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THIT K B LC S

Ni dung:
8.1 Tng quan v thit k b lc s
8.1.1 Phn loi b lc da vo p ng tn s
8.1.2 Cc c t ca b lc
8.1.3 Cc bc thit k b lc
8.2 Thit k b lc FIR dng phng php ca s
Bi tp

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THIT K B LC S

8.1 Tng quan v thit k b lc s:

8.1.1 Phn loi b lc da vo p ng tn s:
Da vo p ng tn s, c th chia b lc ra lm cc loi sau:
B lc thng thp LPF (Low Pass Filter)
B lc thng cao HPF (High Pass Filter)
B lc thng di BPF (Band Pass Filter)
B lc chn di BSF (Band Stop Filter)
p ng tn s v p ng xung ca cc b lc l tng
B lc thng thp l tng:
p ng tn s:

1 , 0 C
| H d () |=
0 , C <
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

p ng tn s v p ng xung ca cc b lc l tng (tt)

p ng xung:

hd (n) =

1
2

1
=
2

H d ()e jn d =

1
2

e jn d

e jn C 1 sin nC sin nC
=

=
n
n
jn C

B lc thng cao l tng:

p ng tn s:

0 , 0 < C
| H d () |=
1 , C
p ng xung:

sin nC
hd (n) = (n)
n
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

B lc thng di l tng:
p ng tn s:

0 ;0 < c1 , c 2 <
| H d () |=
1 ; c1 c 2
p ng xung:

sin nc 2 sin nc1

hd (n) =
n

B lc chn di l tng:
p ng tn s:

1 ;0 c1 , c 2
| H d () |=
0 ; c1 < < c 2
p ng xung:

sin nc 2 sin nc1

hd (n) = (n)
n
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

8.1.2 Cc c t b lc s:
Cc tham s ca b lc: di thng, di chn, di chuyn tip, gn di thng,
suy hao di chn.
Xt b lc thng thp:
c t tuyt i (H.a):

P: lch di thng
S: lch di chn
c t tng i (H.b):
RP: gn di thng [dB]
AS: suy hao di chn [dB]

Cng thc lin h:

RP = 20 lg(1 p )

AS = 20 lg S
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

8.1.2 Cc bc thit k b lc s:
Qu trnh thit k b lc s gm 3 bc:
Xc nh cc c t ca b lc:

ty theo yu cu ng dng, bc ny cn tin hnh xc nh cc c t

ca b lc: P, S,vv
Xc nh gi tr cc h s ca b lc:

sau khi c c t ca b lc, s dng cc phng php thit k khc

nhau: phng php dng ca s,, phng php ly mu tn s, phng
php thit k ti u,vv xc nh cc h s ca b lc h(n), 0 n N.
Thc hin mch lc:
trn c s c c cc h s ca b lc, vn thit k ch cn l vic
la chn s thc hin (dng trc tip, dng chnh tc) xy dng gii
thut tng ng vit chng trnh ci t.
qu trnh ny c th c thc hin bng phn cng hay phn mm.
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

8.2 Thit k b lc FIR dng phng php ca s:

Nhc li: Vi b lc s FIR bc N
Phng trnh I/O:

y (n) = h(n) x(n) =

h(k ) x(n k )
k =0

p ng xung h(n) v p ng tn s H() l mt cp bin i DTFT.

Gi s cn thit k b lc s FIR bc N theo yu cu no . Qu trnh thc
hin nh sau:
Gi hd(n) l p ng xung ca b lc l tng tng nng loi b lc cn
thit k.
Vi phng php ca s, p ng xung ca b lc cn thit kt c xc
nh nh sau:
h(n) = hd(n-)w(n); = N/2.
trong : w(n) l hm ca s c chiu di hu hn N+1 v i xng quanh
im gia, ngha l: w(n) = w(N-n)
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

8.2 Thit k b lc FIR dng phng php ca s (tt):

Cc loi ca s thng dng

Ch nht
Tam gic
Hanning
Hamming
Blackman

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1 ;0 n N
w( n ) =
0 ; otherwise
;0 n N / 2
2n / N
w(n) =
2 2n / N ; N / 2 n N
2 n

0.5 0.5 cos

w(n) =
N
0

;0 n N
; otherwise

2 n

;0 n N
0.54 0.46 cos
w(n) =
N
0
; otherwise
2 n
4 n

+ 0.08 cos
0.42 0.5 cos
w(n) =
N
N
0

;0 n N
; otherwise
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Hnh dng v ph ca cc loi ca s thng dng

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Hnh dng v ph ca cc loi ca s thng dng

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Hnh dng v ph ca cc loi ca s thng dng (tt)

Xt nh hng ca ca s ln p ng xung:

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Xt nh hng ca ca s ln p ng tn s:

Nhn xt: * rng bp chnh s nh hng n rng di chuyn tip.

* Bp ph to ra gn di thng v gn di chn ca H().

Vic la chn loi ca s s nh hng n s xp x H() i vi Hd().

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Cc tnh cht ca ca s:
Khi chiu di N tng rng bp chnh gim rng di chuyn tip
gim.
: rng di chuyn tip

N = c

c : hng s ph thuc loi ca s

Bin nh ca bp ph c xc nh bi dng ca ca s v khng
ph thuc vo N.
Khi gim bin bp ph th rng bp chnh tng ln v ngc li.

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Loi ca s

rng
di chuyn tip

Suy hao di chn

AS [dB]

Ch nht
Tam gic
Hanning
Hamming
Blackman

1.8/N
6.1/N
6.2/N
6.6/N
11/N

21
25
44
53
74
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

V d 1: Thit k b lc s thng thp FIR tha yu cu sau:

0.99 | H () | 1.01 ;0 0.19

;0.21
| H () | 0.01
Li gii:
B lc cn thit k l b lc thng thp
c t tuyt i nh hnh bn:
Da vo c t: p = 0.01
s = 0.01
Tm bc ca b lc N:
- Suy hao di chn:
As = 20lgs = 20lg0.01 = -40 dB
Chn ca s Hanning
- rng di chuyn tip:
= s -p = 0.21 - 0.19 = 0.02
- Vi ca s Hanning:

=
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6.2
6.2
6.2
N=
=
= 310
N
0.02

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Vit phng trnh p ng xung:

h(n) = hd(n-)w(n)
trong : Hm ca s l:

2 n

0.5 0.5 cos

w(n) =
N
0

(*)

;0 n N
; otherwise

p ng xung l tng:

s + p

=
= 0.2
sin c (n ) c
2
hd (n ) =
;
(n )
= N = 310 = 155

2
2
Thay vo biu thc (*), ta c p ng xung ca b lc cn thit k l:

h( n) =

sin 0.2 ( n 155)

2 n
0.5

0.5cos
;0 n 310

(n 155)
310

(ln lt thay n= 0,1,2, vo ta thu c cc h s ca b lc h0, h1,h2,...,h310)

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

p ng xung - p ng tn s - p ng pha ca b lc:

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

V d 2:
Cho tn hiu m thanh c ph tn s nm trong khong [0, 20 Khz].Tn hiu c
ly mu tc fs = 40 Khz. Hy thit k b lc s FIR dng phng php
ca s loi b cc thnh phn tn s ln hn 10Khz vi mc suy hao
khng nh hn 50 dB. Gi s rng di chuyn tip l 400Hz.
Li gii:
Bc 1: Xc nh c t ca b lc:
B lc cn thit k l b lc thng thp
vi cc thng s sau:

s =
=

s
fs

2 10Khz
= 0.5
40 Khz

2 400 Hz
=
= 0.02
fs
40 Khz

= s p p = 0.5 0.02
= 0.48 ; As = 50dB
Bc 2: Xc nh p ng xung
Chn loi ca s Hamming w(n)=
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Bc ca b lc: N =

6.6
6.6
=
= 330
0.02

Vit phng trnh p ng xung:

h(n) = hd(n-)w(n)
trong : Hm ca s l:

2 n

0.54
0.46
cos

w(n) =
N
0

(*)

;0 n N
; otherwise

p ng xung l tng ca b lc thng thp:

s + p

=
= 0.49
sin c (n ) c
2
hd (n ) =
;
(n )
= N = 330 = 165

2
2
Thay vo biu thc (*), ta c p ng xung ca b lc cn thit k l:

sin 0.49 (n 165)

2 n
h( n) =
0.54 0.46 cos
;0 n 330

(n 165)
330

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Bc 3: Thc hin b lc:

Phng trnh I/O ca b lc:

y ( n ) = h 0 x ( n ) + h1 x ( n 1) + h 2 x ( n 2 ) + ... + h 3 3 0 x ( n 3 3 0 )
S khi v gii thut:
x(n)

h0

0(n)

y(n)

Z-1
1(n)

Vi mi mu d liu ng vo x:
{

h1

0 = x;

Z-1

y = h00+h11+ + h330330;

h2

2(n)

i = i -1;

Z-1
M(n)

For i = 330,329,,1 do

h330

Vit chng trnh dng ngn ng C,vv

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

p ng xung - p ng tn s - p ng pha ca b lc:

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Thit k b lc s FIR s dng ca s Kaiser:

n 1/2
H ca s Kaiser:
I 0 1

; 0 n N ; = N / 2
w(n) =
I0 [ ]
trong : : tham s nh dng ca s iu khin s dung ha gia rng
bp chnh v bin bp ph.

( x / 2 )k
I0[]: hm Bessel
I 0 [ x] = 1 +

k!
k =1

Qu trnh thit k b lc thng s dng cc cng thc thc nghim sau:

i/
ii/

;
A s 50dB
0.1102( As 8.7)

= 0.5842( As 21)0.4 + 0.07886( As 21) ; 21dB < As < 50dB

0
As < 21dB
;

As 7.95
N=
; As 21dB
(Khi As< 21dB: dng N=1.8/)
2.287

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

V d 3: Thit k b lc s thng thp FIR c tn s ct: c = /4; =0.02

v s = 0.01 dng ca s Kaiser.
Li gii:
Suy hao di chn:
As = 20lgs = 20lg0.01 = -40 dB
Suy ra thng s ( do 50dB>As>21 dB ):
= 0.5842(As - 21)0.4 + 0.07886(As - 21) = 3.4
Tm bc ca b lc N (do As>21dB):

N=

As 7.95
40 7.95
=
= 224 = N / 2 = 112
2.287 2.287 0.02

p ng xung ca b lc:

h(n) = hd (n ) w(n)
n 112 1/2
I 0 3.4 1

112
sin 0.25 (n 112)
;
=
I 0 [3.4]
(n 112)
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0 n 224
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THIT K B LC S (tt)

p ng xung - p ng tn s - p ng pha ca b lc:

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THIT K B LC S (tt)

Bi tp:
8.1 Hy v cc c t tuyt i v c t tng i ca b lc s thng cao,
thng di v chn di.
8.2 Cho tn hiu m thanh c ph tn s nm trong khong [0, 20 Khz]. Tn hiu
c ly mu tc fs = 40 Khz. Hy thit k b lc s FIR dng phng php
ca s loi b cc thnh phn tn s trong khong [10Khz -12 Khz] vi mc
suy hao khng nh hn 50 dB. Gi s rng di chuyn tip l 400Hz.

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