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QUN L CHT THI RN

TP 1 : CHT THI RN TH CHNG 1 : M U 1.1. C S KHOA HC CA VIC QUN L CHT LNG MI TRNG V QUN L CHT THI. 1.1.1. Khi nim chung v qun l mi trng : Qun l cht lng mi trng l s tc ng lin tc, c t chc, c phng hng v mc ch xc nh ca mt ch th (con ngi, a phng, quc gia, t chc quc t v.v...) i vi mt i tng nht nh (mi trng sng) nhm khi phc, duy tr v ci thin tt hn mi trng sng ca con ngi trong nhng khong thi gian d nh. Bn cht ca vic qun l mi trng l hn ch hnh vi v thc hoc c thc ca con ngi trong qu trnh sng , sn xut - kinh doanh gy tc ng n mi trng ch yu (cc hnh vi c tc ng xu n mi trng ) to ra c mi trng n nh, lun trng thi cn bng. Cc hnh vi v thc l cc hot ng do khng nhn thc v khng nm bt c cc quy lut ca t nhin, x hi v ca b phn d dng trong h sinh thi (cc sinh vt ln tiu th cc sinh vt n sinh vt, m ch yu l con ngi) gy ra. Chnh cc hnh vi v thc ny ph v trng thi ni cn bng ca mi trng hoc y xa mi trng ra ngoi trng thi ni cn bng . Cc hnh vi c thc l cc hot ng c ch ch ca con ngi v li ch c nhn, cc b, nht thi gy ra lm o ln trng thi ni cn bng ca h mi trng (ngun nc, ngun nh sng, t ai, thm thc vt, ch s a dng ca cc loi, ch s m thanh, kh hu, v.v).

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Qun l mi trng c cc c th sau : - Qun l mi trng l hot ng mang tnh trch nhim c thc ca con ngi; - Cc hot ng qun l mi trng mang tnh lin tc theo thi gian v theo khng gian; - Cc hot ng qun l mi trng l trch nhim ca mi ngi theo mi quan h rng buc ln nhau (c t chc); - Cc hot ng qun l mi trng phi nhm t c nhng mc ch c bn l bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng; - Hot ng qun l mi trng cn l cng vic i hi phi c s n lc chung ca mi quc gia trn ton th gii. 1.1.2. Cc nguyn tc qun l mi trng : Cc nguyn tc qun l mi trng l cc quy tc ch o nhng tiu chun hnh vi m cc c quan qun l mi trng phi tun th trong qu trnh qun l. C s ra cc nguyn tc qun l mi trng l mc tiu qun l v cc i hi ca cc quy lut khch quan trong vic qun l mi trng . Hot ng qun l mi trng c da trn nhng nguyn tc c bn sau : - Bo m duy tr trng thi cn bng ca h sinh thi bng mt t hp cc bin php kinh t, k thut , x hi; - C mi lin h ngc (feedback); - Mang li hiu qu v c kh nng thc thi; - a dng ha; - Phn cp v chuyn mn ha; - Gn hiu qu hin ti vi tng lai; - Th - Sai - Sa. Bo v mi trng ngy nay tr thnh mt vn v cng bc bch v trng yu ca mi quc gia, v n lin quan n vn sng cn ca nhn loi. Cng vi s pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh, cng vi pht kin v th gii xung quanh v ng c lm giu mt cch v k, nhiu quc gia, nhiu cng ty, tp on xuyn quc gia tn ph mi trng - ci ni nui dng chnh h, v con ngi bc u nhn thc ra c nguy c ny. T chc mi trng
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1.1.3. Cc tc ng ca cht thi rn ti cht lng mi trng. Hin nay (nm1999) tng lng rc sinh hot thi ra hng ngy cc th nc ta vo khong trn 9000m3, nhng mi thu gom c 45% - 50%. iu kin ch yu m bo tt trng thi v sinh khu dn c th l phi c k hoch lm sch, qut dn thng xuyn cc loi cht thi rn cc khu nh . l cc loi rc sinh hot, thc n d tha , cc loi rc ng ph, (chi tit c m t chng 2). Cc loi cht thi rn s gy nhim, nhim khun i vi mi trng bao quanh con ngi : t, khng kh , nc , cc nh v cng trnh cng cng Rc thi thu gom c ch yu vo cc bi rc mt cch tm b, i khi m khng c x l, chn lp theo quy hoch v hp v sinh gy nh hng xu ti mi trng , ngun nc mt v nc ngm. Thit b thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi hu ht cc th Vit Nam cn lc hu v t i - khng p ng c nhu cu thu gom hin ti. Khi lng cht thi rn trong cc th ny cng tng do tc ng ca s gia tng dn s, pht trin kinh t x hi v s pht trin v trnh v tnh cht tiu dng trong th. Lng cht thi rn nu khng c x l tt s dn n hng lot hu qu tiu cc i vi mi trng sng. Tc ng ca vic x l khng hp l cht thi th c minh ha hnh 1.1. tr li cu hi: "Sng trong mt x hi c nhiu cht thi c ngha l g ?" chng ta hy hnh dung bc tranh v ngi tiu dng M nm b mt khi lng ng kinh ngc, cc cht thi rn bao gm : - Lng nhm b i ch trong 3 thng cng ch to ton b my bay ca nc M. - Lng thy tinh vt b ch trong hai tun cht cao bng trung tm thng mi quc t cao 412 m. - Lng lp b i trong mt nm qun quanh hnh tinh 3 ln.

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- Lng cc, a b i dng trong mt nm phc v 6 ba n cho tt c mi ngi trn ton cu. - Mt lng vi b i khong 18 triu n v trong mt nm, nu ni li t u n n u kia ni lin vi mt trng v tr v 7 ln. - B i khong 2 t li dao co ru; 1,6 t bt ch, 500 triu bt la trong mt nm. - Khong 8 triu ti vi mi nm. - Mi gi khong 2,5 triu chai cht do khng s dng li c. - Khong 14 t catalog, v 38 t cc mnh vn bu phm mi nm. V iu ny ch l mt phn ca 1,5% ca tt c cc loi cht thi rn th nh c minh ha hnh 1.2. Nh vy, v kha cnh qun l mi trng c th ni cht thi l ngun gc ch yu dn ti ph hoi mi trng sng. Nu con ngi khng quan tm tha ng ti cht thi hm nay, th ngy mai cht thi s loi b chnh con ngi ra khi mi trng sng. Vit Nam, tuy dn s th ch mi chim hn 20% dn s ca c nc nhng do c s h tng k thut qu km li t c chm sc nn tnh trng v sinh mi trng b sa st nghim trng. Tnh hnh ng rc do thiu cc trang thit b k thut cn thit v hiu qu qun l mi trng km ang gy tr ngi cho s pht trin kinh t trong nc v chnh sch m ca kinh t vi nc ngoi. Qu trnh th ha Vit Nam trong nhng thp k trc y pht trin chm vi t l th ha thuc loi thp nht so vi cc nc trong khu vc, t khi chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng c s qun l ca nh nc , tc th ha ang c tng nhanh hn. S gia tng dn s th trong khi cha c iu kin chun b tt v c s vt cht gy nn nhiu hu qu v kinh t, x hi nghim trng. Kt cu h tng c s ca cc th nh cp nc , thot nc , nh , giao thng th, v sinh mi trng v.v cn yu km khng p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng ca x hi. 1.2. H THNG QUN L CHT THI RN TH 1.2.1. C cu v s t chc qun l cht thi rn th :
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Qun l cht thi rn l vn then cht ca vic m bo mi trng sng ca con ngi m cc th phi c k hoch tng th qun l cht thi rn thch hp mi c th x l kp thi v c hiu qu. Mt cch tng qut, cc hp phn chc nng ca mt h thng qun l cht thi rn c minh ha hnh 1.3. S tng th ca h thng qun l cht thi rn mt s th ln Vit Nam c trnh by hnh 1.4. 1.2.2. Nhim v ca cc c quan chc nng trong h thng qun l cht thi rn mt s th ln Vit Nam: B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng chu trch nhim vch chin lc ci thin mi trng chung cho c nc, t vn cho nh nc trong vic xut lut l chnh sch qun l mi trng quc gia. B xy dng hng dn chin lc qun l v xy dng th, qun l cht thi. y ban Nhn dn thnh ph ch o y ban nhn dn cc qun, huyn, S Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng v S Giao thng Cng chnh thc hin nhim v bo v mi trng th, chp hnh nghim chnh chin lc chung v lut php v bo v mi trng ca Nh nc thng qua vic xy dng cc quy tc, quy ch c th trong vic bo v mi trng ca thnh ph. Cng ty Mi trng th l c quan trc tip m nhn nhim v x l cht thi rn, bo v v sinh mi trng thnh ph theo chc trch c S Giao Thng Cng Chnh thnh ph giao. 1.3. CC YU CU CHUNG TRONG QUN L CHT THI RN CC TH VIT NAM : Vic qun l cht thi rn cc th ni chung, v c bn phi m bo cc yu cu sau: - Phi thu gom v vn chuyn ht cht thi. y l yu cu u tin, c bn ca vic x l cht thi nhng hin ang cn l mt kh khn, i hi phi c nhiu c gng khc phc. - Phi bo m vic thu gom, x l c hiu qu theo ngun kinh ph nh nht nhng li thu c kt qu cao nht. Bo m sc khe cho i ng nhng ngi lao ng trc tip tham gia vic qun l cht thi ph hp vi kh nng kinh ph ca thnh ph v Nh nc. - a c cc cng ngh v k thut , cc trang thit b x l cht thi tin tin ca cc nc vo s dng trong nc, o to i ng cn b qun l v lao ng c y kin thc, kinh
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1.4. MT S VN BN PHP LUT LIN QUAN TI QUN L CHT THI RN TH VIT NAM : - Lut Bo v mi trng (BVMT) do ch tch nc k sc lnh ban hnh s 29-L/CTN ngy 10/ 01/1994; - Ngh nh s 175 v Hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng ban hnh ngy18/10 /1994; - Lut Hng hi Vit Nam ban hnh ngy 30/6/1990; - Lut Bo v sc khe cng ng ban hnh nm 1991; - Lut Du m, ban hnh thng 7/1993; - Lut t ai, ban hnh thng 7/1993; - Lut Khong sn, ban hnh ngy 20/3/1996; - Lut Thng mi, ban hnh ngy 10/5/1996; - Quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi, ban hnh ngy 16/7/1999; - Tiu chun Vit Nam v phn loi nhng hp cht c hi v yu cu an ton, TCVN3164 - 1979, ban hnh ngy 01/01/1981; - Tiu chun Vit Nam v ha cht nguy him, Quy phm an ton trong sn xut, s dng, bo qun v vn chuyn, TCVN 5507-1991, ban hnh nm 1991; - Chin lc Qun l cht thi rn th v Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ngy 10/7/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt chin lc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2000; - Quy ch qun l cht thi y t - B Y t - H Ni 1999. - Tiu chun cho php ca kh thi l t cht thi y t TCVN 6560 - 1999; - Cht thi rn - bi chn lp hp v sinh - Yu cu chung v bo v mi trng TCVN 66962000; - Vn bn hng dn thc hin bo v mi trng trong qun l v pht trin th, nng thn v u t xy dng nm 2000.
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Chng 2

NGUN GC, PHN LOI CHT THI RN TH


2.1. NH NGHA CHT THI RN: Theo quan nim chung: Cht thi rn l ton b cc loi vt cht c con ngi loi b trong cc hot ng kinh t - x hi ca mnh (bao gm cc hot ng sn xut, cc hot ng sng v duy tr s tn ti ca cng ng v.v). Trong quan trng nht l cc loi cht thi sinh ra t cc hot ng sn xut v hot ng sng. Theo quan im mi: Cht thi rn th (gi chung l rc thi th) c nh ngha l: Vt cht m con ngi to ra ban u vt b i trong khu vc th m khng i hi c bi thng cho s vt b . Thm vo , cht thi c coi l cht thi rn th nu chng c x hi nhn nhn nh mt th m thnh ph phi c trch nhim thu gom v tiu hy. Theo quan im ny, cht thi rn th c cc c trng sau: - B vt b trong khu vc th; - Thnh ph c trch nhim thu dn. 2.2. NGUN TO THNH CHT THI RN TH: Cc ngun ch yu pht sinh ra cht thi rn th bao gm: - T cc khu dn c (cht thi sinh hot); - T cc trung tm thng mi; - T cc cng s, trng hc, cng trnh cng cng; - T cc dch v th, sn bay; - T cc hot ng cng nghip; - T cc hot ng xy dng th; - T cc trm x l nc thi v t cc ng ng thot nc ca thnh ph. Cc li cht thi rn c thi ra t cc hot ng khc nhau c phn loi theo nhiu cch. a) Theo v tr hnh thnh: ngi ta phn bit rc hay cht thi rn trong nh, ngoi nh, trn ng ph, ch b) Theo thnh phn ha hc v vt l: ngi ta phn bit theo cc thnh phn hu c, v c, chy c, khng chy c, kim loi, phi kim loi, da , gi vn, cao su, cht do
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c) Theo bn cht ngun to thnh - cht thi rn c phn thnh cc loi: Cht thi rn sinh hot: l nhng cht thi lin quan n cc hot ng ca con ngi, ngun to thnh ch yu t cc khu dn c, cc c quan, trng hc, cc trung tm dch v, thng mi. Cht thi rn sinh hot c thnh phn bao gm kim loi, snh s, thy tinh, gch ngi v, t, , cao su, cht do, thc phm d tha hoc qu hn s dng, xng ng vt, tre, g, lng g vt, vi , giy, rm, r, xc ng vt, v rau qu v.v Theo phng din khoa hc, c th phn bit cc loi cht thi rn sau: - Cht thi thc phm bao gm cc thc n tha, rau, qu loi cht thi ny mang bn cht d b phn hy sinh hc, qu trnh phn hy to ra cc cht c mi kh chu, c bit trong iu kin thi tit nng m. Ngoi cc loi thc n d tha t gia nh cn c thc n d tha t cc bp n tp th, cc nh hng, khch sn, k tc x, ch - Cht thi trc tip ca ng vt ch yu l phn, bao gm phn ngi v phn ca cc ng vt khc. - Cht thi lng ch yu l bn ga cng rnh, l cc cht thi ra t cc khu vc sinh hot ca dn c. - Tro v cc cht d tha thi b khc bao gm: cc loi vt liu sau t chy, cc sn phm sau khi un nu bng than , ci v cc cht thi d chy khc trong gia nh, trong kho ca cc cng s, c quan, x nghip, cc loi x than. - Cc cht thi rn t ng ph c thnh phn ch yu l cc l cy, que, ci, nilon, v bao gi Cht thi rn cng nghip: l cc cht thi pht sinh t cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi cng nghip gm: - Cc ph thi t vt liu trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, tro , x trong cc nh my nhit in; - Cc ph thi t nhin liu phc v cho sn xut; - Cc ph thi trong qu trnh cng ngh; - Bao b ng gi sn phm. Cht thi xy dng: l cc ph thi nh t ct, gch ngi, b tng v do cc hot ng ph d, xy dng cng trnh v.vcht thi xy dng gm:
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- Vt liu xy dng trong qu trnh d b cng trnh xy dng; - t do vic o mng trong xy dng ; - Cc vt liu nh kim loi, cht do Cc cht thi t cc h thng c s h tng k thut nh trm x l nc thin nhin, nc thi sinh hot , bn cn t cc cng thot nc thnh ph. Cht thi nng nghip: l nhng cht thi v mu tha thi ra t cc hot ng nng nghip, th d nh trng trt, thu hoch cc loi cy trng, cc sn phm thi ra t ch bin sa, ca cc l git m Hin ti vic qun l v x cc loi cht thi nng nghip khng thuc v trch nhim ca cc cng ty mi trng th ca cc a phng. d) theo mc nguy hi - cht thi rn c phn thnh cc loi: Cht thi nguy hi: bao gm cc loi ha cht d gy phn ng , c hi, cht thi sinh hc d thi ra, cc cht d chy, n hoc cc cht thi phng x, cc cht thi nhim khun, ly lan.. c nguy c e da ti sc khe ngi , ng vt v cy c. Ngun pht sinh ra cht thi nguy hi ch yu t cc hot ng y t, cng nghip v nng nghip. Cht thi y t nguy hi: l cht thi c cha cc cht hoc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh gy nguy hi trc tip hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi vi mi trng v sc khe ca cng ng. Theo quy ch qun l cht thi y t, cc loi cht thi y t nguy hi c pht sinh t cc hot ng chuyn mn trong cc bnh vin, trm x v trm y t. Cc ngun pht sinh ra cht thi bnh vin bao gm: - Cc loi bng bng, gc, np dng trong khm bnh, iu tr , phu thut; - Cc loi kim tim, ng tim; - Cc chi th ct b, t chc m ct b; - Cht thi sinh hot t cc bnh nhn; - Cc cht thi c cha cc cht c nng cao sau y: ch, thy ngn, Cadimi, Arsen, Xianua - Cc cht thi phng x trong bnh vin.

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Cc cht nguy hi do cc c s cng nghip ha cht thi ra c tnh c tnh cao, tc ng xu n sc khe, do vic x l chng phi c nhng gii php k thut hn ch tc ng c hi . Cc cht thi nguy hi t cc hot ng cng nghip ch yu l cc loi phn ha hc, cc loi thuc bo v thc vt. Cht thi khng nguy hi: l nhng loi cht thi khng cha cc cht v cc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc tng tc thnh phn. Trong s cc cht thi ca thnh ph, ch c mt t l rt nh c th s ch dng ngay trong sn xut v tiu dng, cn phn ln phi hy b hoc phi qua mt qu trnh ch bin phc tp, qua nhiu khu mi c th s dng li nhm p ng nhu cu khc nhau ca con ngi. Lng cht thi trong thnh ph tng ln do tc ng ca nhiu nhn t nh: s tng trng v pht trin ca sn xut, s gia tng dn s, s pht trin v trnh v tnh cht ca tiu dng trong thnh ph v.v Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi v phn loi cht thi c trnh by hnh 2.1

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Cc hot ng kinh t x hi ca con ngi

Cc qu trnh sn xut

Cc qu trnh phi sn xut

Hot ng sng v ti sn sinh con ngi

Cc hot ng qun l

Cc hot ng giao tip v i ngoi

Cht Thi

Dng lng

Dng kh

Dng rn

Bn ga cng

Cht lng du m

Hi c hi

Cht thi sinh hot

Cht thi cng nghip

Cc loi khc

Hnh 2.1. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi v phn loi cht thi

2.3. LNG CHT THI RN TH PHT SINH Lng cht thi to thnh hay cn gi l tiu chun to rc c nh ngha l lng rc thi pht sinh t hot ng ca mt ngi trong mt ngy m (kg/ngi.ng). Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngi i vi tng loi cht thi rn mang tnh c th ca tng a phng v ph thuc vo mc sng, vn minh ca dn c mi khu vc(bng 2.1). Bng 2.1. Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngi i vi tng loi cht thi rn th Ngun Sinh hot th (1) Tiu chun (kg/ngi.ng) Khong gi tr 1 -3 Trung bnh 1,59

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Cng nghip Vt liu ph thi b tho d Ngun thi sinh hot khc (2)

0,5 - 1,6 0,05 - 0,4 0,05 - 0,3

0,86 0,27 0,18

Ghi ch: (1) : k c nh v trung tm dch v thng mi


(2)

: khng k nc v nc thi.

Cc yu t nh hng ti tiu chun, thnh phn cht thi rn th bao gm: - iu kin sinh hot; - iu kin thi tit, kh hu; - Cc yu t x hi; - Tp qun. H s khng iu ha: Kng =
Rmax Rtb

Trong : Rmax : lng rc thi ln nht theo ngy, thng, nm Rtb : lng rc thi trung bnh theo ngy, thng, nm. Gi tr ca h s khng iu ha K ph thuc nhiu vo quy m ca th, vo mc sng v cc yu t khc, thng c gi tr Kng = 1,2 2; Kh = 1,5 2,5 2.4. THNH PHN V TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN Thnh phn l, ha hc ca cht thi rn th rt khc nhau ty thuc vo tng a phng, vo cc ma kh hu, cc iu kin kinh t v nhiu yu t khc (bng 2.2). % trng lng Hp phn Khong gi tr Cht thi thc phm Giy 6 - 25 24 - 45 Trung bnh 15 40 m (%) KGT 50 - 80 4 - 10 TB 70 6 Trng (kg/m3) KGT 12 - 80 32 - 128 TB 28 81,6 lng ring

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Catton Cht do Vi vn Cao su Da vn Sn phm vn G Thy tinh Can hp Kim loi khng thp Kim loi thp Bi, tro, gch Tng hp

3 - 15 2-8 0-4 0-2 0-2 0 - 20 1-4 4 - 16 2-8 0-1 1-4 0 - 10

4 3 2 0,5 0,5 12 2 8 6 1 2 4 100

4-8 1-4 6 - 15 1-4 8 - 12 30 - 80 15 - 40 1- 4 2-4 2-4 2-6 6 - 12 15 - 40

5 2 10 2 10 60 20 2 3 2 3 8 20

38 - 80 32 - 128 32 - 96 96 - 192 96 - 256 84 - 224 128 - 1120 160 - 480 48 - 160 64 - 240 128 - 1120 320 - 960 180 - 420

49,6 64 64 128 160 104 240 193,6 88 160 320 480 300

2.4.1. Cc phng php phn tch thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi rn : Ba phng php c bn sau thng c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi rn: - Phn tch / kim tra trc tip (nghin cu phn loi c in); - Phn tch sn phm th trng (t cn bng vt cht ca khu vc); - Phn tch sn phm ca cht thi (t cc qu trnh x l). * Mi phng php u c u nhc im ring. Khng c phng php n c no c th phn tch c ton b tnh cht ca ph thi. * Ti nhng khu vc thiu cc s liu v cc phng tin, cn thit phi phi hp cc phng php t c kt qu hon chnh, tin cy. 2.4.2. Nguyn tc ly mu cht thi rn: Ty thuc mc ch nghin cu, cc mu cht thi rn thng c ly nhng bi rc tp trung, trn xe ti ca tng khu vc, tng phng. Phi iu tra theo ma v phi c tin hnh theo cc quy trinh sau: Bc 1:i vi cc mu phn loi l hc
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a) cc cht thi c thu gom xung sn; b) Trn k cc cht thi; c) nh ng cht thi theo hnh nn; nhau v trn u. e) Chia mi phn cho phi thnh 2 phn bng nhau; f) Phi cc phn cho thnh 2 ng, sau li ly ra mi ng 1/2 phn (xp x khong 2030 kg) phn loi l hc. Bc 2: i vi cc mu phn loi ha hc. Mu phn tch c ly theo quy trnh nh hnh 2.2. 2.4.3. Nguyn tc phn loi l hc: Mu cht thi thu c t bc 1 c phn ra cc loi sau b tng loi vo trong thng ng ring nh nhau: 1. Cc cht chy c: a) Giy; b) Rc (bao gm c tht nhng khng bao gm phn xng, v s); c) Hng dt; d) G, c , rm, r; e) Cht do; f) Da v cao su. 2. Cc cht khng chy c: a) Kim loi st; b) Kim loi khng phi st; c) Thy tinh; d) v snh s (khng bao gm xng v v s). 3. Cc cht hn hp: a) Cc cht hn hp c kch thc ln hn 5 mm; b) Cc cht hn hp c kch thc nh hn 5 mm. (tch cc cht hn hp c kch thc nh hn 5mm v ln hn 5mm bng cch sng qua mt cp sng, phn cng nhiu loi cng tt).
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d) Chia thnh 4 phn bng nhau v ly 2 phn cho nhau (A + D) (B + C), nhp 2 phn vi

Cn v ghi li trng lng ca tng loi vo trong mu ghi sn trn c s ca trng lngi t v biu th theo phn trm ca ton b mu. 2.5. CC CH TIU L HC 2.5.1. Trng lng ring hay trng lng th tch Nguyn tc: Ly mu cht thi thu c theo quy trnh mc 2.4.2. Th tch mu khong 50 100 lt. 1. Cho mu cht thi mt cch nh nhng vo mt thng cha bit dung tch (thch hp nht l thng c dung tch 100 lt) cho ti khi thng c lm y. 2. Nhc thng ln cch mt sn khong 30 cm v th xung, lp li iu ny 4 ln. 3. Tip tc lm y thng. 4. Cn v ghi li kt qu trng lng ca c thng v cht thi. 5. Ly kt qu bc 4 tr i trng lng ca thng cha. 6. Ly kt qu bc 5 chia cho dung tch ca thng cha ta thu c t trng theo n v kg/lt. Lm iu ny 2 ln v ly kt qu trung bnh. Trng lng ring ca cht thi rn (BD) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
(Trng lng thng cha + cht thi) - (Trng lng thng cha) BD = Dung tch thng cha

2.5. m m ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l lng nc cha trong mt n v trng lng cht thi trng thi nguyn thy. Xc nh m c tun theo cng thc: m = Trong : a - trng lng ban u ca mu. b - trng lng ca mu sau khi sy kh 105oC. m v trng lng ring ca cc hp phn trong cht thi rn th c biu th bng 2.2. Cc nh ngha chi tit ca thnh phn cht thi c trnh by bng 2.3.
ab 100(%) a

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Bng 2.3. nh ngha cc thnh phn l hc ca cht thi rn Thnh phn 1. Cc cht chy c a) Giy b) Hng dt c) Thc phm d) C, g ci, rm r e) Cht do nh ngha Th d

Cc vt liu lm t giy v bt Cc ti giy, cc mnh ba, giy C ngun gc t cc si phm ch to t g, tre v rm ch to t cht do giy v sinh Vi , len , nylon cy, li ng gh, thang, ging, chi l cht do, cc u vi bng cht do, dy bn

Cc cht thi ra t n thc Cc cng rau , v qu, thn Cc vt liu v sn phm c dng bng g nh bn Cc vt liu v sn phm c Phim cun, ti cht do, chai

f) Da v cao su 2. Cc cht khng chy a) Cc kim loi st

Cc vt liu v sn phm c Bng, giy, v, bng cao su ch to t da v cao su

Cc loi vt liu v sn phm V hp, dy in, hng ro, c ch to t st m d b dao, np l nam chm ht. Cc loai vt liu khng b nam V hp nhm, giy bao gi, chm ht ch to t thy tinh ng tinh, bng n Cc loi vt liu v sn phm Chai l , ng bng thy Bt k cc lai vt liu khng V trai, c , xng, gch , chy khc ngoi kim loi v gm thy tinh Tt c cc loi vt liu khc cui, ct, t, tc khng phn loi bng ny.

b) Cc kim loi phi st c) Thy tinh d) v snh s

3. Cc cht hn hp

- 16 -

Loi ny c th c chia thnh 2 phn: Kch thc ln hn 5 v loi nh hn 5mm

- 17 -

Cht thi th

Phn tch thnh phn l hc

Phn tch thnh phn ha hc

2 m3 phn tch trng lng ring v thnh phn

100 - 120 kg to mu ban u

1 - 2 kg cht thi ti Sy kh nhit 102 - 105oC cho ti khi trng lng khng i

20 kg

pH

Nghin nh cho ti kch thc 1mm bng my nghin Sy kh li ti nhit 75oC trong vng 2 gi Bo qun trong bnh cch m Ly 25g mu sy

6g Cc cht bay hi tro

5g Ch t

50mg Cac bon

2,5g Nit

3g 2g Photpho Nhit lng th

1g Sulfua

1g Hydrocacbon

Cht lng

T s C/N

Protein

Nhit tr tinh

Nhit tr th

Hnh 2.2. S phn tch cht thi rn

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2.6. CC CH TIU HA HC 2.6.1. Cht hu c: Ly mu, nung 950oC. Phn bay hi i l cht hu c hay cn gi l tn tht khi nung, thng thng cht hu c dao ng trong khong 40 - 60%. Trong tnh ton, ly trung bnh 53% cht hu c. 2.6.2. Cht tro: Phn cn li sau khi nung - tc l cc cht tr d hay cht v c. 2.6.3. Hm lng cacbon c nh: l lng cacbon cn li sau khi loi cc cht v c khc khng phi l cacbon trong tro, hm lng ny thng chim khong 5 - 12%, trung bnh l 7%. Cc cht v c khc trong tro bao gm thy tinh, kim loi i vi cht thi rn th, cc cht ny c trong khong 15 - 30%, trung bnh l 20%. 2.6.4. Nhit tr: Gi tr nhit to thnh khi t cht thi rn. Gi tr ny c xc nh theo cng thc Dulng: n v nhit tr Trong : C : Lng cacbon tnh theo % H : Hydro tnh theo % O : Oxi tnh theo % S : Sunfua tnh theo % Thnh phn ha hc ca cc hp phn chy c - c trnh by bng 2.4. Bng 2.4. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc hp phn chy c ca cht thi rn Hp phn Cht thi thc phm Giy Catton Cht do Vi, hng dt Cao su % trng lng theo trng thi kh C 48 3,5 4,4 60 55 78 H 6,4 6 5,9 7,2 6,6 10 O 37,6 44 44,6 22,8 31,2 N 2,6 0,3 0,3 4,6 S 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,15 Tro 5 6 5 2,45
KJ 1 = 2,326 [145,4C + 620 H O + 41.S ] 8 Kg

Khng x Khng x 10 Khng x 10

Khng x 2

- 19 -

Da L cy, c G Bi, gch vn, tro

60 47,8 49,5 26,3

8 6 6 3

11,6 38 42,7 2

10 3,4 0,2 0,5

0,4 0,3 0,1 0,2

10 4,5 1,5 68

S liu trung bnh v cc cht d tr v nhit nng ca cht thi rn th c trnh by bng 2.5. Bng 2.5. S liu trung bnh v cc cht d tr v nhit nng ca cht thi rn th Hp phn Cht d tr *(%) Khong gi tr 4-8 3-6 6 - 20 2-4 8 - 20 8 - 20 2-6 0,6 - 2 96 - 99+ 96 - 99+ 90 - 99+ 94 - 99+ 60 - 80 Trung bnh 5 6 5 10 2,5 10 1 4,5 1,5 98 98 96 96 70 Nhit tr KJ/Kg Khong gi tr 3.489 - 6.978 11.630 - 1.608 13.956 - 17.445 27.912 - 37.216 15.119 - 18.608 20.934 - 27.912 15.119 - 19.771 2.326 - 18.608 17.445 - 19.771 116,3 - 22,6 232,6 - 1.163 Khng xc nh 232,6 - 1.163 2.326 - 11.630 9.304 - 12.793 Trung bnh 4.652 16.747,2 16.282 32.564 17.445 23.260 17.445 6.512,8 18.608 18.608 697,8 Khng x 697,8 6.978 10.467

Cht thi thc phm 2 - 8 Giy Catton Cht do Vi vn Cao su Da vn L cy, c G Thy tinh Can hp Phi kim loi Kim loi Bi, tro, gch Tng hp

Ghi ch: * : Cht d tr l cht cn li sau khi chy hon ton


+

: Da trn kt qu phn tch.


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2.7. C IM V THNH PHN RC THI CC TH VIT NAM Vit Nam, tc pht sinh rc thi ty thuc vo tng loi th v dao ng t 0,35 - 0,8 kg/ngi.ngy. Lng cht thi rn trung bnh pht sinh t cc th v thnh ph nm 1996 l 16.237 tn/ngy; nm 1997 l 19.315 tn/ngy. Con s ny t n gi tr 22.210 tn/ngy vo nm 1998. Hiu sut thu gom dao ng t 40 - 67% cc thnh ph ln v t 20 - 40% cc th nh; Lng bn cn cng thng ly theo nh k hng nm, s lng c tnh trung bnh cho mt ngy l 822 tn.Tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh v t l thu gom c th hin bng2.6 Trng lng ring ca cht thi rn ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic la chn thit b thu gom v phng thc vn chuyn. S liu ny dao ng t 480 - 580 kg/m3 ti H Ni; Ti Nng : 420 kg/m3; Hi Phng: 580 kg/m3; Thnh ph H Ch Minh: 500 kg/m3. Thnh phn ca cht thi rn rt a dng v c trng theo tng loi th (thi quen, mc vn minh, tc pht trin). Cc c trng in hnh ca cht thi rn nh sau: - Hp phn c ngun gc hu c cao (50,27 - 62,22%) - Cha nhiu t ct, si vn, gch v - m cao, nhit tr thp (900 kcal/kg). Vic phn tch thnh phn cht thi rn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn cng ngh x l. Thnh phn cht thi rn ca mt s th Vit Nam theo cc s liu nghin cu nm 1998 c trnh by bng 2.7. Bng 2.6. Lng cht thi rn to thnh v t l thu gom trn ton quc t 1997 - 1999 Loi cht thi Cht thi sinh hot Bn, cn cng Ph thi xy dng Cht thi y t nguy hi Cht thi cng nghip nguy hi Tng cng Lng pht sinh (tn/ngy) 1997 14.525 822 1.798 240 1.930 19.315 1998 16.558 920 2.049 252 2.200 21.979 1999 18.879 1049 2.336 277 2.508 25.049 Lng thu gom (%) 1997 55 90 55 75 48 56 1998 68 92 65 75 50 70 1999 75 92 65 75 60 73

Ngun: s liu quan trc - CEETIA


- 21 -

Bng 2.7. Thnh phn cht thi rn mt s th nm 1998 (theo % trng lng) STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 m tro T trng - tn/m3 Thnh phn Cht hu c Cao su, nha Kim loi Thy tinh, s, gm Ti H Ni 51,10 5,50 2,50 1,80 47,7 15,9 0,42 Ti Hi Phng 50,58 4,52 7,52 0,22 0,63 36,53 45 - 48 16,62 0,45 Ti TP H Long 2,7 - 4,5 5,5 - 5,7 0,3 - 0,5 3,9 - 8,5 40 - 46 11,0 Ti Nng 22,50 6,81 1,40 1,80 39,05 40,25 Ti TP HCM 41,25 8,78 24,83 1,55 5,59 18,00 27,18 58,75 0,412

40,1 - 44,7 31,50

Giy, catton, gi vn 4,20

t, ,ct, gch vn 35,90

47,5 - 36,1 36,00

0,57 - 0,65 0,38

Ngun: s liu quan trc - CEETIA Din bin v thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ti H Ni t nm 1995 n 1998 c th hin bng 2.8. Bng 2.8. Din bin v thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ti H Ni t nm 1995 n 1999 Thnh phn Giy vn L cy, rc hu c Ti nilon, nha Kim loi, v hp Thy tinh, snh , gm t, ct v cc cht khc Tng cng m ca rc thi tro T trng trung bnh-T/m3 1995 2,20 45,90 1,70 1,20 1,40 47,60 100 52,0 12,0 0,432 1996 2,90 50,40 3,20 1,80 2,60 39,10 100 47,6 10,5 0,416 1997 2,30 53,00 4,10 5,50 3,80 31,30 100 50,0 21,4 0,420 1998 4,20 50,10 5,50 2,50 1,80 35,90 100 47,70 15,90 0,420

Ngun : s liu quan trc - CEETIA

- 22 -

2.8. CHT THI RN NGUY HI Hin nay thc hin vic phn loi nguy hi u cha c x l hoc mi ch c x l rt s b sau c em chn lp cng cc loi cht thi sinh hot ti cc bi chn lp, cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam. Lng rc thi nguy hi pht sinh hng ngy t cc c s y t c tnh t 50 - 70 tn/ngy (chim 22% tng rc thi y t pht sinh). Thnh phn ca rc thi y t theo cc khu vc khc nhau Vit Nam c trnh by bng 2.9. Bng 2.9. Thnh phn ca rc thi y t theo cc khu vc khc nhau Vit Nam Thnh phn rc thi y t Cc cht hu c Chai nha PVC, PE, PP Bng bng V hp kim loi Chai l thy tinh, xilanh thy tinh, ng thuc thy tinh Kim tim, ng tim Giy cc loi, catton Cc bnh phm sau m t, ct, snh s v cc cht rn khc Tng cng T l phn cht thi nguy hi T l (%) 52,9 10,1 8,8 2,9 2,3 0,9 0,8 0,6 20,9 100 22,6 Ngun : B Y t , 1998. T trng trung bnh ca rc thi y t l 150 kg/m3. m : 37 - 42%. Nhit tr: 400 - 2.150 kcal/kg. Cht thi rn cng nghip: theo s liu thng k ca 4 thnh ph ln (H Ni, Hi Phng, Nng v TP.HCM), tng lng cht thi rn cng nghip chim 15 - 26% ca cht thi rn thnh ph. Trong cht thi rn cng nghip c khong 35 - 41% mang tnh nguy hi. Thnh phn ca cht thi cng nghip nguy hi rt phc tp, ty thuc vo nguyn liu sn xut, sn phm to thnh ca tng cng ngh v cc dch v c lin quan. C thnh phn cht thi nguy hi Khng C C Khng C C Khng C Khng

- 23 -

Lng cht thi nguy hi to thnh hng ngy t cc hot ng cng nghip nm 1997 c tnh khong 1.930 tn/ngy (chim 19% cht thi rn cng nghip). Con s ny tng ti 2.200 tn/ngy vo nm 1998 v ln ti 2.574 tn/ngy vo nm 1999. Lng cht thi rn pht sinh t mt s ngnh cng nghip in hnh mt s thnh ph nm 1998 c trnh by bng 2.10. Bng 2.10. Lng cht thi rn nguy hi pht sinh ti mt s tnh, Thnh ph Vit Nam (tn/nm) Cng Tnh/Thnh ph nghip in, in t H Ni Hi Phng Qung Ninh Nng Qung Nam Qung Ngi TP.HCM ng Nai B Ra - Vng Tu Tng cng Chng 3 THU GOM, LU GI V X L TI CH CHT THI RN T NH Thu gom cht thi l qu trnh thu nht rc thi t cc nh dn, cc cng s hay t nhng im thu gom, cht chng ln xe v ch n a im x l, chuyn tip, trung chuyn hay chn lp. Dch v thu gom rc thi thng c th chia ra thnh cc dch v "s cp" v "th cp". S khc bit ny phn nh yu t l nhiu khu vc, vic thu gom phi i qua mt qu trnh hai
- 24 -

Cng nghip c kh 5.005 558 15 1.622 1.544 7.506 3.330 879 20.469

Cng nghip ha cht 7.333 3.300 73 5.571 1.029 635 17.941

Cng nghip nh 2.242 270 32 10 25.002 28.614 91 56.261

Ch bin Cc thc phm 87 51 36 10 36 2.026 200 128 2.574 ngnh khc 1.640 420 170 219 40 6.040 1.661 97 10.287

Tng cng 10.108 4.657 15 1.933 1.783 86 46.172 34.884 1.830 109.468

1.801 58 27 50 1.936

Ngun : Cc Mi trng 1999

giai on: thu gom rc t cc nh v thu gom tp trung v ch cha trung gian ri t li chuyn tip v trm trung chuyn hay bi chn lp. chng 3 s tp trung trnh by cc vn thu gom s cp. Giai on thu gom s cp nh hng trc tip i vi ngi dn cng nh i vi m quan th v hiu qu ca cc cng on sau . Thu gom s cp (thu gom ban u) l cch m theo rc thi c thu gom t ngun pht sinh ra n (nh hay nhng c s thng mi) v ch n cc bi cha chung, cc a im hoc bi chuyn tip. Thng th cc h thng thu gom s cp cc nc ang pht trin bao gm nhng xe ch rc nh, xe hai bnh ko bng tay thu gom rc v ch n cc bi cha chung hay nhng im chuyn tip. Do vy, thu gom ban u s c cn n trong mi h thng qun l thu gom v vn chuyn, cn thu gom th cp li ph thuc vo cc loi xe c thu gom c la chn hay c th c c v vo h thng v cc phng tin vn chuyn ti ch. Khi thu gom rc thi t cc nh hay cng s thng t chi ph hn so vi vic qut dn chng t ng ph ng thi cn phi c nhng im cha khong cch thun tin cho nhng ngi c rc v chng cn c quy hoch, thit k sao cho rc thi c a vo thng cha ng ng v tr to iu kin thun li cho thu gom th cp. 3.1. THU GOM CHT THI RN T TRONG NH (THU GOM S CP) Trong h thng ny, cc h gia nh c th tham gia hoc khng cn tham gia vo qu trnh thu gom. Nhng ngi thu gom rc s i vo tng nh (sn hay vn), mang thng rc ra vo xe ca h v sau tr v ch c. H thng ny ch yu chi ph cho nhn cng lao ng v mt nhiu thi gian vo ra tng cn nh v t nh ny sang nh khc. Tuy nhin, nhng nc c thu nhp thp - lao ng thng kh r nn hnh thc ny tng i tt. Mt dng khc ca hnh thc ny l nhng ngi thu gom rung chung hay g ca tng nh v i ch nh mang rc ra ca. thng th nhng chic xe ch rc cng c ting ng cc c dn bit v sn sng vi thng rc ca h. iu ny v mt vi im no , tng t nh nhng h thng thu gom c bn c trnh by trn. Trong phm vi cun sch, thut ng "nh thp tng" c s dng tng i vi nhng ngi nh c s tng nh hn 4. thut ng " nh cao tng" c s dng i vi nhng ngi nh c s tng ln hn 7. i vi nhng nh c s tng t 4-7 th c xem l nhng nh c cao
- 25 -

trung bnh. Vic thu gom ti ch l ton b nhng hot ng c lin quan ti thu gom cht thi rn ti khi chng lu gi trong cc cngten trc khi c vn chuyn bng cc phng tin thu gom bn ngoi. Ngun nhn cng v thit b thu gom ti ch c trnh by bng 3.1. Bng 3.1. Ngun nhn cng v cc thit b thu gom ti ch Ngun pht sinh rc thi Ngi chu trch nhim 1. T cc khu dn c - Nh thp tng - Nh trung bnh - Dn c ti khu vc, ngi - Cc dng thu gom ti nh, cc lm thu. xe gom. - Ngi lm thu, nhn vin - Cc mng t chy, cc thang phc v ca khu nh, dch v nng, cc xe gom, cc bng ca cc cng ty v sinh. - Nh cao tng chuyn chy bng kh nn. - Ngi lm thu, nhn vin - Cc mng t chy, cc thang phc v ca khu nh, dch v nng, cc xe gom, cc bng ca cc cng ty v sinh. doanh, thng mi 3. Cc khu cng nghip cng ty v sinh. chuyn chy bng kh nn. cc cngten lu gi, cc thang nng hoc bng chuyn. Nhn vin, dch v ca cc Cc loi xe thu gom c bnh ln, cng ty v sinh. cc cngten lu gi, cc thang nng hoc bng chuyn. 4. Cc khu sinh hot Ch nhn ca khu vc hoc Cc thng lu gi c mi che hoc ngoi tri (qung cc cng ty cng vin, cy np y. xanh. Cc loi bng chuyn khc nhau v cc thit b. Ch nhn ca khu vc hoc Ty thuc vo trang b ca tng cng nhn. n v n l. trng, cng vin ) thi 6. Cc khu nng nghip 2. Cc khu vc kinh Nhn vin, dch v ca cc Cc loi xe thu gom c bnh ln, Thit b thu gom

5. Cc trm x l nc Cc nhn vin vn hnh trm

- 26 -

3.1.1. Thu gom t cc nh thp tng Ngi nh hoc ngi thu c nhim v qut dn v gom rc vo thn cha hay cc ti ng bng nha. Vic tp trung v thu gom cht thi cc khu nh ny thng l t nht 1ln/ngy, c bit i vi cc khu nh chut c thu nhp thp bi v nhng khu ny c mt dn c tng i chen chc hn nhng khu nh bnh thng. Lng rc tp thnh thng dao ng nhiu v c kh nng ti ch. Lu rng lng cht thi rn theo u ngi trong nm s rt t nhng ni thc hin tun hon dng li cc loi cht thi (thy tinh, giy, kim loi ) 3.1.2. Thu gom t cc nh trung v cao tng i vi nh loi ny, mi cn h phi c ngi thu dn hoc gom rc a xung tng di cng vo b cha. Tin b hn, ngi ta p dng cng ngh gom rc ch yu bng cc ng ng. Cc ng ng thi rc thng c tit din trn hay ch nht, xy bng thp, b tng hoc gch. ng knh 300 - 900mm, trung bnh 500 - 600mm. S thu gom rc thi t nh trung, cao tng c th hin hnh 3.1. Chi tit h thng thu gom t cc tng c biu th hnh 3.2. Nhng yu t quan trng nht cn c xem xt khi xy dng mt dch v thu gom s cp bao gm: - Cu trc hnh chnh v qun l i vi dch v; - Cc tiu chun ca dch v s c a ra; - C quan chu trch nhim thu gom (chnh quyn thnh ph, x nghip, c quan trong thnh ph, nhng ngi nht rc, cc gia nh); - a im thu gom (t cc gia nh, t l ng, t bi rc cng cng); - Loi xe thu gom s c s dng; - Liu s phn loi ti ngun cc vt liu dng li c kh nng kinh t khng v cn phi c cho php? - Tn sut thu gom. 3.2. CC PHNG TIN LU, CHA TI CH V TRUNG GIAN Cc loi thng rc c thit k khc nhau c th c s dng cha rc ti cc khu nh hay nhng khu c mt dn c cao nh nhng khu chung c. Cng c th thit k nhng im thu gom cng cng m rc thi c trc tip vo nhng thng cngtenn c t bn trong
- 27 -

im thu gom, mi gia nh u nhng thng rc ca h vo im thu gom ny. Vic ny to iu kin thun li cho bc trc tip rc thi vo nhng xe thu gom th cp, gip cho gim bt bc d bng th cng. Cc nguyn tc thc t khi la chn hay thit k mt h thng cha rc thi bao gm: - Chn cc vt liu ca a phng, vt liu dng li, hay c sn: i khi thit k mt loi thng rc c dng v hp dn v ng nht li c th lm thay i ng k cch rc ca qun chng v nh hng n thi ca h. Vic s dng thnh cng nhng thng mu xanh bng vt liu dng li Bc M kch thch v thc y s chp nhn cc vt liu dng li v lm tng t l thu li t 20% ln ti 75% mt s ni. - Chn thng cha d dng nhn thy, bt k bng hnh dng, mu sc hay nhng du hiu c bit: y cng l mt u im ch r mt loi thng cha ng nht khi bt u a vo mt h thng thu gom mi, v iu ny ni ln tnh chnh thc ca thu gom v a thm tm quan trng vo s chp nhn. Ngoi ra, nu cc thng ny l d dng nhn ra th iu ny cng c th c mt phn vai tr chng trm cp. - Chn cc thng cng d sa cha hoc thay th: iu ny l cn thit i vi tnh lu di ca h thng thu gom v mt tin cy ca h thng v chi ph. cng l cn thit m bo rng cc thng cha s khng b gi thi bay i mt hay d b b qua do nhng ngi bi rc hay sc vt bi. - Chn loi thng m khng ngn cn nhng ngi bi rc: Nu nhng ngi bi rc cm thy kh khn khi tm kim, h c th s lt c thng ra v lm cho rc vng vi ra ph, do vy th tiu mt mc ch ca thng rc. - Xem xt vic nhn din thng rc: theo cc ch nhn bng a ch, tn hay m s. i khi tn v a ch trn thng rc li mang li mt thc tt hn v trch nhim v c xu hng gi cho thng rc c sch hoc ly v ngay khi im rc sau khi ht. - Chn thng rc ph hp vi a hnh: Chn loi c bnh xe nu l nhng ng ph c lt bng phng, bng vt liu khng thm nc nu c nhiu ma, bng vt liu nng nu hay c gi mnh - Ch to thng rc bng nhng vt liu khng hp dn k trm: thng c s lo lng l cc thng rc nu c a ra rt c th s b n trm. C th gim thiu s ri ro do mt trm ny
- 28 -

bng vic ch to nhng thng rc bng nhng vt liu khng c gi tr, th d nh loi nha khng ti sinh c. Nhn chung, cc phng tin thu cha rc phi tha mn cc tiu chun sau: - Chng s xm nhp ca sc vt, cn trn. - Bn, chc, p v khng b h hng do thi tit. - D c ra. 3.2.1.Cc phng tin lu, cha ti ch Dung tch trung bnh ca phng tin thu cha c quyt nh bi s ngi trong gia nh, s lng nh c phc v v tn sut thu gom rc thi. Dung tch trn c tnh ton vi mc thi rc 0,5 - 0,8 kg/ngi.ngy. C cc loi phng tin thu cha sau: Ti ng rc khng thu hi: Ti c lm bng giy hoc bng cht do, nhng ti lm bng cht do cn c cc khung kim loi ti khi rc vo, cn ti bng giy th cng hn. Kch thc v mu sc ca ti c tiu chun ha trnh s dng ti ng rc vo mc ch khc. Thng ng rc: thng ng rc thng dng thng lm bng cht do, dung tch loi thng trong nh 5 - 10 lt;loi dng ti c quan, vn phng thng 30 - 75 lt, i khi 90 lt. Thng phi c np y. Nhn chung kch thc ca cc loi thng rc c th c la chn theo quy m v v tr thng cha. - Thng rc trong nh c s dng cha rc thi trong nh v c a ra ngoi vo thi im c nh trc . - Thng rc bn ngoi l nhng thng cha ln hn t bn ngoi nh v bn l ng khi ch thu gom. - Thng ng rc s dng khi thu gom bng cc phng tin y kn rc. l cc thng ng rc c np lp vo bn l mt h thng moc c th rc bng my vo trong xe qua mt ca c bit. Dung tch thng thng t 110 - 160 lt v thng lm bng cht do. - Thng ng rc di ng: Thng ng rc bng st hoc bng cht do, c np y lp vo bn l. di chuyn c d dng, cc thng ny c t trn cc bnh xe: 2 bnh xe nh c nh i vi loi thng nh v 4 bnh xe xoay c cho loi thng ln. Mt h thng moc cho php rc bng my vo xe thu rc. C 3 c: c nh 500 lt, c va 750 lt, c ln 1000 lt.
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Gm c 2 loi: - Loi thng dng cho nhng loi rc thi c khi lng trung bnh 0,15 kg/l. - Loi bn chc cho nhng loi rc thi c khi lng trung bnh l 0,4 kg/l. Loi "thng rc ln thng dng" thng c s dng trong nhng khu nh cao tng. Phng tin lu cha rc cho cc ta nh thng l cc thng kim loi (c nh); b cha rc hoc cc h rc. Mt s thng cha rc vn t sn bn ng ph v ni cng cng hin nay hu nh khng c rc trong. S d nh vy l v ngi dn rt ngi khi vt rc vo thng li phi dng tay nng np y thng ln. S mt s loi thng cha c trnh by hnh 3.3. Khi thit k cc loi thng cha rc vn loi ny phi tha mn cc yu cu sau: - p v v sinh - D s dng - c t c nh trn h ph. 3.2.2. cc phng tin lu , cha trung gian Thu cha rc trn cc xe y tay ci tin: rc cc h dn c, c cng nhn s dng xe y tay i thu gom em tp trung ti v tr xc nh. Sau , cc thng rc ca xe y tay (xe y tay c thng xe ri) c cu ln vo xe chuyn dng. 3.2.3. Chi ph cho vic thu gom cc cht thi ti ch Cc chi ph cho vic thu gom cc cht thi khu vc thng ly t qu phc li ca th (chi ph cng cng). Khi vic chi ph ny thuc v phc li cng cng th vic thu nht cc loi cht thi c kh nng ti ch s c dn chng thu nht mt cch t nguyn. Gi thnh thu nht, tp trung, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn theo u ngi trong mt nm c trnh by bng 3.2. Bng 3.2. Gi thnh thu nht, tp trung, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn theo u ngi trong mt nm Ngun thu nht Gi thnh thu nht (USD/ngi/nm)

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Trung bnh i vi tt c th Thu nht mt ln/tun Thu nht hai ln/tun Trung bnh i vi tt c cc th Cc trm trung chuyn trong thnh ph

5,39 5,60 6,82 1,42 2,17

3.3. U NHC IM CA CC PHNG THC THU GOM TI CH Nhng thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc thu gom, lu gi cht thi rn ti ch c trnh by bng 3.3. Bng 3.3. Cc thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc thu gom, lu gi ti ch Phng thc Khu dn c v thng mi - Cht ng - Kho cha c nh (xy bng gch) D dng i vi dn Mt v sinh. Km m quan v ri vi bi nhng ngi nht rc. Gp nhm cht thi thu i hi s ng gp t nguyn ca gom dn. Mt thi gian khi chuyn giao. Km m quan v ri vi bi nhng ngi nht rc. - Ti cht do V sinh, ly nhanh, t i hi phi thu gom tng nh. phi qut. Bc kn cc Dn phi mua ti. cht thi - Bc cng nh Kinh t hn v c th ti i hi phi thu gom tng nh, c sinh, thu nhanh hn. mi, cc thng cha d b mt cp, Khng phi qut. - B cha cht thi (nhiu h gia nh) trung cht thi. phi lau chi thng xuyn. phn loi i vi b mt ngn. Kh khuyn khch nhn dn, s dng khng c hiu qu. Dn d s dng. Tp Kh thc hin vic thu gom c Thun li Bt li

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- Cngtenn (nhiu h gia Gp nhm cht thi. Thu i hi s ng gp t nguyn ca nh v cht thi xy dng) gom v vn chuyn d dn. Phi c khng gian. Km m dng. ng cng cng - Thng rc nh c nh - Xe y c nh 350 lt - Cngtenn quan v ri vi bi nhng ngi nht rc. D s dng cho ngi C kh nng trn y. qua li. Thu gom v vn chuyn Km m quan, d b ph hoi. d dng. Gp nhm cht thi. Thu Xa nh . Khng c nhiu khng gom v vn chuyn d gian. Km m quan. Ri vi bi dng C quan v x nghip - Kho c nh - Cngtenn Gp nhm cht thi. Mt thi gian khi chuyn giao. Ri vi bi nhng ngi thu nht rc Gp nhm cht thi. Thu v cc nhn vin. gom v vn chuyn d Phi c sn khng gian. Km m dng. quan. Phng thc s dng cc cngtenn lu gi tm thi cc loi cht thi rn l phng thc c p dng ph bin cc nc ang pht trin v n cho php nhng ngi dn khng c ti nha ng cht thi ca h, c x rc m khng nh hng tiu cc. ng thi phng thc ny cng cho php gim gi thu gom cng nh gp phn lm sch thnh ph mt cch ng k, c bit i vi cc khu nh ng c, cc c quan, nh my v dng cho cc cht thi xy dng. Vic s dng cc loi ti nha i hi phi ng vin mnh m dn chng c s thay i ln cc thi quen ca h. Cc b cha cht thi cc khu dn c nhiu h gia nh cng c p dng thnh cng nhiu nc phng Ty. Tuy nhin cc ni dn c ng c, cn phi b tr xy dng cc b lu gi hai ngn to iu kin cho vic sn cht thi, nng cao gi tr ti s dng li hoc ti ch.
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nhng ngi nht rc.

3.4. CC BIN PHP GIM VIC PHT SINH CHT THI RN Khi lng rc sinh ra ti cc ngun x ngy cng ln v vy vic gim khi lng v c tnh cc cht thi rn l nhng vn k thut i hi x hi phi gii quyt vi mc tiu lu di, ph hp vi tnh hnh pht trin v bo v mi trng , bo m cn bng sinh thi. Hin nay nhu cu ca dn chng ngy cng cao, s lng cht thi khng l ngy cng tng, v do vy c nhiu s c xy ra trong qu trnh qun l, gii quyt cht thi rn to thnh v xu th nh hng ca cht thi rn ti mi trng thin nhin ngy cng tng. Giai on u ca vic gim lng cht thi l phi nhn thc c rng cht thi rn l loi cht thi khng mong mun, khng bit trc c qu trnh trao i ca n trong vng v nhng tc ng ca n gy ra mang tnh x hi. Cc vn lin quan di y s tr li cu hi ti sao vic to ra t cht thi v t nhim l cch la chn tt nht: 1. Tit kim nng lng v cc ngun nng lng gc; 2. Gim s khai thc, x l, s dng cc ngun gy tc ng xu ti mi trng; 3. Tng cng sc khe cng nhn v s an ton bi vic gim s xut hin cc vt liu c tnh c hi hay nguy him. 4. Gim chi ph khng ch nhim v qun l cht thi (chi ph ny ang tng rt nhanh hn c t l tng sn phm cng nghip) v kh nng mc phi trong tng lai i vi cht thi c hi v nguy him. Phng thc gim cht thi v nhim: - Tng mc tiu th; - Thit k li cc quy trnh sn xut v sn phm sao cho s dng t nguyn liu hn; - Thit k v to ra cc sn phm t gy nhim v t cc ngun gy cht thi hn khi s dng; - Loi b s ng gi khng cn thit. p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn trong sn xut. Mc tiu ca cng ngh ny l hn ch s dng ti nguyn v gim thiu cht thi. Trong tng lai c th to ra cng ngh hiu qu hn, to ra qu trnh sn xut mi, cng nh bo v v ti s dng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin k c vic chuyn ha cht thi thnh nng lng. 3.5. CC PHNG PHP X L S B V X L TI CH CHT THI RN

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Nh cp cc phn trc, nhiu h thng thu gom rc thi th nhng thnh ph c thu nhp thp u phi i mt vi nhng vn tng t trong x l rc thi. l s trng lp khng cn thit ca vic cha v x l rc thi. rc thi c th c x l ti bn ln hoc nhiu hn trong qu trnh thu gom, iu lm tng thm thi gian v chi ph cho qu trnh, ng thi lm gim hiu qu. Cc quy trnh x l n gin in hnh hin ang s dng cc nc ang pht trin c th hin bng 3.4. Bng 3.4. Cc quy trnh x l ti ch in hnh Quy trnh x l hin ti in hnh - Rc c ng trn ng ph Mc tiu Rc c cha trong cc gia nh trong cc thng cha u tin - Rc c vun, thu gom v vo cc rc thi trc tip t cc thng rc ring vo thng rc trn ph xe rc hay vo nhng thng rc ch i c (thng rc th cp) - Rc thi c thu gom th cng v cht Rc thi c chuyn trc tip khng qua bc vo nhng xe ch rc khng t th cng v cc xe thu gom th cp (thu gom th cp) - D rc bng th cng ti cc im trung D rc bng c gii ti im trung chuyn hoc chuyn, phn loi v bc xc ln xe ch chn lp. nu l ti im chuyn tip th d rc i chn lp ra sn b tng v bc xc bng c gii.

Cn thit phi c cc bin php x l s b rc thi bng cc phng php c th nhm gim th tch, ng nht kch thc cht thi rn, phn cc hp phn nng ring, nh ring to iu kin thun li cho cc bc tip theo. X l s b cng nhm mc ch d vn chuyn v d x l. 3.5.1. X l s b bng phng php nn p i vi cc ta nh trung bnh v nh cao tng, qu trnh x l vn hnh i vi cht thi t cc nh ring bao gm: nn m, t, nghin, t v to thnh bt nho, hoc cng c khi nghin nh v phn loi nh cc nh t tng.

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- m nn: gim dung tch cht thi rn, khi thu gom ngi ta thng dng cc thit b m nn cc ta nh ln. Thit b m nn c t u di ng ng tng di cng. Cht thi sau khi ri xung y ng ng, ngi ta dng t bo quang in hoc nt bm y rc cht thi rn n thit b m nn. Ty thuc thit k ch to thit b m nn, cht thi rn c th c nn thnh kin v t ng xp ti vo thng kim loi hoc ti giy. khi cc kin c hnh thnh v thng hoc ti y th my m nn li t ng y i v c th lp i lp li. Trng lng cht thi khng thay i nhng dung tch gim c 20 - 60% so vi dung tch ban u. Cht thi rn c m cht rt thun li cho vic y vo cc bi rc thi. Khi dng phng php t th cht thi c m nn li phi c xi ln d chy v chy ht trong l t. Cho d cht thi rn c xi ln th cng khng thu hi c cc vt liu cn hoc c th thu hi. S x l s b bng nn p c th hin hnh 3.4. a) Bt u chu trnh nn Ca rc cc tng Thng nhc di ng Rc thi

Khung thp b) Ko khi bung nn

c) Nn p trong thng

Hnh 3.4. S ca x l s b bng nn p


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3.5.2. X l ti ch cht thi rn bng phng php sinh hc ti ch l cht rc thi thnh ng, trong di tc dng ca oxy v s hot ng ca vi sinh vt m qu trnh sinh ha din ra phn hy cht hu c thnh mn. y l phng php ph bin x l rc, to iu kin cho rc c phn hy thnh mn, c th dng lm phn bn phc v trng trt. Trong cc ng rc, do kt qu ca qu trnh sinh ha, nhit c th t ti 60oC v hn na. Vi nhit v cc yu t khc, cc vi khun ng rut khng to nha bo (thng hn, tiu chy, l ) v trng giun s b tiu dit. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh bao gm: nhit , m, pH, hp phn nguyn liu Sau thi gian th cc mm bnh s b tiu dit. phng php ny c ngh p dng x l cc b cht thi do cc khu dn c c din tch khng nm trong khu vc trung tm th v cho cc x nghip ch bin hoa qu, thc phm cng nh cc khu vc khc c to ra t l cao ca thnh phn hu c trong rc thi. Bi rc (cnh ng rc): Rc c khu vc ring bit. Trong cnh ng ngi ta chia thnh cc khu vc ln lt rc. Nu tnh ton s b th 1000 dn cn 0,13 - 0,15 ha din tch , c trng cy xanh cch ly vi cc khu vc xung quanh. H rc: xy dng cc h rc ngoi tri, o trc tip di t. Tuy nhin cn lu trnh gy nhim ngun nc ngm. B sinh hc: B c dung tch 5 - 15 m3. tng hiu qu qu trnh ngi ta c gii ha khu np v ly rc ra ngoi. Qu trnh sinh ha trong b ch yu nh s tham gia tch cc ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh hoc ym kh ty tin. tng cng qu trnh sinh ha trong b, ngi ta phi thc hin lm thong, thng hi tt v phi xy dng sau cho gi c nhit cao trong . V tr xy dng b phi c s ng ca c quan v sinh dch t v qun l mi trng. S mt s b sinh hc c trnh by hnh 3.5.

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a) Loi h vi ro chn n gin

b) Loi thng ba ngn theo qu trnh phn hy sinh hc

c) Loi hnh trng vi dung tch 200 lt

Cc thun li v bt li v bt li ca tng phng thc cht thi rn ti ch c trnh by bng 3.5.

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Bng 3.5.Cc thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc cht thi rn ti ch. Phng thc Lm phn nh Thun li Bt li Khng nh hng g ti mi Cn c s ng h v theo di. trng. R tin. Khuyn khch Ch p dng i vi rc thi hu nhn dn v li ch ca phn Phn ti ch (nhiu h gia nh) c. C th p dng cho mt chng Cn c s tham gia ca dn. trnh mang tnh cng ng Cn c thi gian. nng cao gi tr khu dn c. ng vin nhn dn bo v mi trng ca h. Gim chi ph v lp t. Phn ti ch (ti cc khu nghip v c quan) Ngi s dng c dng nhng Cn khng gian. Cn c s kim cng sn phm ci thin ni tr ng tra. ca mnh.

Trong tng lai, cc chng trnh lm phn nhiu h gia nh, cc c quan, trng hc s phi c thc hin phng php ny. Cn lu ti cc cht cn c lm phn cc c s x nghip, trng hc v lu l ti vic s dng cui cng ca cc sn phm . 3.5.3. Phng php thiu t Phng php ny tuy chi ph cao, thng thng l 20 23 USD/tn, nhng chu trnh x l ngn , ch 3-4 ngy. V gi thnh t nn ch c cc nc pht trin p dng nhiu. cc nc ang pht trin nn p dng phng php ny vi quy m nh x l cht thi c hi nh: cht thi bnh vin, cht thi cng nghip Nh thiu t, dung tch cht thi rn c gim nhiu ch cn khong 10% so vi dung tch ban u; trng lng gim ch cn 25% hoc thp hn so vi ban u. Nh vy s to iu kin thun li cho vic thu gom v gim nhu cu v dung tch cha ti ch, ngay ti ngun, ng thi cng d dng chuyn ch ra bi chn lp tp trung nu cn. Tuy nhin phng php t rc thi ti ch s gy nhim khng kh cho khu vc dn c xung quanh, ng thi lm mt m quan th, v vy phng php ny ch dng ti cc a phng nh, c mt dn s thp.
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Ngoi ra cn c cc k thut mi nh cht thi l v bo, v tru, mn ca em p p lc cao vi keo tng hp lm thnh tm tng, trn nh, t, bn gh, hoc x l du cn dng li

Chng 4 THU GOM TP TRUNG V VN CHUYN CHT THI RN TH


Thut ng thu tp trung (hay cn gi l thu gom th cp) bao hm khng ch vic thu gom nht cc cht thi rn t nhng ngun khc nhau m cn c vic chuyn ch cc cht thi ti a im tiu hy. Vic d cc xe rc cng c coi nh l mt phn ca hot ng thu gom th cp. Nh vy thu gom th cp l cch thu gom cc loi cht thi rn t cc im thu gom chung (im cu rc) trc khi vn chuyn chn theo tng phn hoc c tuyn thu gom n mt trm trung chuyn, mt c s x l hay bi chn lp bng cc loi phng tin chuyn dng c ng c. 4.1.CC KHI NIM Quy hoch thu gom cht thi rn: l vic nh gi cc cch thc s dng nhn lc v thit b tm ra mt s sp xp hiu qu nht. Mun vy cn xem xt cc yu t sau: Cht thi rn c to ra: S lng (tng cng v tng n v); t trng; ngun to thnh. Phng thc thu gom: Thu gom ring bit hay kt hp. Mc dch v cn cung cp: L ng; li i; khi nh Tn sut thu gom v nng sut thu gom: S nhn cng v t chc ca mt kp; Lp l trnh thu gom theo tng khu vc; ghi chp nht k vo bo co. S dng hp ng thnh ph hoc cc dch v t nhn Thit b thu gom: Kch c; chng loi; s lng; s thch ng vi cc cng vic khc. Khi phc ngun lc: Gi thnh; th trng; thu gom; phn loi Tiu hy: Phng php; a im; chuyn ch; tnh php l Mt dn s: Kch thc nh ca; s lng im dng; lng cht thi rn ti mi im; nhng im dng cng cng Cc c tnh vt l ca khu vc: Hnh dng v chiu rng ng ph; a hnh; m hnh giao thng (gi cao im, ng mt chiu)

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Kh hu: Ma; gi; nhit i tng v khu vc phc v: Dn c (cc h c th v nhng im dng cng cng); doanh nghip; nh my Cc ngun ti chnh v nhn lc. Cc ngun to cht thi rn tn mn theo khng gian v thi gian; Cht thi rn ngy cng gia tng v s lng v chng loi; Gi thnh chi ph nhn cng v nhin liu ngy cng cao;

Dch v thu gom tp trung cht thi rn l cng vic kh khn phc tp v nhng l do sau:

Chi ph cho cng on thu gom, tp trung chim t 60 80% tng chi ph thu gom tp trung x l v x cht thi rn. Cc tiu ch chnh c trng cho hiu qu thu gom: 1. S tn cht thi c thu gom trong mt gi; 2. Tng s h c phc v trong mt gi lm vic ca mt kp; 3. Chi ph ca mt ngy thu gom; 4. Chi ph cho mi ln dng thu gom; 5. S lng ngi c phc v bi mt xe trong mt tun. 4.2. CC PHNG THC THU GOM Thu gom theo khi: Trong h thng ny cc xe thu gom chy theo mt quy trnh u n theo tn sut c tha thun trc (2-3ln/tun hay hng ngy). Nhng xe ny dng ti mi ng ba, ng t v rung chung. Theo tn hiu ny, mi ngi dn ph quanh mang nhng st rc ca h n vo xe. C nhiu dng khc nhau ca hnh thc thu gom ny c p dng nhng im chung l mi gia nh c yu cu phi c thng rc ca ring mnh trong nh v mang n cho ngi thu gom rc vo nhng thi im c quy nh trc. Trong mt s trng hp chnh quyn cung cp nhng thng rc c tiu chun ha , mc d vn chi ph cho s tiu chun ha ny cn phi c xem xt mt cch cn thn. Thu gom bn l ng: H thng thu gom ny i hi mt dch v u n v mt thi gian biu tng i chnh xc. Cc c dn cn phi t li thng rc sau khi c ht rc. iu quan trng l nhng thng ny phi c dng chun. nu khng s dng nhng thng rc chun th c th c hin tng rc khng c ht ra khi thng (th d nh cc loi gi, thng
- 40 -

catton). Trong nhng iu kin ny, rc c th b gi thi hay sc vt lm vng vi ra, do vy lm cho qu trnh thu gom rc tr nn km hiu qu. nhng nc c thu nhp thp, hnh thc thu gom bn l ng thng khng hon ton ph hp. Mt s vn thng ny sinh trong cch thu gom ny, v d nhng ngi nht rc c th s nhng thng rc ny ra nht trc, thng rc c th b mt cp, sc vt lm hay c th b vt li trn ng ph trong mt thi gian di. 4.3.H THNG THU GOM VN CHUYN CHT THI RN 4.3.1. cc loi thit b tp trung vn chuyn cht thi rn C th phn loi theo nhiu cch nh: Theo kiu vn hnh hot ng Theo thit b, dng c c s dng nh cc loi xe ti c ln, nh Theo loi cht thi cn thu gom.

Theo kiu vn hnh hot ng gm: H thng xe thng di ng (tch ri), h thng xe thng c nh. - H thng xe thng di ng(HT) l h thu gom trong cc thng cha y rc c chuyn ch n bi thi ri a thng khng v v tr tp kt rc ban u. H thng ny ph hp vn chuyn cht thi rn t cc ngun to ra nhiu cht thi rn., cng c th nhc thng rc y ln xe v thay bng thng rng ti im tp kt. - H thng xe thng c nh(HTC) l h thu gom trong cc thng cha y rc vn c nh t ni tp kt rc, tr mt khong thi gian rt ngn nhc ln rc vo xe gom rc (xe c thnh xung quang lm thng). H xe thng di ng i hi phi c xe ti v trang thit b. Bng 4.1 trnh by h thng xe thu gom loi di ng. Dng cc thng ln gim c thi gian bc d, v sinh hn so vi vic dng nhiu thng nh. H xe thng di ng c u im l a dng v hnh dng v v kch thc cho nn c ng thch hp vi nhiu loi cht thi rn, thu gom c tng loi cht thi rn.

- 41 -

Tuy nhin vn c nhc im l do cc thng ln v cng vic thng phi thc hin bng th cng nn thng khng cht c y, do vy hiu qu s dng dung tch km. Nu bc d bng c gii mi tn dng c dung tch. Bng 4.1.Cc h thng xe thng thu gom loi di ng Loi xe H xe thng vn chuyn di ng: - Xe nng (Hoittruck) nng ln h xung t - Xe c ti ko(truck-tractor) H xe thng c nh: - My m nn bc d c gii - My m nn bc d th cng Thng kn c b ti ko c trang b b c 15 30 thng t nn Trn h v kn bc d pha trn hoc nilng kiu bao ti. Xe nng: trc y c s dng ph bin trong thit b qun s, trong cc x nghip cng nghip. N c th t nng v thu gom, tuy nhin c nhc im v hn ch l ch s dng : Thu gom cht thi rn t cc im ri rc v mt ni v lng cht thi rn l ng k. Thu gom cc ng cht thi rn hoc cht thi rn cng nghip m khng dng cc xe c b nn c. Xe sn nghing(nng ln h xung): h ny dng xe ti kiu y nghing ln h xung vi cc thng ln c dng thu gom mi loi cht thi rn t ngun mi to ra. Bng 4.2 lit k cc loi thng ln km theo vi loi xe ny. Cc thng h pha trn c dng hng ngy ni ph d hoc cng trng xy dng. Cc thng ln thng km vi b m nn c nh dng thu gom cht thi rn cc trung tm
- 42 -

Loi thng

Dung

tch

thng (m3) 5 10 10 36 12 30 15 30 12 - 30

C b nn m c nh C b nn c nh C b c thng t nn Trn h c ti ko

- Xe ko (tilt-frame) sn nghing Trn h gi l hp

0,76 6

Thng nha hoc km loi m nh ti giy 0,05

thng mi, cc cng trnh a nng, cc trm trung chuyn cht thi rn. V c dung tch ln v vn chuyn tng i tt nn loi xe thng nghing c dng rt rng ri. Bng 4.2. Cc loi thng ln i km vi loi xe vn chuyn cht thi Loi xe thu Dung tch S gom thng hoc ti(m3) H xe thng di ng Xe nng Xe nghing Xe c ti 12 - 30 3 32 96 90 - 150 220 - 450 5 - 10 sn 10 - 36 2 3 8 24 84 96 80 - 100 80 - 90 110 - 150 220 - 300 Ri t do m Ri t do ng Ri t do nghing H xe thng c nh, c trang b b nn c gii Bc Bc pha bn Bc pha sau H xe thng c nh, c trang b nn th cng Bc Bc pha sau xp 7,6 28 xp 7,6 22 3 2 28 15 96 96 132 - 150 125 - 135 240 300 Nng thy lc 210 - 230 Nng thy lc pha trc xp 7,6 22 2 15 96 xp 15 - 30 xp 7,6 27 3 3 24 24 96 96 140 150 240 290 Nng thy lc 132 150 220 260 Nng thy lc 125 135 210 230 Nng thy lc pha trc trc xe xe Thng hoc c tch m3 dung Kch thc mm xe Rng Cao Di Phng php x

- 43 -

Xe thng c ti ko: ging nh loi xe thng c sn nghing, dng rng ri thu gom chuyn ch cht thi rn nh ct, g x nh ca, mnh vn kim loi, tc l dng cho vic ph d nh ca cng trnh (demolition). H thng xe thng c nh v trang b: h thng ny c s dng rng ri thu gom mi loi cht thi rn. Nhng h thng ny c s dng ty thuc vo s lng cht thi rn cn thu dn v s im (ngun) to cht thi rn. H thng ny c hai loi chnh: + H thng vi b nn v t bc d (c kh): thng vn chuyn cht thi rn n khu tri, bi thi v sinh, trm trung chuyn hoc trm x l cht thi rn . Loi ny kh a dng v hnh dng v kch thc. Tuy nhin c nhc im l khng thu gom c cc loi cht thi rn nng, cng knh nh ca cng nghip, cng trng xy dng, ph d cng trnh + H thng vi xe bc d th cng: loi ny ph bin dng chuyn ch bc d cht thi rn cc khu nh . Loi bc d th cng c hiu qu hn loi bc d c gii trong cc khu nh bi v lng cht thi rn cn bc xp ri rc cc ni vi s lng t, thi gian tip xc , bc xp ngn. 4.3.2. ngha kinh t ca hot ng trung chuyn (transper oporation) v vn chuyn cht thi rn Hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn cht thi rn bao gm cc ng tc: cht thi rn thng cha (hoc bn thn cc xe thu gom) ch n ni tp kt. Hot ng trung chuyn c th kinh t khi : Cc xe thu gom nh bc xc th cng c dng thu gom cht thi rn sinh hot v ch i xa; Lng cht thi rn nhiu phi ch i rt xa; C trm trung chuyn vi mt s xe thu gom.

4.3.3.Nhu cu lao ng Nhu cu lao ng ty thuc vo vic t chc thu gom v loi h thng xe thu gom.

- 44 -

+ H xe thng di ng: Nhu cu nhn lc ch cn mt ngi va li xe, va cht y cht thi ln xe, va d cht thi rn ti bi chn lp. Tuy nhin an ton thng bin ch hai ngi (ngi li v ngi ph). Ngi li chnh c trch nhim vn hnh my, cho my hot ng Ngi ph c nhim v ng m xe xch, cp ti khi bc d cht thi rn. Trng hp vi cht thi rn nguy hi, nht thit phi b tr hai nhn lc. + H xe thng c nh(bc d c gii): cng nh i vi h thng xe thng di ng. Khi c hai ngi th ngi li chnh cn phi gip ngi li ph trong vic cng nng cc thng rc vo xe, h thng v v tr. Khi c nhiu im thu gom tn mn xe khng n tng ni c cn phi khing thng rc t ni t n xe thu gom hoc a thng khng v ni t th cn phi c 3 ngi. + H thng xe c nh (bc d th cng): cng yu cu t 1-3 ngi ty thuc loi cng tc thu gom v trang b dng c thu gom. Khi thu gom cht thi rn l ng, ng xm li i ch cn 1 ngi. Khi a bn rng, nhiu sn bi sau nh cn nhiu ngi (3 ngi) 4.4. Phn tch h thng thu gom xt nhu cu v dng c, phng tin, nhn cng i vi h thng thu gom, ngi ta phi xc nh thi gian , n v, nh mc, thi gian hon thnh tng nhim v, cng on. Bng cch phn chia cc hot ng ngi ta c th : Xc nh cc s liu thit k, t chc v xc lp cc mi quan h trong h thng. nh gi cc phng n trong hot ng thu gom cht thi rn v kim sot cc v tr c bit. 4.4.1. S ha h thng thu gom m hnh ha h thng thu gom cht thi rn ngi ta phi phn bit tng nhim v, tng cng on. 4.4.2. Phn tch h thng vn chuyn Qu tnh vn chuyn bao gm 4 thao tc c bn l : Bc xp chuyn ch - cc thao tc ti im tp trung hot ng ngoi hnh trnh. Bc xp: thi gian bc xp cht thi rn t thng ln xe c tnh ton nh sau: Vi h thng xe thng di ng kiu thng thng (hnh 4.1a) TBc xp = Tt thng khng xung + TDi chuyn + TBc xp ln xe
- 45 -

(4-1)

- Vi h thng xe thng tch ri kiu thay thng (hnh 4.1b): TBc xp = TBc xp ln xe + Tt thng khng xung - Vi h thng xe thng c nh: TBc xp = Nt.Tbc xp ln xe + (Np - 1).Thnh trnh thu gom Trong : Tt thng : Thi gian t mt thng khng xung (pht/ thng) Tdi chuyn : Thi gian di chuyn trung bnh gia cc v tr t thng cht thi rn(pht/im, pht/chuyn). Tbc xp ln xe : Thi gian bc xp cc thng cha y cht thi rn ln xe(pht/chuyn) Nt : S thng cht thi rn lm y 1 chuyn xe (thng/chuyn) Thnh trnh thu gom : Thi gian di chuyn trung bnh gia cc v tr t thng cha i vi h thng xe c nh. Cn lu rng khi tnh ton phi chuyn i n v thi gian pht thnh gi. Chuyn ch: thi gian chuyn ch l thi gian vn chuyn cht thi rn t cc v tr t cc thng cha cht thi rn ti im tp trung (trm trung chuyn, trm x l hoc bi chn lp) Vi h thng xe thng di ng (tch ri): Tchuyn ch = tt im tp kt im tp trung + tbi tp trung im tp kt tip theo Vi h thng xe thng c nh: Tchuyn ch = tt im cui ca hnh trnh im tp trung + tim tp trung im u ca hnh trnh ti Thao tc ti bi thi: Thi gian thao tc ti bi thi c xc nh nh sau: Tbi = tbc d + tch i + Thi gian tnh ton kim tra phng tin; + Thi gian i t c quan ti v tr bc xp u tin; + Thi gian khc phc do ngoi cnh gy ra; + Thi gian bo dng, sa cha thit b. y l thi gian bt buc phi chi ph. Ngoi ra hot ng ca ngoi hnh trnh cn bao gm thi gian khng bt buc: + Thi gian ko di khi n ung, ngh ngi v thi gian chi i, ni chuyn.
- 46 -

(4-2) (4-3)

(4-4) (4-5) (4-6)

Thi gian hot ng ngoi hnh trnh: Bao gm thi gian khng hiu qu (thi gian v ch):

Thng thng tnh n thi gian ny ngi ta s dng h s ngoi hnh trnh W. H s ngoi hnh trnh W c gi tr dao ng t 0,10 0-,25 ; a s trng hp W = 0,15. 4.5.XC NH CC THNG S TNH TON I VI H VN CHUYN H THNG XE THNG DI NG (TCH RI). Thi gian yu cu cho mt chuyn , mt hnh trnh ca mt xe(gi tt l mt chuyn xe): Tyu cu = (Tbc xp + Tchuyn ch + Tbi ).1/(1-W) Trong : Tyu cu : Thi gian yu cu cho mt chuyn xe (gi/chuyn). Tbc xp : Thi gian bc xp cho mt chuyn xe (gi/chuyn) c xc nh theo cng thc (4-1), (4-2) v (4-3). Thi gian bc xp v bc d thng t thay i. Tchuyn ch : Thi gian chuyn ch cho mt chuyn (Tchuyn ch = a + bx) (4-8) Thi gian chuyn ch ph thuc vo chiu di qung ng v tc ca xe. Kt qu phn tch nhiu s liu cho thy thi gian chuyn ch c th biu th gn ng theo cng thc (4-8). a : Hng s thc nghim (gii/chuyn). a = 0,060 b : Hng s thc nghim (gi/km) b = 0,042 x : khong cch vn chuyn cho mt chuyn i v v (km/chuyn). Tbi : Thi gian thao tc bi thi (gi/chuyn) c xc nh theo cng thc (4-6). T cng thc (4-7) v (4-8) ta c: Tyu cu = (Tbc xp + Tbi + a + bx)/(1-W) Trong W: h s ngoi hnh trnh S chuyn xe thc hin c trong mt ngy: Nngy = Trong : Nngy : s chuyn xe thc hin c trong mt ngy (chuyn/ngy);
- 47 H T yu cu = H (1 W ) (Tbc xp + Tba i + Tchuyncho ) ~

(4-7)

(4-9)

(4-10)

H : S gi lm vic trong` ngy (gi/ngy) Thi gian yu cu lm vic trong mt tun: Dw = Xw(Tbc xp + Tbi + Tchuyn ch) Trong : Dw : S ngy yu cu lm vic trong mt tun; Xw : S chuyn xe yu cu trong mt tun (chuyn/tun); Xw =
Vw V. f 1 (1 W ) H

(4-11)

(4-12)

Vw : Lng cht thi rn to ra trong mt tun (m3/tun); V : Th tch trung bnh ca xe(m3/chuyn); f : H s s dng dung tch xe tnh theo ti trng, thng f = 0,8 Lu : c th tnh ton Xw theo cng thc (4-12) sau lm trn s. Xc nh nhu cu lao ng (NCL): Nhu cu lao ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau: S ngy cng lao ng/1tun = Dw S ngi cn phc v. 4.6. XC NH CC THNG S TNH TON I VI H VN CHUYN H THNG XE THNG C NH Do c s khc nhau trong khu bc xp nn ta phi xt cc trng hp khc nhau: a) Bc xp c gii Thi gian yu cu cho mt chuyn xe: Tyu cu = (Tbc xp + Tbi + a + bx)
1 1W

(4-13)

Trong : Tbc xp : c xc nh theo cng thc (4-3) TBc xp = Nt.Tbc thng ln xe + (Np - 1).Thnh trnh thu gom Tbi : Thi gian thao tc bi thi (gi/chuyn); Cc thng s a, b, x nh gii thch cng thc (4-8), (4-9); Nt : s thng cht thi lm y mt chuyn xe; Np : s im bc xp cho mt chuyn xe; (4-14)

- 48 -

S thng cht thi lm y mt chuyn xe c xc nh:


Nt = V .r Vt . f

Trong : Nt : S thng cht thi rn lm y mt chuyn xe (thng/chuyn); V : Dung tch trung bnh ca thng xe (m3/chuyn); r : H s m nn r = 2 Vt : Dung tch trung bnh ca mi thng cht thi rn (m3/thng); f : H s s dng (dung tch) ca thng nhng tnh theo trng lng. S chuyn xe yu cu thc hin trong mt tun:
Xw = Vw (chuyn/tun) V .r

(4-15)

Trong : Vw : Lng cht thi rn c to ra trong mt tun (m3/tun); V,r : Dung tch trung bnh ca thng xe(m3/chuyn) v h s m nn r = 2 Thi gian yu cu lm vic trong mt tun: Dw = Xw(Tbc xp + Tbi + Tchuyn ch) Trong : Dw : S ngy yu cu lm vic trong mt tun; Xw : S chuyn xe yu cu trong mt tun (chuyn/tun); Xw =
Vw C. f 1 (1 W ) H

(4-16)

(4-17)

Vw :lng cht thi rn c to ra trong 1 tun (m3/tun); C : th tch trung bnh ca thng xe (m3/chuyn); f : h s s dng dung tch thng xe theo ti trng, thng f = 0,8; H : thi gian lm vic trong ngy (gi/ngy); Nu lm trn s chuyn trong ngy th thi gian lm vic trong mt ngy l: H = Nng(Tbc xp + Tbi + Tchuyn ch)
1 1W
- 49 -

(4-18)

Hay : H = Nng(Tbc xp + Tbi + a + bx)


1 1W

(4-18a)

Nng : s chuyn xe thc hin trong mt ngy (chuyn/ngy). Sau tip tc xc nh c nhu cu lao ng v s lng xe cn thit vn chuyn cht thi rn . b) Bc xp th cng Vic phn tch vn chuyn tp trung cht thi rn bng th cng cho thy: Nu bit H l thi gian lm vic trong ngy (gi/ngy); Nu bit Nng l s chuyn xe lm vic trong ngy (chuyn/ngy)

Theo cng thc (4-15) tnh c thi gian bc xp Tbc xp v tnh c cc thng s khc. S im cn bc xp cho mt chuyn xe: Np = 60.Tbc xp . Trong : Np : S im cn bc xp cho mt chuyn xe (im/chuyn); Tbc xp : Thi gian bc xp cho mt chuyn (gi/chuyn); 60 : H s i t gi sang pht; N : S ngi tham gia bc xp, thu dn (ngi) tp : Thi gian bc xp thu dn cho mt im cht thi rn (ngi/pht/im); Dung tch ca thng xe c xc nh khi bit s im cn bc xp cho mt chuyn xe (Np): V = Vp.Np Trong : V : dung tch trung bnh ca thng xe (m3/chuyn); Vp : lng cht thi rn ca mt im (m3/im); r : t s m nn; S chuyn xe yu cu trong mt tun: Nw = Tp F
Np

N tp

(4-19)

1 r

(4-20)

(4-21)

- 50 -

Trong : Tp : Tng s im cn bc xp (im); F : Tn sut (s ln) thu gom trong mt tun F = 2 3 (ln/tun); Nhu cu lao ng hng tun: NC = Trong : NC : nhn cng hay s ngi lao ng cn thit trong mt tun; Dw : s ngy lm vic trong tun(ngy/tun); Tw : tng thi gian lm vic ca mt ngi trong 1 tun (gi/ngi.tun); S lng xe yu cu cho cng tc vn chuyn: Xyu cu =
Dw 56 Dw Tw

(4-22)

(4-23)

Cc s liu trung bnh tnh nhu cu trang thit b v nhu cu lao ng i vi cc h thu gom c trnh by bng 4.3. Thi gian cn thit Thi Phng Loi xe xp T l m (r) gian bc xp nhc cn Thi gian thng v t thng thng cha bi thi khu khng v v tr Tbc xp (h/chuyn) H xe thng di ng Xe nng Xe sn nghing Xe c ti ko H xe thng c nh C b nn C b nn C gii Th cng 2 2,5 2 2,5 0,05 0,10 0,10 C gii 24 0,067 0,40 0,40 0,053 0,127 0,133 y Tbc xp (h/thng) CTR tri Tbi (h/chuyn)

php bc nn

- 51 -

4.7. CHN TUYN NG THU GOM VN CHUYN Sau khi xc nh c thng s tnh ton vi nhu cu vn chuyn chung nh my mc, thit b, nhn cng, th phi vch tuyn thu gom sao cho hp l. 4.7.1. Cc yu t cn xt n khi chn tuyn ng vn chuyn - Xt n chnh sch v quy tc hin hnh c lin quan ti vic tp trung cht thi rn, s ln thu gom 1 tun; - iu kin lm vic ca h thng vn chuyn, cc loi xe, my vn chuyn; - Tuyn ng cn phi chn sao cho lc bt u v kt thc hnh trnh phi ng ph chnh; - a hnh dc th hnh trnh nn xut pht t im cao xung thp; - Cht thi pht sinh ti cc nt giao thng, khu ph ng c th phi c thu gom vo cc gi c mt giao thng thp; - Nguyn nhn ngun to thnh cht thi rn vi khi lng ln cn phi t chc vn chuyn vo lc t gy ch tc, nh hng cho mi trng ; - Nhng v tr c cht thi rn t v phn tn th vic vn chuyn phi t chc thu gom cho ph hp. 4.7.2. To lp tuyn ng vn chuyn - Chun b bn v tr cc im tp trung cht thi rn trn ch r s lng, thng tin ngun cht thi rn; - Phi phn tch thng tin v s liu, cn thit phi lp bng tng hp thng tin; - Phi s b chn tuyn ng theo 2 hay 3 phng n; - So snh cc tuyn ng cn nhc bng cch th dn chn c tuyn ng hp l; 4.8. CNG NGH V THIT B THU GOM RC BI NG 4.8.1. Rc mt ng cc th Rc trn cc mt ng th c hnh thnh do nhiu ngun: do hng ha ven ng, do ngi b hnh, do s phng u ca gia nh mt ng, do ri vi ca cc phng tin chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, do cc phng tin giao thng mang t, do biDo vy rc trn mt ng rt a dng v chng loi, v kch thc, v hnh dng v khi lng ring: Loi nh nh ht ct, bi; Loi ln nh trang giy, vin , mnh gch;
- 52 -

Loi nh nh mt, ming bng; Loi nng nh hn gch, vin ln.

m ca rc mt ng thay i ln ph thuc vo s thay i thi tit. Thnh phn ca rc mt ng thay i ph thuc vo tnh cht ca khu ph (cng chc hay bun bn). 4.8.2. Cng ngh v phng thc thu gom rc mt ng Cng ngh v phng thc thu gom thay i ph thuc v cc iu kin c th. C nhng phng thc sau: Thu gom bng th cng (qut tay) v bng xe c gii; Thu gom kh v c ti nc ; Thu gom 1 giai on v 2 giai on (th v sch);

4.8.3.Cc thit b thu gom bi ng a. Theo nguyn tc thu gom: - Xe qut v dn rc bi thnh ng dc theo l ng; - Xe qut thu rc bi: lm sch mt ng bng qut v thu ng trong thng cha ring; - Xe ht rc bi: lm sch v vn chuyn bng ht; - Xe qut ht rc bi; - Xe thu gom c bit: dng thu cc vt th c khi lng ln. b. Theo dn ng: - Xe dn ng chung: qut gi v chi qut u c dn ng bng ng c ca xe c s qua cc b trch cng sut v b truyn; - Xe dn ng ring: c trang b thm mt ngun ng lc(my n) quay qut ht v chi qut. Tc qut v chi qut s c lp vi tc chuyn ng ca xe. dn ng quay chi qut, ngi ta s dng ngay ng c ca xe c s qua b trch cng sut. Vi dn ng ring qut gi lun lm vic n nh khng ph thuc vo tc xe chy, do vy mt ng lun c lm sch , khng ph thuc vo tc di chuyn ca xe trn ng. - Ngoi ra cn phn bit : xe thu gom kh v ti nc . 4.8.4. Chn cng ngh , phng thc thu gom rc bi ng Do rc bi mt ng phc tp, a dng nn chn phng thc thu gom 2 giai on: Thu gom kh: qut dn rc nng c kch thc ln bng qut th cng.
- 53 -

Qut dn sch bi: dng xe ht dng kh (khng ti m) s dng phng thc qut ht kh lm kt cu xe n gin v trnh cc phin phc do phi b sung nc khi lm vic trn ng, xe qut ht thu gom bi v rc nh, nh cn li trn ng sau khi lm sch cc rc nng kch thc ln. Xe qut ht c kch thc nh vi cc tnh nng s c nu cc mc 4.9.2.

4.9. CNG NGH V THIT B THU GOM PHN X MY 4.9.1. Cc loi cng ngh thu chuyn Cng ngh thu gom v vn chuyn cc b x t hoi v bn t hoi bao gm cc phng thc sau: Ht v chuyn phn bng xe ht phn chuyn dng; Mc th cng v chuyn bng cc phng tin th s;

Hnh thc sau thng p dng i vi cc cng trnh v sinh ti cc v tr ng hp , ngoi tm vi ca cc loi xe ht phn hin c. 4.9.2.Cng ngh v thit b ht chuyn phn x t hoi 1. Dng xe ht chuyn c nh: Theo gii php ny c th tip cn c cc b x trong xm su ng hp cn ch to loi xe ht phn c kch thc nh song nng lc ht ln. Kch thc bao ca xe ht khng ln hn 4200 2500 mm. Kch thc vt bnh xe khng ln hn: di rng = 2700 1500mm. Dung tch thng cha khng t hn 2m3, c ly ht khng t hn 70m trn cng cao vi b x. Gii php ny, xe ht trc tip tip cn b pht, ht phn vo thng cha t trn xe ri chuyn n ni x. Dng thit b ny khng nhng m rng c phm vi hot ng ca xe ht chuyn phn, vn su vo cc b x xm su ng hp m cn mang li li ch kinh t ln cho cc b pht dung tch nh hn 1,5m3. Vi cc b pht khi dng xe ht loi nh s gim c chi ph so vi khi thu xe c ti trng v dung tch ln. iu ng khch l l s lng cc b pht c dung tch di 1,5 m3 l a s hin nay. 2. Dng lin hp bm ht y:

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Theo gii php ny th ngoi xe bm ht c nh k trn cn ch to thm mt rmoc bm y chuyn dng c kch thc nh. Kch thc bao ca xe rmoc ny khng ln hn: di rng = 1400800mm. Nng lc bm y khng nh hn: -

Chiu cao ht H = 2m Chiu xa y L = 250m : : : : : : : : : : : 1950 kg 3950 kg 1450 kg 2500 kg 2 1,5 30 80 m3 m3 m3/h m

3. c tnh k thut ca xe ht phn (loi Multicar) - Trng lng khng ti - Trng lng y ti - Phn b ti trng Trc trc Trc sau - Dung tch thng cha - Dung tch cha cho php - Nng sut ht - C ly ht cho php - Kch thc bao Di Rng Cao 4380 mm 1700 mm 2520 mm

S mt s loi xe thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn th c trnh by hnh 4.3.

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Chng 5

X L CHT THI RN TH

5.1. C S LA CHN PHNG PHP X L Mc tiu ca x l cht thi rn l gim hoc loi b cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong cht thi nh cc cht c hi, khng hp v sinh, tn dng vt liu v nng lng trong cht thi. Cc k thut x l cht thi rn c th l cc qu trnh: Gim th tch c hc (nn, p); Gim th tch ha hc (t); Gim kch thc c hc (bm, ct, nghin..); Tch loi theo tng thnh phn (th cng hoc c gii); Lm kh v kh nc (gim m ca cn); Thnh phn tnh cht cht thi rn: Thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi rn sinh hot; Thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi rn cng nghip; Thnh phn nguy hi v khng nguy hi; Tng lng cht thi rn cn c x l; Kh nng thu hi sn phm v nng lng; Yu cu bo v mi trng .

Khi la chn cc phng php x l cht thi rn cn xem xt cc yu t sau:

5.2. CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN Cc phng php c th p dng x l cht thi rn th bao gm: a) Phng php c hc: Tch kim loi, thy tinh, giy ra khi cht thi; Lm kh bn b pht (s ch); t cht thi khng c thu hi nhit; Lc , to rn i vi cc cht thi bn lng;
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b) Phng php c l: Phn loi vt liu trong cht thi; Thy phn; S dng cht thi nh nhin liu; c , p cc cht thi cng nghip lm vt liu xy dng . Ch bin phn sinh hc; Metan ha trong cc b thu hi kh sinh hc.

c) Phng php sinh hc:

i vi cht thi rn sinh hot , do c thnh phn cht hu c chim t trng ln (44-50% trng lng) nn c th tn dng sn xut phn hu c, cung cp cho khu vc ngoi thnh ci to t nng nghip, v nh vy vic p dng phng php i vi thnh phn hu c s ph hp. Cc thnh phn cht d chy nh giy vn, gi rch, nha, cao su, da , cy g m khng cn kh nng ti ch c th dng phng php t gim th tch sau chn lp, loi ny thng chim t 5-10% trng lng cht thi rn th. Thnh phn cht ti ch c thu hi ti s dng bao gm ch yu l thy tinh (0,31-2,1%); kim loi (1,02-5,0%), giy, cht do (4,71-9,5%). Cht thi rn xy dng v cc thnh phn khng chy c khc nh v c, xng , gch , sn s v tp cht kh phn hy chim t 38,5-27,5% a i san nn hoc chn lp trc tip ti bi chn lp. i vi cc loi bn, phn s dng phng php sinh hc (composting) chung vi thnh phn hu c trong rc thi sinh hot. Cc ph thi ca cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip c phn loi t x nghip thu hi phn c ti ch, phn loi b, ty theo mc nguy him, c hi phi p dng cc bin php x l c bit a i chn lp. Hin nay trn ton th gii c mt s cng ngh mi x l, ch bin cht thi cng nghip v ph thi xy dng c lin kt li bng cht lng hn hp v polime ha v c p, to thnh cc tm, khi vt liu dng trong xy dng. Mt s hng Nht Bn v Ha K gii thiu cng ngh ny nc ta nh cng ngh pasta, hydromex. Vic p dng cc cng ngh trn
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theo gii thiu ca cc hng Nht Bn v Ha K cho php tn dng nhng cht thi cng nghip, gim cc chi ph x l, chng lp Vic mt s cht c hi c c p v polyme ha c nguy c gy nhim mi trng v mc nguy c nh th no cn c xem xt. Tuy nhin mc nhim nh hn nhiu so vi vic chn lp n thun cc cht thi ny trong cc bi chn lp. Thnh phn cht thi bnh vin bao gm cc loi bng bng, gc, cc loi kim tim, ng tim, cc chi th v t chc m ct b, cht thi sinh hot ca bnh nhn. Tr cht thi sinh hot ra, cc loi ny hu ht u cha vi trng v mm bnh c th ly lan v truyn bnh. Bin php tt nht x l l t dit trng v gim th tch, phn tro a i chn lp. Thnh phn cht phng x, cc kim loi nng, cht c hi, cc cht d chy, d n, cc cht thuc loi axit, baz, cc ha cht c Vi cc cht thuc loi ny cn phi c thu gom, x l v chn lp ring. 5.2.1. X l s b cht thi rn th Gim th tch bng phng php c hc Nn rc l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l cht thi rn. nhiu th, mt s phng tin vn chuyn cht thi rn c trang b thm b phn cun p v nn rc, iu ny gp phn lm tng sc cha ca xe v tng hiu sut chuyn ch cng nh ko di thi gian phc v cho bi chn lp. Cc thit b nn p c th l cc my nn c nh v di ng hoc cc thit b nn p cao p. + My nn p c nh c s dng cc khu vc: Vng dn c Cng nghip nh hoc thng mi Cng nghip nng Trm trung chuyn vi lc p nh hn 689,5 kN/m2 Cc xe trung chuyn vi khi lng ln Cngtenn Cc thng cha c bit

+ My p di ng c s dng cho:

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Gim th tch bng phng php ha hc: ch yu bng phng php trung ha, ha rn kt hp vi cc cht ph gia ng cng , khi th tch ca cht thi c th gim n 95%. Gim th tch bng phng php c hc: ch yu l dng phng php ct hoc nghin. Tch, phn chia cc hp phn ca cht thi rn: thun tin cho vic x l, ngi ta phi tch, phn chia cc hp phn ca cht thi rn. y l qu trnh cn thit trong cng ngh x l thu hi ti nguyn t cht thi rn, dng cho qu trnh chuyn ha bin thnh sn phm hoc cho cc qu trnh thu hi nng lng sinh hc. Hin nay ngi ta p dng cc phng php tch, phn chia cc hp phn trong cht thi rn bng th cng hoc bng c gii. Bng phng php th cng: Dng sc ngi Bng phng php c gii: Trong cng ngh c sy kh, nghin, sau mi dng thit b tch (qut gi, xyclon) V tr tch, phn chia cc hp phn c th nh sau: Tch ngay t ngun cht thi rn Tch ti trm trung chuyn Tch trm tp trung khu vc Tch ti trm x l cht thi rn : phc v cho vic x l sao cho c hiu qu Tc kim loi ra khi cht thi rn , tch cc loi giy, catton, polietylen

Khi lng v cc hp phn c tch, phn chia ph thuc vo v tr phn tch. in hnh nht l cc loi giy vn, catton, thy tinh, kim loi mu (nhm, ng), kim loi en (st, thp), cht do a) Tch cc hp phn cht thi rn bng qut gi(trng lc): phng php ny c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh tch hp phn ca cht thi rn kh. Cc hp phn c trng lc nh ch yu l hu c tch khi hp phn nng ch yu l v c. S h thng qut gi c s dng phn tch cc hp phn trong cht thi rn c th hin hnh 5.1 Nguyn tc : Qut gi hot ng to p lc ln hn p lc kh quyn. Cc cht nng ri xung, vt nh s c cun theo lung kh v c tch ra xyclon. Trong thc t, phng php ny dng tch cc vt nh nh giy vn, ti cht do hoc cc vt liu nh khc khi hn hp cht thi.
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Chn thit b phn chia bng qut gi: Vic la chn thit b phn chia bng qut gi c da trn c s nh: c tnh ca vt liu sau khi nghin (kch thc ht sau khi nghin, hm lng m cn li sau khi sy v nghin); c im, tnh cht vt liu nh cn tch; ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo cc phng php vn chuyn cht thi t nh my nghin ti thit b phn chia , vn tc treo, lu lng khng kh, p sut v phng php np cht thi rn vo thit b phn chia. Ch t l cht thi trn 1 m3 khng kh; cc c im vn hnh, yu cu bo dng, nng sut ca thit b phn chia nh mc n, kh nng gy nhim mi trng ; c im ca nh xng, phng php nghin v cc vn v mi trng . Cc loi thit b tch, phn chia hp phn ca cht thi rn c th chia thnh cc loi: Loi n gin Loi ziczac Loi rung Loi khc

T l cht thi rn v khng kh bin ng t 0,2 0,8 i vi vt liu nh. Vn tc treo(l lng) i vi thit b phn tch bng kh c th hin bng 5.1 Vn tc (m/s) Hp phn Thit b ziczac D = 50 mm 1. Ti cht do 2. Giy bao gi kh, m 25% 3. Giy bao giy kh c nghin nh vi chu vi 25 mm 4. Loi hn hp giy bo, giy catton 5. Giy bo nghin m ( m 25%) 6. Loi giy catton c sng, nghin kh 7. Giy catton c sng, ct vung, chu vi 25 mm 8. Vt liu xp dng ng bao gi 3 3,8 3,5 3,8 5 3,8 5,1 2 2 2,5 3,5 2 2 2,5 2,5 1,8 1,8 Trong ng thng ng D = 150 mm

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9. Cao su bt c din tch 1,5 cm2 10. Cao su cng c nghin nh c din tch 1,5 cm2

11 17,5

c)Tch cc hp phn t cht thi rn bng t: phng php chung nht thu hi st vn t cht thi rn l dng phn chia bng t. Vt liu st thng c thu hi sau khi ct v trc khi phn chia bng qut gi hoc sau khi ct v phn chia bng qut gi. mt s trm ln, h thng phn chia t thng t u dy chuyn trc khi ct. Khi cht thi l khi d chy trong cc l t thnh ph th vic phn chia bng t c th t sau khi t tch cc mnh vn kim loi ra khi tro t. H thng thu hi bng t cng c th t khu bi thi. Nhng v tr c bit ni vt liu st cn thu hi ty thuc mc tiu cn t, chng hn vic gim-kh cc c, rch trong qu trnh s b v thit b phn chia, mc trong sch ca sn phm cn t, hiu qu thu hi cn thit. phng php ny c p dng thu hi cc kim loi st trong cng nghip nh : thu hi st trong cc nh my c kh hay thu hi cc thnh phn st r nhm m bo s trong sch ca sn phm Chn thit b phn chia, tch loi bng t: Vic la chn thit b phn chia bng t c da trn cc c s sau: V tr thu hi st c tnh cht thi c cha st Lng st c trong cht thi rn nhiu hay t, st c kch thc ln phi tch ring, nghin nh Thit b np cht thi rn ti thit b phn chia bng t. c tnh thit k, ti trng, nng sut, kch thc ca my phn chia bng t, mnh ca t. Nhu cu v nng lng bo dng ca thit b. Mi trng: ting n, tnh trng khu tri, kho bi, iu kin tch t.

Cc thit b phn tch bng t gm cc loi nh : Thit b phn tch bng t treo (a); t kiu trc (b); trng t treo (c); kiu bng ti (d). S th hin cc thit b ny c th hin hnh 5.2.
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b) Tch cc hp phn cht thi rn bng sng Sng lm nhim v phn chia cht thi rn c kch thc khc nhau thnh 2 hoc nhiu loi khc nhau ty theo kch thc ca sng. Cng vic ny c thc hin trong iu kin kh hoc iu kin t, v tr t sng c th t trc hoc sau cc cng on khc. Thit b sng: Thit b sng c th l cc loi sng rung, sng trng quay v sng a. Phng php sng c th th cng (ch yu dng phng php th cng phn loi cc thnh phn m my mc kh thc hin) hoc phng php c gii (dng cc my thi kh, ht t c hc). S cc loi sng c th hin hnh 5.3. Hiu sut sng (S) c th c nh gi theo phn trm thu hi vt liu c tch ra so vi lng np vo: S(%) = Trong : Ux : trng lng vt liu qua sng (kg/h) Fx : trng lng vt liu a vo sng (kg/h) Wu : trng lng phn vt liu kch thc mong mun Wz : trng lng phn vt liu kch thc mong mun vt liu a vo sng. Hiu sut vn hnh sng = phn thu hi phn ln vo ==> Hiu sut vn hnh sng: =
U .Wu U (1 Wu ) 1 F .W z F (1 W z )
U x .Wu Fx .W z

(5-1)

(5-2)

= THc PL Trong : THc : phn vt liu c th thu hi PL : phn b ln vo vt liu thu hi PL = 1 - THk THk : phn vt liu thu hi khng mong mun 5.2.2. Lm kh v kh nc

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nhiu trm thu hi nng lng t phn nh nghin ca cht thi cn c sy kh s b gim lng m v gim trng lng. Khi bn cn t trm x l nc thi cn c t chy hoc c s dng lm nhin liu th ngi ta phi kh nc trong bn. Phng php ny ch yu s dng cho cc loi cht l bn x ra t cc nh my x l nc v nc thi. a) Cc phng php chung - Kh m: kh m l mt khu quan trng trong x l cht thi rn , c bit kh m bao gi cng trc cng ngh t. Kh m c tc dng gim trng lng cht thi rn. - Sy kh: trc khi xem xt thit k, ch to phi xt ti vic s dng nhit i vi cc vt liu cn sy. C nhng phng php s dng nhit sau y: + i lu: cht mang nhit thng l khng kh hoc sn phm ca qu trnh chy tip xc trc tip vi cht thi rn. + Truyn nhit: nhit c truyn gin tip bng cch tip xc gia vt liu t vi b mt sy kh. + Bc x: nhit c truyn trc tip v c nht t vt sy nng n vt liu t bng bc x nhit. S ch hot ng ca phng thc sy c th hin hnh 5.4.

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Kh ngui m, bi Cht thi rn kh

Cht thi rn m

Kh nng Hnh 5.4. S c ch hot ng ca phng thc sy

Trong cc loi thit b sy, thit b trng quay c s dng nhiu v t ra c nhng u im, loi trng quay l loi c kt cu n gin nht. Qua trng vt liu cn sy v ngun tc nhn nhit c ng thi tip xc vi nhau trong qu trnh vn chuyn u n ti u kia ca trng. u tin vt liu cn sy c lm nng ln v m ban u ca vt liu gim xung. Vt liu tip tc c sy kh. Vt liu c tng ln n nhit khng ch. Lc ny lng m tng ng t c cui gian on sy. Thi gian vt liu c sy 30 45 pht. khng ch ngi ta dng van chy khng ch thi gian lu vt liu trong ng sy. ca x phi ch kh c hi nc v c thit b lc kh bi v x khng kh vo kh quyn. Tc trung bnh ca khng kh trong ng cn thit vn chuyn cc loi vt liu c th hin bng 5.2. c tnh ca mt s thit b sy c trnh by bng 5.3.

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Bng 5.2. Tc trung bnh ca khng kh trong ng cn thit vn chuyn cc loi vt liu Vt liu Ht bi G vn, v bo Mt ca Bi nh Bi cao su Loi thit b sy Mm quay trong l Bng lin tc Vn tc khng kh (m/pht) 670,56 914,4 609,6 609,6 609,6 Phng php vn hnh Vt liu cn sy kh c tri trn 1 mm ni tip t trn xung Vt liu cn sy c tri ca bng trong l. Bng truyn cht thi qua my sy, u bng ny l cht thi rn m, u kia l cht thi rn kh Trng quay Sn gi lng Phun Chiu di Trng hnh tr c t nghing so vi phng ngang v quay lin tc Vt liu c sy kh c gi trng thi l lng (gi lng). Thit b sy ny dng hnh tr ng. Vt liu cn sy c phun vo ngn l sy. S chuyn vn ca tc nhn mang nhit v cht thi rn c th ngc chiu nhau. Vt liu cn sy a vo mi trng tc nhn nhit v vn chuyn trong c qu trnh sy kh. c) kh nc trong bn cn ca cc trm x l nc thi Trong qu trnh x l nc thi , bng bt k phng php no cng c to nn mt lng cn ng k. Cc cht khng ha tan b lng t I c gi l cn ti. Cn cn lng sau giai on x l sinh hc gi l mng vi sinh vt (nu dng biofin) v bn hot tnh (nu dng aeroten) cn c gi li b lng t II.
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Vt liu Bi kim loi Bi ch Mt bi ng Than bi

Vn tc khng kh (m/pht) 670,56 1524,1 1219,0 1219,0

Bn cn t cc ng ng, knh mng tiu thot nc thng cha nhiu thnh phn hu c, v c v thng c phn hy t nhin, d gy mi kh chu. sau khi c no vt theo nh k, chng c a n cc cng trnh x l bn cn tp trung ca thnh ph trc khi mang i tiu hy cc bi chn lp hp v sinh. Ngun gc to thnh bn cn trong mt trm x l nc thi in hnh c th hin bng 5.4. Ni chung cc loi cn k trn u c mi hi thi kh chu (nht l cn ti) v l s biu hin trng thi nguy him v phng din v sinh. Do vy m cn nht thit phi c x l thch ng. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi bn cn c th hin bng 5.5. Bng 5.4. Ngun gc to thnh cc loi bn cn trong mt trm x l nc thi th in hnh Qu trnh cng ngh Dng bn/cn Dng rn Kch thc th c th ca bn/cn Thnh phn hu c v v c thay i theo Song chn rc iu kin ca th Cc cht ny thng c nghin nh sau li a vo x l tip tc cng nc thi B lng ct Ht ct v cc ht v c khng tan, cht ni Thnh phn v c, d lng Ti cc b lng ct thng b b qua cng trnh thu hi cht ni Thnh phn hu c khng tan, m 93 95%. B lng t I Cn rn, cht ni Thnh phn v tnh cht ph thuc vo loi h thng thot nc (chung, ring), mc tham gia ca nc thi cng nghip vo h thng Bng bn hot tnh dng Thnh phn vi sinh vt hiu kh, m 99%. B aeroten l lng c hnh thnh t qu trnh chuyn ha BOD khi thi kh vo b B lc sinh hc Mng vi sinh vt c Thnh phn vi sinh vt hiu kh, m 96%. Bn c lng li ti b lng t 2 Yu cu phi gim m trc khi x l bn

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hnh thnh t qu trnh chuyn ha BOD trn b mt vt liu lc Bng bn hot tnh t b aeroten B lng t II Mng vi sinh vt t b lc sinh hc Cht ni Cn t cng trnh x l ha hc Cn t b metan Cn rn Cn phn hy

Mng c lng ti b lng t 2

Thnh phn vi sinh vt hiu kh, m > 99%. Thnh phn vi sinh vt hiu kh, m 96%. Bt kh + cc cht hu c Cha cc thnh phn ha hc nh st, hp cht crm, ch, xit nhm Hm lng cht dinh dng cao cho cy trng

Bn cn t trm x l nc thi c th c kh nc trong iu kin t nhin nh sn phi bn, nn t, h cha. Sau khi c kh nc , bn cn c th c trn ln vi cht thi rn tip tc c x l theo cc phng thc sau: t gim dung tch To ra cc sn phm ph c kh nng tn thu To hn hp sinh hc Chn lp cng vi t

Bn , cn t trm x l nc thi cng c th c kh nc trong iu kin nhn to nh kh nc bng cc thit b lm kh c hc, nhit, quay ly tm, lc chn khng hoc lc c p lc Vic chn thit b sy c da trn c s sau: Cn c vo vt liu cn sy kh v phng php np x ra khi thit b sy. Cn c vo c tnh sy kh ca vt liu: m ban u, loi m(m ny c tnh cht b mt hay hp ph m). Phi ch c tnh ca sn phm sau khi sy. Cn ch nhit cao nht m vt liu sy khng b ph hy. Phi ch ch vn hnh ca thit b sy: nhu cu nng lng, bo dng thit b.
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Cn c vo c im ca khu trm, nh xng nh khng gian, chiu cao, thit b phc v cho qu trnh sy. Qu trnh sy c th gy ra ting n, kh thi trong qu trnh sy c th gy ra nhim mi trng. Bng 5.5a.Thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi bn cn (theo % trng lng kh - %TS)
Loi bn/cn Cht hu c 72 90 65 75 65 75 56 - 77 Nit 2,4-3,3 5,0-6,0 3,4 3,0-3,4 Pht pho 0,6-1,7 3,09 2,30 2,1-2,4 Kali 0,20 0,3-0,4 Cht bo 14-17 5,97 2,60 9-13 Cc xenlulo 25 cht khc 33 28-35 Hydrat carbon 13-25 11-27

Cn b lng t 1 Bn t b lng 2 b biophin b aeroten

Cn t b metan

Bng 5.5b. Tnh cht vt l ca cc loi bn cn t cng ngh x l nc thi khc nhau
Nng cht rn Qu trnh x l T b lng t 1 (lng s b) Lng t 2 Sau aeroten (+ lng 1) Sau aeroten (- lng 1) Sau b lc sinh hc Sau aeroten sc kh ko di C ha cht (vi) b sung b lng t 1 kh photpho: Nng thp(350-500mg/l) Nng cao(800-1600mg/l) Cht ni Cn chn t b mtan 3,0-10,0 2,5-8,0 5,0 4,0 250-400 600-1280 300 800 0,50-1,50 0,75-2,50 1,00-3,00 0,75 1,25 1,5 70-100 55-90 80-120 85 70 100 (% trng lng kh) Khong gi tr 4,0-12,0 Trung bnh 5,0 T trng ca cht kh (kg/103 m3) Khong gi tr 1100-1700 Trung bnh 150

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5.3. X L CHT THI RN BNG CNG NGH P KIN Phng php p kin c thc hin da trn c s ton b rc thi tp trung thu gom vo nh my. Rc c phn loi bng phng php th cng trn bng ti, cc cht tr v cc cht c th tn dng c nh : kim loi, nilon, giy, thy tinh, plastic c thu hi ti ch. Nhng cht cn li s c bng ti chuyn qua h thng p nn rc bng thy lc vi mc ch lm gim ti a th tch khi rc v to thnh cc kin vi t s nn rt cao. Cc kin rc p nn ny c s dng v vic p cc b chn hoc san lp nhng vng t trng sau khi c ph ln cc lp t ct. Trn din tch ny, c th s dng lm mt bng xy dng cng vin, vn hoa, cc cng trnh xy dng nh v mc ch chnh l lm gim ti a mt bng khu vc x l rc. S cng ngh nh hnh 5.5.

Kim loi

Rc thi

Ph np rc

Bng ti rc

Phn loi

Thy tinh

Giy

Nha Cc khi kin sau khi p Bng ti thi vt liu My p rc

Hnh 5.5. cng ngh x l rc thi bng phng php p kin

5.4. PHNG PHP N NH CHT THI RN BNG CNG NGH HYDROMEX y l mt cng ngh mi, ln u tin c p dng Hawai Hoa k (2/1996). Cng ngh Hydromex nhm x l rc th (c rc c hi) thnh cc sn phm phc v xy dng, lm vt liu , nng lng v sn phm nng nghip hu ch.

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Bn cht cng ngh Hydromex l nghin nh rc sau polyme ha v s dng p lc ln p nn, nh hnh sn phm. S x l rc theo cng ngh Hydromex c th hin hnh 5.2 Quy trnh cng ngh nh sau: Rc phi c thu gom (rc hn hp, k c rc cng knh) chuyn v nh my, rc thi khng cn phn loi c a vo my ct v nghin nh, sau chuyn n cc thit b trn bng bng ti. Cht thi lng c pha trn trong bn phn ng, cc phn ng trung ha v kh c xy ra trong bn. Sau cht thi lng t bn phn ng cht lng c bm vo cc thit b trn; cht lng v rc thi kt dnh vi nhau hn sau khi thnh phn polyme c cho thm vo. Sn phm dng bt t chuyn n mt my p khun v cho ra sn phm mi. Cc sn phm ny bn, an ton v mt mi trng, khng c hi. Cng ngh Hydromex c nhng u , nhc im sau: Cng ngh tng i n gin, chi ph u t khng ln X l c c cht thi lng. Trm x l c th di chuyn hoc c nh. Rc sau khi x l l bn thnh phm hoc l sn phm em li li ch kinh t. Tng cng kh nng ti ch, tn dng li cht thi, tit kim din tch t lm bi chn lp. Tuy nhin y l mt cng ngh x l rc cha c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Cng ngh Hydromex mi c a vo s dng ln u tin vo thng2-1996 Southgate California nn cha th nh gi ht c u khuyt im ca cng ngh ny. Cc sn phm ca Hydromex mi dng trnh din. S x l rc theo cng ngh Hydromex c th hin hnh 5.6. Ngoi ra cc phng php trn cn mt s cc phng php x l rc khc nh: phng php bc hi, phng php nhit phn

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Cht thi rn cha phn loi

Kim tra bng mt

Ct x hoc nghin ti nh Cht thi lng hn hp Thnh phn polyme ha

Lm m

Trn u

p hay n ra

Sn phm mi
Hnh 5.6. S x l rc theo cng ngh Hydromex

5.5. X L CHT THI RN BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC 5.5.1. khi nim sinh hc (compost) c th c coi nh l qu trnh n nh sinh ha cc cht hu c thnh cc cht mn, vi thao tc sn xut v kim sot mt cch khoa hc, to mi trng ti u i vi qu trnh. Qu trnh hu c t rc hu c l mt phng php truyn thng, c p dng ph bin cc quc gia ang pht trin v Vit Nam. Phng php ny c p dng rt c hiu qu. Nhng ng l hoc ng phn c th hng nm v thnh cht thi hu c ri thnh phn n nh, nhng qu trnh c th tng nhanh trong vng mt tun hoc t hn. Qu trnh c th coi nh mt qu trnh x l tt hn c hiu v so snh vi qu trnh ln men ym kh bn

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hoc qu trnh hot ha bn. Theo tnh ton ca nhiu tc gi, qu trnh c th to ra thu nhp cao gp 5 ln khi bn kh mtan ca b mtan vi cng mt loi bn v thi gian rt ngn li mt na. Sn phm cui cng thu c khng c mi, khng cha vi sinh vt gy bnh v ht c. t c mc n nh nh ln men, vic i hi mt phn nh nng lng tng cao dng khng kh qua cc l xp, m ca khi coi nh mt my nn thi kh qua cc tm xp phn tn kh trong b aeroten bn hot tnh. Trong qu trnh , oxy s c hp th hng trm ln v hn na so vi b aeroten. Qu trnh p dng i vi cht hu c khng c hi, lc u l kh nc, sau l x l cho ti khi n thnh xp v m. m v nhit c kim tra gi cho vt liu lun lun trng thi hiu kh trong sut thi gian . Qu trnh t to ra nhit ring nh qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha cc cht thi ra. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hy l CO2, nc v cc hp cht hu c bn vng nh lignin, xenlul, si. 5.5.2. Cng ngh sinh hc theo cc ng Cng ngh ng thc cht l mt qu trnh phn gii phc tp gluxit, lipit v protin vi s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh v k kh. Cc iu kin pH, m, thong kh (i vi vi khun hiu kh) cng ti u, vi sinh vt cng hot ng mnh v qu trnh phn cng kt thc nhanh. Ty theo cng ngh m vi khun k kh hoc vi khun hiu kh s chim u th. Cng ngh ng c th l tnh thong kh cng bc, lung c o nh k hoc va thi kh va o. Cng c th di h nh kiu chua thc n chn nui hay trong hm kn thu kh mtan. S ng c th hin hnh 5.7. 5.5.3. Cng ngh sinh hc theo quy m cng nghip Qu trnh (compost) quy m cng nghip c trnh by hnh 5.8. Rc ti c chuyn v nh my, sau c chuyn vo b phn np rc v c phn loi thnh phn ca rc trn h thng bng ti (tch cc cht hu c d phn hy, cht v c, cht ti s dng) phn cn li l phn hu c phn hy c qua my nghin rc v c bng ti chuyn n khu vc trn phn bc gi m. My xc a cc vt liu ny vo ngn , qu trnh ln men l tng nhit ln 65 700C s tiu dit cc mm bnh v lm cho rc hoai mc. Qu trnh ny c thc y nh qut gi cng bc. Thi gian l 21 ngy, rc c a vo chn trong vng 28 ngy. Sau sng thu ly phn lt qua sng m trong cc cht tr phi tch ra nh b phn t

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trng. Cui cng ta thu c phn hu c tinh c th bn ngay hoc phi trn thm vi cc thnh phn cn thit v ng bao. Nu th trng c nhu cu phn hu c cao cp, phn hu c c bn s c trn vi thnh phn dinh dng N, P, K v mt s nguyn t ha hc vi lng hoc mt s ph gia kch thch sinh trng. Gii php x l rc thi sinh hot bng phng php ln mem hiu kh sn xut phn bn hu c tng hp l phng php c nhiu u im nht v: Loi tr c 50% lng rc sinh hot bao gm cc cht hu c l thnh phn gy nhim mi trng t, nc v khng kh. S dng li c 50% cc cht hu c c trong thnh phn rc thi ch bin lm phn bn phc v nng nghip theo hng cn bng sinh thi. Hn ch vic nhp khu phn bn ha hc bo v t ai. Tit kim t s dng lm bi chn lp. Tng kh nng chng nhim mi trng. Ci thin iu kin sng cng ng. Vn hnh n gin, bo tr d dng. D kim sot cht lng sn phm . Gi thnh tng i thp, c th chp nhn c. Phn loi rc thi s dng c cc cht c th ti ch nh: kim loi mu, st, thp, thy tinh, nha, giy, ba phc v cho cng nghip. Trong qu trnh chuyn ha, nc rc s chy ra. Nc ny s c thu li bng mt h thng rnh xung quanh khu vc a v mt b t ti cui khu rc. Ti y nc rc s c bm ti v rc b sung m. Nhc im: Mc t ng ca h thng cha cao. Vic phn loi cht thi vn phi thc hin bng phng php th cng nn d gy nh hng n sc khe. Np liu th cng, nng sut km. Phn tinh ch cht lng km do t trang t ch. Phn pha trn v ng bao th cng, cht lng khng ng u.

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5.5.4. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh sinh hc nh hng ca m: Nu vt liu qu kh khng m cho s tn ti ca vi sinh vt, nu vt liu qu m th khng c l hng khng gian v s cha y nc, vt liu s khng xp, din tch b mt s b gim, s din ra qu trnh ln men ym kh, oxy s khng th lt vo c. m ti u thng t 52 58%. M, du m, sp thng c trong cc cht thi hu c vi mt lng ng k v l cc dch th nhit ti u. Tuy nhin dch th khng ng quan tm nh nhit . nh hng ca nhit : Nhit ti a cho qu trnh n nh sinh ha l 40 55oC. Trong khi nhit cao (ngng trn) i vi ng th tc - mc s nhanh v nht l nu khng kh tun hon c trong ng th oxy lun lun c mt. Lu cn ngn nga qu kh, qu lnh phn no ca ng . Lm thong v kch thc ht: Thng thng p lc tnh l 0,10 0,15m ct nc, cn to ra y khng kh qua chiu su t 2 2,5m vt liu. p lc ch cn qut gi l ch khng cn my nn. Cc ca s ca l s m bo cho lm thong, ch cn o ca s l mi ngy mt ln, hoc nhiu ngy mt ln. i vi cc vt liu nh (kch thc < 25mm) oxy c th xuyn thm vo qua ca su 0,15 0,2m, thm ch hiu ng ca ct vt liu (ng khi) hm nng cng ci thin c mt t. Tc tiu th oxy: Tc tiu th oxy ty thuc khng ch nhit m cn c nghin nh ca vt liu, m, thnh phn vt liu, qun th vi sinh vt v mc xo trn. Ngi ta xc nh rng, nhu cu oxy trong thi tit m s cao hn trong lc lnh. Vi thit b lm thong, ngi vn hnh c th kim tra nhit bng cch o lng khng kh thi vo vt liu, khng kh d s c dng h nhit do lm ngui lnh trc tip v bay hi. Mt dung tch khng kh kh ln phi thi qua vt liu trong mt s pht ca tng na gi mt. cng c th kim tra nhit bng s i thiu khng kh. Nhng khi thiu oxy s lm qu trnh chm li, tr thnh im khng mong mun. t kt qu tt nht, nn gi nhit ban u l 40 50oC trong mt s ngy u, sau tng ln 55 70oC cho giai on ln men din ra mnh. Lng khng kh cn thit phi ng vi vic m bo nhit ny.

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Mc v tc : Bn ngoi, mi v s m cm gic c th xc nh c hiu qu ca qu trnh. Khng nn qu trnh ln men din ra qu lu v s cn t cht hu c l nhng cht lm giu cho t. Qu trnh khng c qu nhit, khng nn mt nit, khng nn qu lnh. Ch dng mt ch tiu (nhit ) nh gi qu trnh th s sai v cc cht c xu hng nng li sau khi n c n nh im ti u pH = 5 6 i vi rc th va , sau nhiu ngy pH = 8-9. Vic gim lng cht hu c l mt ch th tt nh gi mc , phn hy tc c th o bng tc tiu th oxy, c th o c lng CO2 to thnh nh gi COD (NOH) cng l ch tiu tt nh gi nhng t khi dng. Tc c th l tc cao, tc thng, tc thp. Cc ch tiu i vi qu trnh tc cao: cht thi hu c c th c n nh vi tc cao v nhanh (4 6 ngy), cn cc ch tiu sau: 1. Vt liu phi c t l C : N = 50 : 1 hoc t hn, sao cho khng thiu cht dinh dng khc vi pH = 5,5 8. 2. Vt liu phi c nghin nh (25 75mm) 3. m phi c kim sot sao cho bo m bng 45 60% trong sut qu trnh . 4. S dng tun hon phn - cy (1 5% vt liu hot tnh c mt phn ri) th rt li. 5. Xo trn nh nhng hoc thnh thong xo trn phng hin tng ng bnh hoc to nhng knh khng kh. 6. Khng kh phi c lt ti tt c mi ni ca vt liu , hoc t nht phi m bo 50% oxy c trong . 7. Nhit phi gi 45 70oC trong sut qu trnh . 8. Phi gi cho pH tng ln khi mt nit. 9. Qu trnh phi m bo lin tc trong 3 hoc 5 bc (giai on) k c tun hon vt liu mt phn, xo trn cho mi bc. Bc cui cng c th hp nht vi qu trnh ln men v lm kh (kh nc) t nhin nh nhit t to ra.

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Rc ti

Phn hm cu

Cn in t

Sn tp kt

Cng nhn nht th cng

Bng phn loi Nghin

Ti ch

B cha

Bng chuyn Trn

Cung cp m Kim sot to t ng Ln men 21 ngy Thi kh cng bc chn Sng My xc My xc V vin Tinh ch ng bao Trn ph gia N, P, K
Hnh 5.8a. Quy trnh cng ngh sinh hc quy m cng nghip

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Trong 2 4 ngy khng th phn hy c hon ton protin thi ra, ng v phn ln tinh bt s b phn hy, cc cht cn li cha: xenlul, si len, lignin v cc cht bn vng khc, c th khng cn thit phi phn hy tip, m chng t phn hy t, ni s trng cy v nh s c mt ca cc loi sinh vt t v cc sn phm trao i cht ca chng. H s nhit h hp hng ngy (hiu ng h hp) Hiu ng h hp ngy c tnh theo phng trnh:
Th tch CO2 to ra RQ = Th tch O2 b kh t pha kh

Khi oxy ha tinh bt thnh CO2 v nc, RQ = 1,0; i vi protin = 0,81; vi m = 0,71; i vi rc hu c = 0,8 0,9. Mi quan h gia nhit v tc phn ng c biu th bng h s nhit Q10
KT Q10 = K(T-10) = % CO2 kh kit ToC % CO2 kh kit (T-10)oC

H s nhit 45oC khong 1,6. T 45 55oC n gim ng k v 55oC n ch bng 0,4 nh hng ca pH v t l C/N: pH gim xung 6,5 5,5 giai on tiu hy a mt v sau tng nhanh giai on a m ti pH = 8 sau gim nh xung ti 7,5 trong giai on lnh v tr nn gi ci. Nu dng vi tng pH giai on u, v pH s tng ln ngoi ngng mong mun v lm cho nit dng mui s mt i. nghin cu qu trnh ngoi cc ch tiu nu trn, cn phi nghin cu bn cht ca cht thi, v rc khng ging nhau. i vi a s loi rc th , tl C:N 50, cn nh rng khng nn cc vt liu nh mt ca, v ht, giy v cc loi tng t v t l C:N ca chng ti hn 100 v s thiu nit- mt yu t quan trng ca qu trnh tiu hy sinh ha. Vi t l C:N cao nh vy th vt liu coi nh c n nh, khng cn phi na. Nhng vt liu trn vi t s cp chim nit ca t v lm gim tc sinh trng ca cy trng, t khi cho thm nit ha hc.

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Nui cy v xo trn: Khng c g li bng s tham gia ca vi sinh vt i vi vic nguyn liu nh rc hu c, phn nga v trong cha rt nhiu loi vi sinh vt. Cn c thi gian cc qun th vi sinh vt thch nghi dn vi iu kin v tng trng ln. Qu trnh c tri ra theo nhiu giai on v c thi gian thch ng gia cc pha. Qu trnh ny c th c rt ngn bng cch nui cy v khuy trn. Khuy trn lin tc s t mc phn gii ti u trong vng 10 14 ngy. Khi tun hon cn chn v khuy trn na th qu trnh s din ra nhanh hn. Khuy trn mc ch lm ng u, iu ha nhit v m ca vt liu v trnh to ct khng kh cng nh khng to ra cc bnh cng. Nn xo trn khng kh mt ln mt ngy hoc nhiu ln mt ngy qu trnh din ra n cng. S thay i axit hu c trong qu trnh phn gii: Trong qu trnh cng nh trong qu trnh phn gii ym kh, nng d ca axit hu c s cn tr qu trnh phn gii. Trong qu trnh ln men ym kh cn bn nc thi cha hm lng axit hu c khong 2ppm, qu trnh s dng li khi nng axit hu c t 5ppm. Trong qu trnh t nh hng hn i vi axit hu c: phi ti 10ppm mi nh hng r nt. Qu trnh s khng thc hin c trit khi nng axit hu c 4 5ppm tn ti lu. Tn tht nit trong qu trnh : Nghin cu phn tch nit trong tt c cc giai on , t lc a vt liu th vo cho thy nitrat, nitrit c mt tt c cc mu: mu rc ti mi, c trong lp vng ca b mt ca b phn hy th nghim. Nitrat, nitrit hon ton khng c cc mu ly di sau 70 gi b phn hy th nghim, iu ny chng t rng nitrat, nitrit b s dng trong qu trnh sinh ha vi tc ln hn l tc hnh thnh chng. Phn tch nit vt liu mi t 3 8%, trung bnh 6,3% theo tng trng lng kh. Nit amn vt liu (rc) mi thay i t 0,25 0,4%. Nu tng nit ban u rt cao th pH = 5,0. Trung bnh hm lng nit 8% khong pH = 8,0 8,5. Nu khng lm thong tt, hm lng nit ton phn trong qu trnh khng vt qua 1,0 1,5%. Nit ton phn vt qu 3% s mt nu pH di 5 6.

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C th xc nh cacbon theo phng trnh:


C= 100 %tro 1,8

i vi nguyn liu ti: tro khong 10% trnglng cht kh; nit: 6,3% trng lng cht kh. T l C:N tng ng s t gi tr 8. i vi nguyn liu sau khi : tro khong 20% trng lng cht kh; nit: 3% trng lng cht kh th t l C:N vo khong 15. T l C:N yu cu phi bng 20 nu khng s lm gim nng sut ma mng. S chuyn ha photpho: Rc nghin cha 48% P2O5 (tng ng vi m 70%), sau 336 gi nhit 40oC b phn hy gin on, 96% photpho chuyn ha t dng tan thnh khng tan hu c. Qu trnh tc cao khng phn hy c xenlulo, nhng a s ng tan b bin mt rt nhanh, c th do pH ban u rt thp. Mc d ha phn tch nh tnh ch rng tinh bt bin i kh nhanh nhng kim tra vi sinh vt th li thy cn nhiu ht tinh bt cn li cui qu trnh phn hy. 5.6. X L RC THI BNG PHNG PHP T t rc l giai on xl cui cng cho mt s loi rc nht nh khng th x l bng cc phng php khc. y l mt giai on oxy ha nhit cao vi s c mt ca oxy trong khng kh, trong cc rc c hi c chuyn ha thnh kh v cc cht thi rn khc khng chy. Cc cht kh c lm sch hoc khng c lm sch thot ra ngoi khng kh. Cht thi rn c chn lp. Phng php t rc c s dng rng ri nhng nc nh c, Thy S, H Lan, an Mch, Nht Bn, l nhng nc c s lng t cho cc khu thi rc b hn ch. c im chung ca cht thi rn th nhng nc ny l c nng sut ta nhit cao (in hnh hn 9000KJ/kg), pht sinh t mt loi giy cao cp, cc cht do v thnh phn cc cht d bt la khc, mt s thnh phn c m thp (khong 35%) v mt phn cc nguyn liu tr (nh gch vn, t) v nhiu vt liu khng bt chy khc. Vic x l rc bng phng php t c ngha quan trng l lm gim ti mc nh nht cht thi cho khu x l cui cng, nu s dng cng ngh tin tin cn c ngha cao bo v mi
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trng. y l phng php x l rc tn km nht so vi phng php chn lp hp v sinh th chi ph t mt tn rc cao hn khong 10 ln. Cng ngh t rc thng p dng cc quc gia pht trin v phi c mt nn kinh t mnh bao cp cho vic thu t rc sinh hot nh l mt dch v phc li x hi ca ton dn. Tuy nhin t rc sinh hot bao gm nhiu cht khc nhau sinh khi c v d sinh ioxin nu vic x l khi khng tt (phn x l khi l phn t nht trong cng ngh t rc). Nng lng pht sinh c th tn dng cho cc l hi, l si hoc cc cng nghip cn nhit v pht in. Mi l t phi c trang b mt h thng x l kh thi rt tn km, nhm khng ch nhim khng kh do qu trnh t c th gy ra. Hin nay cc nc chu u c xu hng gim vic t rc thi v hng lot cc vn kinh t cng nh mi trng cn phi xem xt v thng p dng x l rc c hi nh rc bnh vin v cng nghip v cc phng php khc khng gii quyt trit c. Cng ngh t rc c trnh by hnh 5.9. Cng ngh c nhng u im: X l trit cc ch tiu nhim ca cht thi th. Cng ngh ny cho php x l c ton b cht thi th m khng cn nhiu din tch t s dng lm bi chn lp rc. Nhng im yu ca phng php ny l: Vn hnh dy chuyn phc tp, i hi nng lc k thut v tay ngh cao. Gi thnh u t ln, chi ph tiu hao nng lng v chi ph x l cao.

Cc nc c thu nhp cao pht trin cng ngh t rc n mt mc hot ng v bo tr kh tinh v. Kh thi l mt mi tim nng gy nhim c gim n mc ti thiu nh p dng cc cng ngh kim sot tinh vi v t. Ti nhiu l t rc chu u, chi ph vn ci to li cc thit b kim sot nhim trong nhng nm 1990 vt 40 100 triu USD. C hai phng php chnh trong vic t cht thi rn th: t chy c ng l mt la chn tng i n gin. Rc thi thng c a vo mt l t chuyn ng vi tc chm bn trong khoang t , vi vic dn kh qua ng dn chy qua mt tucbin ( sn xut in), ri qua cc b phn lm gim bt nhim khng kh ( hy hoi cc cht gy nhim), cui cng l qua ng khi v bay vo kh quyn. Thng thng
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nhng nguyn liu duy nht phi ly khi dng cht thi trc khi c tiu hy l cc cht thi cng knh hoc cc cht thi c kh nng c hi nh xylanh kh. - t tng cht lng bao gm vic cht thi th trc khi x l c a vo mt thng st chu nhit hnh tr, trong y mt lp cc cht c lng ha nh kh nn mc cao gm cc cht tr nh ct silic, vi, alumin v cc vt liu gm. Mc d t c s dng rng ri trn th gii nhng bin php ny c chng minh l hot ng rt linh hot, c nhiu nh my p dng x l nhng ngun rc thi c nhiu gi tr nng sut ta nhit khc nhau. Tuy nhin, khc vi cng ngh t c ng, cht thi rn th th cn phi qua x l s b trc phn ra thnh tng l c cng kch c ri mi chuyn vo trong l t. Cc loi l t rc thi: Nhng l t rc thi chuyn dng thng c nhng thnh phn sau y: B phn nhn cht thi v bo qun cht thi. B phn nghin v phi trn cht thi. B phn cp cht thi, chtlng, bn v cht rn. Bung t s cp. Bung t th cp. Thit b lm ngui kh hay ni hi chy bng nhit d gim nhit . H thng ra kh. Qut ht ht kh v khng kh vo l khi duy tr p sut m. ng khi.

Nhng dng l t khc nhauthay i chu yu v bung t s cp, thng thng nht l dng l quay, v dng ca h thng x l kh c s dng. S ca dng l t nh (do hng MACROBURN Nht Bn ch to) c th hin hnh 5.10. Mt s l t hin ang c s dng trn th gii c th hin bng 5.6 . Bung t l quay rt c ng, nhng loi l t s cp khc l l t c nh (ch yu dng cho t cc cht thi rn, ch yu l cht thi bnh vin), l bm cht lng (c thit k ch cho cht thi lng v bn mn) v loi l tng si. C hai loi h thng ra kh c s dng ph bin l ra kh v ra t. Trong h thng ra kh, bn vi c bm vo lung kh l nng. Hi nc s bay i, cn li nhng ht vi s hp
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th v trung ha cc kh axit. Vi s c thu vo nhng ti lc ln m y ch c kh l i qua c, ng thi tip tc qu trnh trung ha kh axit v tch cc ht rn. Trong h thng ra kh t, dung dch kim s c phun vo kh axit. H thng ra kh thng thng c kt hp gia venturi v thp phun. Bng 5.6. Mt s loi l thiu t rc trn th gii Tn l Nc sn xut Thi gian lm vic trong ngy Nhng l cng sut ln Delmonego 500 DB 500 SB 325 SA V 700 BMW 600 Italia Italia Php Nht bn malaixia Thy S Php Nht Bn 24 gi 24 gi 8 gi 10 gi 14 gi 7,8 15 5 2,2 2,6 0,13 24 gi 24 gi 12 12 L quay L tnh L tnh L tnh L tnh L tnh L tnh L tnh Cng sut Tn/ngy Loi l

Nhng loi l cng sut nh GG 14 BS 31 SH 220 HOS 8000

C ch ca qu trnh t Qu trnh t trong cc loi l t a vng nh kiu MACRO Burn c din ra ch yu trong cc bung t s cp v th cp. t ti bung t s cp: Rc thi c np vo l t qua ca di pha trc bung t s cp, sau c gia nhit, qu trnh bay hi (nhit phn) din ra. S bay hi c th c din ra ti ngun. Qu trnh bay hi khng yu cu oxy v c th c thc hin trong mi trng kh tr. Tc bay hi ph thuc vo nhit . Nu qu trnh bay hi c thc hin ngay trong tng t, nhit t tng, to iu kin cho qu trnh bay hi tng nhanh. Ngc li, nu qu trnh bay hi qu nhanh, c th lm chm li nh hn ch tc t. iu cn lu

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l khng phi tt c cc cht d bay hi c th t c. Hi nc c th bc hi, than v cacbon en c gi li. Bung t s cp c b tr sao cho hi t u t, kh thot ra do hin tng bay hi, do thay i nhit , v do chuyn ng xoy ngang kt hp vo vi nhau to ra nhit v kh cung cp n nh cho bung t v nh vy iu khin tc chy ca l t. Cc u t c t trong bung t s cp v m nhn c chc nng s cp v th cp. S chuyn nhit t bung t s cp ti bung t th cp c iu chnh c nh, ty thuc vo iu kin t ti u. t ti bung t th cp: Bung t th cp bao gm hai bung (bung trn v bung t cui cng). Trong bung t th cp, ch yu l qu trnh t chy hon ton lung kh to thnh t bung t s cp. Lung kh ny di dng cc ht mng cha t l % cacbon cao. Nhng ht ny c din tch b mt ln nu tp trung thnh m. Lng ccbon cha trong ht s c t chy hon ton khi i vo bung t cui cng. Vn tc thp trong bung t ny m bo thi gian t chy hon ton cc thnh phn. Pha trn bung t s cp, ca thng la vo bung trn kh l nhng phn to hiu ch trong bung t th cp. khng kh cung cp cho bung t th cp c sinh ra do p lc m ca ca thng gi ng khi. Dng kh ti im tht trong ng dn kh lm tng tc ca kh. Hin tng ny to nn hiu ng venturi v lng kh v vn tc kh tng nn lng kh th cp cng tng ln. Trong qu trnh t, vic cung cp kh v phn phi nhit bn trong l c iu khin t ng hon ton thng qua vic thay i lung kh v p sut kh. iu m bo vic t chy trong l l hon ton n nh. Chnh v vy l t m bo kh ht khi v tro bi. Kh l sinh ra bi kh thi phi c duy tr lu trong l t cho qu trnh chy hon ton (thng t nht l 4 giy), nhit phi cao (thng thng cao hn 1000oC hay 1100oC i vi cht PCB poly chlorinated biphenyls). Cui cng cn phi c mt qu trnh trn ln tt vi cc kh v kh chy xoy. ng khi c t trc tip pha trn l, iu khin hiu qu lung kh thot ra. cui lng l, c b tr cc thanh ghi l sng tro bng thy lc. Nh s tr gip ca ci than bng th cng , tro c ri xung qua dy thanh ghi l vo hm cha tro t pha di.
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Cc im cn lu : Khi p dng phng php t rc nhng nc c thu nhp thp, c hai hn ch chnh cn lu , l chi ph v tnh hiu qu. V chi ph: khng c l t no trn th gii c th hot ng thng mi nh mt trm in t rc bi v tnh kinh t lun ph thuc vo vic tr chi ph qua ca kh cao cho chnh quyn thnh ph c chp nhn ngun rc thi ca h v v th ngay c nhng nc t tiu chun cao cho cc khu thi rc, ni cc bi thi c thit k v qun l tt, vic chn lp chc chn vn tn km hn nhiu so vi bt c quy trnh hay phng php x l no. Ch ring v chi ph, phng php t rc c nhiu hn ch trong ng dng cc nc c thu nhp thp. Thnh phn hin ti ca nhng loi rc thi ny c nng sut ta nhit thp, mt s ni li c thnh phn m cao, lm cho vic t rc rt kh nu nh khng s dng thm mt s nhin liu v ngay c nu rc thi chy c, lm gim mt cch ng k doanh thu tim tng t nng lng to ra (lm gim chi ph thc). V tnh hiu qu: Tnh hiu qu ca vic t cht thi rn th cng cn c quan tm. Hu ht cht thi rn th cc nc c thu nhp thp c c im: gm nhiu nguyn liu hu c d phn hy v thnh phn m cao. Loi cht thi ny c nng sut ta nhit thp, bt chy chm v mt thi gian sinh ra ngun in. Thm vo , nhng nc chm pht trin, khi s dng cng ngh t thng ri vo tnh trng yu km v chi ph vn hnh v bo tr cao, doanh thu khng thanh ton nhng chi ph ny. C th kt lun l vic t cht thi rn th khng thch hp ng dng rng ri nhng nc c thu nhp thp , mc d n c th l bin php thit thc nht cho mi trng so vi cc bin php khc, nht l i vi nhng loi rc thi nguy him v rc thi bnh vin. Cc vn cn cn nhc trc khi quyt nh la chn phng php t bao gm: 1.S lng rc thi: Liu c rc thi l t hot ng lin tc khng ? (v nu khng rc, chi ph bo tr l t s rt cao m doanh thu t vic sn xut nng lng li thp). Di mc 300.000 tn/nm th chi ph x l n v c xu hng tng nhanh. 2.Nng sut ta nhit ca rc thi: Liu cc bin php c thc hin ti a phng c chng minh c cht thi rn th ang c sinh ra s to ra c nhiu in hn s lng in n s dng trong mt l t hay khng? Theo kinh nghim ca nhng nc s dng l t cho thy, nng sut ta nhit thp ca rc thi phi trn 6300 7000
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KJ/kg (1500 1670cal/kg). Nu cc d kin ph thuc vo s tng ta nhit tng lai, th iu ny c tr thnh hin thc khng tnh n hiu qu ca cc h thng ti ch hin ti cng nh tim nng lu di cho cc nguyn liu c nng sut ta nhit cao nh giy v cht do? 3.Cc tiu chun mi trng: Vic t rc s to ra mt lng kh thi vo khng kh, cn phi xem xt ngn chn nhim mi trng hay cc vn sc khe cng ng. Nhng tiu chun kh thi no m l t cn phi t ra? Liu c kinh ph cho cc thit b lc kh hiu qu hot ng p ng nhng tiu chun ny khng? 4.La chn v tr: Cc phng tin t rc hin i c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng, nhng vic nh gi chi tit tc ng n mi trng phi c tin hnh thng xuyn. Vic la chn khu vc l thit yu m bo kh nng c chp nhn v mt sc khe cng ng do nhng tc ng ca kh thi ra t l t. Theo kinh nghim ca nhiu nc, khong cch ti thiu t nh gn nht n l t l 200m c s dng lm tiu chun nh hng chung(khong cch ny c th trnh c nhng tr ngi t h thng giao thng ng s i vo nh my v nhng nh hng ca ct ng khi c cao 150m). 5.Nn s dng cng ngh t rc no?: Kinh nghim hot ng mc no? Liu bn c cm thy hi lng khi ly thnh ph ca mnh lm ni th nghim cho mt cng ngh hon ton mi khng? 6.Cc chi ph vn: Phng tin t rc rt t, vi chi ph c chng t nht l 40 triu USD cho 300.000 tn/nm. Liu chi ph ny c thc t khng? N bao gm cc thit b lc kh cha? 7.Doanh thu t vic bn nng lng: Tnh kinh t ca phng php t rc ph thuc vo doanh thu t vic bn nhit v in c sinh ra. Nhng tnh ton ny l da trn nhng gi nh c tht t nng sut ta nhit ca rc v tnh hiu qu ca qu trnh sn xut, s dng nng lng v trn nhng tha thun hp ng chc chn vi mt khch hng s dng nng lng. Nhng gi nh ny c hp l khng? Nhng hp ng ny c cha? Gi bn nng lng c thc t khng?

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8.C kh nng thanh ton: Chi ph u t hng nm phi thanh ton c li ln ph thu hi vn, v sinh ra khon li nhun. 9.Ai s iu hnh nhng phng tin ny: H c c o to y khng? C chng trnh gio dc v o to cho lc lng lao ng cha? ng dng: phng php t thng c p dng x l cc loi cht thi sau: Rc c hi v mt sinh hc; Rc khng phn hy sinh hc; Cht thi c th bc hi v do d phn tn; Cht thi c th chy nhit di 40oC; Cht thi cha halogen, ch, thy ngn, cadmimum, zinc, nit, photpho, sulfur; Cht thi dung mi; Du thi, nh tng du v hn hp du; Nha, cao su v m cao su; Rc dc phm; Nha ng axit v t st s dng; Cht thi phenol; M, sp; Cht thi rn b nhim khun bi cc ha cht c hi.

Nu cc ha cht c hi l cht hu c (v d cc cht c cha cacbon, hydro hoc oxy) th c th x l bng phng php t.

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