m t trang khc ca biu . - K hiu: Hnh ch nht thiu 1 cnh, c ghi tn l ng t km b ng <Tn chc nng> VD: cung ng vt t Mua hng Chc nng x l th cng <Tn chc nng> Mt s ch trong biu lung d liu: Trong biu khng c 2 tc nhn ngoi trao i vi nhau Khng c trao i trc tip gia 2 kho d liu m khng thng qua chc nng x l Bn hng hoc T/D DM vt t

Kho c tn, nn lung d liu vo kho khng cn tn, ch khi vic cp nht, hoc trch t kho ch mt phn thngtin kho, ngi ta mi dng tn cho lung d liu V l do trnh by nn tc nhn ngoi, tc nhn trong v kho d liu s dng nhiu ln c th c v li nhiu ni trong cng biu d c, d hiu hn i vi kho d liu phi c t nht 1 lung vo v t nht mt lung ra. Nu kho ch c 1 lung vo v khng c lung ra l kho V tch s, ch c lung ra v khng c lung vo l kho Rng Tc nhn ngoi khng trao i vi kho d liu m phi thng qua chc nng x l Trong biu lung d liu c khi no khng c tc nhn ngoi khng ? Ti sao?: Tc nhn ngoi l phn sng cn ca h thng, chng l ngun cung cp thng tin cho h thng cng nh chng nhn sn phm thng tin t h thng 3.3.2. Phng php xy dng biu dng d liu (BLD)

36

- BLD cng c chia thnh cc mc tng ng vi cc mc trong biu phn cp chc


nng (BPC) C 3 mc c bn c cp n: + Mc 0: B lung d liu mc khung cnh (Context Data Plow Diagram) + Mc 1: Biu lung d liu mc nh (Top level Data Plow Diagram) + Mc 2: B lung d liu mc di nh( Levelling Data Plow Diagram)

Biu lung d liu mc khung cnh (Context Data Plow Diagram): y l m hnh h thng mc tng qut nht, ta xem c h thng nh 1 chc nng. Ti mc ny h thng ch duy nht c mt chc nng. Cc tc nhn ngoi v ng thi cc lung d liu vo ra t tc nhn ngoi n h thng c xc nh S ng cnh bao gm 1 vng trn trung tm biu th ton b h thng ang nghin cu l mt chc nng c ni vi mi tc nhn ngoi h thng. Cc ng ni th hin thng tin vo - ra h thng. Ta c th xy dng BLD t s ng cnh ny. + S ng cnh (cn gi l BLD mc khung cnh - mc 0 ) Ban gim hiu
Bo co

th H c nhn ng T Lung dl3 x Lung dl1 l Y i m Thng bo Hc sinh Biu lung d liu mc nh (Top level Data Flow Diagram) - BLD mc nh (mc 1): y l s phn r trc tip t biu mc khung cnh v phi p ng 1 s yu cu sau y khi phn r: + Bo ton cc tc nhn ngoi v cc lung thng tin vo/ra ca h thng + Thay th 1 chc nng duy nht ca h thng bi nhiu chc nng con + B sung thm cc lung d liu ni b v cc kho d liu cn thit

- Qui ch o to - Yu cu H qun l Thng tin

Lung dl2

X C B K X D
37

Biu lung d liu mc di nh ( Levelling Data Plow Diagram)

- Cc chc nng c nh ngha ring tng biu hoc ghp li thnh 1 biu trong trng hp biu n gin - Cc thnh phn ca biu tun th nguyn tc: + V chc nng: phn r CN cp trn thnh CN cp di thp hn + Lung d liu: vo/ra mc trn th lp li mc di, b sung thm cc lung d liu do phn r cc chc nng v thm kho d liu + Kho d liu dn dn xut hin theo nhu cu ni b + Tc nhn ngoi: xut hin y mc khung cnh, mc di khng th thm g. - V d: t mc nh ta c di nh nh ngha nh sau:

B=EF
X

C=IJ
K K

D=HL
J

F
K H L

I K1 Y X

- BLD mc di nh: T mc 2 tr i, c gi l mc di nh. Khi phn r chc nng h thng t BLD mc nh, s nhn c biu mc di nh, theo nguyn tc: + Thay th 1 chc nng mc nh bng 1 BLD mi c mt hoc mt s chc nng, c th xut hin thm cc lung d liu lin h v cc kho d liu mi trong biu + Bo ton cc tc nhn ngoi vi cc lung thng tin vo ra h thng - d theo di qu trnh phn r, tin hnh nh s cc chc nng theo kiu chng/mc 1.1 1 2 1.2 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2

1.2.3 S mc phn r ph thuc vo tng bi ton v tu thuc vo yu cu ca giai on sau. C th qu trnh phn r dng li khi xc nh r c chc nng l chc nng th cng hay chc nng my tnh. V d 1: Hot ng ca qu tn dng

38

Khch hng mun vay tin tn dng, phi lm n vay. n ny c chuyn n b phn cho vay ca qu. B phn ny tin hnh duyt n vay ca khch tr li gii quyt cho vay hoc t chi. Cn c duyt do qu tn dng quy nh: khi 1 n c chp nhn, qu tn dng thc hin cho khch vay, ng thi ghi thng tin vo s n Khi khch hng mang tin n tr, b phn thu n tin hnh xc nh phn loi khch tr ng hn v khng ng hn tnh cc li sut tng ng v cp nht vo s ghi n. Mc tiu qun l: - Theo di vay: Nhn n Duyt vay Tr li n - Theo di thu n: Xc nhn tr ng hn Xc nh k hn tr Xc nhn tr ng hn yu t thnh cng ca bi ton: S n BPC ca h thng nh sau:
Hot ng tn dng

Thu n

Cho vay

Xc nhn tr ng hn

Xc nhn tr KH ng hn

Nhn n

Duyt n n vay

Tr li n

BLD mc khung cnh

Khch vay

Tr li n Hon tr

BLD mc nh
n vay

H thng qu tn dng

Cho vay 1

Ghi n

Khch hng
39 Thu n 2

Danh sch n

Hon tr

BLD mc di nh chc nng 1


n vay

Khch vay

Nhn n 1.1

n nhn

Duyt n 1.2

n tr li

Tr li n 1.3

n duyt

Danh sch n

BLD mc di nh chc nng 2

40

Khch vay
Tr ng hn Cp nht tr ng hn 2.2

Xc nh loi tr 2.1
Tr khng ng hn Cp nht tr khng ng hn 2.3

V d 2: Chng trnh

Xy dng BPC v BLD ca bi ton qun l Nhn s - Tin lng ca mt Cng ty vi cc yu cu sau: - Qun l nhn s: + p ng c yu cu cp nht v lu tr h s nhn vin trong cng ty (trong c c lng c bn v ph cp chc v nu c) + Xem l lch ca bt k nhn vin khi c yu cu + iu chnh l lch nhn vin: iu chnh thng tin v h s l lch, xo.... - Qun l tin lng: tnh lng da vo s chm cng ca cc b phn v cc thng tin v lng c bn, h s ph cp,.... trong h s nhn vin. Chng trnh cn p ng c: + Nhp s chm cng hng thng ca tng nhn vin + Thay i s liu chm cng + Tnh lng theo qui nh cho tng nhn vin + Thng k lng theo tng b phn + Thng k lng ton n v.

Tr tin

Danh sch n

qun l Nhn s - Tin lng

BPC:

qun l nhn s tin lng

qun l nhn s
Thng tin nhn s Yu cu

qun l tin lng

BLD:

nv

Bo co

thm Ban gim c hiu mi chnh Phng T chc nv

tra t.tin nv

chm cng nv

iu chnh c.cng

bo co lng

+ Biu khung cnh


qun l nhn s tin lng 41 Bo co lng Yu cu

Thng tin ngy cng

Phng k ton

B phn chm cng

+ BLD mc nh
Ban gim c Phng T chc Phng k ton B phn chm cng

Qun l Nhn s 1

H s nhn vin

Bng chm cng

+ BLD mc di nh chc nng 1:vin H s nhn


Thng tin NV mi Ban gim c Phng T chc

Qun l Tin lng 2


Yu cu iu chnh

Cp nht h s NV 1.1 Lu thng tin H s nhn vin

iu chnh h s NV 1.2

chc

Thng tin theo yu cu Ban gim c Qui nh mc thng, pht Yu cu Tra cu Phng T chc B phn chm cng tin Ban gim c thng Phng T chc N.vin 1.3 Thng tin Bo co kt qu + BLD mc di nh ngy cng iu

Chm cng 2.1

chnh chm cng 2.2


Bng chm cng

nng 2:

H s nhn vin

Tnh lng & Bo co 2.3

Yu cu tnh lng 42 Kt qu lng

Phng K ton

V d tng hp:

Bi ton cung ng vt t nh my X

Hot ng cung ng vt t nh my X c m t nh sau: Khi 1 phn xng c yu cu v vt t sn xut, th phn xng phi lp bn d tr gi ln b phn t hng ( t hng). B phn ny tip nhn bn d tr ca cc phn xng, tp hp li sau tin hnh thng lng vi cc khch hng ( c hoc cha c giao dch). Sau khi tho lun vi khch hng b phn t hng lp n hng v chuyn cho ngi cung cp. Ngi cung cp mang hng n nh my giao cho b phn nhn hng, b phn ny c chc nng nhn hng ca ngi cung cp ng thi pht hng v cho cc phn xng. Khi nhn hng h phi thc hin ghi nhn vi ngi cung cp s hng nhn thng qua cc phiu giao hng. Do h khng gi cc bn d tr nn h khng th t ng pht hng cho cc phn xng. ng thi h khng nm gi n hng nn cng khng th bit hng nhn c ng nh yu cu t mua hay khng. Do 2 h thng t hng v pht hng hot ng vi nhau nh vy nn nh my phi c 1 b phn i chi th cng thc hin cc cng vic sau: 1. i chiu hng nhn vi n hng pht hin nhng sai lch trao i vi khch hng. 2. Kim tra li s hng nhn do b phn nhn hng bo li so vi ho n m khch hng mang n thanh ton, nu c sai st phi trao i li vi khch hng. Sau khi hon tt th tc i chiu, b phn i chiu s thng bo cho b phn pht hng thng tin v cc phn xng v hng m h d tr. B phn pht hng s tin hnh giao hng cho cc phn xng. ng thi, b phn i chiu gi cho b phn thanh ton xc nhn s tin cn phi tr cho ngi cung cp. B phn thanh ton giao tin cho ngi cung cp v bo li cho bn t hng bit l n hng gii quyt xong. Thc hin bi ton
Qun l vt t

Cc chc nng chnh ca h thng bao gm: - t hng


t hng Pht hng

- Nhn v pht hng - i chiu i chiu - Thanh ton

Thanh ton

Hai tc nhn ngoi l : - Phn xng


Tm BPCLp ngi n cung hng cp In danh sch n hng Ghi Ghi Ngi cung cp (Ngi CC) nhn i Lp In nhn giao danh phiu hng chiu hng n sch pht v hng hng 43 nhn & hng hng nhn Xc nh /c pht hng Ghi nhn tr tin Khp ho n & hng v

BLD mc khung cnh

Thng lng n t hng

NCC

D tr Phn xng

H cung ng vt t

Phiu giao hng Ho n Tin

Ho n sai Phiu pht hng D tr


Phiu pht hng

Hng sai
n hng

NCC
Ngi CC
Phiu giao hng

BLD mc Phn xng di nh


D tr

Khch hng
t hn g DS n hng

Thng lng Tin tr Tr tin

n hng

Xc nhn thanh ton i chi u

Ho n

Danh sch nhn hng

Hng nhn

a ch pht hng 44

Nhn & pht hng

3.4. Chuyn t BLD mc vt l sang mc logic 3.4.1. BLD mc vt l - Trong biu mc vt l cn chc cc yu t vt l bao gm cc phng tin, a im, ngi thc hin chc nng. - Khi cc yu t vt l c mt trong biu s gy cn tr cho vic khi qut ho cc chc nng cu h thng, kh hiu c bn cht ca quy trnh x l. 3.4.2. BLD mc logic L biu BLD trong khng cn cha cc yu t vt l 3.4.3. Cch thc chuyn t BLD mc vt l sang mc logic - Loi b cc ngn t lin quan n phng tin, phng thc hay gi mang thng tin. - Loi b cc chc nng gn lin vi bin php, ch gi li cc chc nng gn vi ni dung (duyt xem, thng lng, in ra giy....) -T chc li biu : C th gom mt s chc nng gn nhau mc di thnh 1 chc nng mc trn. V d: Bi ton cung ng vt t Biu mc di nh ca chc nng 1 (t hng) NCC
n t hng n hng

Lp n hng 1.2
Nh CC chn s hiu H d tr

D tr n hng

In DS n hng 1.3
DS n hng

Thng lng Phn xng

Chn NCC 1.1


Ngi cung cp

i chiu

D tr
45

BLD mc di nh chc nng 2 (Pht hng)


i chiu

NCC
Phiu giao hng

Danh sch hng nhn

/c pht hng

In DS hng nhn 2.2

Ghi nhn hng v 2.1

Lp phiu pht hng 2.3


Phiu pht hng

Phn xng BLD mc di nh ca chc nng 3 (i chiu)


Hng nhn t hng
DS n t hng Hng sai

Ghi nhn giao hng 2.4

NCC
Ho n sai Ho n

Xc nhn tr

Tr tin

Khp n hng & hng nhn 3.1


n i chiu xong DS hng nhn

Khp ho n v n hng 3.3

n hng

Xc nh /c pht hng a ch pht hng 3.2 BLD mc di nh ca chc nng 4 (Thanh ton)
Xc nhn tr 4.1 In phiu thanh ton 4.2 Phiu thanh ton Xc nhn thanh ton

Pht hng

*Loi b yu t vt l

i chiu

Ngi CC

46

- Pht hin v loi b cc chc nng vt l: Trong h thng c 2 chc nng 1.3, 2.2; l 2 chc nng in n, loi b 2 chc nng ny. - Chn tn l gc ph hp: Chc nng 4 tr tin i thnh thanh ton; * Ci tin cc thao tc th cng * T chc li biu nh sau - Chc nng 1.1 - Chc nng 1.2 - Chc nng 2.1 - Chc nng 3.1, 3.3 - Chc nng 2.3 - Chc nng 3.2 - Chc nng 4.1, 4.2 : thnh chc nng : : : : : : 1 (Chn ngi cung cp) 2 (Lm n hng) 3 (Ghi nhn hng v) 4 (Kim hng v) 5 (Lm phiu pht hng) 6 (Xc nh a ch pht hng) 7 (Thanh ton)

Sau khi loi b cc yu t vt l, t chc li cc chc nng ta c BLD ph hp nh sau:

BLD sau khi gp ( mc logic)


n hng

Nh cung cp
Ho n Ho n sai

S hiu n

Lp n hng 2

Kim hng v 4
Xc nhn

Phiu thanh ton

TT
n hng
Xc nh a ch pht hng 6

Ho n

Thanh ton 7

D tr

D tr/n hng
Chn NCC 1

Hng nhn

Ghi nhn hng v 3

Thng lng

Nh C.cp
D tr

3.4.4. Hon thin BLD ca h thng mi


Phn xng

Nh cung cp

Lp phiu pht hng 5


Phiu pht hng

- Xem xt nhng nhc im ca h thng c, cc yu cu, mc ch ca h thng mi

47

Phiu giao hng

a ch pht hng

- Xem xt BLD ca h thng c xc nh nhng ch tha, thiu v nhng ch c bin i nhiu. T thc hin khoanh vng mt s cc thay i trong cc vng khoanh, c th cc chc nng v vng d liu theo nguyn tc sau: - Bo ton lung d liu vo/ra ca vng - Xc nh chc nng tng qut ca vng thay i - Xo ton b biu trong vng v v li theo nh hng sau: - Cc trung tm bin i v trc - Bin i trng thi t vo thnh ra - C th thm cc kho, lung d liu vo trong h thng. V d: Bi ton cung ng vt t
Nh cung cp
n hng Ho n Ho n sai

S hiu n

Lp n hng 2

Kim hng v 4
Xc nhn

Phiu thanh ton

TT
n hng
Xc nh a ch pht hng 6

Ho n

Thanh ton 7

D tr

D tr/n hng
Chn NCC 1

Hng nhn

Ghi nhn hng v 3

Thng lng

Nh C.cp
D tr

Nh cung cp CN1

Lp phiu pht hng Tn kho 5 Qun l kho 9

CN 5

Phiu pht hng Duyt d tr Phn xng 8

Phn xng

48

Phiu giao hng

a ch pht hng

Chng 5: Phn tch h thng v d liu


Ni dung: M hnh thc th lin kt ER (Entity Relationship) M hnh quan h (Relation Base Modeling) 1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic phn tch d liu 1.1. Mc ch ca giai on - Gip cho vic t chc cc kho d liu mt cch hp l, y , v chun mc. - Xy dng c lc cu trc d liu (BCD). Trong lc ny cho bit c: + Cn lu tr nhng thng tin g? + Mi lin h gia cc thng tin? 1.2. Yu cu - Trnh b st: cn g phi c y - Trnh trng lp: V d khai nm sinh khng cn phi khai tui - Trnh nhp nhng: Loi b tnh a tr ca thng tin - Khi phn tch ta cha quan tm n cc yu cu v tnh sn dng, tnh ti u trong lu tr v truy nhp. 1.3. Phng php thc hin: C 2 phng php tip cn: + Dng m hnh thc th - lin kt: cn c gi l cch nhn t trn xung (Top down) v cung cp ci nhn trc quan i vi d liu + S dng m hnh quan h: Tip cn t di ln (BottomUp). C th: xut pht t nhng thng tin cn phi kt xut ra i ngc ln hnh thnh lc quan h. Cung cp thng tin mc va cho yu cu x l hin ti. 2. Biu cu trc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt (ER entity relation ) 2.1. S thc th - S thc th xc nh cc n v thng tin c s cn thit cho h thng (cc thc th) v mi quan h gia chng (iu ny c ngha l tt c d liu ch lu tr mt ln trong ton b h thng v c th thm nhp t bt c chng trnh no). - Trong thc t c nhiu m hnh biu din, phm vi chng trnh ta nghin cu mt loi m hnh l m hnh quan h. D liu lu tr trong h thng di dng tp cc bng. S thc th lin kt s xc nh trong h thng c bao nhiu bng v mi quan h gia chng. 2.2. Cc thnh phn ca s thc th - Thc th: L mt i tng, mt s kin cn c lu tr thng tin VD: mi khch hng l mt thc th v n th hin bng mt dng trong bng

49

- Kiu thc th: L tp cc thc th c cng tnh cht, m t cho mt loi thng tin (bn thn n khng phi l thng tin). Trong s m hnh E-R, kiu thc th c k hiu c dng hnh ch nht. N tng ng vi cu trc ca mt bng. VD: Khch hng l mt kiu thc th v n m t tng thc th khch hng
<tn thc th> -Thuc tnh 1 - Thuc tnh 2 ... -Thuc tnh n

Kiu thc th c xc nh + Lin quan n thc th mang thng tin

+ Lin quan n i tng qun l hoc mang tnh thng k + Thng tin lin quan ti mt giao dch ch yu ca h. (VD: n t hng,...) + Thng tin lin quan n thuc tnh hoc ti nguyn ca h. (VD: Kho, Nh cung cp, Khch hng,...) + Thng tin khi qut di dng thng k lin quan n lp k hoch hoc kim sot. (VD: Bng lng, lch iu xe,...) - Thuc tnh: Mi thc th bao gm nhiu thng tin, mi thng tin l thuc tnh ca thc th. C 3 loi thuc tnh bao gm: + Thuc tnh kho: Gm mt hay nhiu thuc tnh trong Kiu thc th c dng xc nh duy nht mt thc th. VD: Thuc tnh S hiu khch hng l thuc tnh kho cho kiu thc th Khch hng. iu ny c ngha l mi khch hng trong bng u phi c mt s hiu khch hng khc nhau. Thuc tnh tn khch hng c th l mt ng c vin cho kho, nhng bao gi cng c kh nng trng tn gia hai hoc nhiu khch hng. + Thuc tnh m t: Hu ht cc thuc tnh trong mt kiu thc th u c nhim v m t cho thc th c ni ti, thng tin ny lm tng hiu bit ca ta v thc th v phc v cho cc mc ch qun l ca h thng. + Thuc tnh kt xut: L thuc tnh m gi tr ca chng c tnh ton t cc thuc tnh khc. + Thuc tnh kt ni (kho ngoi): Dng xc nh mi lin kt gia cc kiu thc th. l thuc tnh trong mi quan h ny l thuc tnh kho nhng trong mi quan h khc ch l thuc tnh m t. Vic xc nh thuc tnh ny kh tru tng v kh khn. - Lin kt (mi quan h) v kiu lin kt + Lin kt l ch ra 1 s kt ni c ngha gia 2 hay nhiu thc th phn nh s rng buc v mt qun l. (VD: quan h gia gio vin vi hc sinh) + Kiu lin kt: l tp hp cc lin kt c cng bn cht
50

- Cc kiu lin kt: + Lin kt 1-1

Thc th A gi l c quan h 1-1 vi thc th B VD:


Con ngi Sinh vin Chng minh th Th SV

+ Lin kt 1- n Thc th A c gi l lin kt 1-n vi thc th B Lp


1 n

HS

VD: lp c nhiu hc sinh;1 hc sinh thuc vo 1 lp no + Lin kt n- n Thc th A c gi l lin kt n-n vi thc th B
n

VD: Mt gio vin dy nhiu mn hc; 1 mn c dy bi nhiu gio vin


Nhn vin Li xe Sinh vin

Cng vic

Phng tin

Mn hc

- xc nh cc kiu lin kt phi da vo cc lin t trong mnh din t quan h. V d: c, ca, thuc vo, cho.... - Trn thc t khi x l mi quan h nhiu - nhiu ngi ta a thm vo 1 thc th trung gian tch quan h nhiu - nhiu thnh 2 quan h 1-nhiu (quan h n-n l khng r rng, d nhp nhng khng s dng c)
n n n n

A V d 1:

A/B

Nu thm vo thc th ph:


Li xe Phiu iu ng
Ngy iu ng Xe no Li xe no

Phng tin

51

Th quan h trn s c chuyn:

Li xe Phiu iu ng Phng tin

V d 2:
Nhn vin Nhn vin

x
V d
Cng vic Sinh vin Cng vic Gio vin

Bn phn cng

3:

Sinh vin

Gio vin

Thi kho biu

Sinh vin

Gio vin

Thi kho biu

Lp

Trong v d ny phn r quan h n-n phi qua 2 cng on, thm vo thc th thi kho biu v lp. Ch : C 1 s quan h dng qui nh sau: + Quan h qui 1-n: Mt thc th c th quan h vi nhiu thc th di quyn thuc cng 1 kiu, nhng tng thc th di quyn ch c mt thc th cp trn c lin quan vi n. VD: Kiu thc th "Nhn vin" thng cha 1 quan h qui.

Nhn vin

52

+ Quan h qui n-n: Tng thc th trong bng c th c quan h vi mt s cc thc th di quyn trong cng mt bng v cng c ngha l tng thc th di quyn c th c mt s cc thc th cp trn trong cng quan h. VD: C mt s tha t c hp li, ri cc tha ny li c tch ra mi
Tha

# S hiu tha ..... ......


chi tit tch nhp

# S hiu tha mi @ # S hiu tha c @

2.3. Xy dng s thc th - lin kt 2.3.1. La chn m hnh Hin nay trong cc bi ton vn s dng ch yu l m hnh quan h 2.3.2. Pht hin kiu thc th - T cc ngun ti nguyn nh: vt t, ti sn, con ngi, mi trng - T cc giao dch: nhng lung thng tin n t mi trng bn ngoi v lm kch hot 1 chui hot ng no ca h thng (khi c 1 n hng cung cp n th b phn nhn hng mang hng n kho, chuyn qua b phn k nhn,...) - Nhng lung thng tin cu trc ho (VD: th th vin, s theo di kho sch,...) 2.3.3. Pht hin cc kiu lin kt (1-1; 1-n; n-n) - Ch ghi nhn cc kiu lin kt c ch trc tip cho bi ton qun l (VD: Qun l nhn s: ch n nhng lin kt c lin quan n qun l nhn s) - xc nh c kiu lin kt phi cn c vo lin t theo cc mnh m t v d liu, m t v quy trnh, quy phm qun l v x l thng tin. C cc kiu lin kt sau: 1-1, 1nhiu, nhiu-nhiu. VD: Quan h GV v mn hc Gio vin Mn hc

+ Nu quy nh mi gio vin ch dy 1 mn th y l quan h 1-nhiu + Nu mi gio vin dy nhiu mn th y l quan h nhiu-nhiu - Trc khi thnh lp biu cu trc d liu (BCD) phi gii trnh quan h gia cc thc th. - Nu gia 2 thc th c quan h nhiu-nhiu thng tch thnh 2 cp quan h 1-nhiu bng cch a vo 1 thc th trung gian. 2.3.4. Pht hin thuc tnh + Thuc tnh kho + Thuc tnh m t
53

+ Thuc tnh kt xut (thuc tnh ny c loi b khng a vo danh sch. + Thuc tnh kt ni
- M ngi mua - H tn - a ch - M hng - Tn hng

M ngi mua M hng

V d minh ho: Tr li bi ton cung ng vt t, tin hnh pht hin cc thc th nh sau: (1) Xc nh thc th: - Thc th mang thng tin: D tr, Ho n, n hng, Giao hng, Pht hng - Thc th l i tng qun l hoc mang tnh thng k: Ngi cung cp, Phn xng, Mt hng (2) Xc nh quan h gia cc thc th (3) Chun ho cc quan h (bin i cc lin kt n-n thnh lin kt 1-n) (4) Xc nh cc thuc tnh ca thc th Ta thu c s E-R nh sau: Phn xng
* SHPX Tn PX M t * SHDT + SHPX Ngy DT

Phiu pht hng Phiu pht hng Dng pht hng

* SHPH + SHPX - Ngy

Phn xng D tr

* SHPH *MH - S lng

D tr Dng d tr

* SHDT + MH S lng

n n Dng hng hng

* SHH * MH - S lng

Mt hng

Ngi cung cp n hng

* SHn - Ngy + SHNCC

Ho n Mt hng

* MH Tn hng VT n gi * SH MH Soluong

MH/NCC
* SHNCC * MH

Ngi cung Phiu giao hng cp

* SHNCC Tn ach * SHGH * SHNCC Ngy

Dng ho n

Phiu giao hng

Ho n

* SH * SHNCC - Ngy

Dng giao hng


54

* SHGH * MH - Lng

55

3. Hai cch tip cn thit k c s d liu quan h 3.1. Chun ho theo hng phn tch: Thc hin chun ho dn dn theo 3 bc 1NF, 2NF, 3NF (1) a v dng chun 1: tch cc thuc tnh lp (khng n) Nhm cc thuc tnh n (cn li) to thnh 1 quan h. Chn kho cho chng. Nhm cc thuc tnh lp c tch ra, tng thm kho ca quan h trn to thnh 1 quan h (hay 1 s quan h theo ch ). Chn kho cho (cc) quan h ny, thng l kho bi, trong kho ca quan h trn l mt thnh phn.

=> Cc quan h u l 1NF (2) a v dng chun 2 : - Tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo mt phn ca kho. - Nhm cn li to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c - Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh cng ph thuc vo mt (hay 1 s) thuc tnh no ca kho) tng thm (cc) thuc tnh m chng ph thuc to thnh mt quan h, vi cc kho l (cc) thuc tnh tng thm ny. = > Quan h lp c u l 2NF (3) a v dng chun 3 : - Tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo mt (hay mt s) thuc tnh ngoi kho. - Nhm cn li to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c. - Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh cng ph thuc vo mt (hay mt s) thuc tnh ngoi kho) tng thm (cc) thuc tnh m chng ph thuc, to thnh mt quan h, vi kho l (cc) thuc tnh tng thm ny. => Cc quan h c lp u l 3NF V d 1 : Trn mt n hng, ta gom c danh sch cc thuc tnh nh sau : + Cc thuc tnh n : SH-H SH NCC Tn NCC Ch NCC NgyH Tng cng + Cc thuc tnh lp: M MH
56

M t MH VT SL t ngi Thnh tin Cc thuc tnh Thnhtin v Tng cng l cc thuc tnh tnh ton, b loi khi danh sch. + Cc PTH tm c: F = {SH- H -> SH NCC, Tn NCC, DCh NCC, Ngy H SH- H, MH -> MtMH, VT, ngi, Slng t SH-NCC -> TnNCC, achNCC MMH -> MtMH, VT, n gi } Chng t giao dch: n hng Danh sch thuc tnh SH-H SH NCC Tn NCC Ch NCC NgyH M MH TnMH M t MH VT ngi SL t 1NF # SH-H SH NCC Tn NCC Ch NCC NgyH # SH- H # M MH TnMH M t MH VT ngi SL t 2NF # SH-H SH NCC Tn NCC Ch NCC NgyH # SH- H # M MH SL t # M MH TnMH M t MH VT 3NF # SH-H SH NCC NgyH # SH NCC Tn NCC Ch NCC # SH- H # M MH SL t # M MH TnMH M t MH VT Cui cng ta thu c 4 quan h: n hng (SH-H, SH NCC, Ngy) NgCCp (SH NCC, tn NCC, a ch NCC) Dng H (SH-H, MaMH, SL t) Mt hng (MMH, TnMH, VT, M t) 3.2. Chun ho theo hng tng hp:
57

Cch lm ny cho ngay ra cc lc quan h 3NF m khng qua cc giai on 1NF, 2NF (1) Xut pht t danh sch cc thuc tnh. Tm cc PTTH trong danh sch cc thuc tnh (2) Lp th cc PTH: - Mi thuc tnh trong danh sch l 1 nt - Mi nhm thuc tnh l v tri ca PTH cng l mt nt - Nu c PTH A->B th v mt cung ni nt A ti nt B (3) a th v ph ti thiu ca n: - Hoc lm bng tay, m bin i ch yu l loi b cc cung kp kn hnh tam gic. - Hoc lm bng my tnh Trn cc th ch cn cc PTH trc tip (4) Dng cc hnh ch nht khoanh vng trn th thnh cc quan h nh sau: mi nt trong (tc l nt con) ly lm kho, hp thnh vi cc con ca n lp thnh 1 quan h cc quan h u l 3NF V d : F = {SH- H -> SH NCC, Tn NCC, DCh NCC, Ngy H SH- H, MMH -> MtMH, VT, ngi, SL t SH-NCC -> TnNCC, achNCC MMH -> MtMH, VT, n gi } Thm cc PTH tm thng SH- H, MH -> SH- H, MH SH- H, MH

SH- H

SL t

MMH

Ngy H

SH NCC

MtMH

VT

n gi

TnNCC

achNCC

th PTH lp t mt n hng

58

SH- H, MH

SH- H

SL t

MMH

Ngy H

SH NCC

MtMH

VT

n gi

TnNCC

achNCC

Ph ti thiu v cc quan h 3NF t n hng. 4. Xy dng biu cu trc d liu theo m hnh d liu quan h (Relational Data Model) M hnh d liu quan h (m hnh quan h) l m hnh d liu, trong s xc nh mt danh sch cc thuc tnh ca cc bng thc th Qui trnh thnh lp lc d liu cho h thng, theo m hnh quan h nh sau : (1) Thnh lp danh sch cc thuc tnh gi l danh sch xut pht . C th xem y l mt quan h, vi 1 ngh khi qut no , danh sch ny khng bao trm c cc d liu ca ton h thng, bi v qu trnh s cng c lp li vi nhiu danh sch xut pht khc nhau cho n khi vt cn cc thng tin cn thit cho h thng. C hai cch tip cn cho vic thnh lp danh sch xut pht : - Cch 1 : l tp hp cc thng tin c bn, pht hin c trong mt phm vi iu tra no , m ta xem l c ch cho cng tc qun l. - Cch 2 : Xut pht t 1 hay mt s ci ra ca h thng. Ci ra c th l : + Mt chng t hay mt ti liu in ra t h thng + Mn hnh trong giao tip ngi / my. (2) Tu sa li danh sch xut pht, qua cc cng vic sau: - Loi b cc tn ng ngha - Loi b cc thuc tnh tnh ton V d: Thnh tin = SLxDG Tng cng = Tng thnh tin - Truy nguyn cc thuc tnh dng tnh ton cc thuc tnh b loi trn nu chng cha c mt trong danh sch - Thay th cc thuc tnh khng n bi cc thuc tnh n.
59

V d: C thuc tnh im Ton: thc cht y l mt dy kt qu thi ln1, ln2, ln3, ln4. (3) Tm ph thuc hm trong danh sch cc thuc tnh: - u tin l r cc kh nng c PTH gia tng cp cc thuc tnh trong danh sch. - Sau xt cc PTH c v tri gm 2, 3 .. thuc tnh (4) Tin hnh chun ho da trn tp cc PTH lp c trn, s dng 1 trong cc phng php chun ho bit. Kt qu thu c l tp cc lc 3NF. (5) Lp li cc bc t (1) n (4) cho cc danh sch xut pht khc nhau, cho n khi qut ht cc phm vi kho st. Ta c nhiu tp cc lc 3NF. (6) Ly hp cc kt qu thu c t cc ln lp trn. Khi ly hp nh vy, nu c 2 quan h c kho trng nhau, th chng ta gp thnh 1 quan h vi danh sch cc thuc tnh l hp ca hai danh sch tng ng 5. Xc nh mi quan h xy dng s E-R - Xy dng Ma trn thc th/kho: xc nh cc mi quan h trong m hnh ta lp bng ma trn thc th/kho trong : + Cc ct lit k cc tp thc th, cc hng lit k cc thuc tnh kho c trong cc tp thc th. + Tng ng vi mi giao gia ct v hng, nu: * Kho c trong tp thc th ta cho du X * Nu khng phi l kho nhng c xut hin trong tp thc th ta cho du O - Thit lp cc mi quan h: Cn c vo bng thc th/kho ta lit k cc mi quan h theo cch thc sau: Bt u t Tp thc th ct th nht, t cha kho ca n ta chiu qua cc k tip ca hng xem no c du X hoc O th ta s c mt lin kt ca Tp thc th ang xt vi tp thc th m c cha du trn cng mt hng. - Xy dng m hnh quan h V d: C 1 n hng bn ca mt cng ty nh sau:
Cng ty XYZ S hiu:......... n hng bn Ngy:............... Tn khch hng:.............................................M s KH............... a ch:................................................................................................ M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi Thnh tin

60

Tng s tin: xxx xxx xxx

Kho st chn danh sch cc thuc tnh Tinh chnh cc thuc tnh. Xc nh cc ph thuc hm Thc hin qu trnh chun ho: n hng bn cha chun ho S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi Chun ho dng 1 Ta thy cc thuc tnh: M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi c th lp nhiu ln trong mt thc th n hng, do cn loi b v to ra tp thc th mi 1NF 2NF 3NF

61

n hng bn cha chun ho


S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi

1NF
# S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch Tp thc th mi # S hiu n # M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi

2NF

3NF

Chun ho dng 2 Ta thy m t mt hng ch ph thuc hm vo M s MH ch khng ph thuc vo ton b kho l 2 thuc tnh ghp M s MH v S hiu n hng. Do ta lp thm tp thc th mi t tiu chun dng 2. n hng bn cha chun ho S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi 1NF # S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch # S hiu n # M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi 2NF # S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch # S hiu n # M s MH S lng # M s MH Tn VT n gi 3NF

Chun ho dng 3 Ta thy Tn KH v a ch KH ph thuc hm vo M s KH l thuc tnh khng phi l kho trong tp thc th, do chng ta a chng vo tp thc th mi m kho chnh l M s KH. n hng bn
62

cha chun ho S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi

1NF #S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch # S hiu n # M s MH Tn VT S lng n gi

2NF #S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng Tn KH a ch # S hiu n # M s MH S lng # M s MH Tn n gi VT

3NF #S hiu n M s KH Ngy t hng #M s KH Tn KH a ch #S hiu n #M s MH S lng #M s MH Tn n gi VT

Sau khi chun ho dng 3, t n hng bn ta lp c 4 quan h chun ho 3NF l: n hng bn(S hiu n, M s KH, Ngy t hng) Khch hng(M s KH,Tn KH, a ch) Dng n hng(S hiu n, M s MH, S lng) Mt hng(M s MH, Tn, VT, n gi) Kt hp cc thng tin thu c: Gi s ta c 2 ti liu l n hng & Ti liu giao nhn hng c chun ho nh sau: n hng bn(S hiu n, M s KH, Ngy t hng) Khch hng(M s KH, Tn KH, a ch KH) Dng n hng(S hiu n, M s KH, S lng) Mt hng(M s MH, M t mt hng, n gi) Giao nhn(S hiu giao nhn, M s KH, Ngy giao, a ch giao nhn) Dng giao nhn(S hiu giao nhn, S hiu n, M s MH, s lng giao) Bc 4: Xc nh cc mi quan h Ma trn thc th/kho n hng S hiu n M s KH M s MH S hiu GN
63

KH

Dng H X

Mt hng

Giao nhn X

Dng giao nhn X

X O X

X X

X X

Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt:


Khch hng n hng Mt hng

Giao nhn

Dng giao nhn

Dng n hng

6. M ho cc tn gi: 6.1. Khi nim m ho D liu dng trong h thng thng 2 dng s v dy k t (phi s). V ngha th dy k t l tn ca mt i tng no trong h thng. Ta gi m ho (codification) l vic gn mt tn gi vn tt (gi l m) cho mt i tng no . Cc i tng trong h thng c t tn c th l: Cc ng dng tin hc khc nhau trong doanh nghip. Cc chc nng. Cc n v x l. Cc chng trnh. Cc ti liu.p d liu. Cc thng tin trong cc ti liu v cc tp. Cc bin dng trong cc chng trnh... 6.2. Cht lng c bn ca m ho Vic m ho phi c gng t mt s yu cu v cht lng nh sau: - Khng nhp nhng: th hin nh x 1-1 t tp cc i tng v tp cc m. - Thch hp vi phng thc s dng: S dng cho ngi: m phi d hiu, d gii m. S dng cho my tnh: m phi c nh ngha mt cch cht ch. - C kh nng m rng v xen thm: M rng: b sung pha trn v pha di. Xen thm: b sung trong mt th t. thc hin kh nng xen thm c th dng 2 cch:
64

Nhy cc theo mt gi tr nht nh. Nhy cc theo mt kt qu thng k. - Phi ngn gn, bi v m cng di th vic x l cng thm kh khn. Tuy nhin, chiu di ca m li nh hng ti kh nng m rng m. V d: Vi m l 4 con s th nhiu nht c th ch nh 9999 i tng. - C tnh gi (din ngha): nhn m, con ngi c th d on ra i tng. Chng hn m ho cc thnh ph th: H Ni c gn m 29 (trong bin s xe) l km gi . Tri li, trong ngnh hng khng, ngi ta ch cn dng ba ch ci ch nh cc thnh ph, m vn giu tnh din ngha: H Ni c m l HAN

Bng cc ---------- BKK Bombay ----------- BOM 6.3. Cc kiu m ho khc nhau (1) M ho lin tip: - Dng cc s lin tip ch cc i tng V d: M ho cc khch hng theo th t thi gian: 001, 002, ...084,... - u im: Khng nhp nhng (nu khng hn ch v di). n gin. M rng pha sau c (nu khng hn ch v di). - Khuyt im: Khng xen thm c. Khng gi , vy phi c mt bng tng ng m v i tng, Khng phn nhm. (2) M ho theo lt: Dng tng lt cho tng i tng. Trong mi lt, thng dng kiu m ho lin tip. V d: cc i tng l cc hng ng kim: 0001 - 0999: hng ng kim b, trong : 0001 - 0099 : cc loi vt
65

0100 - 0299 : cc loi -cu. 0300 - 0499 : cc loi bu-long 1000-1999: cc chi tit bng kim loi, trong : 1000 -1099 : cc st ch U. - u im: Khng nhp nhng (nu cc lt l tch ri, tc l khng c i tng thuc vo 2 lt khc nhau). n gin. M rng v xen thm c. - Khuyt im: Vn dng bng tng ng. (3) M ho phn on M c phn thnh nhiu on, mi on mang mt ngha ring. V d: S ng k xe my: 99 AA 999 S hiu lin tip Cc ch tr lt S hiu tr tnh, thnh S bo him x hi cho tng c nhn: 9 99 99 99 99 999 999 S ng k trong phng Phng x} Qun, huyn Tnh thnh Nm } Thng Gii tnh - u im: Khng nhp nhng. M rng v xen thm c (nu mi on cn ch). Dng ph bin. Cho php thit lp cc kim tra gin tip (V d: s bo him c khp vi cc thng tin tng ng ghi trong chng minh th khng?). - Khuyt im:
66

Ni

Ngy sinh

Thng qu di. Thao tc nng n khi m c qu nhiu on. Vn c th b bo ho. M khng c nh (v d i ni th phi i s bo him). (4) M ho phn cp: Cng l phn on, song mi on tr mt tp hp cc i tng v cc tp hp bao nhau theo th t t tri qua phi. V d: nh s cc mc trong mt cun sch 9 9 9 S th t mc trong tit

S th t tit trong chng S th t chng (5) M ho din ngha: Gn mt tn ngn gn, nhng hiu c cho tng i tng. V d: #MANS: L m s cn b trong c quan. u im: Tin dng cho x l th cng. Khuyt im: Khng gii m c bng my tnh. 7. T in d liu 7.1. Khi nim: T in d liu l mt t liu tp trung v mi tn gi ca mi i tng c dng trong h thng trong c cc giai on phn tch, thit k, ci t, bo tr. Chng hn + mc logic, c: cc lung d liu, cc giao dch, cc s kin, cc chc nng x l, cc thc th, cc thuc tnh, ... + mc vt l: cc tp, cc chng tnh, cc chng trnh con, cc modun, th tc, ... T in d liu l cn thit c bit cho qu trnh trin khai cc h thng ln, c ng ngi tham gia. N cho php: + Trong PT v TK: qun l tp trung v chnh xc mi thut ng v cc m dng trong h thng, kim sot c s trng lp, ng ngha hay ng m d ngha, ... + Trong ci t: ngi ci t hiu c chnh xc cc thut ng t kt qu PTTK

67

+ Trong bo tr: khi cn thay i, th pht hin c cc mi lin quan, cc nh hng c th ny sinh. T in d liu : l mt tp hp cc mc t, mi mc t tng ng vi mt tn gi km vi gii thch i vi n. 7.2. Cc hnh thc thc hin t in: - Bng tay: l mt tp ti liu - Bng my tnh: dng 1 h phn mm cho php d dng thnh lp, thay i 7.3. Cu to t in: K php m t ni dung cho t in d liu tun theo bng sau: Kt cu d liu Tun t Tuyn chn Lp K php = + [|] { }n () * Li ch thch * ngha c to t v hoc lp n ln d liu tu chn gii hn ch thch

V d: t ho n bn hng sau: HO N BN HNG S ho n: 135 Ngy bn: 10 11 2006 Bn cho ng / b: L Hoi Nam Ti khon: LTM010254 a ch: 354 Phan nh Phng Tel: (0280) 756350 M hng Tn VT n gi S lng Thnh tin X30 Tng cng: Bng ch: K ton trng Ta c mt phn t in sau: * Xc nh mt t ho n nh sau * Ho n = S H + Ngy bn + Khch hng + + Tng cng + KT trng + Ngi bn * Xc nh thng tin v khch hng *
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STT 1 ....

Ghi ch

Ngi np tin

Ngi bn hng

+ Hng + S lng + Thnh tin

Khch hng = H tn khch + Ti khon + a ch + in thoi * Xc nh thng tin v tng mt hng * Hng = M hng + Tn + VT + n gi

69

Chng 6: Thit k h thng


Tng quan v giai on thit k Xut pht: u vo ca giai on ny bao gm biu phn cp chc nng, biu lung d liu v biu cu trc d liu. Nhim v: Nhim v ca giai on ny l chuyn cc m t mc khi nim ca h thng mi thnh m t vt l bng cch b sung tr li cc bin php, cc phng tin (b sung li cc yu t vt l) Tin hnh: C th phn chia thnh 5 bc Bc 1: Thit k tng th, trong bc ny c tch thnh 2 bc nh Bc 2: Thit k cc m un x l Bc 3 Thit k giao din Bc 4: Thit k cc kim sot Bc 5: Thit k cc tp 1. Thit k tng th 1.1. Phn nh ranh gii gia chc nng my tnh v chc nng th cng - D liu u vo ca phn ny l biu lung d liu mc no , ti liu ra (u ra) vn l biu nhng c phn nh r ranh gii gia my tnh v th cng. - Cch thc hin nh sau: a) i vi cc chc nng x l: Vi cc chc nng nm hn v 1 bn hoc l th cng hoc l my tnh th gi nguyn, cn vi nhng chc nng cha phn nh r c th xy ra mt trong hai kh nng: - Cn c vo tnh hnh mc tin hc ho chuyn sang thc hin trn my tnh hon ton; hoc chuyn sang lm th cng hon ton - Phn r tip thnh mt s chc nng cho n khi chc nng mi c xc nh l chc nng th cng hay chc nng ca my tnh. b) i viH cung cp liu: cc kho d
Nh CC/MH NCC

- Vi cc kho nm vng th cng (c th ch cc h s chng t vn phng) phi i B sung chiu vi biu cu trc d liu loi b thc th tng ng vi kho d liu ny.
NCC

Cho hng

Nh CC hp ng VD: Tr li bi ton cung ng vt t vi chc nng l chn ngun cung cp NCC c chn

Chn

Hp ng mi

- i vi kho d liu nm trong vng my tnh thng n s l cc tp tin phi i chiu li vi biu cu trc d liu b sung thm thc th tng ng vi n (nu thiu) Lm
CC

Thng lng

Yu cu CC

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Yu cu CC

Ngi CC

Trong 2 chc nng trn u c phn va th cng va my tnh nn tin hnh phn r tip nh sau:
H cung cp Nh CC/MH NCC

Tra cu cc H c 1.2

Tra cu v NCC 1.3

Ghi nhn NCC mi 2.2

Ghi nhn H mi 2.3

MT TC
Tm NCC 1.1 TT cho hng NCC c chn Thng lng H 2.1

Yu cu TT cho hng

H mi

Ch : Trong v d ny vic phn r ch mang tnh cht minh tit thng phn r phi Chi ho. Vic Nh CC lng da vo quy trnh x l c th trong tng giai on. 1.2. Phn nh cc h thng con ca my tnh - Mc ch: Xy dng c cc b chng trnh ng gi (packet), mi gi tng ng vi h thng con trong h thng. Cn c vo cc chc nng ca h thng trong cc biu phn r. - Cch thc hin: Dng cc ng gch ni khoanh tng vng ng vi cc chc nng lin quan n nhau trong vic x l. Ngoi ra c mt s cn c sau:
71

a) Theo kiu thc th Gom t cc chc nng c lin quan n mt kiu thc th hay mt nhm thc th (c th l 1 tp). V d h thng con khch hng bao gm cc chc nng lin quan n thc th khch hng (v d: chc nng chn NCC, lp n hng, tr li thng lng vi khch hng... l mt nhm. Cc chc nng v qun l kho vt t lin quan n thc th kho hng bao gm cc chc nng nhp hng, xut hng, bo co tn... vo mt nhm) b) Theo giao dch Gom t theo giao dch: Cn c vo lung d liu, khi t mi trng bn ngoi vo s kch hot 1 lot cc chc nng ca h thng. VD: Khi c yu cu d tr vt t th nhng chc nng lin quan khch hng u b kch hot. c) Theo trung tm bin i Quan st trn biu lung d liu, nu pht hin c c 1 khu vc tp trung x l cc thng tin ch yu th gom nhng chc nng ny li. VD: Chc nng lm bng lng s ko theo cc chc nng nhp bng chm cng, nhp nh mc lng, chc nng in n cc biu lng. d) Theo tnh thit thc Theo cu trc kinh doanh ca c quan, theo v tr c s, theo trnh i ng, trch nhim cng tc (phn quyn) VD: Gim c c th xem bo co nhng gim c khng sa c. *Ch : Khi khoanh vng gia cc vng c th xy ra trng hp l cc vng khng lin thng vi nhau khi h thng s c nhiu chng trnh con tch ri. Nu cc my tnh trong h thng c ni mng ta c th t chc thnh CSDL chung c th lin thng vi nhau. 2. Thit k chi tit v cc th tc th cng v v cc giao tip ngi - my 2.1. Cc chc nng th cng - Hnh ng ra quyt nh: Con ngi lm ch h thng nn mi quyt nh u do con ngi thc hin, my tnh ch c th cung cp thng tin tr gip - Hot ng giao tip gia con ngi v con ngi: S trao i vi cc tc nhn ngoi h thng (i tc kinh doanh, cc b phn tc nghip...) - Cc nhim v phc v cho my tnh - Cc chc nng th cng bao gm m ho thng tin, kim sot, sa cha thng tin, nhp thng tin, kim tra v phn phi ti liu xut. Cc chc nng ny c nhiu loi: C loi khng lin quan n my tnh C s tr gip ca my tnh 2 ch Online hoc Offline. L nhng chc nng th cng "n theo" hay ni cch khc l nhng chc nng pht sinh do vic s dng my tnh.
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- Khi s l cc chc nng th cng phi ch r ni dung cng vic phi lm theo khng gian v thi gian, c bit l khi pha trn gia my tnh v th cng, yu cu v nng sut cht lng, k nng, quy trnh thc hin, cc cch x l khi gp sai st. 2.2. Thit k u vo ca thng tin a) Chn phng thc thu thp thng tin - Phng thc trc tuyn - Phng thc theo m - Phng thc thu thp t xa qua cm bin b) K thut iu tra thu thp thng tin -Dng mu iu tra: Dng thu thp thng tin, ngi c hi in vo mu c sn. Mu thng chia lm 3 phn: Phn u: L tiu Phn ni dung: Chi tit thng tin cn iu tra Phn cam oan Phn k tn Mt sau phiu l cc hng dn tr li, cch in vo cc mc trong phiu - Dng cu hi (c hai loi cu hi ng, cu hi m): Cu hi ng l nhng cu hi m cc phng n tr li l c a ra sn; cu hi m l nhng cu hi mang tnh cht gi , cn phi phi hp nhiu cu hi mi xc nh c ng thng tin cn thit. c) Yu cu vic thu thp thng tin - Thun tin cho ngi iu tra - Thun tin cho vic m ho - Thun tin cho vic g phm - Ni dung n gin, r rng, chnh xc... 3. Thit k cc ti liu xut -Yu cu i vi cc ti liu xut l phi thng tin theo yu cu v phi chnh xc, d hiu, d c. - Cc phng thc xut thng tin: a ra my in a ra mn hnh a ra b nh ngoi a ra cc xung iu khin -Cc ti liu xut bao gm cc loi sau: - Thng tin tu tin khng c chun trc. Nhng thng tin ny thng di dng l kt qu ca cc truy vn v l mt trong nhng nhu cu tng i ph dng trong cc bi ton qun l. - Cc ti liu in c cc mu biu theo tiu chun. Cc hnh thc a ra:
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+ C khung in sn + Khng c khung in sn - V cch trnh by mt biu nh sau: + u biu: tn ca biu + Thn biu: bao gm cc ni dung c bn v cc nhm logic quan h vi nhau + Cui biu: VD: H ni, ngy... thng....nm...

2.4. Thit k mn hnh chn - Mc ch s dng mn hnh: Dng i thoi Ngi My s dng trong i thoi c c im: + Thng tin thng l ti thiu + Vo ra gn nhau (dng hi - p) - Yu cu v mt thit k + C tnh m thut, thn thin, d nhn, d hiu + Biu din cu lnh ngn gn ch c cc thng tin ti thiu - Hnh thc i thoi trn mn hnh + Dng thc n chn (menu): cp 1, cp 2, cp 3 + Dng cu lnh, du nhc + Dng in mu (form) + Dng hp chn, nt iu khin, danh sch chn ... - S dng a phng tin v d nh: m thanh, cc thit b im lm sinh ng trong giao tip ngi my. 3. Thit k chng trnh 3.1.i cng -Mc ch: Xc nh tng quan chng trnh v phn nh cc m un chuyn cho cc lp trnh vin ci t chng trnh
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-Ni dung: Phn nh cc m un. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc m un (vic trao i thng tin, gi nhau trong chng trnh chnh). c t tng m un: xc nh cc bin, cc thut ton, cc d liu c x l, cc chc nng x l. Cch ghp ni cc m un. Thit k cc mu th ring cho tng m un -Phng php: Thit k theo phng php Topdown lm mn dn cc m un. S dng lc cu trc 3.2. Cc m un chng trnh - Chng trnh bin tp - Chng trnh nhp - Chng trnh cp nht - Chng trnh hin th - Chng trnh tnh ton - Chng trnh to menu - Chng trnh in -Mi m un c th l mt chng trnh con, cng c th l mt on lnh. Mi m un c nhng c trng sau: (1)- Ci vo, ra: Nhng thng tin ca m un khc truyn cho n; thng tin n truyn cho cc m un khc (2)-Chc nng: Th hin vic bin i ci vo thnh ci ra (3)-C ch thc hin: Cc thut ton dng trong m un (4)-D liu cc b: D liu ring ca m un c th ch sinh ra tm thi trong b nh trong khi hon thnh nhim v s b xo i. c trng 1, 2 gi l c trng ngoi, 3, 4 gi l c trng trong, ngoi ra cn cc c trng ph nh tn, v tr ca m un... -Khi thit k chng trnh trc ht ta phi m t cu trc chng trnh theo cc m un da trn cc c trng ngoi, sau chi tit ho cc m un (Topdown) - m t cu trc chng trnh ta dng lc cu trc (LCT) 3.3. Lc cu trc -Biu din m un: Dng hnh ch nht bn trong c tn m un, m un c sn dng hnh CN c hai vch hai cnh bn:

-Biu din cc lin kt: Dng on thng c hng, nu gi nhiu ln c thm cung trn: (A gi B; A gi C nhiu ln)
75

-Cu trc gi c la chn: A gi B hoc C

- Biu din lung thng tin V d: M un tnh lng

tnh lng
Bc L. chnh L. chnh P. cp

L. chnh P. cp

tnh L. chnh L. chnh P. cp

tnh P. cp

in b. lng

3.4. nh gi v lc

PC cho NV trong Bin ch cu trc

PC cho NV hp ng di hn

PC cho NV hp ng ngn hn

-S tng tc: Ni ln s nh hng ln nhau gia cc m un, cc m un cng t nh hng nhau cng tt, m bo s c lp gia cc m un. C cc s tng tc sau: -M un ny can thip vo m un kia, tng tc ny khng tt cn loi b. -Tng tc v iu kin: m un ny chuyn thng tin iu kin cho m un kia, phi hiu ni b m un kia cn iu kin g nh vy vi phm tnh che du ca m un m thng thng mi m un l mt hp kn. Do tng tc ny khng tt -Tng tc v d liu: Tng tc cng n gin cng tt, thng dng tham tr, hn ch dng tham bin, nn truyn theo d liu hn l dng con tr. - S cu kt: Phn nh s gn b v mt l gc ca cc b phn trong m un -Hnh thc: Biu hin cu trc b ngoi ca LCT c dng Topdown
76

-Phm vi iu khin: L vai tr quyt nh ca m un ny vi m un khc mnh hay yu khc nhau gia cc m un. 3.5. Chuyn BLD thnh LCT -Nguyn tc: -Phi tinh ch BLD trc khi chuyn -Ch cc chc nng chnh yu trc cc chc nng ph sau -Ngoi cc chc nng trong BLD cn c thm cc m un vo ra 5.1-Phng phng php phn tch theo bin i (1) Di theo cc dng d liu vo cho n khi d liu vo tr thnh tru tng nht hoc gp mt thit b, mt kho m d liu c coi l d liu vo th nh du li. (2). Lm ngc li vi thng tin ra. (3) Cn c vo cc im nh du khoanh li mt vng ca BLD ta lp mt LCT (4) u tin v mc cao nht l m un chnh mi dng vo l mt m un vo, mi dng ra l mt m un ra (5) Trin khai tip trong cu trc s xut hin nhng m un gia thc hin cc chc nng bin i trong m un chnh -V d:

Ngun X

x1

x2

x3

C x4 G y4

q1

q3 J

s1

s2

Ngun Y

y1

A y2 D

y3

q2

q4

Vo
Ly x4

bin i Bin i RA
G

Ra

Vo
x4

Ly y4 x3 Ly x3 x2 Ly x2 x1 Ly x1

C
x3

B
x2

77 Ngun x

x4 y4 4

4 4
q1

s 1

to s1 q2 q3q4

H 5.2-Phng phng php phn tch theo giao dch

Qu trnh hnh thnh h thng con thng qua giao dch. Ta quan tm n nhng thng tin theo lung trong BLD n khi n kch hot cc chc nng khc th dng li lp LCT cho h thng con ny. V d:
n hng 4. Thit k c s d liu H hp l

4. 1. Mc ch

Phn loi

H khng hp l H khng p

- C s d liu l ni lu tr lu di cc d liu ca h thng b nh ngoi. Cc d ng liu ny phi c t chc tt theo hai tiu ch: Hp l: ngha l phi dng v khng d tha Truy nhp thun li: ngha l tm kim, cp nht, b sung v loi b cc thng tin sao cho nhanh chng v tin dng. - giai on phn tch, ta nghin cu d liu theo tiu ch hp l ( v khng d tha). Kt qu l thnh lp c lc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt hay m hnh quan h. Thng c gi l lc khi nim v d liu, v n dng li yu cu v khng tha, m b qua yu cu nhanh v tin. - Sang giai on thit k, ta phi bin i lc khi nim ni trn thnh lc vt l, tc l mt cu trc lu tr thc s ca d liu b nh ngoi.
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- Ngi ta thng tch vic thit k d liu thnh hai bc: (i) Thng qua vic nghin cu cc yu cu truy nhp m bin i lc khi nim thnh mt dng trung gian gi l lc logic v d liu: Qui tc chuyn cc kiu thc th: + Tn thc th -> Tn quan h + Thuc tnh ca thc th -> thuc tnh ca quan h + Thuc tnh kho -> kho ca quan h Qui tc chun ho cc quan h: Bng vi nhm lp Tch nhm lp Chun 1, cha chun 2 Tch ph thuc vo 1 phn kho Tch ph thuc bc cu Chun 3 Hp nht cc quan h: Loi cc quan h tha

Chun 2, cha chun 3

- Ch : S ng ngha, S ng danh, S ph thuc bc cu


Qui trnh thit k: Chuyn cc m hnh thc th sang m hnh quan h Xc nh kho v chun ho cc quan h nhn c

- Tch hp cc quan h nhn c


V biu m hnh d liu quan h v xc nh cc lc lng tham gia vo quan h (ii) Thng qua vic nghin cu cc cu hnh ca h thng, c bit l cc ngn ng lp trnh, cc h qun tr CSDL c chn dng m bin i lc logic thnh lc vt l thch hp vi cu hnh . 4.2. Thnh lp lc logic 4.2.1. Lc logic:

79

Mi cu trc lu tr vt l, d l tp hay CSDL th cng u to nn t cc n v c s l cc bn ghi. V vy ngi ta chn lc logic, mt dng trung gian trc khi n lc vt l, l mt cu trc kiu bn ghi. Mi kiu bn ghi l mt tp hp nhng bn ghi c cu trc trng ging nhau, thng c gi cho gn l mt bng. Bng c biu din bng mt hnh ch nht c tn bng (vit bn ngoi), danh sch cc trng (vit bn trong). Gia 2 bng thit lp mt mi lin kt din t bng 1 mi tn, nu hai bng c mt trng chung. Tn trng ny c ly lm nhn cho kt ni V d: c gi S th G Tn c gi a ch Trnh Mn S th G M sch Ngy mn Ngy tr Sch M sch Tn sch Tn tc gi NXB

Bc thit k logic xut pht t mt lc khi nim v d liu di dng m hnh quan h chun ho (v 3NF). trong mi quan h tr thnh mt kiu bn ghi, cn cc kt ni s c thm vo khi c mt cc kho ngoi. Mc ch ca thit k logic l xut pht t lc khi nim ta i tm mt cu trc kiu bn ghi ph hp vi cc yu cu truy nhp ca cc chc nng x l trong h thng. Chnh v vy vic thit k logic c xu hng git li so vi qu trnh phn tch: chp nhn s d tha, c th h chun, min l s li/hi ca bc git li ny l c cn nhc rt cn thn. 4.2.2. a thm cc thuc tnh tnh th v nh gi cc khi lng - Trong giai on trc, ta a cc thuc tnh tnh ton v thuc tnh tnh th ra khi lc d liu. S d v cc thuc tnh ny d tha. Tuy nhin cc thuc tnh ny li rt c ch v quen dng trong cng tc qun l, chng phn nh tnh trng no ca mt khu vc (chng hn s d ti khon, lng hng tn kho, ..) thng c tra cu lun, m mi ln dng khng phi tnh ton vng vo na. giai on ny ta quan tm n nhu cu truy nhp d liu lm sao cho nhanh v tin, th ta li phi xem xt cc thuc tnh tnh th , ci no c dng nhiu, dng lun th ta kt np chng vo bng. Cng vi cc thuc tnh ny ta xut cc rng buc ton vn mi h thng c th kim tra tnh ton vn ca d liu khi cn thit. - nh gi s cc bn ghi cho mi bng trong lc s ny c gi l khi lng ca bng. Khi lng ca mi bng thng l c bin ng theo thi gian. 4.2.3. Nghin cu cc yu cu truy nhp

80

- Khi ni rng CSDL phi c thit k sao cho c th p ng cc yu cu truy nhp mt cch nhanh chng v tin li, th s p ng ny khng phi hng ti bt k yu cu truy nhp no, m ch yu hng ti cc yu cu truy nhp ca cc chc nng x l thng tin trong h thng. - Mt yu cu truy nhp, th hin mt s tm kim, cp nht, b sung hay loi b mt s thng tin trong CSDL, thng gm 2 v: + Bit mt (s) trng (tc l thuc tnh) no + Tra cu mt (s) trng khc. i vi mi bc truy nhp, ta cn ch ra 4 c im sau: + Bng cn c truy nhp + Kho tm kim + Trng cn tra cu + Tn sut truy nhp c gi MG Tn G a ch Trnh Mn MG MaSach Ngy mn Ngy tr KL:5000 Sch MaSach Tn sch Tc gi NXXB

KL:100 V d: Khi nghin cu chc nng iu tra vic s dng sch: cn truy cp ti 3 bng: KL:2000 c gi, Sch, Mn vi 3 yu cu truy nhp: - Yu cu A: Bit MG, tm a ch - Yu cu B: Bit MG, tm NXB cc sch m ngi mn - Yu cu C: Bit MaSach, tm Trnh ca nhng ngi mun sch . Ta thy:cc bc truy nhp ca cc yu cu : + Yu cu A: gm 1 bc A1 A1 + Yu cu B gm 2 bc B1, B2 Bng: c gi Kho TK: MG Tra cu: a ch Tn sut: 150 ln/1 tun

B1

Bng: Mn Kho TK: MG Tn sut: 30 ln/1 tun mi ln tm c: 5000/100 = 50 bn ghi

B2
81

Bng: Sch Kho TK: MaSach Tra cu: NXB Tn sut: 30 x 50 = 150 ln/tun

+ Yu cu C: gm 2 bc C1, C2 Bng: Mn Kho TK: MaSach Tra cu: MG Tn sut: 20 ln/1 tun mi ln tm c: 5000/2000 = 2,5bn ghi Bng: c gi Kho TK: MG Tra cu: Trnh Tn sut: 20 x 2,5 = 50 ln/tun

C1

C2

- Tng hp cc yu cu truy nhp:

- Qua s tng hp ny ta c th nhn xt nhiu iu: + Bng no c nhu cu truy nhp cao + Kho tm kim no c s dng nhiu
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+ Cc cm trng no c tra cu cng nhau Cc nhn xt ny cho php ta chia ct li cu trc cc kiu bn ghi, ni mc sau. 4.2.4. Chia ct li cc kiu bn ghi: Cu trc kiu bn ghi c chnh li cho ph hp vi cc kt qu nghin cu v yu cu truy nhp trn: - Cc kt ni khng h c s dng (tc l nhn ca kt ni khng c lm kho tm kim cho mt bc truy nhp no c) th s c d b (cng vi kho tng ng). - Cn c trn s pht hin cc cm trng c tra cu ng thi m thc hin cc bin i sau: + Nu c 1 cm nm ri ra trn 2 bng, th nn gp 2 bng thnh 1, bt s bc truy nhp + Nu nhiu cm ri nhau li nm trn cng 1 bng ln, th nn ct bng ra thnh nhiu bng nh theo cm, cc bng gn nh hn. + C th lp li mt s trng mt bng khc (tc l lp 1 bn sao ca n), nu thy nh th tin tra cu hn. - Nu thy c mt bng no c tra cu nhiu theo 1 kho tm kim no , th ta nn thit lp cho n mt trng truy nhp c bit. 4.2.5. Nguyn tc truy nhp -Vi mi x l ra cn ch ra cc cu hi: -Truy nhp tp no -S dng iu kin g? -Tra cu g, tn sut truy nhp -Nu kho v ni dung tra cu cng mt tp th truy nhp trc tip, nu khng phi thc hin lin kt V d:
Phn xng S dng

Vt t

Phn xng
SHPX Tn PX SL cng nhn

chc nng kim tra s dng vic s dng SHPX VT M VT 83 Tn VT SL Ngy

vt t
M VT n gi Ni xut

-Mt s cu hi: (a) Tm s lng cng nhn ca phn xng c s hiu l PX1 (b) Tm n gi ca loi vt t ca phn xng PX1 s dng (c) Tm s lng cng nhn ca phn xng s dng vt t VT1 Vi cu hi a: Truy nhp tp: Phn xng Kho tm: SHPX Ni dung cn tra cu: S lng cng nhn Tn sut: 10 ln/ngy Hnh thc: Trc tip Vi cu hi b: b1 Truy nhp tp: S dng Kho tm: SHPX Ni dung cn tra cu: M vt t b2 Truy nhp tp: Vt t Kho tm: M VT Ni dung cn tra cu: n gi Vi cu hi c: c1 Truy nhp tp: Vt t Kho tm: M VT Ni dung cn tra cu: M vt t c2 Truy nhp tp: S dng Kho tm: M VT Ni dung cn tra cu: SHPX c3 Truy nhp tp: Phn xng Kho tm: SHPX Ni dung cn tra cu: S lng cng nhn Tn xut: 20 ln /ngy 4.3. Thnh lp lc vt l - Lc vt l l cu trc lu t thc ca d liu b nh ngoi, ph thuc vo cu hnh h thng (cc ngn ng lp trnh, cc h qun tr, ...). C hai phng n chn la chnh l cc tp v c s d liu, theo m ta chuyn i lc d logic thu c t bc trn thnh lc vt l thch hp. - im khc bit gia tp v CSDL l:
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i vi tp, ngi dng phi trc tip thnh lp n v khai thc n, ngha l phi hiu r v chu trch nhim trc tip v n. Nh th th chhng trnh v d liu rng buc cht ch vi nhau. i vi CSDL, s c mt ca h qun tr CSDL cch ly chng trnh ca ngi dng vi cu trc lu tr ca d liu lm cho chng tnh c u im l c lp vi d liu. i li th cc ngn ng nh ngha d liu, cng nh cc ngn ng thao tc d liu cung cp bi cc h qun tr CSDL li phi nhng c vo ngn ng lp trnh c chn ci t h thng, iu ny khng phi bao gi cng c thun li. 5. Thit k kim sot 5.1. Gii thiu Vi mc tiu l m bo cho tnh ng n trong mi hot ng ca h thng, cn phi nghin cu tin hnh mt s cc bin php kim sot cn thit nhm chng li mt s nguy c sau: - Mt mt v sai lch thng tin - Nhng li sai xy ra trong qu trnh xut, nhp thng tin - Sai st do cc s c k thut - Sai st do nhng xu - Do ri ro v mi trng. VD: ho hon, l lt, chin tranh,... Cc kha cnh c bn trong thit k kim sot bao gm: - chnh xc: phi kim tra xem tng thao tc ang c tin hnh c thc hin chnh xc khng, cc thng tin ang lu tr v ang x l trong CSDL c ng n khng - an ton: m bo rng khng th mt mt thng tin trong mi tnh hung do v tnh hay c hoc do nhng ri ro ng nhin - ring t: kim tra vic bo v cc quyn ca c nhn, ca tp th. 5.2. Nghin cu kim tra thng tin nhp, xut 5.2.1. Mc ch yu cu Mi thng tin xut nhp u phi kim tra m bo tnh xc thc ca thng tin. Thng thng ngi ta hay kim tra nhng ni thu nhn thng tin, trung tm x l v ni phn pht thng tin. Vic kim tra nhm pht hin li v khc phc sa cc li pht hin 5.2.2. Hnh thc kim tra - Kim tra th cng: c th dng phng n kim tra y hoc ngu nhin -Kim tra bng my: dng 2 phng thc trc tip v gin tip. Trc tip l s dng cc rng buc ton vn, gin tip l tham kho cc thng tin khc c kim tra. 5.2.3. Th t kim tra Thng thng ta kim tra trc tip trc, gin tip sau. Khi kim tra trc tip ch n s c mt ca gi tr, khun dng, kiu gi tr v min gi tr. Kim tra gin tip l cc rng buc v cc mi lin h logic gia cc thng tin trong h thng.
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5.3. Nghin cu cc giai on tip cn phn tch cc kim sot 5.3.1. Xc nh cc "im h" trong h thng "im h" l im ti h thng c nguy c b thm nhp bi nhng ngi trong hay ngoi t chc trong ton b h thng tnh ton. 5.3.2. Xc nh mc e do t im h Cc loi e do bao gm: - Sai hng phn cng - Sai v phn mm - Thng tin b n cp, ph hoi c ch 5.3.3. nh gi mc e do - Mc cao: h thng c th b tn tht nghim trng, c th b ngng tr nu tnh hung xu nht xut hin - Mc va: c th b tht thot thng tin nhng vn c th hng chu c, khng nh hng ln n hot ng chung - Mc thp: c th d kin c trc 1 s mi e do v c cc phng n, phng tin ngn cn. 5.3.4. Xc nh tnh trng e do S dng BLD theo di c li im h r sot cc nh hng trong tng qu trnh do li gy ra t im h. Trong qu trnh di c th xut hin thm im h mi, cn phi nh du v c lng c mc nghim trng ca cc e do trong lung nh hng trn. 5.3.5. Thit k kim sot cn thit Trn c s nh gi c mc thit hi t cc im h ngi thit k phi quyt nh la chn cc phng thc bo v cn thit. Cc phng thc c th l nh sau: - Bo v vt l: cc phng php bo v th cng, chng hn nh ngi canh gc, tho ri cc b phn ca thit b, kho bo v, ... - Nhn dng nhn s hay xc lp quyn truy nhp bao gm + mc chc nng ca h thng: mi ngi s dng c th gn quyn s dng 1 s chc nng no ca h thng. + V mt d liu: vi mi ngi s dng c th c gn 1 s quyn truy nhp n cc th mc v tp tin trong h thng. + ng k tn v mt khu - Bo v bng phng php m ho: trong ch yu l dng m mt - Bo v bng gi li: khng cho php truy nhp trc tip m phi thng qua s gim st ca 1 h thng khc. 5.3.6. Phn bit ring t

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Phn bit ring t l phn bit quyn truy nhp ca cc i tng khc nhau thng qua qun tr h thng. Trong vn qun tr quyn gm c: trao quyn, rt quyn, u quyn, tha k quyn. 5.4. Nghin cu cc kh nng gin on chng trnh v phc hi 5.4.1. Nghin cu cc gin on chng trnh Nguyn nhn: - Hng gi mang - Hng v phn cng, v mi trng (h iu hnh) - Nhm ln thao tc - Lp trnh sai, hu qu gy mt th gi, mt thng tin 5.4. 2. Ci t cc th tc phc hi - Ci t chng trnh theo m: nh k l sao lu, sau phc hi li tuy vy phng php ny mt thi gian. - S dng phc hi trc tuyn, v d c ch gng -Nguyn tc v phc hi, sao lu nh sau: C gng phc hi li h thng 1 thi im gn nht trn c 2 phng din l cc thao tc v cc d liu, y ghi bin bn h thng l cc file log. M ho 1. Gii thiu Khi m ho thng tin, kt qu vic m ho to thnh mt bng m, khi xy dng cn nghin cu s phn b thng k ca cc i tng. Cht lng m ho c nh gi qua cc tiu ch sau: - n tr (khng nhp nhng) - Phi thch ng vi phng thc s dng m ho. V d nu m ho bng tay th m phi d hiu v d gii m. i vi my phi c cc lut m v gii m hay cn gi l c php cht ch - Bng m phi c kh nng m rng, xen thm c. Cn nghin cu s lng cc i tng c m ho v phi lng trc c s pht trin v s lng ca cc i tng - Bng m phi ngn gn, iu ny mu thun vi kh nng m rng ca bng m - Bng m phi c nhng gi 2. Cc loi m 2.1 M ho lin tip: S dng cc s nguyn k tip nhau gn cho cc i tng (m ca i tng), u im l n gin v n tr, d thm vo pha sau, nhc im l khng xen c vo gia, khng c nhng gi , khng c tnh cht phn nhm
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2.2. M ho theo lt V nguyn tc l dng cc s nguyn nhng phn ra tng lt m ho cho cc lp i tng m ho cho tng lp. - u im l n tr v n gin v xen c - Nhc: bng m ko di c th b bo ho (do 1 lt ht m) 2.3. M ho phn on Bn thn m c phn thnh nhiu on, mi on mang 1 ngha ring - u: n tr, m rng v xen c, cho php thit lp cc kim tra gin tip i vi m ca cc i tng. - Nhc: qu di, thao tc nng n, khng c nh 2.4. M ho phn cp S dng m ho kiu chng, mc trong cc d liu VD: 2.6.4 chng 2, bi 6, tit 4 - u: tng t nh m phn on, tm kim nhanh, d phn loi hn - Nhc: tng t m phn on 2.5. M ho din ngha -u: tin li cho s l bng tay -Nhc: kh gii m, khng thun tin cho gii m bng my tnh

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6. Lp trnh, chy th v bo tr 6.1. Lp trnh 6.1.1. Cc bc chun b cho lp trnh -Thnh lp t lp trnh gm cc lp trnh vin, chia nhm lm vic -La chn h qun tr CSDL v ngn ng lp trnh hp l -Chn mi trng ng dng 6.1.2. Cc yu cu -p ng ng cc nhu cu vo, ra -D hiu, d s dng -M lnh n gin d hiu d bo tr nng cp -Phi ti u v tc v b nh 6.1.3. Tin hnh -Ci t cc tp d liu -Vit cc on chng trnh chung -Bin tp cc m un -Ci t giao din -Lin kt cc chc nng 6.1.4. Chy th, ghp ni -Mu th: Mu th do ngi thit k to ra hoc do ngun d liu c sn no nhng ch phc v cho mc ch th -Yu cu v mu: Phi bao qut, ngu nhin, st vi thc t 6.2. Vit ti liu hng dn s dng 6.2.1. Phn i cng v h thng -Ti liu i cng gii thiu nhng nt khi qut v h thng quy m phm vi s dng chng trnh. Nu ln cc yu cu v phn cng, phn mm, h iu hnh, cc thng s mi trng...phng thc khai bo. -Qu trnh ci t chng trnh, cc phn mm h tr nh font, my in... -Nhng yu cu v trnh ngi dng, phm vi qun l... 6.2.2. Phn hng dn chng trnh -Trnh t ci t, s dng khai thc chng trnh -M t c trng u vo, ra, khun dng d liu, cch thc truy nhp
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-M t u ra cc khun dng, hnh thc kt xut, cc thit b ra 6.2.3- Hng dn vn hnh -Yu cu v mt quy trnh k thut quyn hn ngi dng -Yu cu v an ton, bo mt h thng 6.3. Bo tr h thng 6.3.1.Mc ch -Sa cc li pht sinh khi s dng chng trnh -iu chnh theo yu cu mi pht sinh -Tng hiu nng ca h thng 6.3.2.Yu cu -Phi hiu c chng trnh t cc ti liu -Tm theo dng x l pht hin li 6.3.3. Chi ph -Bo tr sa cha h thng: 17 -20% -Bo tr thch ng: 18 25% -bo tr hon thin: 55 60%

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