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TRNG I HC CNG NGH
KHOA C HC K THUT V T NG HA
B MN C IN T







TI LIU MN HC
L THUYT MCH
(Ti liu dng cho sinh vin lp QH-2005-I/CQ-H)












H Ni, 2008
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Chng 1: Nhng khi nim c bn v mch in

1.1 Graph Kirchoff
1.1.1 nh ngha Graph Kirchoff
Xy dng m hnh mch in Kirchoff m t s phn b nng lng, tn hiu (u(t),
i(t)) in t trong thit b in, in t. T m hnh thu c, xy dng cc phng
php phn tch, tnh ton nh gi (nh tnh, nh lng) nng lng, tn hiu in
t (u(t), i(t)).
Khi thit b in t tho mn iu kin mch ho th ta chn bin o qu trnh l dng
in i(t) v in p u(t) vi cng sut tng ng p(t)=u(t)i(t)
Qui c m t mi vng nng lng in t bng cung nh chiu (

) ( ), ( t u t i
) trn
gn vi dng in i(t) v in p u(t), ng vi cng sut p(t)=u(t)i(t). S chp ni cc
cung ging nh s chp ni cc vng nng lng trong thit b in. Hnh c thnh
lp theo qui c c gi l m hnh mch Kirchoff (hay Graph Kirchoff).










Hnh 1.1 Cung nh chiu

Hnh 1.2 V d Graph Kirchoff
1.1.2 Mt s khi nim trn Graph Kirchoff
Nhnh: l cc cung nh chiu
nh (nt): l ch gp nhau ca cc cnh
Graph: l mt tp d im gi l nh (nt) v mt tp n nhnh ni (lin thng) gia
cc nh
Cy: l mt tp nhnh vi y cc nh nhng khng to thnh vng
Cnh: l cc nhnh to thnh cy, s cnh ca cy c=d-1, vi d l s nh ca cy
B cy: l tp nhnh khi lp vo cy th to thnh Graph
B cnh: l cc nhnh ca b cy
Vng (tp kn): l tp nhnh khp thnh mt vng kn
ng: Mt ng gia 2 nh l mt tp nhnh lin thng 2 nh , v thng qui
c thm chng khng lm thnh mt tp kn no.
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Tp ct: Trn Graph (v d) khoanh mt mt kn S1 tch ra mt s nhnh v nh
hon ton nm trong S1 (v d nhnh 5 v nh 3, 4). S c mt s nhnh (v d 1, 2,
3, 4) chui qua S1. Chng c tnh cht lin thng nhng nh nm ngoi vi nhng
nh trong S1, do nu ngt b chng i s ct ri ra mt b phn graph bao trong
S1, tc l lm tng thm s lin thng. Ta gi mt tp nhnh nh vy l mt tp ct.
Gn vi mi nh l mt tp ct n gin nht, khi ngt b chng i s ct ri nh
y khi phn Graph cn li. V d gn vi nh 1 c tp ct 1, 2, 6 chui qua mt kn
S2.

1.1.3 Cc lut trn Graph Kirchoff
a) Lut Kirchoff 1
Khi thit b in tha mn nhng iu kin mch ha c th xy dng s mch
Kirchoff, ta coi mi thi im t dng dn ) (t
k
i c gi tr nh nhau dc theo vt dn th
k. Do mi im trn mi vt dn khng u c ng dng dn, n chy lin tc
mt cch tc thi dc cc vt dn. Vi mt mt kn S ng vi mt tp ct bt k, trng
hp n gin nht l tp ct nh. Do dng dn khng ng mi im trn nhnh k
c nh nhnh, nn mi thi im tng cc dng dn chy vo S phi bng tng cc
dng chy ra khi S. nh lut Kirchoff 1 cho cc tp ct pht biu nh sau:
Tng i s dng dn trn mt tp ct trt tiu, hoc trng hp n gin nht: Tng
i s dng in chy vo (hoc ra) mt nh trt tiu.
0 =
k
i (1.1)
V d ti nh 1 trong hnh 1.2:
0
6 2 1
= + i i i
b) Lut Kirchoff 2
Vi iu kin mch ha ta chp nhn gi thit v s phn b th dc theo cc vt dn
trong thit b in. V vy i theo mt vng hay mt tp kn trn thit b in hoc trn
Graph Kirchoff tr li im xut pht, ta s tr li th c vi lng tng th bng khng.
nh lut Kirchoff 2 cho cc vng pht biu nh sau:
Tng i s cc in p trn mt vng (hay mt tp kn) trt tiu.
0 =
k
u (1.2)
V d ly chiu i vng thun kim ng h lm chiu dng trong php tng (1.2), i
vi tp kn 1, 2, 5 trong hnh 1.2 ta s c:
0
5 2 1
= + u u u
c) V d
Cho mt Graph Kirchoff nh hnh 1.3 trn nh chiu dng cho cc bin dng
p. Hy vit phng trnh cn bng dng cho cc tp ct nh, v phng trnh cn bng
p cho cc mt li (cc vng).
Gii: Qui c chiu dng dng l chiu hng vo cc nh, ng vi cc tp ct dnh
vi cc nh 1, 2, 3, 4 ln lt ta c cc phng trnh sau:
0
6 4 1
= i i i
0
5 4 2
= + i i i
0
6 5 3
= + + i i i
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1 2 3
0 i i i =
ng vi cc vng I, II, III vi chiu dng p chn cho cc vng, ln lt ta c:
0
4 2 1
= + u u u
0
5 3 2
= + u u u
0
6 5 4
= + u u u

Hnh 1.3

1.1.4 M t Graph bng cc bng s v ma trn
a) Bng s nhnh - nh A
Mt Graph nh chiu hu hn c hon ton xc nh nu ta ch r tp d nh nh
s, tp n nhnh nh s v ch r mi nhnh nh chiu ni lin cp nh no. C th m
t nhng iu y bng bng s nhnh - nh A nh sau:

Lp mt bng ch nht c d ct nh s m t cc nh, n hng nh s m t cc
nhnh. Nu mt nhnh nh chiu th k ni t nh p ti nh q, th trn hng k ta s ghi
s 1 vo thuc ct p v s -1 vo thuc ct q. Trn cc cn li ghi s 0.
V d:

nh
Nhnh
1 2 3 4
1 1 0 -1 0
2 1 0 0 -1
3 0 -1 1 0
4 0 -1 0 1
5 0 0 1 -1
6 -1 1 0 0
Bng 1.1 Bng s nhnh - nh A
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Hnh 1.4


Hnh 1.5

Hnh 1.6

Bng s nhnh - nh c cc tnh cht sau:
Theo nh ngha, cp s 1, -1 trn mi hng ca mt nhnh nh chiu ch r nhnh
y ni t nh no n nh no. i vi Graph Kirchoff n cn ni r chiu dng
ca dng trn nhnh y chy t nh no ti nh no, v in p nhnh y bng
hiu s th ca cp nh no. V d t bng 1.1, hng 5 cho ta bit s nhnh 5
nh hnh 1.5 v
4 3 5
= u

Nhng s 1, -1 trn ct mt nh ch r nhnh no ri khi nh (s 1) v nhnh no
i ti nh (s -1). V d ct 3 trn bng 1.1 ch r s nh nh hnh 1.6.

i vi Graph Kirchoff mi ct ni r trong cc nhnh ni vi nh ang xt, dng
nhnh no c chiu dng ri khi nh (theo qui c y l s 1), dng nhnh
no c chiu dng chy ti nh (s -1). Vy mi ct cho ta cc h s ca php
tng i s cc dng nhnh ri khi mt nh.

V d ct 3 trong bng 1.1 cho ta s nh 3 nh hnh 1.6 v phng trnh cn
bng cc dng nhnh ri khi nh : 0
5 3 1
= + + i i i

V mi hng u c mt cp s 1, -1 nn trong d ct ca bng s A tha ra mt
ct. C th tu b i mt ct m bng s vi d-1 ct vn mang tin tc v cu
trc ca Graph, v c th khi phc d dng ct b.

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tin tnh p nhnh v vit phng trnh cn bng dng ta thng b i ct ng
vi nh mc c chn c th bng 0. Ta gi bng nh vy l bng s nhnh - nh
, k hiu l A hoc k A ch r nh mc th k.
V d i vi bng 1.1, chn nh 4 lm mc ta c:

nh
Nhnh
1 2 3
1 1 0 -1
2 1 0 0
3 0 -1 1
4 0 -1 0
5 0 0 1
6 -1 1 0
Bng 1.1 Bng s nhnh - nh

Ma trn A:
i vi Graph Kirchoff, s pht huy c tc dng ca bng s A nu coi n l ma trn
v p dng nhng php i s thch hp trn ma trn. Cng vi ma trn A, ta qui c
biu din vect dng, p nhnh v th nh th t bng cc ma trn ct
nh
i ,
nh
u ,
d
:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
6
5
4
3
2
1
nh
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
;
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
6
5
4
3
2
1
nh
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
;
(
(
(
(

=
4
3
2
1
d


Nh vy c th vit li rt gn h phng trnh p nhnh theo th nh, v h phng
trnh theo lut Kirchoff 1 cho cc nh di dng ma trn:
d nh
A u = (1.3)
0 i A
nh t
= (1.4)
Trong
t
A l nghch chuyn v ca ma trn A. Ta thy rng A l ma trn lm php
bin i cc th nh v p nhnh.

V d vi Graph trn hnh 1.4 ta lp ma trn A. Nu dng A, ta c quan h
nh
u
theo
d
, v h phng trnh theo lut Kirchoff 1 nh sau:
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(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+

+
+

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

= =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
2 1
4 3
4 2
3 2
4 1
3 1
4
3
2
1
d
6
5
4
3
2
1
nh
0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
A u





u
u
u
u
u
u

0
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
i A
5 4 2
5 3 1
6 4 3
6 2 1
6
5
4
3
2
1
nh t
=
(
(
(
(

+
+ +
+
+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(



=
i i i
i i i
i i i
i i i
i
i
i
i
i
i

b) Bng s nhnh vng C
Ta c th m t kt cu ca mt Graph bng cch ch r tp n nhnh nh s nh chiu,
tp b b cnh ng vi cc vng khp kn qua mt cy, v ch r mi vng gm nhng
nhnh no. C th m t nhng iu y bng bng s nhnh vng C nh sau:

nh mt cy. Lp mt bng ch nht c b ct nh s m t cc b cnh cng
nhng vng ca chng, v n hng nh s m t cc nhnh. Nu mt b cnh th l
khp vo cy mt vng kn gm chnh nhnh l v nhng nhnh khc (v d p, q, r, s)
th ta s ghi s 1 trn giao nhau ca ct l vi hng l v vi nhng hng ca cc nhnh
khc (p, q, r, s) thun chiu vng vi l, v ghi s -1 trn giao vi nhng hng ca
cc nhnh khc (p, q, r, s) ngc chiu vng vi l.

Hnh 1.7

V d vi Graph trn hnh 1.4, chn cy 1, 2, 4 nh hnh 1.7, ta s c bng s C nh sau:
Vng
Nhnh
3 5 6
1 1 1 0
2 -1 -1 1
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3 1 0 0
4 -1 0 1
5 0 1 0
6 0 0 1
Bng 1.2 Bng s nhnh vng C

Bng s nhnh - vng c cc tnh cht sau:

Cc s 1, -1 trn mi hng ng vi mt nhnh nh chiu, ch r nhnh y tham gia
vi chiu thun hay ngc vo nhng vng ca b cnh no. V d nhnh 2 khp
ngc chiu cc vng 3, 5 v khp thun chiu vi vng 6.
i vi Graph Kirchoff iu y cn ni r dng ca nhnh ang xt bng tng nhng
dng b cnh no. V d hng 2 cho ta quan h:
6 5 3 2
i i i i + =
Theo nh ngha trn mi ct ng vi mt vng b cnh nu r vng gm nhng
nhnh no, vi chiu thun hay ngc. V d ct 3 cho bit v vng 3 nh hnh 1.7.
Vi Graph Kirchoff n cn ni r trong cc nhnh thuc vng ang xt, p nhnh no
c chiu dng thun (s 1) vi vng, p nhnh no c chiu dng ngc chiu (s -1)
vi vng. Vy mi ct cho ta cc h s ca php tng cc p nhnh ly theo mt vng
b cnh. V d ct 3 cho ta phng trnh cn bng p: 0
4 3 2 1
= + u u u u
V b cnh ch tham gia vo vng ca n, nn trn cc hng b cnh ch c mt s 1,
v d nh hng 3, 5, 6. Vy bng C cho ta phn bit r cy v b cy chn.

Ma trn C:
Ging nh ma trn A, i vi Graph Kirchoff ta s pht huy tc dng ca bng s C nu
coi n l ma trn.
Ngoi cc k hiu
nh
i ,
nh
u ta thm vo cc ma trn ct dng vng
v
i hay dng b cy
b
i ,
p vng
v
u ( 0 u
v
= ). Vi nhng k hiu c th vit quan h gia
nh
i vi
v
i , v vit h
phng trnh theo lut Kirchoff 2 cho cc vng nh sau:
b v nh
Ci Ci i = = (1.5)
0 u u C
v nh t
= = (1.6)
Trong
t
C l chuyn v ca C. Ta thy rng C lm php bin i dng b cy hoc
dng vng ra dng nhnh.
V d vi bng 1.2 ta vit c vect dng nhnh theo dng vng nh sau:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+
+
=
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(


= =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
6
5
6 3
3
6 5 3
5 3
6
5
3
b
6
5
4
3
2
1
nh
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1
0 1 1
Ci i
i
i
i i
i
i i i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

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1.2 Cc hin tng c bn ca qu trnh in t v cc phn t c trng
1.2.1 Ton t v phng trnh trng thi vng nng lng
a) Ton t
Cho 2 tp bin ) (t x v ) (t y , ta gi ton t T nh ngha trn 2 tp bin y l mt php
tc ng ln mt phn t ) (t x cho mt phn t ) (t y hoc mt php ch ra mt phn
t. K hiu:
T ) (t x = ) (t y (1.7)
Trng hp chung, php tc ng T c th sai khc vi ) (t y mt phn b thi gian
) (t f no , ta c:
T ) (t x + ) (t f = ) (t y (1.8)
b) Phng trnh trng thi
V vt l cc lut Kirchoff khng m t quan h gia dng v p trn cc vng nng
lng, do khng m t c qui lut qu trnh nng lng, tn hiu in t, tc l
hnh vi mi vng.
Ta c th m t hnh vi mi vng bng mt phng trnh ring gi l phng trnh
trng thi lin h p ) (t u vi dng ) (t i , trong c th coi mt bin l kch thch v
bin kia l p ng.
Nh vy mi phng trnh trng thi m t hnh vi vng nng lng, v ngc li mi
vng nng lng c trng bi mt ton t hnh vi T v mt phng trnh nht nh.
Trong k thut in ngi ta gi ton t tc ng ln bin ) (t i cho bin ) (t u l ton t
tng tr k hiu Z, v ton t tc ng ln bin ) (t u cho bin ) (t i l ton t tng dn
k hiu l Y .
Vy theo (1.8), vi mi vng nng lng hoc mi nhnh tn ti mt cp phng trnh
trng thi dng:
) (t u = Z ) (t i + ) (
1
t f (1.9a)
) (t i =Y ) (t u + ) (
2
t f (1.9b)
Ta gi dng phng trnh trng thi dng (1.9) l lut Ohm tng qut ca vng nng
lng.
i vi m hnh mch php T c th hoc l php nhn mt s hoc hm, hoc nhng
php o hm, tch phn theo thi gian, hoc t hp ca cc php .

1.2.2 Hin tng tiu tn, in tr, in dn
Khi c dng in i chy trong vt dn th s c hin tng tiu tn trn vt dn, bin
nng lng in t thnh nhit nng. Xt mt vng coi l thun tiu tn, cng sut in
t tip nhn phi khng m:
0 > = ui p
r

Ngha l i vi vng y dng v p lun cng chiu, tc l c th vit phng trnh
trng thi di dng mt quan h hm vi h s dng gia u v i :
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ri u = hoc gu i = (1.10)
(1.10) chnh l lut Ohm quen bit.
Ta gi cc h s c trng r , g th t l in tr v in dn ca vt dn. Chng c
nhng ngha nh sau:

chnh l nhng ton t tr v ton t dn ca vng thun tiu tn:
Z=r v Y = g (1.11)
i vi vng tiu tn ta c:

2
i
p
i
u
r = = (1.12)

2
u
p
u
i
g = = (1.13)
Nh vy in tr r l mt thng s o kh nng tiu tn ca vt dn, theo (1.12)
n bng lng tng cng sut tiu tn khi tng kch thch dng
2 2
1A i = . Cng
nh vy in dn g l thng s bng lng tng cng sut khi tng thm kch
thch in p
2 2
1V u = .

Trong h SI n v ca in tr l Om (k hiu ), v n v ca in dn l Simen (k
hiu l S ).
Trong m hnh mch Kirchoff ta k hiu vng tiu tn v ton t r , g bng mt ch
nht nh hnh 1.8, gi n l phn t in tr hoc phn t in dn ca nhnh.

Hnh 1.8

1.2.3 Hin tng kho in, in dung
Nu hai vt dn ngn cch nhau bi chn khng hoc in mi, c t tng i gn
nhau vi nhng mt i nhau tng i rng, khi t ln chng mt in p u th trong
ln cn cp vt dn s tp trung mt in trng vi nng lng
E
w , hnh thnh mt
kho in.

Di in p u (coi l kch thch), mun lm thm ln cp vt dn nhng ht mang in
dq (in tch dng np ln vt c th cao hn) cn lm mt cng tch nng lng
vo kho:
udq dw
E
= (1.14)
Lu rng trong nhng iu kin thng thng in tch q np trn cc vt dn ph
thuc vo in p u , tc l ) (u q q = , nh vy cng sut tch nng lng vo kho s l:
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ui
dt
du
u
q
u
dt
dq
u
dt
dw
p
E
=
c
c
= = =
T suy ra c phng trnh trng thi kho in nh sau:

dt
du
u
q
i
c
c
=
(1.15)
Ta gi h s ca phng trnh (1.15) l in dung ca cp vt dn, hoc ca kho in,
k hiu l C:

u
q
u C
c
c
= ) ( (1.16)
Phng trnh trng thi kho in c vit li nh sau:

dt
du
C i = hoc
}
= dt
C
i
u (1.17)
ng vi cc ton t dn v tr:

dt
d
C = Y ;
}
= Z
C
dt
(1.18)

in dung C l thng s c trng ca kho in. N c nhng ngha sau:
N l h s ca phng trnh trng thi v ton t dn ca kho in.
Ty theo quan h (1.19) l tuyn tnh ( const C = hay ) (t C C = ), hay phi tuyn
) (u C C = , n quyt nh phng trnh trng thi l tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn.
Theo (1.16) n l thng s o dung tch np in ca kho in di tc dng
ca in p ( C bng q np c di in p 1 V)
V mt nng lng ta c:
2
2
du
C uCdu du
u
q
u udq dw
E
= =
c
c
= =
Tc l n o dung tch np nng lng ca kho di tc dng ca
2
u
(
E
dw C 2 = khi tng
2
du thm mt n v).

Trong h SI n v ca in dung l Farad, k hiu l F. Trong s mch Kirchoff ta
k hiu kho in nh hnh 1.9 trn ghi ch C.


Hnh 1.9

1.2.4 Hin tng kho t, in cm, h cm
Khi trong mt dy dn hoc cun dy c dng in i , th trong vng ln cn (kho t)
ca vt dn thng tp trung mt t trng vi nng lng
M
w . N lin quan vi dng
in i theo qui lut vt l: khi do nguyn nhn no np thm vo cun dy mt
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lng tng t thng + d , chiu dng ca + ly ph hp vi ca i theo qui tc vn
nt chai thun, th kho t s c np thm mt nng lng:
+ = id dw
M
(1.19)
Do cng sut np nng lng vo kho t s l:
ui
dt
d
i
dt
dw
p
M
M
=
+
= = (1.20)

Cn bng 2 v ca phng trnh (1.20 ) ta thu c biu thc m t quan h gia in
p cm ng
k
u trong cun dy th k vi t thng np vo n:

dt
d
u
k
k
+
= (1.21)
Trong chiu dng ca
k
u chn ging ca
k
i , tc l ph hp vi chiu dng t
thng theo qui tc vn nt chai thun.
Trong nhng qu trnh khng qu nhanh thng c th coi t thng + l hm ca dng
k
i trong cun dy v dng
l
i ,
m
i , trong nhng cun dy th l, m khc:
,...) , , (
m l k k k
i i i + = + (1.22)
Kt hp (1.21) v (1.22) ta s c phng trnh trng thi kho t:
+
c
+ c
+
c
+ c
+
c
+ c
=
dt
di
i dt
di
i dt
di
i
u
m
m
k l
l
k k
k
k
k
(1.23)
Trong phng trnh (1.23) s hng u ch s ph thuc vo bin thin dng trong cun
k, gi l in p t cm
kL
u . Nhng s hng cn li ph thuc vo dng ca nhng cun
khc, gi l in p h cm
kM
u trong cun k.

a) Hin tng t cm
Ta gi o hm ca t thng
k
+ theo dng
k
i l h s t cm hoc in cm ca cun
dy, k hiu l
k
L :

k
k
k k
i
i L
c
+ c
= ) ( (1.24)
Khi phng trnh trng thi gn vi in p t cm s c dng:

dt
di
L u
k
k Lk
= hoc
}
= dt
L
u
i
k
kL
k
(1.25)
Tc l:
dt
d
L
L
= Z ; dt
L
L
}
= Y
1
(1.26)

in cm L l thng s ca kho t, n c nhng ngha sau:
N l h s ca phng trnh trng thi v ca ton t tr kho t. Phng trnh
trng thi (1.25) s l tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn ty thuc vo L l tuyn tnh
( const L = hay ) (t L L = ) hay phi tuyn ( ) (i L L = ).
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12
Theo (1.24), L o dung tch np t thng ca kho t di kch thch ca dng
k
i .
V mt nng lng ta c:
2
2
k
k k k k k
k
k
k k k L
di
L di L i di
i
i d i dw = =
c
+ c
= + =
Tc l L o dung tch np nng lng ca kho t di kch thch
2
k
i .

n v ca in cm trong h SI l Henry, k hiu l H. Trong s mch Kirchoff ta
k hiu kho t t cm nh hnh 1.10, trn ghi ch L. Chiu dng ca
L
u v
L
i chn
nh nhau vi h s L>0.

Hnh 1.10
b) Hin tng h cm
Xt mt in p h cm
kM
u trong cun th k, ta gi h s ca p ny l h s h cm
kl
M ca cun th k bi dng trong cun th l:

l
k
kl
i
M
c
+ c
= (1.27)
Phng trnh trng thi gn vi qu trnh h cm ca 2 cun dy s l:

dt
di
M u
l
kl kl
= (1.28)
Ton t h tr (tc ng ln dng
l
i ca cun l) s l:

dt
d
i M
l kl
) ( = Z (1.29)

H s h cm
kl
M gia 2 cun dy c nhng ngha sau:
N l h s ca ton t h tr (1.29), v ca phng trnh trng thi (1.28). N
quyt nh tnh cht tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn ca phng trnh (1.28).
Theo (1.27) n o dung tch np t thng ca kho t k bi dng kch thch trong
cun th l.
V mt nng lng:
Trong mi trng tuyn tnh, h s h cm
kl
M ,
lk
M gia 2 cun l v k bng
nhau:

kl
M =
lk
M = M (1.30)
Nh vy, khi c 2 dng
l
i ,
k
i u bin thin, trn 2 cun dy c nhng p h
cm c tnh nh sau:

dt
di
M u
l
Mk
= ;
dt
di
M u
k
Ml
= (1.31)
Khi nng lng np thm vo c 2 kho t s l:
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13
) ( ) (
k l k l l k l
k
k
l
l Ml k Mk
i i Md di i di i M dt i
dt
di
M dt i
dt
di
M dt i u dt i u dw = + = + = + =
Suy ra:
) (
k l
i i d
dw
M =
Nh vy M l thng s o dung tch np nng lng vo mt cp kho t di tc
dng ca kch thch
k l
i i .
n v ca h cm M cng l Henry.

Cc tnh cun dy v du ca h s M:
Khi vit phng trnh trng thi (1.28) lin h p dng ca mt cp cun dy, cn xc
nh du ca M theo chiu dng ca cc bin chn cho mi cun dy.

Chiu dng ca
k
+ c chn ph hp vi chiu dng ca
k
i theo qui tc vn nt
chai thun. V vy nu 2 cun dy sp t trong khng gian sao cho khi 0 >
l
di s np
thm vo cun k mt lng 0 > +
k
d , tc l cng chiu nh khi tng 0 >
k
di , th vi
chiu dng
Mk
u v
k
i chn trng nhau trong cun k s c 0 >
Mk
u v do trong
phng trnh (1.28) ta s c 0 > M .
Nu ngc li lng t thng np thm 0 < +
k
d , tc l 0 <
Mk
u , ta phi ly 0 < M .
Ta thng k hiu quan h h cm gia 2 cun dy bng ch M v mi tn hai chiu
nh hnh 1.11, v thng dng cch nh du vo mt cc cun dy d xc nh du
phng trnh (1.28). Ta qui c khi cc dng
l
i ,
k
i cng i vo (hoc cng i ra khi)
nhng cc nh du y, m t thng do 2 dng np vo mi cun dy cng chiu
nhau, ngha l u ph hp vi chiu dng in mi cun theo qui tc vn nt chai
thun, th 2 cc nh vy c gi l cng cc tnh.
Nh vy nu chiu dng dng (v d
l
i ) v p h cm (
Mk
u ) chn ging nhau i vi
hai cc cng tnh ta c:

dt
di
M u
l
Mk
= ;
dt
di
M u
k
Ml
= ( 0 > M )
Nu chiu dng cc lng i vi hai cc cng tnh chn khc nhau th ta c:

dt
di
M u
l
Mk
= ;
dt
di
M u
k
Ml
= ( 0 > M )


Hnh 1.11

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14
1.2.5 Hin tng ngun
a) Ngun p u(t), ngun sc in ng e(t)
nh ngha:
Ngun p hay ngun sc in ng l mt phn t s mch Kirchoff c c tnh duy
tr trn cc cc mt hm p, cn thng gi l sc in ng e(t), xc nh trong thi
gian, khng ph thuc vo dng chy qua n.
Theo lut Ohm n c phng trnh trng thi:
) ( ) ( t e t u = (1.32)
Trong s mch ta k hiu ngun s bng mt vng trn vi mi tn bn trong
ch chiu tng in th, hoc vi cp du + - ch r chiu dng ca p (cc no
c th cao hn) nh hnh 1.12:


Hnh 1.12
Nu ly chiu dng p u(t) trn cc cc nh trong hnh..., theo chiu y ta c phng
trnh trng thi (1.32). Nu ly chiu dng ca p u(t) thun chiu mi tn ca e(t) ta
s c:
) ( ) ( t e t u = (1.33)
Ch :
Ton t tr ca ngun s bng 0
Mt hm e(t) khng ph thuc vo dng i(t)

Nu ngun e(t) bm qua n mt dng i(t) vi chiu dng trng vi chiu s th cng
sut tip nhn s bng:
ei ui p = = (1.34)
tc l cng sut pht ra s bng:
ei p p
f
= = (1.35)
Nh vy e l thng s o kh nng pht ca ngun, n bng cng sut pht ra khi ngun
bm qua n mt dng 1A.

a) Ngun dng j(t)
nh ngha:
Ngun dng j(t) l mt phn t s mch Kirchoff c c tnh bm qua n mt hm
dng j(t) xc nh, khng ph thuc vo p trn cc cc.
Theo lut Ohm n c phng trnh trng thi:
) ( ) ( t j t i = (1.36)
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15
Trong s mch ta k hiu n bng mt vng trn vi mi tn kp ch r chiu dng
dng in bm qua n nh hnh 1.14:


Hnh 1.14

Ch :
Ton t dn ca ngun dng bng 0, tc l in tr trong v cng ln
Mt hm j(t) khng ph thuc vo p u(t) trn cc.
Khi chiu dng ca u, j trng nhau, th cng sut ngun dng pht ra l
uj p
f
= (1.37)

1.2.6 Cc phng trnh bin nhnh ca mch Kirchoff
a) H phng trnh mch kch thch bi ngun e(t)

Hnh 1.15
Xt mt s mch Kirchoff c d nh, n nhnh th ng vi 2n bin dng, p nhnh
v kch thch thun ngun s ni tip trong cc nhnh. Ta c h phng trnh sau:

= 0
k
i (1.38)


=
k k
e u (1.39)

Z Z =
l kl k k k
i i u (1.40)
Trong ton t
k
Z nhnh c dng tng qut:

}
+ + = Z
k
k k k
C
dt
dt
d
L r (1.41)
V ton t h tr thng l h cm dng:

dt
d
M
kl kl
= Z (1.42)
Do mi p nhnh c quan h ton t xc nh vi dng nhnh, nn c th thay (1.40)
vo (1.39), ta s c:

= 0
k
i
(1.43)


=
k k
e u
(1.44)


= Z Z
k l kl k k
e i i
(1.45)
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16

b) H phng trnh mch kch thch bi ngun j(t)
Vn s mch Kirchoff vi cc s d, n, nhng gi s kch thch bi nhng ngun
dng ) (t j
k
ghp song song vo nhnh th ng c ton t dn
k
Y , lp thnh nhng cp
nh hnh 1.16. Gi
k
i l dng chy qua n phn t dn
k
Y . Ta c h phng trnh sau:


=
k k
j i (1.46)

= 0
k
u (1.47)

k k k
u i Y = (1.48)
Ton t dn
k
Y c dng tng qut:

dt
d
C
L
dt
g
k
k
k k
}
+ + = Y (1.49)
Thay (1.48) vo (1.46) ta c:


= Y
k k k
j u (1.50)

= 0
k
u (1.51)

Hnh 1.16
b) H phng trnh mch kch thch hn hp
Xt s mch Kirchoff vi d nh,v n nhnh th ng, nu coi h kch thch hn hp
bi cc ngun s ni tip vo mt s nhnh th ng v cc ngun dng ghp song
song vo mt s nhnh y. Gi thit mi nhnh th ng ng vi mt ton t
k
Z hoc
k
Y xc nh, ta c h phng trnh sau:


=
k k
j i (1.52)


=
k k
e u (1.53)

Z Z =
l kl k k k
i i u hoc
k k k
u i Y = (1.54)
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17
Chng 2: Mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha

2.1 Khi nim mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha
2.1.1 Mt s khi nim
Mch in tuyn tnh:
L mch in c m t ton hc l h phng trnh (vi phn hoc i s) tuyn
tnh.
V cu trc mch in tuyn tnh ch cha cc phn t tuyn tnh r, L, C.
Tnh cht ca mch in tuyn tnh:
Quan h dng-p mi nhnh, b phn l tuyn tnh
Mch tuyn tnh tha mn nguyn l xp chng
Khi tc ng l ngun hnh sin, tn s , th p ng dng p mi nhnh cng
l hnh sin, cng tn s , v ch khc pha.
Ch xc lp:
Ch xc lp trong mch in l trng thi dng p ch ph thuc vo ngun
v cu trc mch, m khng ph thuc vo trng thi ban u (t=0)
2.1.2 Bin trng thi iu ha v cc thng s c trng
Bin trng thi iu ha c dng:
) sin( ) ( + = t I t i
m
hay ) cos( ) ( + = t I t i
m

) sin( ) ( + = t U t u
m
hay ) cos( ) ( + = t U t u
m

a) c trng ca bin iu ha
Ta thy rng nhng c trng ca mt bin iu ha l bin
m
I ,
m
U ,
m
E v.v.., k
hiu bng ch in hoa vi ch s m hay max) v gc pha ) ( + t . Trong gc pha l
s kt hp ca hai i lng c trng l tn s gc (n v l rad/s), v gc pha ban
u (n v l raian) khi 0 = t .
Mi lng nu r mt kha cnh ca hm iu ha. Bin
m
I ,
m
U ,
m
E l gi tr cc
i ca bin iu ha, ni nn cng ca qu trnh. Lng ) ( + t o bng raian
l mt gc xc nh trng thi (pha) ca bin iu ha mi thi im t , do gi l
gc pha.
Trong biu thc gc pha, tn s o tc bin thin ca hm iu ha v gc pha
u ni r trng thi u khi im thi gian khi 0 = t , v d sin ) 0 (
m
I i = .
Do vy cp bin - pha, v d (
m
I , ) ( + t ), lm thnh mt cp thng s c trng
ca hm iu ha.
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18
m
I
i

t
0

)
4
sin(

+ = t I i
m

HNH 2.1 Dng iu ha hm sin

m
I
i

t
0

)
4
cos(

+ = t I i
m

HNH 2.2 Dng iu ha hm cos
b) Tn s, chu k
Chu k T l khong thi gian ngn nht hm lp li trng thi c, hay ni cch khc
chu k l khong thi gian pha bin thin mt lng 2 , tc l:

2 = T
(2.1)
Vi khi nim tn s
T
f
1
= (l s chu k trong 1 giy), ta c:

f 2 =
(2.2)
c) Cc bin iu ha cng tn s
Khi cc bin iu ha c cng mt tn s, chng ch phn bit nhau v bin v gc
pha u. Vy mi hm iu ha khi c c trng bi mt cp s bin -pha u
nh (
m
I ,
i
), (
m
U ,
u
).
Trong trng hp ny so snh hai hm iu ha, v d in p v dng in trn mt
nhnh Kirchoff, ch cn bit r bin ca chng gp bao nhiu ln nhau, gc pha ca
hm ny ln hn (sm hn) hay b hn (chm hn) ca hm kia bao nhiu.

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Khi gc lch pha gia hai hm s l hiu s gc pha u. V d gc lch pha gia
) sin( ) (
u m
t U t u + = v ) sin( ) (
i m
t I t i + = s l:

i u i u
t t = + + = ) ( ) ( (2.3)
Nu 0 > =
i u
, ta ni in p sm pha hn dng in mt gc , ngc li nu
0 < =
i u
, ta ni in p chm pha hn dng in.
d) Tr hiu dng ca hm iu ha
Xt mt dng chu k ) (t i chy qua mt nhnh c trng v tiu tn bi thng s r vi
cng sut tiu tn ) ( ) (
2
t ri t p = . Nng lng tiu tn trong mt chu k l:

}
=
T
dt t ri A
0
2
) ( (2.4)
Nu cng trn nhnh , by gi cho chy qua dng khng i I , nng lng tiu tn
trong thi gian T s l T rI
2
.
Vi dng chu k ) (t i cho, c th tm c mt dng khng i I tng ng v
mt tiu tn, sao cho nng lng tiu tn trong mt chu k bng nhau:

}
=
T
dt t ri T rI
0
2 2
) ( (2.5)
Ta gi gi tr dng khng i I tng ng v mt tiu tn vi dng chu k ) (t i l gi
tr hiu dng ca dng chu k, k hiu l ch hoa I . N lin h vi cng sut tiu tn
trung bnh P trn in tr theo cng thc:

= P
2
rI
(2.6)
T cng thc (2.5) ta c cng thc tnh tr hiu dng ca dng chu k:

}
=
T
dt t i
T
I
0
2
) (
1
(2.7)
Tng t ta c gi tr hiu dng ca in p ) (t u v sut in ng ) (t e nh sau:

}
=
T
dt t u
T
U
0
2
) (
1
(2.8)

}
=
T
dt t e
T
E
0
2
) (
1
(2.9)
Ring i vi cc bin iu ho ta c:

2
2 cos 2 1
sin ) (
2 2 2 2
t
I t I t i
m m


= = (2.10)
Thay (2.10) vo (2.7) v ch rng tch phn trong chu k ca hm t 2 cos bng
khng, ta c tr hiu dng ca hm iu ha:
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20

2
m
I
I = (2.11)
Tng t ta c:

2
m
U
U = (2.12)

2
m
E
E = (2.13)
2.1.3 Biu din cc bin iu ha bng th vect
Trn mt phng pha ta biu din mt hm iu ha bng mt on thng c di bng
tr hiu dng v lm vi trc ngang mt gc ) ( + t . l nhng vect quay quanh
gc vi tn s gc . Ta gi vect biu din y l th vect ca hm iu ha.
I

I
0

HNH 2.3 th vect ca hm iu ha
i vi cc hm iu ha c cng mt tn s , ta biu din cc hm trn mt
phng pha bng nhng vect c di bng tr hiu dng E U I , , v lm vi trc ngang
mt gc bng gc pha ban u .
Vi cch biu din trn th mi im c nh trn mt phng pha ng vi mt vect
phng, s biu din mt hm iu ha (sin hoc cos ty theo cch qui c) vi tr hiu
dng chy t 0 n v gc pha u t 0 n 2 dng:
) , (
i
I I

) ( 2
sin
cos i
t I +
6 /

2
I
0

1
I
3 /
3
2

HNH 2.4 th vect ca cc hm iu ha cng tn s
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21
V d: )
3
, 3 (
1

I )
3
sin( 3 2
1

+ = t i
)
6
, 2 (
2

I )
6
sin( 2 2
2

+ = t i
Phng php biu din cc bin iu ha bng th vect c cc c im sau:
Cch biu din rt gn v r, nu c r gi tr hiu dng, gc pha v gc lch
pha ca hm iu ha.
Rt tin li cho vic cng tr cc hm iu ha cng tn s.
V d cng tr hai bin: ) sin( 2
1 1 1
+ = t I i ) , (
1 1 1
I I


v ) sin( 2
2 2 2
+ = t I i ) , (
2 2 2
I I


thnh ) sin( 2 + = t I i ) , ( I I


ta ch vic cng tr hai vect biu din

= I I I
2 1

Vect hp thnh ) , ( I I

s cho tr hiu dng v pha u ca dng tng hoc


hiu cn tm.

2
I
0

1
I

I
1


HNH 2.5 Cng hai vect
2.2 Phn ng ca nhnh i vi kch thch iu ha
2.2.1 Phn ng ca nhnh thun tr
Phng trnh trng thi ca nhnh thun tr r c dng:
r r
ri u =
Gi s t I i
r r
sin 2 = , ta c:
t rI u
r r
sin 2 = (2.14)
Gi tr hiu dng ca p l
r
U , ta c:
t U u
r r
sin 2 = (2.15)
Ta thy rng in p v dng in trn in tr cng pha vi nhau, tc l:

ir ur
= hay 0 = =
ir ur r
(2.16)
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22
V hiu dng ca p gp r ln hiu dng ca dng:

r r
rI U = hay r
I
U
Z
r
r
r
= = (2.17)

r
U
0 =

r
I
i
2 t 0
u
r
i
r
u

t
T

HNH 2.6 Quan h p dng trong nhnh thun tr vi kch thch iu ha
Qu trnh nng lng:
V
r
u v
r
i cng pha nn lun cng chiu nhau, do cng sut tip nhn khng m,
nng lng in t lun a t ngun n v bin i ht thnh nhit:
0 ) 2 cos 1 ( sin 2
2
> = = = t I U t I U i u p
r r r r r r r

Cng sut tiu tn trung bnh s l:

2
r r r r
rI I U P = = (2.18)
2.2.2 Phn ng ca nhnh thun cm
Phng trnh trng thi ca nhnh thun cm c dng:
dt
di
L u
L
L
=
Gi s t I i
L L
sin 2 = , ta c:
)
2
sin( 2 cos 2

+ = = t LI t LI u
L L L
(2.19)
Gi hiu dng ca in p l
L
U , ta c:
) sin( 2
uL L L
t U u + = (2.20)
Ta thy in p trn in cm sm pha hn dng in mt gc:

2

= =
iL uL L
(2.21)
V hiu dng in p quan h vi hiu dng dng in theo cng thc:

L L
LI U = hay
L
L
L
L
x L
I
U
Z = = = (2.22)
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L
x c gi l tng tr i vi dng xoay chiu hnh sin ca in cm L , hay cn gi
l in khng.

L
U
2 / =
L

L
I
i
2 t
0
u
L
i
L
u

t
T
2

=
L

HNH 2.7 Quan h p dng trong nhnh thun cm vi kch thch iu ha
Qu trnh nng lng:
Do
L
u v
L
i lch pha nhau
2

nn t hnh ta thy c 1/4 chu k


L
u v
L
i cng chiu
( 0 >
L
p ), 1/4 chu k tip theo
L
u v
L
i ngc chiu ( 0 <
L
p ). Tc l c 1/4 chu k
a nng lng t ngun n np vo t trng trong kho, v 1/4 chu k tip theo li
phng tr nng lng t kho ra ngoi. Vy nng lng in t dao ng, tch phng v
khng tiu tn.
t I U i u p
L L L L L
sin 2 = = t I U t
L L
2 sin cos =
Cng sut ny dao ng vi tn s 2 , vi gi tr trung bnh 0 =
L
P .
Cng sut dao ng nng lng c bin bng
L L
I U , k hiu l
L
Q :

2
L L L L L
I x I U Q = = (2.23)
L
Q c gi l cng sut phn khng ca phn t in cm dng iu ha, c n v
l VAr (Volt-amper phn khng).
2.2.3 Phn ng ca nhnh thun dung
Phng trnh trng thi ca nhnh thun cm c dng:
dt
du
C i
C
C
= hay
dt
di
C
u
C
C
}
=
1

Gi s t I i
C C
sin 2 = , ta c:
)
2
sin(
1
2 cos
1
2

= = t I
C
t I
C
u
C C C
(2.24)
Gi hiu dng ca in p l
C
U , ta c:
) sin( 2
uC C C
t U u + = (2.25)
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Ta thy in p trn nhnh thun dung chm pha hn dng in mt gc:

2

= =
iC uC C
(2.26)
V hiu dng in p quan h vi hiu dng dng in theo cng thc:

C C
I
C
U

1
= hay
C
C
C
C
x
C I
U
Z = = =

1
(2.27)
C
x c gi l tng tr i vi dng xoay chiu hnh sin ca in dung C , hay cn gi
l in khng.

C
U
2

=
C

C
I
i
2
t
0
u
C
i
C
u

t
T
2

=
C

HNH 2.8 Quan h p dng trong nhnh thun dung vi kch thch iu ha
Qu trnh nng lng:
Ging nh trng hp kho t, c s np phng nng lng in t gia kho in v
phn mch ngoi, vi cng sut tiu tn trung bnh 0 =
C
P .
Cng sut dao ng theo hm:
t I U t I t I
C
i u p
C C C C C C C

2 sin ) sin 2 )( cos


1
2 ( = = =
Trong bin dao ng cng sut c gi l cng sut phn khng ca in dung:

2
C C C C C
I x I U Q = = (2.28)
Ch rng khi dng in qua L v C bng nhau (khi chng ni tip nhau), in p v
do cng sut dao ng trn in cm v in dung lun tri du nhau, khi 0 >
L
p
(in cm np nng lng) th 0 <
C
p (in dung phng nng lng).
2.2.4 Phn ng ca nhnh ni tip r-L-C
Xt mt nhnh ni tip r-L-C nh hnh 2.9a. Gi in p trn nhnh l u , trn mi phn
t r , L, C th t l
r
u ,
L
u ,
C
u . p dng lut Kirchoff 2 ta c:

C L r
u u u u + + = (2.29)
Gi s dng in chy qua nhnh c dng:
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25
t I i sin 2 =
Ta s c:
)
2
sin( 2 )
2
sin( 2 sin 2 ) sin( 2

+ + + = + = t U t U t U t U u
C L r u
(2.30)
Trong : rI U
r
= ; LI U
L
= ; I
C
U
C

1
=
Thay cho php cng cc hm lng gic ta s cng cc vect biu din:
C L r U U U U

+ + = (2.31)
i

r
U

L
U

C
U

C
U

L
U

C
U
0

r
U

a) b)

HNH 2.9 Quan h p dng trong nhnh r-L-C vi kch thch iu ha

Ch n quan h v pha gia dng in i v cc p thnh phn, ta minh ha phng
trnh (2.31) bng th vect nh hnh 2.9b. Cc vect

U , r U

, L U

, C U

lm thnh mt
tam gic vung, trong r U

cng pha vi

I . Theo quy tc Pytagor ta c:



2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( I
C
I
L r
C
I
LI rI U U U U
C L r
(

+ = + = + =

(2.32)
Ta nhn c cng thc ca tng tr Z nh sau:

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( x r x x r
C
I
L r
I
U
C L
+ = + = + = = Z

(2.33)
Tng t ta c tng dn ca nhnh nh sau:

2 2
2 2
1
) (
1 1
x r
C
I
L r
U
I
+
=
+
=
Z
= = Y

(2.34)
T th vect ta tm c gc lch pha gia u v i nh sau:

r
x
r
x x
U
U U
tg
C L
r
C L
=

= (2.35)
T phng trnh (2.35) ta c nhn xt sau:
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26
Khi
C L
x x > mch c tnh cht cm, 0 tg > v do 0 > =
i u
, in p
sm pha so vi dng in.
Khi
C L
x x < mch c tnh cht dung, 0 tg < v do 0 < =
i u
, in p
chm pha so vi dng in.
Khi
C L
x x = , 0 tg = , 0 = , in p v dng in trng pha ging nh trng
hp mch thun tr.
2.3 Cng sut
2.3.1 Tam gic tng tr
Quan h gia r , x , Z c th c biu din bng mt tam gic vung c cc cnh
vung l r v x , cnh huyn l Z, gc nhn k cnh r l . Tam gic ny c gi l
tam gic tng tr.
Z x
r


HNH 2.10 Tam gic tng tr
Tam gic tng tr minh ha r nu bit cp thng s ( r , x ) ca nhnh th tng tr
v gc lch pha s bng:

2 2
x r + = Z v
r
x
tg = (2.36)
Ngc li nu bit cp thng s ( Z, ) cng tnh ra c cp thng s ( r , x ) ca
nhnh:
cos Z r = v sin Z = x (2.37)
N cng cho ta cc lng khc nh:

Z
r
x r
r
=
+
=
2 2
cos (2.38)

Z
x
x r
x
=
+
=
2 2
sin (2.39)
2.3.2 Cc cng sut trong nhnh r-L-C
a) Cng sut tc dng P
Cng sut tiu tn trung bnh trong nhnh bng
2
rI P = . Ta gi n l cng sut tc dng
ca nhnh theo ngha l n c hiu lc bin nng lng in t thnh cc dng nng
lng khc v sinh cng. n v ca cng sut tc dng l Watt, k hiu W.
Thay cos Z r = vo cng thc ca P ta c:
cos cos
2
UI I P = Z = (2.40)
cos c gi l h s cng sut ca nhnh.
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27
b) Cng sut phn khng Q
Bin cng sut dao ng nng lng c tnh theo cng thc
2
xI Q = . Ta gi n l
cng sut phn khng ca nhnh. N o cng qu trnh dao ng nng lng. n
v ca cng sut phn khng l VAr.
Thay sin Z = x vo cng thc ca Q ta c:
sin sin
2
UI I Q = Z = (2.41)
Trng hp nhnh c tnh cht cm ( sin >0) th Q>0, ngc li nu mch c tnh
cht dung ( sin <0) th Q<0.
c) Cng sut biu kin S
Trong k thut dng xoay chiu cn dng mt khi nim na l cng sut biu kin, k
hiu l S , c xc nh nh sau:
UI S = (2.42)
n v ca S l VA. N o ln ca trng thi p v dng U , I di dng tch s.
d) Quan h gia cc cng sut P, Q, S
T (2.40), (2.41) v (2.42) ta c cc quan h sau:
cos cos S UI P = = (2.43)
sin sin S UI Q = = (2.44)
V do :

2 2 2
S Q P = + (2.45)
T (2.45) ta thy P , Q, S cng c th biu din bng mt tam gic vung c gc nhn
, ngha l ng dng vi tam gic r , x , Z vi cc cnh th t t l nhau.
S

Q
P

HNH 2.11 Quan h gia cc cng sut P, Q, S
2.3.3 H s cng sut
H s cng sut l mt ch tiu quan trng v mt nng lng ca nhnh. H s cng
sut ca ti cng cao (cng gn 1) th tn hao nng lng trn ng truyn cng thp,
tt p trn ng dy truyn ti cng t hn.
Hnh 2.12a l s truyn ti n gin t ngun n mt ti tiu th mt cng sut tc
dng
t
P . Gi s h s cng sut ti l cos . truyn cng sut
t
P trn ng dy
phi chy mt dng in:

cos
t
P
I = (2.46)
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28
T cng thc (2.46) ta c th thy rng cos cng nh th dng I cng ln gy tn hao
nng lng Jul, v tt p dc ng dy cng nhiu. Mt khc khi cos thp, ngun
pht cung cp mt dng I ln m vn khng pht ra c nhiu cng sut tc dng,
ng dy phi truyn ti mt dng ln m cng sut truyn ti khng ln.
d d
x r ,
U

C
I
i
1

t t
P cos ,
t
i
C
i

C
I

=
t
d I I 1
2 d I

l
m
0
n
a) b) c)

HNH 2.12
Hin tng cos ca ti thp l c hi v kinh t v k thut, v vy phi nng cao h
s cng sut ca ti. Phng php nng cao h s cng sut n gin nht l ghp song
song vi ti (thng c tnh cht cm) nhng t in chuyn dng gi l t b (hnh
2.12b).
Khi cha c t b dng in 1 d I

trn ng dy bng dng in ti t I

chm pha sau


in p mt gc
1
ng vi h s
1
cos thp. Khi ghp song song thm mt t, ng
dy s a thm vo t mt dng C I

vt trc in p mt gc
0
90 . Do vy, vect
biu din dng in tng trn ng dy 2 d I

s bng tng ca t I

v C I

, v lm vi
in p

U gc lch pha
2
khc, ng vi h s cng sut
2
cos cao hn
1
cos (hnh
2.12c).
V d:
Gi s ti c cc thng s nh sau: O =10
t
r , O =10
t
x , O = Z 1 , 14
t
ng vi h s cng
sut 7 . 0 cos
1
= (
0
1
45 = ). Hy tnh in dung ca t cn ghp song song vi ti
c h s cng sut 8 . 0 cos
2
= (
0
2
9 , 36 = ). Tn s dng in l Hz 50 = f
Gii: T in phi ly mt dng C I

sao cho dng in trn dy dn chuyn t 1 d I


(chm pha
0
45 so vi in p

U ) thnh 2 d I

(chm pha
0
9 , 36 ). T hnh 2.12c ta c:
) ( cos ) (
2 1 1 2 1
tg tg I tg tg Ol ml nl nm
C
I
t
= = = =
Do CU
x
U
I
C
C
= = v
t
t
U
I
Z
= nn ta c:
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29
) (
cos
2 1
1

tg tg
U
I
C
t
C

Z
= = (2.47)
Thay s ta c F C
6
10 . 40

=

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30
Chng 3: Cc phng php phn tch mch tuyn tnh
ch xc lp iu ha

3.1 Biu din i lng iu ho dng nh phc
3.1.1 Khi nim s phc
S phc
.
V a jb = + gm 2 thnh phn, phn thc a v phn o jb , trong 1 = j .
Ta biu din s phc trn mt phng phc bng mt im
.
V gn trn h ta cc
c ta ngang l phn thc phn thc a v ta ng l phn o jb , hoc gn vi
mt h ta cc bng vect
.
V ni gc ta n im
.
V (khong cch n gc) vi
modul V v argument gc hp vi trc thc). n v ca l radian, nhng trong
k thut in n v thng dng l .
jb
a
V
.
V
cos V a =
sin V b =
0
1 +
j


Hnh 3.1 Biu din s phc

Vi cch biu din ta c cc cng thc sau:
cos V a = ; sin V b = (3.1)
) (
2 2
b a V + = ;
a
b
arctg = (3.2)
S phc cn c biu din dng m nh sau:

.
.
(cos sin )
j
V V j Ve

= + = (3.3)
j
Ve

c vit tt l V
Lu :

j
e

c m un bng 1 v argument bng :

j
1; Arg
j
e e

(
= =
(

(3.4)

/2 j
e

c m un bng 1 v nm trn trc o:
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31

/2 j
e j

= (3.5)
( ) 1 j j = , hay nghch o ca j l j :

1
j
j
= (3.6)
Cp s phc lin hp:
Hai s phc c gi l lin hp nu chng c cng phn thc v phn o tri du nhau.
K hiu s phc lin hp ca
.
V l
.
V .

. .
j
V a jb V a jb Ve

= + = = (3.7)

Cc php ton c bn i vi s phc:
Php cng, tr hai s phc:

. .
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) V V a a j b b + = + + + (3.8)
Cng hai s phc lin hp:

. . .
2 2Re V a V V + = = (3.9)
Php tr hai s phc:

. .
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) V V a a j b b = + (3.10)
Tr hai s phc lin hp:

. . .
2 2Im V jb V V = =
Php nhn hai s phc:

. .
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
. . .
j j j
V V V e V e V V e
+
= = (3.11)
Nhn hai s phc lin hp:

.
2
.
.
j j
V Ve Ve V V

= = (3.12)
Php chia hai s phc:

.
1
( )
1 1 1
1 2
.
2 2
2
2
j
j
j
V V e V
e
V
V
V e


= = (3.13)
Chia hai s phc lin hp:

.
2
.
j
j
j
V Ve
e
Ve V


= = (3.14)
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32
3.1.2 Biu din cc bin trng thi iu ha bng s phc
Cc bin trng thi iu ha cng tn s c trng bi cp thng s hiu dnggc pha
u. Do ta s biu din chng bng nhng s phc gi l nh phc ca hm iu
ha, c m un bng hiu dng v argument bng gc pha u ca bin iu ha.

.
sin
cos
( ) 2 ( )
j
x
x
X Xe x t X t

= = + (3.15)
V d 3.1:
.
sin
cos
( ) 2 ( )
j
i
i
I Ie i t I t

= = +
.
sin
cos
( ) 2 ( )
j
u
u
U Ue u t U t

= = +

3.1.3 Tng tr, tng dn phc
a) Tng tr phc
Ta s biu din cp s phn ng ( , ) z bng mt s phc gi l tng tr phc ca nhnh
i vi dng iu ha, k hiu l ch Z vi m un bng tng tr z v argumen bng
gc lch pha .
cos sin
j
Z ze z jz

= = + (3.16)

Z x
r


HNH 3.2 Tam gic tng tr

T tam gic tng tr ta c cos r z = v sin x z = . Do :

j
Z ze r jx

= = + (3.17)
b) Tng dn phc
Tng t ta biu din cp s phn ng ( , ) y bng mt s phc gi l tng dn phc
ca nhnh i vi dng iu ha, k hiu l ch Y vi m un bng tng dn y v
argumen bng .
cos sin
j
Y ye y jy g jb

= = = (3.18)
Trong g c gi l in dn tc dng, b c gi l in dn phn khng.

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
cos cos
r r r
g y
z r x z
r x r x
= = = = =
+
+ +
(3.19)
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33

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
sin sin
x x x
b y
z r x z
r x r x
= = = = =
+
+ +
(3.20)
Ch :
g v b khng phi l nghch o ca r v x . iu ny ch ng khi nhnh
l thun tr hoc thun khng.
Tng dn phc l nghch o ca tng tr phc:
1
Y
Z
=
3.1.4 Biu din quan h gia p v dng ca mt nhnh
ch xc lp iu ha, trong mt nhnh tuyn tnh quan h gia u v i nh sau:
u i = Z ; i Yu =
c trng bi hai cp h thc v m un v pha ca dng v p:
U zI = ;
u i
= + (3.21)
hoc
U
I
z
= ;
i u
= (3.22)
Vi cc s phc:
.
j
u
U Ue

= ;
.
j
i
I Ie

= ;
j
Z ze

= ;
1
Y
Z
=
Ta c cc quan h sau:

. .
U Z I = (v
.
( )
.
j j j
i i u
Z I ze Ie zIe Ue
+
= = = ) (3.23)
V
.
. .
U
I YU
Z
= = (3.24)
3.1.5 Biu din cc trng thi cng sut trong mt nhnh
i vi dng iu ha ta c 2 khi nim cng sut tc dng P v cng sut phn
khng Q c bn cht khc nhau. Ta s biu din cp s (P, Q) bng mt s phc c phn
thc P v phn o Q:
( , ) P jQ P Q + (3.25)
S

Q
P

HNH 3.3 Tam gic cng sut P, Q, S

Theo (3.24) v da vo tam gic cng sut ta c:
2 2
( ) Mod P jQ P Q S + = + =
Arg( )=arctg
Q
P jQ
P
+ =
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Do :

~
j
S P jQ Se

= + = (3.26)
S phc
~
S cho bit r c 4 i lng , , , P Q S ca nhnh. Ch rng
~
S khng phi l
nh phc ca S .
S phc
~
S lin quan cht ch vi cc nh phc trng thi
. .
, U I v s phc phn ng
, Z Y ca nhnh theo cc cng thc sau:

~ .
.
(
)
j
j j j u i
u i
I S Se UIe Ue Ie U




= = = = (3.27)

~
2 2 j j j
S Se UIe zI e ZI

= = = = (3.28)

. ~
2 2 j j j j
U
Y S Se UIe U e U ye U
z

= = = = = (v
.
j
Y ye

= ) (3.29)

3.1.6 Biu din php vi tch phn hm iu ha bng s phc
Nu biu din mt hm iu ha bng nh phc, kt qu ca php o hm theo thi
gian i vi hm s l php nhn nh phc vi j , tc l:

.
dx
j X
dt
(3.30)
Php tch phn theo thi gian ca hm iu ha s ng vi php chia nh phc biu
din vi j, tc l:

.
X
xdt
j

}
(3.31)
Do ta c bng sau:

Mch L
L
di
L
dt
u =
. .
L
U j L I =
Mch C 1
C
u idt
C
=
}

. .
.
C
I I
U j
j C C
= =
Mch r-L-C 1 di
u ri L idt
dt C
= + +
}

. .
1
( ) U r j L I
C

(
= +
(




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35
V d 3.2:
. . .
1 2 3
1 2 3
. . . . .
1
11 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
. . . .
2 2 3 3 3 2
2 2 3 3 3 2
3
3
0
0
1
1
I I I
i i i
di
r i L r i e e r I j L I r I E E
dt
r I r I j I E
r i r i i dt e
C
C

+ =
+ =



+ = + =



+ =
+ + =
}



3.1.7 S phc
L s trn ghi cc bin nh phc
. . . .
, , , ,... U I E J cc ton t o hm c thay
bng j , cc ton t tch phn c thay bng
1
j
. Trn s mch Kirchoff nhng
phn t in cm, h cm th t ghi km theo cc in khng phc
L
jx j L = ,
M
jx j M = , nhng phn t in dung ghi km theo in khng phc
C
j
jx
C
= .
Vi mch Kirchoff, ta c cc lut Kirchoff v lut Kirchoff kt hp lut Om nh sau:
0
k
i = ; 0
k
u =
j
k k
i = ;
1
( )
k
k k k k k k
k
di
u r i L i dt e
dt C
= + + = }

ch cc bin iu ha, dng nh phc ta c:

.
0
k
I = ;
.
0
k
U = (3.32)

. .
k k
I J = ;
. . .
1
( )
k k k k k
k
U r j L I E
C

(
= + ( =
(

(3.33)
Lut Kirchoff i vi nh phc:
Tng i s cc nh phc dng in mt nt hoc tp ct trt tiu
Tng i s cc nh phc in p ly theo mt vng kn trt tiu

Vi s phc v cc lut phc ta vit thng c phng trnh mch dng i s cho
cc nh phc. Gii h i s tm c cc n phc ta chuyn c d dng v cc n
iu ha.

3.2 Phng php dng nhnh
y l phng php c bn nht lp h phng trnh m t v kho st mch
Kirchoff tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha. Phng php ny dng trc tip hai lut
Kirchoff cho cc nt v cc vng kn, vi n ly trc tip l nh phc cc dng nhnh.
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36
Xt mt mch c n nhnh v d nh. Ni dung ca phng php nh sau:
t n l n nh phc dng nhnh
. .
1
, ,
n
I I nh chiu dng trn mi nhnh.
Lp h phng trnh c lp theo cc lut Kirchoff cho cc nh phc. Trong c
1 d phng trnh vit theo Kirchoff 1 v 1 n d + phng trnh vit theo Kirchoff
2.
Gii h phng trnh i s tm cc nh phc dng nhnh, sau l cc bin
trng thi khc.
Hnh 3.4
V d 3.3:
Xt mch nh hnh 3.4, vi
1
20 Z j = O,
2
100 40 Z j = + O,
3
20 Z = O, 10
4
Z = O,
5
20 Z = O,
.
1 0
8,62
161 E = ,
.
1 0
0
100 E = ,
.
1 0
8,8
111 E = . Cc nh phc dng nhnh l
. .
1 5
, , I I c chiu gi s nh hnh v. Ta cn lp h 5 phng trnh tm cc nh
phc. Chn cc nt c lp a, b, v 3 vng c lp I, II, III ta lp c h phng trnh
nh sau:
Nt a:
. . .
1 2 3
0 I I I =
Nt b:
. . .
3 4 5
0 I I I + =
Vng I:
. . .
1 1 2 2 1
Z I Z I E + =
Vng II:
. . . .
2 3 4 4 2 3 4
I I I E Z Z Z + + =
Vng III:
. . . .
4 5 4 5 4 5
I I E E Z Z =
I II III
.
1
E
.
1
I
.
2
I
.
3
I
.
4
I
.
5
I
.
4
E
.
5
E
a
b
c
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Z
5
Z
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37
Thay s ta c h phng trnh:
. . .
1 2 3
. . .
3 4 5
. .
0
1 2
. . .
100
2 3 4
. .
0
111
4 5
0
0
20 (100 40) 1618, 62
(100 40) 20 10
10 20 100 8,8
I I I
I I
I I I
I I I
j I j I
j + + =
=

+ =

+ + =



V d 3.4:
Hnh 3.5
Nt a:
1 2 3
. . .
0 I I I =
Vng I:
. . . . . .
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1
j
r I I r I j L I E E
C

+ + =
Vng II:
. . . . . .
2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3
r I j L I r I j L I E E + + =






I II
.
1
E
.
1
I
.
2
I
.
3
I
.
3
E
a
b
1
C
1
r
2 r 3
r
.
2
E
2
L
3 L
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38
I II
.
1
E
.
1
I
.
2
I
.
3
I
.
3
E
a
b
1
C
5
r
2 r
4 r
.
2
E
2
L
3 L
.
6
E
c d
.
4 I
.
5
I
.
6 I
III
1
r
V d 3.5:
Hnh 3.6
Nt a:
. . .
0
1 2 3
I I I =
Nt d:
. . .
0
3 4 6
I I I =
Nt b:
. . .
5 0
2 4
I I I + =
Vng I:
2
1
. . . . . . .
5 1 2 2 1 5 1 1 2 2
j
r I I r I j L I r I E E
C

+ + + =
Vng II:
. . . . . .
2 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 4
r I j L I j L I r I E E + + =
Vng III:
5 4 6 5 4
. . .
r I r I E =

3.3 Phng php in th nh
Theo m hnh mch Kirchoff qu trnh trong thit b in c tnh cht th. V vy c th
o qu trnh bng 1 d th nh
1 2 1
, , ,
d


so vi mt th nh ty c chn
lm mc zero. Qua nhng bin ny c th tnh d dng cc bin p, dng hoc cng sut
nhnh.
lp 1 d phng trnh cho 1 d bin l th nh ta da vo lut Kirchoff 1. Xt
nh th k nh hnh 3.7, trn c ngun dng
k
j bm vo, cc dng
1 2
,
k k
i i chy
ra. ch xc lp iu ha, dng nh phc ta c phng trnh sau:
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
39

1
1
. .
d
kl
k
l
I J

=
=
(3.34)
kl
Y
kl
i
k l
) a ) b
.
1

.
2

.
l

.
k

.
k
J
kl
Y
1 k
Y
2 k
Y

Hnh 3.7

Gi
kl
Y l tng dn cc nhnh ni gia hai nh k, l, theo lut Om dng chy theo chiu
t nh k n nh l c tnh nh sau:

. . . .
( )
kl kl
kl kl k l
I Y U Y = = (3.35)
Thay (3.35) vo (3.34) ta c phng trnh c bn ca nh k vi n l in th nh:

1
1
. . .
( )
d
k
l
Y J
kl k l

=
= (3.36)
(3.36) c vit li nh sau:

. . . .
1 1 2 1
( )
k k k kp kp k k p
Y Y Y Y Y J + + + + = (3.37)
Hay

. . . .
1 1 k kk kp k k p
Y Y Y J + = (3.38)
Trong :

kl
Y l tng cc tng dn nhnh ni nh k v nh l, gi l tng dn tng h
gia nh k v nh l. N lun mang du m ng trc.

kk
Y l tng dn cc nhnh ni vo nh k, gi l tng dn ring ca nh k. N
mang du dng.

k
j l ngun dng ly theo chiu bm vo nh k.
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40
Vi mch Kirchoff tuyn tnh c d-1 nh ta c h phng trnh sau:

. . . .
11 12 1 1 1
. . . .
21 22 2 2 1
. . . .
1 2 1 2
p k p
p k p
p p pp p p
Y Y Y J
Y Y Y J
Y Y Y J


+ =

+ =

(3.39)
Xt trng hp ngun kch thch l sut in ng ni tip trong nhnh. Gi s trong
nhnh ni t nh l n nh k c mt s
.
kl E ly theo chiu dng t l n k nh hnh
3.8. Dng in
.
kl I chy t nh k ti nh l c xc nh nh sau:

. . . . . .
( ) ( )
kl kl kl kl
kl kl kl k l
I Y U E Y Y E = = (3.40)
Thay (3.40) vo (3.34) ta c phng trnh (3.41), trong ngun dng do cc s
.
E bm vo mi nh c dng
.
kl
kl
Y E ly theo chiu dng hng vo nh.

. . . . .
1
11 12 1 1 1 1
. . . . .
2
21 22 2 2 2 1
. . . . .
1 2 1 2
k
p k k p
k
p k k p
kp
p p pp p kp p
Y Y Y J Y E
Y Y Y J Y E
Y Y Y J Y E


= +

+ = +

+ = +

(3.41)

Phng php in th nh c tm tt nh sau:
Chn mt nh lm mc vi th zero.
Vit (d-1) phng trnh theo (3.39) hoc (3.41).
Gii h phng trnh tm in th cc nh v nhng bin khc.

Ch :
Trong trng hp mch tuyn tnh ch c cc thnh phn , , , , r L C e j th cc h
s Y trong (3.39) v (3.41) i xng qua ng cho chnh,
kl lk
Y Y =
Phng php ny rt tin li khi s mch gm nhiu nhnh song song ni
gia 2 nh a v b, khi s ch c 1 n l in th nt a so vi nt b (c ly
lm mc).



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41
V d 3.6:
Xt mch in nh hnh 3.8, vi
1
20 Z j = O,
2
100 40 Z j = + O,
3
20 Z = O,
4
10 Z = O,
5
20 Z = O, 0
1
.
161
8,62
E = , 0
5
.
111
8,8
E = . Tm dng cc dng nhnh bng phng
php in th nt:
2
.
I
1
.
I
3
.
I
4
.
I
5
.
I

Hnh 3.8
Chn th nt O lm mc zero. Cc in dn
1
k
k
Y
Z
= v ngun dng bm vo 2 nh a,
b c tnh nh sau:
1
0, 05 Y j = ;
2
0.0086 0, 00345 Y j = ;
3
0, 05 Y = ;
4
0,1 Y = ;
5
0, 05 Y =
aa 1 2 3
0, 0586 0, 0535 Y Y Y Y = + + = + ;
bb 3 4 5
0, 2 Y Y Y Y = + + = ;
ab ba 3
0, 05 Y Y Y = = =
. .
0
1
1
8, 05 81, 38
a
J Y E = = ;
. .
0
5 5
5.55 8, 8
b
J Y E = =

Lp h phng trnh cho cc nh a, b ta c:
. . .
. . . . .
1 2 3
1 1 2 3
.
. . . . .
. .
3 4 5 5
3 4 5
0
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
0
a a a b
a b b b
I I I
Y E Y Y
Y Y Y E
I I I



+ =

+ =


. . .
1 2 3 3 1 1
. . .
3 3 4 5 5 5
( )
( )
a b
a b
Y Y Y Y Y E
Y Y Y Y Y E

+ + =

+ + + =





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42
3.4 Phng php dng vng
Cc dng b cy trn mt Graph Kirchoff lm thnh mt tp dng nhnh c lp.
Nhng dng ny ch chy khp qua nhng vng xc nh trn cy chn, lm thnh
mt tp dng vng b cnh. Cc dng chy khp kn cc mt li cng lp thnh tp
cc bin c lp, qua c th xc nh mi bin dng nhnh cng nh mi p trn cc
phn t th ng m chng chy qua.

k
l
2
1

Hnh 3.9

Do c th o qu trnh mch Kirchoff bng nhng bin dng vng (b cnh hoc mt
li). Vi nhng p ng y, kch thch chnh quy l cc s vng gp bi cc s trn
vng hoc mt li. Vi phng php dng vng s n ca h s ch cn n-d+1.
V l mt tp dng vng c lp nn cc bin ny khng b rng buc bi lut Kirchoff
1. Do ch phi lp cc phng trnh cn bng theo lut Kirchoff 2 trn cc vng c
lp v cc lut Om trn mi nhnh.
Xt vng th k, ta c phng trnh sau:

. .
k k
k k
U E = (3.42)
Trong cn biu din mi p nhnh
.
l
U thuc vng k qua tng cc dng vng
. . .
1 2
, , , ,
k
I I I chy qua nhnh y. Theo lut Om ta c:

. . . .
1 2
( )
k l
l
U Z I I I = (3.43)
Vi du cng tr ty theo cc dng chy trn nhnh l thun hay ngc chiu vng k.
Thay (3.43) vo (3.42) ta c phng trnh c bn i vi cc dng vng:

. . . .
1 2
( )
k k
l
k k
Z I I I E =

(3.44)
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43
Cc tng trong hai v ly theo cc nhnh thuc vng k. Ta thy rng mi nhnh
l
Z thuc
vng k u chy qua bi dng vng
.
k
I , ta gi tng cc tr
l
Z thuc vng k l tng tr
vng k, k hiu l
kk
Z .
Cc dng vng khc, v d
.
l
I , ch chy qua mt s nhnh nht nh thuc vng k. Ta
gi tng tr cc nhnh chung ca dng vng
.
k
I v
.
l
I l tng tr tng h gia 2 vng,
k hiu l
kl
Z .
Ngoi ra, ta s k hiu tng i s cc s trn vng k l
.
vk
E , gi l s vng k. Vi
nhng k hiu trn, khi ton t tr tuyn tnh, phng trnh cn bng p trn vng k
c vit nh sau:

. . . .
1 2
1 2
k vk
k k kk
Z I Z I Z I E + = (3.45)
Trong cc h s mang du cng hay tr tu theo cc dng vng thun hoc ngc
chiu dng vng th k trn nhnh chung gia cc vng.
i vi h q vng, ta c h phng trnh sau:

. . . .
1 2 1
11 12 1
. . . .
1 2 2
21 22 2
. . . .
1 2
1 2
q v
q
q v
q
q vq
q q qq
Z I Z I Z I E
Z I Z I Z I E
Z I Z I Z I E

+ =

+ + =

(3.46)
Trong h phng trnh trn kch thch chnh quy l cc ngun s vng, t hp bi
nhng s nhnh. i khi trong s cn c thm nhng kch thch phi chnh quy l
nhng ngun dng
.
m
J bm vo cc cp nh. Trong trng hp ta ch vic coi
nhng nhnh ngun dng l nhng b cnh, ch khc b cnh thng thng l y
.
m
J bit. Vy ta c th cho nhng ngun dng
.
m
J khp vng qua cy chn
hoc qua nhng mt li v lp h phng trnh (3.46).
Tuy nhin v
.
m
J bit nn khng cn lp phng trnh cho vng ca
.
m
J m ch lp
h phng trnh cho cc vng c lp nh (3.46), trong mi vng ngoi nhng p
dng
.
l
kl
Z I v
.
v
E cn c thm nhng p bit dng
. .
jk m
km
E Z J = . Vy ta c:
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44

. . . . .
1 2 1 1
11 12 1
. . . . .
1 2 2 2
21 22 2
. . . . .
1 2
1 2
q v j
q
q v j
q
q vq jq
q q qq
Z I Z I Z I E E
Z I Z I Z I E E
Z I Z I Z I E E

+ =

+ + =

(3.47)

Phng php dng in vng c tm tt nh sau:
Chn v nh s, nh chiu dng cc dng vng (dng b cnh hoc dng mt
li), k c cc ngun dng nh cho chy khp kn qua nhng vng c lp.
Lp h phng trnh cn bng p cho cc vng dng (3.47), trong k c
nhng p do cc ngun dng gy trn vng
. .
jk m
km
E Z J =
Gii h phng trnh tm phn b dng vng v cc bin khc.

V d 3.7:
Xt mch in nh hnh 3.10 gm 3 nhnh song song, ngun dng J i vo nh a v i
ra nh b. Cho
. . .
1 2 3 1 2
4 ; 5 ; 50 ; 12V; 12, 5V; 0, 47 r r r E E J = O = O = O = = = . Tnh dng
trong cc nhnh bng phng php dng in vng.
J
J
.
a
I
.
b
I
1
.
E
2
.
E
1
r
2
r
3
r
.
1
I
.
2
I
.
3
I

Hnh 3.10
Gi s ngun dng J khp mch qua nhnh 3. Phng trnh Kirchoff 2 cho 2 vng a v
b c vit nh sau:
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45
. . . .
1 2 2 1 2
. . . .
2 2 3 2 3
( )
( )
a b
a b
r r I r I E E
r I r r I E r J

+ =

+ + =


Thay s ta c:
. .
. .
9 5 0, 5
5 55 11
a b
a b
I I
I I

+ =


Gii ra ta c:
.
0,175A
a
I = ;
.
0, 216A
b
I =
Dng cc nhnh s bng tng cc dng in qua mi nhnh:
. .
1
0,175A
a
I I = = ;
. . .
2
0, 041A
b a
I I I = = ;
. . .
3
0, 254A
b
I I J = + =

3.5 Phng php phn tch mch tuyn tnh c h cm
Mch Kirchoff tuyn tnh c h cm ch khc mch khng c h cm s tn ti thm
trong cun dy th k nhng thnh phn s
kM
e v do nhng thnh phn in p h
cm
kM kM
u e = do tc ng ca dng chy trong cc cun dy th l khc:

l
kM
di
u M
dt
= (3.48)
ng vi s tn ti ca ton t h tr:
M
d
Z M
dt
=
V
kM
u ch l mt thnh phn in p cm ng trn cun th k v ph thuc vo dng
trong cun th l nn khng tn ti ton t tng dn lin h in p tng
k
u trn cun
th k v dng in
k
i .
Trong phng trnh (3.48), du cng ng vi trng hp chiu dng dng
l
i v p
k
u
trong 2 cun dy chn ging nhau i vi nhng cc cng tnh (hnh 3.11a), du tr
ng vi trng hp hai chiu dng y ngc nhau i vi nhng cc ny (hnh 3.11b).

,
k k
i u ,
l l
i u ,
k k
i u ,
l l
i u
) a ) b

Hnh 3.11

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V mch c h cm vn nghim ng 2 lut Kirchoff 1, 2 nn v nguyn tc c th dng
cc phng php nu trn kho st mch in. Nhng do khng tn ti ton t h
dn gia p nhnh tng v dng cc cun dy nn phng php in th nh hi phc
tp, do khng trnh by y. Cch lp phng trnh theo phng php dng nhnh
v dng vng tng t nh trng hp khng c h cm, ch khc l khi lp phng
trnh theo lut Kirchoff 2 cho mi vng cn k thm nhng in p h cm trong vng
y. Khi dng s phc, phng trnh (3.48) chuyn thnh:

. . .
l l kM
M
U j M I Z I = = (3.49)
V d 3.8: Gii mch in sau bng phng php dng nhnh v phng php dng
vng
1
I
v
2
I
v
1
.
E
1
.
I
2
.
I
3
.
I
M
1
r
2
r
3
r
3
C
1
L
2
L

Hnh 3.12
Phng php dng nhnh:
Kirchoff 1:
1 2 3
. . .
0 I I I =
Kirchoff 2:
. . . . .
1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) j L j j L j r M r M I I I I E + + + =

. . .
1
1 2 3 2 2 3
3
( ) ( ) 0 j j L
j C
M r r I I I

+ + + =
Phng php dng vng:
Vng 1:
. . .
2
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) j L j L j j L j
v v
r r M r M I I E + + + + =
Vng 2:
. .
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 3
3
( ) ( ) 0 j L j j L
v v
j C
r M r r I I

+ + + + + =





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47
3.6 th Topo ca mch c dng iu ha
th Topo chnh l th vect cc nh phc in th
. . .
1
, , ,
a b d


ca cc nh
trn s mch (im nt cng nh nh ni gia hai phn t s ) km theo mt qui
c m t cu trc hnh hc ca graph.

Cch v th topo nh sau:
Gi s bit s phn b in th cc nh s . Ta t chng ln mt mt phng phc
vo cc im c gi tr
. . .
1
0, , , ,
a b d


vi th nh mc gn trn gc to v
nh du nhng im bng tn cc nh s 0, , , , 1 a b d . Ta thu c th
vect cc in th.
Tip nu trong s hai nh no ni vi nhau bng mt phn t mch th trn th
cng ni hai im tng ng bng mt on thng. Nh vy th topo chp li
graph ca mch trn mt phng phc.

1
.
E
1
r
2
r
1
C
2
L
2
.
E
2
r
2
L
3
.
E
a
b
c
e
d
f
g
O
a
b
c
e
d
f
g
O

Hnh 3.13

th topo cng biu din r phn b p gia mi cp nh s , v d vect ab

trong
hnh 3.13 chnh l in p
.
ba U :
. . .
b a ba
ab Ob Oa U = = =


Do im gc c chn tu nn mt s mch c nhiu th topo khc nhau,
nhng chng c th chuyn i qua li bng mt php dch chuyn trn mt phng
phc, do vn m t mt cu trc graph v s phn b p ca cc nh.

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3.7 Cc phng php bin i mch
gii mch in cn lp cc phng trnh theo cc lut Kirchoff. Vi cc phng
php khc nhau th s phng trnh s khc nhau. Tuy nhin gim bt s phng
trnh ta thng bin i mt b phn hoc ton b s ca mch. Trong qu
thng gi nguyn mt s nhnh hoc nt cn xt dng, p v tm cch bin i nhng
nhnh, nt khc sao cho vic xt trng thi cc nhnh, nt cn li c tin gn nht.
Vic bin i phi tho mn iu kin bin i: nhng trng thi dng, p trn nhng
yu t khng b bin i phi c gi nguyn, do :
Cng sut a vo mi b phn cng nh a vo tt c nhng b phn khng
b bin i gi nguyn gi tr cn c.
Cng sut tng a vo nhng b phn b bin i cng gi nguyn khng i.
Tho mn iu kin ta gi php bin i l tng ng.

3.7.1 Bin i tng ng b phn mch khng c ngun
B phn mch khng c ngun l b phn mch khi c ngn mch ca th khng c
dng ngn mch, khi h mch ca th khng c p h mch.
a) Nhnh gm cc phn t ni tip
1
Z
n
Z
.
I
.
I
.
U
.
U
td
Z


Hnh 3.14

1
n
td k
k
Z Z
=
=
(3.50)

b) Nhnh gm cc phn t song song
1
Y
n
Y
.
I
.
U

td
Y
.
I
.
U

Hnh 3.15

1 1
1
n n
td k
k k k
Y Y
Z
= =
= =
(3.51)

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49
c) Bin i sao-tam gic
2
Z
2
1
.
I
2
.
I
3
.
I
1
3
1
Z
3
Z
23
Z
2
1
.
I
0
2
.
I
3
.
I
1
3
12
Z
31
Z

Hnh 3.16

12 13
1
12 23 31
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
+
=
+ +
;
23 21
2
12 23 31
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
+
=
+ +
;
31 32
3
12 23 31
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
+
=
+ +
(3.52)
1 2
12 1 2
3
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
= + + ;
2 3
23 2 3
1
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
= + + ;
3 1
31 3 1
2
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
= + + (3.53)

3.7.2 Bin i tng ng b phn mch c ngun
Nhng s ni tip trn mt nhnh tng ng vi mt s
.
td
E :

.
td
E 1
.
E
.
n
E

Hnh 3.17

. .
1
n
td k
k
E E
=
=
(3.54)
Nhng ngun dng bm vo mt nt tng ng vi mt ngun dng
.
td
J :

1
.
J
.
n
J
.
td
J

Hnh 3.18

. .
1
n
td k
k
J J
=
= (3.55)
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50
Bin i tng ng b phn mch c ngun:
K hiu b phn phc tp c ngun nh sau:
.
I
a
b
.
U

B phn
mch c
ngun

Hnh 3.19
nh l Thevenin:
Theo tnh cht mch tuyn tnh ta biu din c nh sau:

. .
U AI B = + (3.56)
Trong
. .
, U I c dng phc; , A B l cc hng s phc ph thuc vo v cu trc
mch
T (3.51) ta c:

.
.
0 I
B U
=
= (ng vi trng hp h mch)

.
h
B U = (
.
h
U : in p h mch) (3.57)
.
.
0 B
U
A
I
=
= (ng vi trng hp trt tiu ngun)

v
A Z = (
v
Z : tng tr vo) (3.58)
Thay vo ta c:
. . .
h
v
U Z I U = + (3.59)
Tng ng vi s :
.
I
.
U
.
h
U
v
Z

Hnh 3.20
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51
C th thay th mt b phn mch mt ca phc tp bng 1 nhnh ti gin gm 2 phn
t ni tip:
Mt ngun p bng in p lc h mch trn ca
Mt tng tr bng tng tr vo nhn t ca khi trt tiu ngun

nh l Norton:
Ta cng c th biu din quan h tuyn tnh
.
I vi
.
U dng :

. .
I CU D = + (3.60)
Trong
. .
, U I c dng phc; , C D l cc hng s phc ph thuc vo v cu trc
mch. T (3.55) ta c:

.
.
0 U
D I
=
= (ng vi trng hp ngn mch)

.
n
D I = (
.
n
I : dng in ngn mch) (3.61)
.
.
0 D
I
C
U
=
= (ng vi trng hp trt tiu ngun)

v
C Y = (
v
Y : tng dn vo) (3.62)
Thay vo ta c:

. . .
n
v
I Y U I = + (3.63)
Tng ng vi s :
.
I
.
U
.
n
I
v
Y

Hnh 3.21
C th thay th mt b phn mch mt ca phc tp bng 1 nhnh ti gin gm 2 phn
t ni song song:
Mt ngun dng bng dng khi ngn mch trn ca
Mt tng dn vo bng tng dn nhn t ca khi trt tiu ngun
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52
V d 3.9:
Cho s nh hnh 3.22, tnh dng qua
5
Z bng phng php biu din theo s
Thevenin.
.
5
I
.
n I 5
Z
.
5 I
.
1 E 4
Z
5
Z
3
Z
1
Z
2
Z
a
b
.
h
U
a
b
v
Z

.
1 I
c
d
) a ) b

Hnh 3.22
Ta thay b phn mch ct b
5
Z bng s Thevenin. T s ta c:
- | |
1 2
4 3
1 2
4 3 1 2
1 2
4 3
1 2
+
// ( // )
+
v
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
(
(
+

= + =
+
+

-
.
. . . .
2 3 4 2
4 1 1
4 4 4 4
3 4 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 4
( ) 1
cdh
h h h h
Z Z Z Z U
U Z I Z Z I Z I
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
+
= = = =
+ + + + + +


Trong
| |
. .
.
1 1
2 3 4
1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2 3 4
( )
//( ) ( ) ( )
h
E Z Z Z E
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
+ +
= =
+ + + + + +

.
.
1
2 3 4 2
4
1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
( )
( ) ( )
h
E Z Z Z Z
U Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
+ +
=
+ + + + + +

.
.
1
2 4
1 2 3 4 2 3 4
( ) ( )
h
Z Z E
U
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
=
+ + + +

-
.
.
5
5
h
v
U
I
Z Z
=
+



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53
V d 3.10:
Cho s nh hnh 3.23a, tnh dng qua
5
Z bng phng php biu din theo s
Norton.
.
5
I
.
n I
.
5 I
.
1
E 4
Z
5
Z
3
Z
1
Z
2
Z
a
b b

.
1 I
c
d
) a ) b
a

Hnh 3.23
-
| |
1 2
4 3
1 2
4 3 1 2
1 2
4 3
1 2
+
// ( // )
+
v
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
(
(
+

= + =
+
+

-
.
. . . .
2 3 2
3 1 1
3 2 3 3 2 3
1
cdn
n n n n
Z Z Z U
I I I I
Z Z Z Z Z Z
= = = =
+ +

Trong
.
.
1
1
1 2 3
( // )
n
E
I
Z Z Z
=
+


. .
.
1 1
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3
( // ) ( )
n
Z Z E E
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
= =
+ + + +

-
.
. . .
5
5
5 5 5 5
1
abn
v v
n n
v v
Z Z Z U
I I I
Z Z Z Z Z Z
= = =
+ +


3.8 Nguyn l xp chng
Mch tuyn tnh c tnh cht xp chng p ng i vi cc kch thch. V vy c th
dng tnh cht ny vo vic xt mch tuyn tnh c nhiu kch thch iu ha cng tn
s.
p ng dng p trn mi nhnh Kirchoff bng tng cc p ng trn nhnh (hay nh)
ng vi tng kch thch ring r.

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54
V kch thch c cng tn s nn c th p dng nguyn tc xp chng trc tip cho cc
nh phc dng, p.

Ni dung phng php xp chng nh sau:
Xt mt nhnh th k cn tm dng, p gy ring r bi cc ngun c cng tn s:
. . .
1 2 1 2
( ), ( ), , ( ) , , ,
k k kl k k kl
i t i t i t I I I
. . .
1 2 1 2
( ), ( ), , ( ) , , ,
k k kl k k kl
u t u t u t U U U
Gp li ta s tnh c trng thi dng, p trn nhnh :
. .
( ) ( )
k kl
k kl
I I i t i t = =
. .
( ) ( )
k kl
k kl
U U u t u t = =
Ch :
Khi xt tc dng ca ring mt ngun no phi cho trt tiu tt c nhng
ngun khc, c th l chp ngn mch ngun p v c ni tr 0
e
z = v vt t
mch ngun dng v c ni tr
j
z =
Khng xp chng c cc trng thi cng sut. V cng sut mi nhnh bng
2
k k
r I s khng bng xp chng cng sut ng vi mi kch thch
2
2 2
( )
k kl kl
I I I = =
Khng dung phng php xp chng xt trng thi cc mch phi tuyn.
V d 3.11: Xc nh
.
3
U ,
.
3
I trong mch 3.24a
.
1 E
2
Z
1
Z
3
Z
.
1 I
c
d
) a
.
2 E
.
2 I
.
3 I
.
3 U
.
1 E
2
Z
1
Z
3
Z
c
d
.
31 I
.
31 U
2
Z
1
Z
3
Z
c
d
.
2 E
.
32 I
.
32 U = +
) b ) c
Hnh 3.24
Theo phng php xp chng ta coi trng thi
.
3
U ,
.
3
I l tng cc p ng gy ra ring
r bi
.
1
E v
.
2
E theo hnh 3.24 b,c:
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55

. .
. .
1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3
1 31
2 3
2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3
1
2 3
( )
Z Z Z Z Z Z E E
U I
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
= = =
+ + + +
+
+


. .
.
1 31
2
31
3 1 2 3 2 3
( )
Z E U
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z
= =
+ +


. .
. .
2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3
2 32
1 3
1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 3
2
1 3
( )
Z Z Z Z Z Z E E
U I
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
= = =
+ + + +
+
+

. .
.
2 32
1
32
3 2 1 3 1 3
( )
Z E U
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z
= =
+ +


. .
. . .
1 2
2 3 1 3
3 31 32
1 2 2 3 3 1
Z Z E Z Z E
U U U
Z Z Z Z Z Z
+
= + =
+ +

. .
. . .
1 2
2 1
3 31 32
1 2 2 3 3 1
Z E Z E
I I I
Z Z Z Z Z Z
+
= + =
+ +


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56
Chng 4: Mng hai ca

4.1 Khi nim v mng hai ca
Trong thc t thng gp nhng thit b in lm nhim v nhn nng lng hay tn
hiu a vo mt ca v truyn t ra mt ca khc. V d nh ng dy ti in
nng, my bin p, b khuch i, b lc v.v. Nhiu thit b iu khin, o lng
thng gm nhng khi ghp li, mi khi thng c 2 ca thc hin mt php (ton
t) tc ng no ln tn hiu ca vo cho p ng ca ra.
Nhng thit b y c cu trc ni ti rt khc nhau, nhng iu cn quan tm l qu
trnh nng lng, tn hiu trn hai ca v mi quan h gia hai qu trnh y. m t
quan h y ta xt m hnh mng 2 ca.
l mt kt cu s mch c 2 ca nht nh truyn t hoc trao i nng
lng, tn hiu in t vi nhng mch khc.
Trong k thut in, qu trnh nng lng trn cc ca y thng o bi hai cp bin
trng thi
1 1 2 2
( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) u t i t u t i t . l mng 2 ca Kirchoff.
i vi mch in khi dng cc bin dng, p nhnh, ng vi mi ca thng c 2 cc,
v d nh 1, 1 v 2, 2. L mt ca nhn nng lng tn hiu nn dng chy vo mt
cc ca phi bng dng chy ra cc kia, l iu kin cn bng ca mng 2 ca i
vi cc bin chn l dng, p nhnh. Hnh 4.1 l k hiu ca mng 2 ca.
1 2
'
1
'
2
1
i
2
i
1
u
2
u

Hnh 4.1
Vi 2 cp bin trng thi
1 1 2 2
, , , u i u i nh hnh 4.1 th mi quy lut v truyn t ca
mng 2 ca u m t bi h phng trnh lin h 4 bin y.

' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
' ' ' '
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
( , , , , , , , , , , , , ) 0
( , , , , , , , , , , , , ) 0
f u u i i u u i i t
f u u i i u u i i t



(4.1)
H phng trnh (4.1) l m hnh ton hc ca mng 2 ca v l c s xy dng l
thuyt mng 2 ca.




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57
4.2 H phng trnh trng thi dng A ca mng hai ca
ch xc lp iu ha qu trnh trn mng hai ca Kirchoff c o bi 4 bin
dng, p
. . . .
1 2 1 2 , , , U I U I . Trc ht ta xt quan h cc bin
. .
1 1, U I ca 1 theo cc bin
. .
2 2 , U I ca 2. Phng trnh trng thi dng A c vit nh sau:

. . .
2 1 2
11 12 13
. . .
1 2 2
21 22 23
U A U A I A
I A U A I A

= + +

= + +

(4.2)
Cc h s
ik
A ch ph thuc vo kt cu v thng s cc phn t bn trong mng 2 ca.
Vy chng l nhng thng s c trng ca mng 2 ca.
i vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh khng ngun th
13 23
0 A A = = . Tht vy, khi ngn mch
cc ca th
. .
1 2 0 U U = = , do mng khng ngun nn
. .
1 2 0 I I = = , do
13 23
0 A A = = .
Vy h phng trnh trng thi dng A ca mng 2 ca khng ngun tuyn tnh c
dng:

. . .
2 1 2
11 12
. . .
1 2 2
21 22
U A U A I
I A U A I

= +

= +

(4.3)
ngha cc thng s c trng
ik
A :
Cc thng s
ik
A l nhng s hoc hm c trng s truyn t ca mng 2 ca. Bit
chng ta c th tm c 2 trong 4 lng
. . . .
1 2 1 2 , , , U I U I theo 2 lng cn li. c bit
chng tin dng xc nh trng thi
. .
1 1 ( , ) U I ca 1 theo trng thi
. .
2 2 ( , ) U I ca 2
c coi l kch thch. Cc mng 2 ca vi kt cu khc nhau nhng nu c chung cc
thng s
ik
A th t bng nhau th chng hon ton tng ng nhau v mt truyn t
nng lng v tn hiu gia 2 ca.
Cc thng s
ik
A ph thuc kt cu mng 2 ca, do v p ng tn s chng l
nhng hm gi tr phc ca tn s.
T (4.3) thy cc h s
11 22
, A A khng c th nguyn,
12
A c th nguyn tr,
21
A c
th nguyn dn.
V nh lng:

.
1
11
.
2 2
.
0
U
A
U I
=
=
;
.
1
12
.
2 2
.
0
U
A
I U
=
=
;
.
1
21
.
2 2
.
0
I
A
U I
=
=
;
.
1
22
.
2 2
.
0
I
A
I U
=
=
(4.4)
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58
(4.4) nu r cc h s
ik
A l nhng h s truyn t ca mng khi h mch (
.
2 0 I = ),
ngn mch (
.
2 0 U = ), tc l khi khng truyn nng lng n phn t no c, nn khng
ph thuc vo phn ng ca cc phn t ngoi, v thc s l c trng ca mng 2 ca.

Cch xc nh cc thng s c trng
ik
A :
xc nh cc thng s
ik
A ca mt mng 2 ca c th dng mt trong 2 cch sau:
Cn c vo mch c th tm ra cch vit quan h gia cc bin (
. .
1 1, U I ) theo
. .
2 2 ( , ) U I . Sau khi rt gn v dng chun (4.3), cc h s ca
. .
2 2, U I trong h
phng trnh chnh l cc h s
ik
A cn tm.
Tnh cc thng s
ik
A theo (4.4) bng cch lm th nghim o s liu p, dng
trn 2 ca trong cc tnh trng c bit, thng l chn cc tnh trng ngn mch
hoc h mch ca 2-2 hoc 1-1, ri thay cc s liu y vo (4.4) tm ra cc
ik
A
V d 4.1:
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
0 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
1
Z
2
Z
0
Z
a
b

Hnh 4.2
. . .
. . . . . . .
2 2
2 2
1 0 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1
(1 )
ab I Z U Z U
I I I I I U I
Z Z Z Z
+
= + = + = + = + +
. . . . . . . . . .
2 1 1 2
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0 0 0
1
( (1 ) ) (1 ) ( )
Z Z Z Z
U I Z I Z U Z U I Z I U U Z Z I
Z Z Z Z
= + + = + + + + = + + + +

1
11
0
1
Z
A
Z
= + ;
1 2
12 1 2
0
Z Z
A Z Z
Z
= + + ;
21
0
1
A
Z
= ;
2
22
0
1
Z
A
Z
= +
V d 4.2:
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
0 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
1
Z
2
Z
0
Z

Hnh 4.3
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59
Khi 2-2 h mch, tc
.
2 0 I = , ta c:

.
. . .
2
0
0 1 2
0 2 0 2
2 2
( ) ( ) (1 )
h
h h h
Z U
U I Z Z Z Z U
Z Z
= + = + = +
. . . .
. .
1 2 2 2
0 1 2 0
1 2
1 2 2 1 2 1 2
(1 )
h h h h
h h
Z Z Z Z U U U U
I U
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
+ +
= + = + + =
Khi 2-2 ngn mch, tc
.
2 0 U = , ta c:
. .
2 1
0
n n U I Z =
.
. . .
1
0
1 2 2
1 1
(1 )
n
n n n
Z U
I I I
Z Z
= + = +
Theo (4.4) ta c:
0
11
2
1
Z
A
Z
= + ;
1 2 0
21
1 2
Z Z Z
A
Z Z
+ +
= ;
12 0
A Z = ;
0
22
1
1
Z
A
Z
= +

4.3 Cc h phng trnh trng thi dng khc ca mng hai ca
4.3.1 H phng trnh trng thi dng B
Theo quan h tuyn tnh nu vit cp bin trng thi
. .
2 2 ( , ) U I theo
. .
1 1 ( , ) U I ta c h
phng trnh trng thi dng B ca mng 2 ca khng ngun

. . .
1 2 1
11 12
. . .
2 1 1
21 22
U B U B I
I B U B I

= +

= +

(4.5)
Trong
ik
B l cc thng s c trng ca mng 2 ca. Gia cc thng s
ik
B v cc
thng s
ik
A c cc quan h nh sau:

11 22
B A = ;
12 12
B A = ;
21 21
B A = ;
22 11
B A = (4.6)
Cc thng s
ik
B cng c ngha v cch xc nh ging nh cc thng s
ik
A . Phng
trnh dng B tin dng khi tnh trng thi ca 2 (
. .
2 2 , U I ) theo trng thi ca 1
. .
1 1 ( , ) U I
4.3.2 H phng trnh trng thi dng Z
Vit quan h cc p
. .
1 2 ( , ) U U theo cc dng
. .
1 2 ( , ) I I coi l kch thch ta c h phng
trnh trng thi dng Z ca mng 2 ca khng ngun:

. . .
1 2 1
11 12
. . .
1 2 2
21 22
U Z I Z I
U Z I Z I

= +

= +

(4.7)
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V ngha ta thy rng cc h s
ik
Z chnh l cc tng tr vo
11 22
( , ) Z Z v tng tr
tng h
12 21
( , ) Z Z khi coi kch thch h bng nhng ngun dng
. .
1 2 ( , ) I I . Do chng
l b thng s c trng ca mng 2 ca tuyn tnh.
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
2 I
.
1 I
,
.
1 U
,,
.
1 U
,
.
2 U
,,
.
2 U
'
ik
Z
"
ik
Z
' "
ik ik ik
Z Z Z = +
.
1 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
2 I

Hnh 4.4
H phng trnh trng thi dng Z c bit tin dng tnh nhng mng 2 ca hp bi
cc mng 2 ca ghp ni tip. l nhng mng c cc ca vo v ca ra tng ng
ni tip nhau nh hnh 4.4. iu kin ni tip l: dng chy vo mng th nht phi
bng dng chy vo mng th hai, dng chy ra khi mng th nht phi bng dng
chy ra khi mng th hai.
Gi
. . . .
1 2 1 2 , , , U I U I l b bin trng thi trn mng 2 ca hp thnh, cch ghp ni tip
m t bi h:
, ,,
. . .
1 1 1 I I I = = ;
, ,,
. . .
2 2 2 I I I = =
, ,,
. . .
1 1 1 U U U = + ;
, ,,
. . .
2 2 2 U U U = +
i vi mng th nht, ta c:
,
. . .
' '
1 2 1
11 12
,
. . .
' '
1 2 2
21 22
U Z I Z I
U Z I Z I

= +

= +


i vi mng th hai, ta c:
''
. . .
" "
1 2 1
11 12
"
. . .
" "
1 2 2
21 22
U Z I Z I
U Z I Z I

= +

= +


T suy ra:
' "
. . . . .
' " ' "
1 2 1 1 1
11 11 12 12
( ) ( ) U U U Z Z I Z Z I = + = + + +
' "
. . . . .
' " ' "
1 2 2 2 2
21 21 22 22
( ) ( ) U U U Z Z I Z Z I = + = + + +
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61
Nh vy hai mng 2 ca ni tip
' "
,
ik ik
Z Z s tng ng vi mt mng 2 ca c cc
thng s bng:

' "
ik ik ik
Z Z Z = + (4.8)
V d 4.3: Tnh cc thng s
ik
Z ca mng 2 ca trong hnh 4.5
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
0 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
1
Z
2
Z
0
Z
a
b

Hnh 4.5
Khi ca 2-2 h mch (tc
.
2 0 I = ), ta c:
. .
1 1
1 0
( ) U Z Z I = + ;
. .
1 2
0
U Z I =
Khi ca 1-1 h mch (tc
.
1 0 I = ), ta c:
. .
2 2
0 2
( ) U Z Z I = + ;
. .
2 1
0
U Z I =
Vy ta c:
11 1 0
Z Z Z = + ;
12 0
Z Z = ;
21 0
Z Z = ;
22 0 2
( ) Z Z Z = +

4.3.3 H phng trnh trng thi dng Y
Khi vit quan h cc dng
. .
1 2 ( , ) I I theo cc p
. .
1 2 ( , ) U U coi l kch thch ta c h
phng trnh trng thi dng Y ca mng 2 ca khng ngun:

. . .
1 1 2
11 12
. . .
2 1 2
21 22
I Y U Y U
I Y U Y U

= +

= +

(4.9)
Cc h s
ik
Y chnh l cc tng dn vo
11 22
( , ) Y Y v tng dn tng h
12 21
( , ) Y Y gia
ca 1 v ca 2. Chng chnh l cc thng s c trng ca mng 2 ca. H phng trnh
ny c bit tin dng khi tnh mng hp thnh bi cc mng 2 ca ghp song song.
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62
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
"
2
I
'
ik
Y
"
ik
Y
' "
ik ik ik
Y Y Y = +
.
1 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
2 I
.
"
1
I
.
'
1
I
.
'
2
I
Hnh 4.6
Khi 2 mng 2 ca c ni song song, ta c:
, ,,
. . .
1 1 1 U U U = = ;
, ,,
. . .
2 2 2 U U U = =
, ,,
. . .
1 1 1 I I I = + ;
, ,,
. . .
2 2 2 I I I = +
Khi mng 2 ca tng ng s c cc thng s bng:

' "
ik ik ik
Y Y Y = + (4.10)
4.3.4 H phng trnh trng thi dng H
Xt quan h gia cp
. .
2 1 ( , ) U I theo cp
. .
1 2 ( , ) I U c coi l kch thch, ta c h phng
trnh trng thi dng H:

. . .
1 1 2
11 12
. . .
2 1 2
21 22
U H I H U
I H I H U

= +

= +

(4.11)
Trong
ik
H l cc hm tn s c trng ca mng 2 ca. H phng trnh dng H tin
dng khi tnh cc mng 2 ca ni tip-song song.
Khi tho mn iu kin ni tip-song song
, ,,
. . .
1 1 1 U U U = + ;
, ,,
. . .
2 2 2 I I I = + , mng 2 ca
tng ng c cc thng s bng:

' "
ik ik ik
H H H = + (4.12)
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
"
2
I
'
ik
H
"
ik
H
' "
ik ik ik
H H H = +
.
1 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
2 I
.
'
2
I
.
1 I
,
.
1 U
,,
.
1 U

Hnh 4.7
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63
4.3.5 H phng trnh trng thi dng G
Ngc vi h phng trnh dng H, khi vit quan h gia cp
. .
1 2 ( , ) I U theo cp
. .
2 1 ( , ) U I c coi l kch thch, ta c h phng trnh trng thi dng G:

. . .
1 2 1
11 12
. . .
2 2 1
21 22
I G U G I
U G U G I

= +

= +

(4.13)
Trong
ik
G l cc hm tn s c trng ca mng 2 ca. H phng trnh dng G tin
dng khi tnh cc mng 2 ca song song-ni tip.
Khi tho mn iu kin song song-ni tip
, ,,
. . .
1 1 1 I I I = + ;
, ,,
. . .
2 2 2 U U U = + , mng 2 ca
tng ng c cc thng s bng:

' "
ik ik ik
G G G = + (4.14)
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
'
ik
H
"
ik
H
' "
ik ik ik
G G G = +
.
1 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
2 I
,,
.
1 I
,
.
1 I

Hnh 4.8
4.4 M t mng 2 ca bng ma trn
4.4 .1 Cc ma trn c trng ca mng 2 ca tuyn tnh
. .
1 2
. .
1 2
U U
A
I I
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

;
. .
2 1
. .
2 1
U U
B
I I
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

;
. .
1 1
. .
2 2
U I
Z
U I
( (
( (
=
( (
( (



. .
1 1
. .
2 2
I U
Y
I U
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

;
. .
1 1
. .
2 2
U I
H
I U
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

;
. .
1 1
. .
2 2
I U
G
U I
( (
( (
=
( (
( (


T cc h phng trnh trn ta thy rng cc ma trn A, Z, H th t l nghch o ca
cc ma trn B, Y, G
4.4 .2 Ma trn c trng ca mng 2 ca xu chui
Hai mng 2 ca Kirchoff c gi l xu chui hay ni tng khi ca vo mng th 2 l
ca ra mng th nht, trn cc ca dng v p bng nhau tng i mt.
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64
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
' "
A A A =
.
1 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
.
2 I
.
'
I
"
A
'
A

Hnh 4.9
i vi cch ni xu chui, ma trn tin dng nht l ma trn dng A:
,
. . . .
1 2 2
' ' ''
. , . .
.
1 2 2
U U U U
A A A A
I I I
I
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
= = =
(
( ( (
(
( ( (



Vy mng 2 ca tng ng c ma trn A bng tch cc ma trn
'
A ,
"
A .
Cng thc ny tin dng khi tnh ma trn A ca cc mng 2 ca nu coi n l xu chui
ca nhng mng 2 ca n gin nht: mng 2 ca mt phn t dc v mng 2 ca mt
phn t ngang.
.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I
.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I
d
Z
n
Z
1
1'
2
2'
1
1'
2
2'

Hnh 4.10
i vi mng 2 ca mt phn t dc, ta c h phng trnh va ma trn
d
A nh sau:

. . .
2 2
1
. .
1 2
d
U U Z I
I I

= +

;
1
0 1
d
d
Z
A
(
=
(

(4.15)
Tng t, h phng trnh v ma trn
n
A ca mng 2 ca mt phn t ngang c vit
nh sau:

. .
2
1
. . .
1 2 2
1
n
U U
I U I
Z

= +

;
1 0
1
1
n
n
A
Z
(
(
=
(
(

(4.16)






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65
V d 4.4: Mng 2 ca hnh I thun

.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I
n
Z
1'
2
2'
2 d
Z
1

Hnh 4.11


2
2
2 2
1 1 0
1
1 1
1 1 0 1
d
d
n d d
n n n
Z
Z
A A A Z
Z Z Z
I
( (
(
( (
= = =
(
( (
+

( (

(4.17)
V d 4.5: Mng 2 ca hnh I ngc

.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I
n
Z
1'
2
2'
1 d
Z
1

Hnh 4.12

1
1
1
1
1 1 0
1
1
1
0 1 1
1
d
d
n d
ng d n
n
n
Z
Z
Z Z
A A A
Z
Z
I
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
= = =
(
(
(

(
(

(4.18)
V d 4.6: Mng 2 ca hnh T
.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I
n
Z
1'
2
2'
1 d
Z
1 2 d
Z

Hnh 4.13
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66

1 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 1 0
1 1
1
1
0 1 0 1 1
1
d d d
d d
n n d d
T d n d
d
n
n n
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z
A A A A
Z
Z
Z Z
(
+ + +
(
(
( (
(
(
= = =
( (
(
(

+ (
(

(4.19)

V d 4.7: Mng 2 ca hnh H
.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I d
Z
1'
2
2'
1 n
Z
2 n
Z
1

Hnh 4.14

2
1 2
2 1
1 2
1 2 1
1 1 0 1 0
1
1 1
1 1
0 1
1
d
d
n d
n d n
d n d n
n n
n n n
Z
Z
Z Z
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
H
(
+
( (
(
(
( (
(
= = =
(
( (
( + +

+ ( (
(

(4.20)
4.5 Tr khng vo v hm truyn t
4.5.1 Tng tr vo
Gi cc tng tr nhn t ca 1 v ca 2 l tng tr vo ca 1 v tng tr vo ca 2. Khi
mng 2 ca truyn t t ca 1 n mt ti
2
Z t ca 2, qu trnh trao nhn nng
lng, tn hiu ca 1 s c trng bi hm tng tr vo ca 1:

.
1
1
.
1
v
U
Z
I
= (4.21)
1v
Z l mt hm phc ca tn s, ph thuc vo mng 2 ca v ti
2
Z t ca 2.
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
1 U
.
2 U
1v
Z
2
Z
1 2
'
1
'
2

Hnh 4.15
Theo (4.3) ta c:
. . .
2 1 2
11 12
. . .
1 2 2
21 22
U A U A I
I A U A I

= +

= +


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67
Do
. .
2 2
2
U Z I = , suy ra:

. .
2 2
11 12 11 2 12
1 1 2
. .
21 2 22
2 2
21 22
( , , )
v ik
A U A I A Z A
Z f A Z
A Z A
A U A I

+ +
= = =
+
+
(4.22)
Xt mi quan h gia ngun v ti ta ni rng mng 2 ca A lm mt php bin i
tng tr
2
Z thnh
1v
Z
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
2v
Z
1
Z
1 2
'
1
'
2

Hnh 4.16
Tng t, khi mng 2 ca lm nhim v truyn t t ca 2 sang ti
1
Z t ca 1,
phn ng ca h i vi ngun s c c trng bi tng tr vo ca 2:

.
2
2
.
2
v
U
Z
I
= (4.23)
Theo (4.3) ta c:
. . .
1 2 1
22 12
. . .
2 1 1
21 11
U A U A I
I A U A I

= +


Do
. .
1 1
1
U Z I = , suy ra:

. . .
1 1 2
22 12 22 1 12
2 2 2
. . .
21 1 11
2 1 1
21 11
( , , )
v ik
A U A I A Z A U
Z f A Z
A Z A
I A U A I

+
= = = =
+
+
(4.24)

Vy nhn t ca 2 th mng 2 ca cng lm php bin i tng tr
1
Z thnh
2v
Z

V d 4.8:
Tnh tng tr vo
1v
Z ca mng 2 ca sau, bit
2
50 ; 10mH; 50F; 2000rad/s r L C = O = = =

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68
C 2
r
L
1v
Z
1
'
1
2
'
2

Hnh 4.17
Gii:

1
1
( )
//( )
1
v
r j L
j C
Z C r L
r j L
j C

+
= + =
+ +

Thay s ta c:
1
1, 93 10
v
Z j =

4.5.2 Tng tr ngn mch v h mch
Khi h mch hoc ngn mch pha ti, trn ca ra s ch cn mt tn hiu p hoc dng.
Lc tng tr vo s khng ph thuc vo ti ra na m l nhng hm c trng ring
ca mng 2 ca.
T cng thc (4.22), cho ngn mch
.
2 ( 0) U = v h mch ca 2
.
2 ( 0) I = , ta c:

12
1
22
n
A
Z
A
= (4.25)

11
1
21
h
A
Z
A
= (4.26)
Tng t, t cng thc (4.24), khi ngn mch v h mch ca 1 ta c:

12
2
11
n
A
Z
A
= (4.27)

22
2
12
h
A
Z
A
= (4.28)
Cc tng tr ny l 4 hm c trng ca mng 2 ca, qua chng c th vit h phng
trnh trng thi dng A mng 2 ca:

1 1
11
2 1 1
( )
n h
n h n
Z Z
A
Z Z Z
=

;
12 11 2n
A A Z = ;
11
21
1h
A
A
Z
= ;
12
22
1n
A
A
Z
= (4.29)



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69
4.5.3 Cc hm truyn t p dng
Trong nhng h truyn tn hiu, o lng v iu khin ta ch quan tm n tn hiu
truyn i thng l mt trong hai bin trng thi dng hay p trn mi ca v qu trnh
truyn t chng qua mng 2 ca. Khi khng cn c h hai phng trnh trng thi
m ch cn rt v mt phng trnh vi mt hm truyn t.
Gi s mt mng tuyn tnh, khng ngun truyn t nng lng, tn hiu n mt ti
2
Z cho. Do c h ch c mt phn t bin ng l ngun ca 1. V vy, c th
tm c mi quan h tuyn tnh gia tn hiu ca ra theo ca vo nh sau:

. .
2 1
u
U K U = (4.30)
Vi

. .
2 2 2
2
. . .
11 2 12
2 2
1 11 12
( , , )
u ik
U U Z
K f A Z
A Z A
U A U A I
= = = =
+
+
(4.31)

. .
2 1
i
I K I = (4.32)
Vi

. .
2 2
2
. . .
21 2 22
2 2
1 21 22
1
( , , )
i ik
I I
K f A Z
A Z A
I A U A I
= = = =
+
+
(4.33)
V d 4.9: Tnh hm truyn t dng, p ca mng 2 ca sau:
.
1 I
.
2 I
.
n I
.
1 U
.
2 U
1
Z
n
Z

Hnh 4.18
. .
. . . . . .
2 2
2 2
1 2 2 2 2 (1 ) n
n n n
I Z Z U
I I I I I I
Z Z Z
= + = + = + = +
. .
2 2
. .
2 2
1 2 (1 )
n
i
n
n
Z I I
K
Z Z Z
I I
Z
= = =
+
+

. . . . . .
1 1 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 1 2
1 1 2
(1 )
n n
n n
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
U I Z U Z I Z I I
Z Z
+ +
= + = + + =
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70
. .
2 2
2 2
. .
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 1
n
u
n n
n n
n
Z Z Z I U
K
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
U I
Z
= = =
+ + + +


4.6 Dng mng hai ca lm ha hp ngun vi ti
4.6.1 iu kin a cng sut cc i t ngun n ti
Xt trng hp ngun cung cp cho ti bin ng
t
Z nh hnh. Ta cn tm iu kin
cng sut a t ngun n ti l cc i.
.
I
t
Z
.
ng
U
ng
Z
t
P

Hnh 4.19
Cng sut a n ti c tnh nh sau:

2
2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( )
ng
t
t t t ng
ng t ng t
U
r
P r I r U
Z r r x x
= = =
+ + +
(4.34)
T phng trnh (4.34) ta thy rng cng sut a n ti l cc i th cn c 2 iu
kin:
0
ng t
x x + = tc l
ng t
x x =

2
( )
t
ng t
r
r r +
ln nht; iu kin ny c tha mn khi
ng t
r r =
Nh vy iu kin cn tm l:

ng ng t t
r jx r jx + = hay t
ng
Z Z = ( t Z l s phc lin hp ca
ng
Z ) (4.35)
Khi iu kin ny c tha mn th cng sut a ra ti s l cc i v bng:

2 2
2
2
4 ( )
t ng ng
t t
ng ng t
rU U
P r I
r r r
= = =
+
(4.36)



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71
4.6.2 Mng hai ca ha hp ngun v ti
iu kin a cng sut cc i n ti l t
ng
Z Z = . Tuy nhin trong thc t
ng
Z v
t
Z khng tha mn iu kin ha hp . V vy ngi ta thng a vo gia ngun
v ti mt mng 2 ca lm php bin i tng tr nhm m bo iu kin trn.
.
I
t
Z
.
ng
U
ng
Z
t
P
ik
A 1 v
Z
1
'
1
2
'
2

Hnh 4.20
Phi chn mng 2 ca c s v thng s
ik
A sao cho:
Tng tr vo
1v
Z ca 1 bng lin hp ca
ng
Z

.
2
11 12
1
.
2
21 22
ng
v
A U A
Z Z
A U A
+
= =
+
(4.37)
Mng 2 ca l thun khng ton b cng sut s truyn n ti
1 2
P P =
Mng 2 ca phi n gin, thng ch gm mt phn t dc v mt phn t
ngang
1
2'
t
Z
.
ng
U
ng
Z
1 v
Z
'
1
d
Z
n
Z
2'
2 1
2'
t
Z
.
ng
U
ng
Z
1 v
Z
'
1
d
Z
n
Z
2'
2
) a ) b
Hnh 4.21


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72
4.7 Mng hai ca i xng
Mng 2 ca i xng l nhng mng khi thay i chiu truyn t trn cc ca 1 v 2
th tnh cht v phng trnh truyn t vn khng thay i.
iu kin mng 2 ca i xng l:

11 22
A A = (4.38)
4.7.1 Tng tr c tnh
i vi mt ti
2
Z cho, tng tr vo ca 1 ca mng 2 ca i xng s l:
11 2 12
1 1 2
21 2 11
( , , )
v ik
A Z A
Z f A Z
A Z A

+
= =
+

Ni chung
1 2 v
Z Z = , mng 2 ca thc hin mt php bin i tng tr ra
2
Z thnh
1v
Z :

1 2
( )
v
Z Z = (4.39)
Tuy nhin, khi
2
Z thay i, c th c mt gi tr
c
Z no ca
2
Z sao cho khi t n
vo ca 2 s b mng 2 ca bin thnh chnh n. Tc l mng 2 ca thc hin php
ng nht, lp li gi tr
c
Z :
( )
c c
Z Z = (4.40)

c
Z
ik
A
1 v c
Z Z =
1
'
1
2
'
2

Hnh 4.22
Vy trn mt phng
2
Z , im
c
Z l im bt ng i vi php bin i ca mng 2
ca. N l mt im c trng ca php , cng tc l mt hm c trng ca mng 2
ca. Ta gi n l tng tr c tnh hoc tng tr lp li ca mng 2 ca i xng, k
hiu l
c
Z .
Theo nh ngha ta c:
11 12
21 2 11
c
c
A Z A
Z
A Z A
+
=
+


12
21
c
A
Z
A
= (4.41)


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73
V d 4.10: Tnh tng tr c tnh
c
Z ca mng 2 ca hnh T sau:
.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I
2
Z
1'
2
2'
1
/ 2 Z
1 1
/ 2 Z

Hnh 4.23
Theo v d 4.6 ta c :
2
1 2 1 1 1 1
12 1 2 1
2 2
(1 )
2 2 4 4
d d
d d
n
Z Z Z Z Z Z
A Z Z Z
Z Z Z
= + + = + + = +
21
2
1 1
n
A
Z Z
= =
1
1
12 2 1
1 2
21 2
2
(1 )
4
(1 )
1
4
c
Z
Z
A Z Z
Z Z Z
A Z
Z
+
= = = +

V d 4.11: Tnh tng tr c tnh
c
Z ca mng 2 ca hnh H sau:

.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I 1
Z
1'
2
2'
2
2Z
2
2Z
1

Hnh 4.24
Theo v d 4.7, ta c :
12 1 d
A Z Z = = ;
2 1 2 1 2
21
2
1 2 2
2 2
4
d n n
n n
Z Z Z Z Z Z
A
Z Z Z
+ + + +
= =
2
12 1 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
21 2 1
2
2 2
4
2 2
4
1
4 4
c
A Z Z Z Z Z
Z
Z Z Z Z
A Z Z
Z Z
= = = =
+ +
+
+



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74
4.7.2 Mng hai ca i xng c ti ha hp
Xt mt trng hp c bit ca mng 2 ca khi n truyn t n mt ti c tng tr
bng hm c trng
c
Z ca mng. Ta gi l ch mng truyn t n ti ha hp.
Theo (4.31) v (4.33), ta c:
.
2 2
.
11 2 12
1
u
U Z
K
A Z A
U
= =
+
;
.
2
.
21 2 22
1
1
i
I
K
A Z A
I
= =
+

Do
12
2
21
c
A
Z Z
A
= = suy ra:

11 12 21
1
u i
K K
A A A
= =
+
(4.42)
Nh vy hm truyn t dng v p bng nhau v ch ph thuc vo kt cu ca mng 2
ca.

4.7.3 H s truyn t g a jb = +
Khi mng i xng truyn t n mt ti ha hp th hm truyn t dng v p bng
nhau v l mt hm c trng ca mng. V ,
u i
K K l mt s phc nn c th vit di
dng mt s m c trng
g
e :

11 12 21
g a jb
A A A e e e + = = (4.43)
Vi g a jb = + (4.44)

1 1
2 2
a
U I
e
U I
= = (4.45)
Vy a l s o mc tt tn hiu truyn qua mng 2 ca ch ha hp ti. Ta gi
n l h s tt ca mng i xng.

1
2
ln( )
U
a
U
= ; n v l nep (npe) (4.46)
Tng t:
. .
1 2
1 2
Arg U Arg U
u u
b = = (4.47)
b l s o lch pha ca tn hiu (p hay dng) khi truyn qua mng ch ha hp.
Ta gi n l h s pha, n v l raian hoc l gc.
Nh vy hm g a jb = + c trng s bin i v bin v pha ca tn hiu ch
ti ha hp. Ta gi n l h s truyn t.
4.8 Mch lc
4.8.1 Khi nim
Phn ny s kho st mt loi mng 2 ca c bit l lc in. l nhng mng 2 ca
m s truyn t ( ), ( )
u i
K K c tnh la chn tn s theo mt lut c bit : cho
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75
truyn t qua nhng tn hiu dng p thuc mt di tn no (gi l di thng) v
lm tt tn hiu thuc nhng di tn khc (gi l di chn).

C nhiu loi lc khc nhau. Theo c tnh tn truyn t c th phn lm bn loi
chnh :
a) Lc thng thp (Low Pass Filter): cho truyn t thng nhng tn hiu thuc di
tn thp hn gi tr
0
no
0
(0 ) < < v chn (lm tt) nhng tn hiu
thuc di tn s cao hn.
b) Lc thng cao (High Pass Filter): cho truyn t thng nhng tn hiu thuc di
tn cao hn gi tr
0
no
0
( ) > v chn nhng tn hiu thuc di tn s
thp hn.
c) Lc mt di thng (Band Pass Filter): cho thng nhng tn hiu thuc mt di tn
1 2
< < v chn nhng tn hiu thuc di tn thp hn
1
cng nh cao hn
2

d) Lc mt di chn (Band Stop Filter): chn nhng tn hiu thuc mt di tn
1 2
< < v cho thng nhng tn hiu thuc di tn thp hn
1
cng nh cao
hn
2


0
0



Hnh 4.25: Lc thng thp
0
0



Hnh 4.26: Lc thng cao

0
1



Hnh 4.27: Lc mt di thng

0
1



Hnh 4.28: Lc mt di chn

Mch lc c th l hnh T i xng, hnh H i xng, hnh I thun, hnh I ngc,
hnh xu chui. Trong vic xt mch hnh T v hnh H rt quan trng v lc xu
chui c th coi l nhng lc hnh T v hnh H ni xu chui vi nhau.

4.8.2 iu kin mng hai ca i xng thnh b lc tn s
Khi mng 2 ca lm vic vi ti ha hp
2
( )
c
Z Z = th gia p vo v p ra, dng vo
v dng ra c quan h nh sau:

. .
1 1
. .
2 2
g a jb
U I
e e e
U I
= = = (4.48)
Khi t s modul gia cc lng vo v ra s l:

1 1
2 2
a
U I
e
U I
= = (4.49)
T (4.48) thy rng khi ti ha hp c th c nhng iu kin no trong mt di
tn nht nh c c ( ) 0 a = , tc l 1
a
e = . Lc quan h gia cc lng vo v ra
s l:
1 2
( ) ( ) U U = v
1 2
( ) ( ) I I =
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76
Trong iu kin tn hiu dng, p thuc di tn s thng qua mng 2 ca m
khng b tt, c ngha l mng 2 ca l mt mch lc tn.
a) i vi mng 2 ca c tiu tn:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) 1
u i
U I P
K K
U I P
= = = = <
Tc l
2 1
U U < ;
2 1
I I <
Trong trng hp ny h s tt lun lun dng ( ) 0 a > , ngha l mt mng 2 ca i
xng c tiu tn khng th lm lc in l tng vi ( ) 0 a =
b) i vi mng 2 ca thun khng, lm vic ch ti ha hp:
iu kin mng 2 ca lm vic vi ti ha hp thnh mch lc tn s trong mt di
tn l:
Mng 2 ca l thun khng
Tng tr c tnh
c
Z l thun tr trong di tn (h s tt ( ) 0 a = )

4.8.3 Di thng v tn s ct ca mch lc i xng hnh T v hnh H


.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I
2
Z
1'
2
2'
1
/ 2 Z
1 1
/ 2 Z

Hnh 4.23 Mch i xng hnh T

.
1 I
.
1
U
.
2
U
.
2 I 1
Z
1'
2
2'
2
2Z
2
2Z
1

Hnh 4.24 Mch i xng hnh H
Theo v d 4.10 v v d 4.11 ta xc nh c tng tr c tnh ca mch hnh T v
mch hnh H nh sau:

1
1 2
2
(1 )
4
c
Z
Z Z Z
Z
T
= + ;
1 2
1
2
1
4
c
Z Z
Z
Z
Z
H
=
+
(4.50)
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i vi lc thun khng thay
1 1
Z jx = v
2 2
Z jx = ta c:

1
1 2
2
(1 )
4
c
x
Z x x
x
T
= + ;
1 2
1
2
1
4
c
x x
Z
x
x
H

=
+
(4.51)
a) iu kin di thng
Nu mi di tn
1 2
( ), ( ) x x lun cng du, tc nhnh dc v nhnh ngang c kt
cu ging nhau vi thng s t l, th lun c
1 2
0 x x > ,
1
2
0
x
x
> , tc l ( )
c
Z l s o v
do khng tn ti di thng.
iu ny ni r c c di thng ( ( )
c
Z thc) th mch lc phi gm nhng nhnh
dc, ngang khng t l nhau sao cho tn ti nhng di tn c
1 2
0 x x s v
1
2
0
x
x
s
b) Bt phng trnh di thong, di chn
iu kin ( )
c
Z c gi tr thc l
1 2
( ), ( ) x x khc du v
1
2
(1 ) 0
4
x
x
+ > , tc l bt
phng trnh gii thng c vit nh sau:

1
2
( )
4 0
( )
x
x

s s (4.52)
Ngc li bt phng trnh gii chn s l:

1
2
1
2
0
4
x
x
x
x

>

<

(4.53)
c) Phng trnh tn s ct
T (4.51) ta tm c h phng trnh tn s ct nh sau:

1 1
2 1
1 2 2 2
( )
0
( )
( ) 4 ( )
x
x
x x

(4.54)
4.8.4 Mch lc loi k
Mch lc loi k mch lc m trong c di tn (0, ) tch s
1 2
( ) ( ) Z Z lun l mt
hng s thc dng
2
k no :

2
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 Z Z x x k = = > (4.55)
a) Lc thng thp loi k hnh T v hnh H
S
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78
/ 2 L
C
/ 2 L

Hnh 4.25 Lc thng thp loi k hnh T
L
2
C
2
C

Hnh 4.26 Lc thng thp loi k hnh H

1
Z j L = ;
2
1
Z
j C
=
2
1 2
( ) ( )
L
Z Z k
C
= =
vi
L
k
C
= (4.56)
Di thng
Cho
1 1 1
( ) 0 0 x = =
Cho
1 2 2 2 2 2 0
2
4 2
( ) 4 ( ) x x L
C LC

= = = =
Nh vy di thng l
| |
0
0,
b) Lc thng cao loi k hnh T v hnh
H

S
L
2C 2C

Hnh 4.27 Lc thng cao loi k hnh T
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79
2L
C
2L

Hnh 4.28 Lc thng cao loi k hnh H
1
1
Z j
C
= ;
2
Z j L =
2
1 2
( ) ( )
L
Z Z k
C
= =
vi
L
k
C
= (4.57)
Di thng
Cho
1 2 2
( ) 0 x = =
Cho
1 1 2 1 1 1 0
1
1 1
( ) 4 ( ) 4
2
x x L
C LC

= = = = = `
Nh vy di thng l
| |
0
,

c) Lc mt di thng loi k
S
Mun lm lc thng mt di c th ni xu chui mt lc thng thp vi mt lc thng
cao, sao cho lc thng thp c tn s ct
2
ln hn tn s ct
1
ca lc thng cao.
Di thng ca lc s l | |
1 2
,
Cc thng s trong s phi tha mn quan h:

1 1 2 2
LC L C = (4.58)
2
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
LC
Z jx j L j
C C




= = =
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1
( ) ( )
1
1
L
Z jx j
L C
C
j L

= = =

+

Di thng
2
1 1 2
1 2
2
1 2 2
1
( ) 4 ( )
1
L C L
x x
C L C


= =


Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
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80
1,2
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 1
L C L C L C
= +
Di thng l
| |
1 2
,
2
C
2
L
1
2
L 1
2
L
1
2C 1
2C

Hnh 29: Lc thng mt di hnh T
1
L
2
2
C
1
C
2
2L
2
2
C
2
2L

Hnh 30 Lc thng mt di hnh H

d) Lc mt di chn loi k
S
Mun lm lc thng mt di c th ni song song lc thng thp v lc thng cao, sao
cho tn s ct
1
ca lc thng thp b hn tn s ct
2
ca lc thng cao.
Cc thng s trong s phi tha mn quan h:

1 1 2 2
L C L C = (4.59)
1
1
2
1 1
( )
1
L
Z j
LC


2
2 2
2
2
1
( )
L C
Z j
C


=
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81
Di thng
Gii phng trnh
1 2
( ) 4 ( ) x x = ta c:
1,2
2 1 2 2 2 1
1 1 16 1
4 L C L C L C
= +
Di chn l
1 2
( , )
1
/ 2 L
1
2C
2
C
2
L
1
/ 2 L
1
2C

Hnh 4.31 Lc chn mt di hnh T

1
L
1
C
2
/ 2 C
2
2L
2
2L
2
/ 2 C

Hnh 4.32 Lc chn mt di hnh H

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82
Chng 5: Mch in ba pha

5.1 Khi nim v mch in ba pha
Mch in ba pha l mch in m phn t tc ng l ngun in 3 pha. Ngun in 3
pha gm ba ngun mt pha ghp li, trong thc t l cc my xoay chiu ng b 3 pha
i xng. S nguyn l cu to ca my nh trn hnh 5.1.


Hnh 5.1

My pht in gm 2 phn: stato v roto. Stato hnh tr trn rng gn trn thn my
trong c t 3 cun dy AX, BY, CZ ging nhau v lch pha nhau mt gc khng
gian
0
120 . Roto hnh tr trn t trong stato c th quay quanh mt trc. N chnh l
mt nam chm in, t ha bng dng in mt chiu ly t mt ngun kch thch bn
ngoi. Khi lm vic roto quay vi tc , t trng cc nam chm roto qut qua mi
cun dy stato, to nn trong mt s cm ng xoay chiu hnh sin. Cc s ny
hon ton ging nhau v lch pha nhau
0
120 ng vi thi gian 1/3 chu k.
2 sin t
A
e E = (5.1)

0
2 sin( t-120 )
B
e E = (5.2)

0
2 sin( t+120 )
C
e E = (5.3)
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Hnh 5.2
.
A E
.
B E
.
C E
0

Hnh 5.3

Hnh 5.2 v cc ng cong tr s tc thi ca , ,
A B C
e e e . Hnh 5.3 v th vect ca
chng. T cc hnh v ny ta thy rng mt thi im tng cc s ca 3 cun dy
u trt tiu.
0
A B C
e e e + + = (5.4)

Hnh 5.4
Nu mi qun dy stato ni vi mt ti ta s c ba mch mt pha khng lin h vi
nhau (hnh 5.4). Trong thc t khng dng cch ny v khng kinh t.
Nu 3 qun dy stato ni li vi nhau sau mi ni n ti ta s c mt h thng 3
pha.
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84
C 2 cch ni cc qun dy stato: ni hnh sao (k hiu l Y, hnh 5.5) v ni tam gic
(k hiu l A, hnh 5.6).

Hnh 5.5

Hnh 5.6

Mi qun dy stato c mt cc u v mt cc cui. Nu coi cc u l cc y chiu
dng dng in i ra th cn li l cc cui.
Trn hnh 5.4, cc cc u 3 qun dy k hiu l A, B, C, cc cc cui l X, Y, Z. Ni
hnh sao l m 3 cc cui ni li vi nhau ti mt im O gi l trung tnh ca ngun
(hnh 5.5). Ni tam gic l ni ln lt im u ca qun dy trc vi im cui ca
qun dy sau (hnh 5.6). S d c th ni hnh tam gic m khng s b ngn mch l v
trong vng kn ABC ta c 0
A B C
e e e + + = .
Ba ti cng c th ni hnh sao hoc tam gic sau ni vo 3 dy dn ra t ngun.
Cch ni dy ca ngun v ca ti khng ph thuc vo nhau, v c th khc nhau.
Hnh 5.7: Ni sao-sao
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85
Hnh 5.8: Ni tam gic-tam gic

Hnh 5.9: Ni tam gic-sao
Hnh 5.10: Ni sao-tam gic

Mng in 3 pha 4 dy (ngun v ti u ni hnh sao, c thm mt dy trung tnh ni
t trung tnh ca ngun) thng dng cung cp cho nhu cu thp sng, sinh hot.
Mng in 3 pha 3 dy thng cung cp cho cc h dng in sn xut, c ti phn
ln l cc ng c 3 pha.
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86

Hnh 5.11


Trong mch in 3 pha ta phn bit 2 loi i lng l cc i lng dy v pha. Cc
dng chy trn dy v in p gia cc dy c gi l dng in dy v in p dy
( , )
d d
I U . Dng in v p trn cc pha ca ti hoc ngun gi l cc dng in pha v
in p pha ( , )
f f
I U . Mch 3 pha c ngun i xng v c tng tr cc pha ca ng
dy cng nh ca ti bng nhau gi l mch 3 pha i xng. Ngc li mch 3 pha
khng c mt trong cc iu kin trn gi l khng i xng.

5.2 Mch ba pha i xng
Mch 3 pha thng lm vic tnh trng i xng. Lc cc h thng p v dng
mi b phn mch u i xng, tt c cc im trung tnh ca ngun v ti u ng
th vi nhau.

5.2.1 S ni sao-sao (Y-Y)
in p gia 2 im trung tnh ca ngun v ti l:

'
. . . . . .
.
0
3 3
A B C A B C
OO
Y E Y E Y E E E E
U
Y
+ + + +
= = = (5.5)
Vy 2 im trung tnh ca ngun v ti ng th nhau
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87
.
A E
.
C E
.
B E
.
A I
.
B I
.
C I
.
C U
.
B U
.
A U
0' 0

Hnh 5.12
.
A E
.
C E
.
B E
.
A I
.
B I
.
C I
.
CA U
.
AB U
.
BC U
0

Hnh 5.13
Vit phng trnh theo lut Kirchoff 2 cho vng OAOO, ta c:
. . . .
' A A O O A E U U U = + =
Tng t
. .
B B E U = ;
. .
C C E U =
Vy h thng in p pha trn ti cng i xng. V th topo ca mch (hnh5.13) ta
thy h thng in p dy
. . .
, , AB BC CA U U U cng i xng. Quan h gia in p dy v
in p pha nh sau:

0
. .
30
3
j
AB A U U e = (5.6)
Nh vy v tr hiu dng th in p dy bng 3 ln in p pha. V gc pha
.
AB U
vt trc
.
A U
0
30 .
H thng dng in trong mch cng i xng:

. . . . . .
; ; A B C A B C I YU I YU I YU = = = (5.7)



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88
5.2.2 S ni tam gic-tam gic ( ) A A
.
A I
.
B I
.
C I
.
CA U
.
AB I
.
BC U
.
AB U
.
BC I
.
CA I

Hnh 5.14

.
A I
.
B I
.
C I
.
CA U
.
AB U
.
BC U
0
.
BC I
.
AB I
.
CA I

Hnh 5.15
H thng in p dy trn ti:

. . . . . .
; ; BA CB AC AB BC CA U E U E U E = = = (5.9)
H thng dng in pha ca ti:

. . .
. . .
; ;
AB BC CA
AB BC CA
U U U
I I I
Z Z Z
= = = (5.10)
Dng in dy c tnh theo cc dng in pha nh sau:

. . . . . . . . .
; ; A AB CA B BC AB C CA BC I I I I I I I I I = = = (5.11)
Vy tt c cc h thng p v dng trong mch in i xng. th vect ca mch v
trn hnh 5.15 vi qui c chn th im B bng khng.
Theo th vect ta c quan h gia cc dng in nh sau:

0 0 0
. . . . . .
30 30 30
3 ; 3 ; 3
j j j
A AB B BC C CA I I e I I e I I e

= = = (5.12)

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89
C th o qu trnh mt mch 3 pha i xng bng cc bin trng thi trn mt pha l
. c trng phn ng ca mch cng ch cn tng tr 1 pha Z (hoc tng dn 1 pha
Y). Trng thi trn 2 pha kia cng ging nh pha A, ch khc l v thi gian chng lch
i 1/3 chu k. V d nu bit b phn th k no dng pha A l
.
Ak I , ta cng bit
dng ca pha B v C l:
0 0
. . . .
120 120
;
j j
Bk Ak Ck Ak I I e I I e

= =

5.3 Phn tch mch ba pha i xng
Do cc c im mch 3 pha i xng, ta khng cn phn tch mch in trn c 3 pha,
m tm cch a v bi ton mt pha gii.
Trng hp mch ni hnh sao, cc im trung tnh ca ngun v ti ng th nhau, nu
ni chng li bng mt dy dn c tr bng khng, trng thi ca mch vn khng i.
Nhng ni nh vy l ta tch h 3 pha i xng thnh 3 mch 1 pha tch ri khng
nh hng ln nhau. Ta d dng tch ri ring s pha A gii. Vy khi phn tch
mt mch 3 pha i xng hnh sao c th tch ring s mt pha A xt dng, p,
cng sut. Sau s suy ra cc lng khc pha B v pha C.
V d 5.1: Mt ngun 3 pha i xng nh hnh 5.16 c s
.
E cung cp cho 2 ti i
xng hnh sao c tng tr
1 2
, Z Z qua mt ng dy c tng tr pha Z . Hy tm dng,
p trn cc pha.
.
A I
.
B I
.
C I
0
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
2
Z
2
Z
2
Z
2
0
.
1A I
.
2A I
.
1B I
.
2B I
.
1C I
.
2C I
1
0
Z
Z
Z

Hnh 5.16
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90
.
A I
.
A E
0
1
Z
2
Z
2
0
.
1A I
.
2A I
1
0
Z
.
2 A U

Hnh 5.17

Gii: V i xng nn c th ni 3 im trung tnh ca mch li, tch ring s trong
pha A gii.
.
.
1 2
1 2
A
A
E
I
Z Z
Z
Z Z
=
+
+

St p trn ng dy:
. .
A A U Z I A =
in p trn ti:
. . .
2 A A A U E U = A
Dng in qua ti
1
Z :
.
.
2
1
1
A U
I
Z
=
Dng in qua ti
2
Z :
.
.
2
2
2
A U
I
Z
=

5.4 Phn tch mch ba pha khng i xng
Trong trng hp mch 3 pha khng i xng, ta ch vic coi mch ba pha l mt mch
phc tp nhiu ngun. phn tch mch, c th p dng tt c cc phng php chung
bit: phng php dng in vng, in th nh, xp chng v.v
Trng hp mch hnh sao thng dng phng php in th nh gii. S tnh
ton phi xt c 3 pha cng nhau, khng tch ring 1 pha nh mch i xng.
V d 5.2: Gii mch in ni Y-Y nh hnh 5.18, trong ngun v ti u khng i
xng
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91
.
A I
.
B I
.
C I
0
A
Y
B
Y
C
Y
0'
N
Y
.
A E
.
B E
.
C E
.
A U
.
B U
.
C U

Hnh 5.18
Gii: p dng phng php in th nh ta c in p gia trung tnh ca ngun v ti
nh sau:
. . .
.
'
A B C
A B C
O O
A B C N
Y E Y E Y E
U
Y Y Y Y
+ +
=
+ + +

in p trn cc ti:
. . .
' A A O O U E U =
. . .
' B B O O U E U =
. . .
' C C O O U E U =
Dng in trn cc ti:
. . . . . . . .
' ; ; ; A B C N A B C O O
A B C N
I Y U I Y U I Y U I Y U = = = =

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Chng 6: Qu trnh qu trong h thng v mch
6.1 Qu trnh qu
Qu trnh ca h thng v mch thng m t bi nhng h phng trnh vi tch phn
trong thi gian.

1
1 1
1
( ,... , )
.............................
( ,... , )
n
n
n n
dx
f x x t
dt
dx
f x x t
dt

(6.1)

l trng hp thng gp trong cc mch truyn t, hoc trong mch Kirchoff, khi
ly bin ( )
k
x t l dng v p nhnh.
i vi mch Kirchoff, khi xt ring bin dng cng c th lp mt h phng trnh vi
tch phn dng:

1
( )
k
k k k k
k
di
r i L i dt
dt C
+ +

}
(6.2)
Qui lut v tnh cht qu trnh xt hon ton ph thuc vo nhng thng s phng
trnh: cc ton t, h s v hm kch thch. V vy, mi thi im
0
t , khi thay i kt
cu v thng s ca h, ta li c mt h phng trnh mi, ng vi mt qu trnh mi
bt u t
0
t .
Ta gi qu trnh nghim ng h phng trnh , khi u t ln cn mt thi im
0
t
no l qu trnh qu ca h.

Nhng thay i v kt cu v thng s ca h v s c gi l nhng ng tc ng
m, v thng c th thc hin chng bng cch ng m nhng dao ct nh trong hnh
6.1.
.
1 E
1
r
2
L
2
r
C
1
i
2
i
3
i
K

Hnh 6.1
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93
Mi ng tc ng m kt thc mt qu trnh c ng vi mt h phng trnh c no
v khi u mt qu trnh qu hin hnh ng vi mt h phng trnh mi. V vy,
khi c th, ta thng chn thi im ng m lm gc tnh thi gian cho bi ton hin
hnh.

n gin ta l tng ha coi qu trnh ng m l tc thi, din ra trong mt thi
gian v cng ngn quanh gc, nn khng cn quan tm n s din bin ca h trong
khi ng m, tc l ch cn bit qu trnh c cho n mt ln cn nh trc gc t =
v qu trnh mi k t mt ln cn nh sau gc t = + . gn, thng k hiu l
0 t = v 0 t = + , hiu l nhng lng v cng nh.

M t bi nhng h vi tch phn trong thi gian t, bi ton qu trnh qu h thng l
mt bi ton c s kin.
6.2 S tn ti ca qu trnh qu
Trng thi xc lp, nu c, thng khng thnh lp ngay sau khi ng m, m thng
phi tin n qua mt qu trnh qu . V mt vt l, qu trnh h thng thng l mt
qu trnh nng ng lng nh trong mch Kirchoff. Cc s hng o hm thng gn
vi s c mt ca nhng kho h thng (kho in, kho t), nng lng ca mi kho v
nhng qu trnh gn vi n thng bin thin lin tc, do t trng thi ban u
0 t = + , cc kho thng phi chuyn tip dn n trng thi xc lp, khin qu trnh ca
h xt cng phi tri qua mt qu trnh qu
6.3 Ni dung ca bi ton qu trnh qu
6.3.1 Bi ton phn tch mch
Thng gm vic lp h phng trnh m t qu trnh xt ca mch hay s , sau
hoc tm nhng li gii qu trnh qu x(t) c th, hoc phn tch nhng tnh cht c
im ca n.
Thc cht ni dung ca bi ton gii qu trnh qu l tm hay xy dng nhng
phng php gii phng trnh vi phn trong thi gian.
Ni dung bi ton xt tnh cht nghim l tm cch lm r nghim qu trnh qu ca
phng trnh s dao ng hay khng, nghim s tng dn v hn hay s tin n xc
lp, xc lp nhanh hay chm, tc qun tnh ln hay b.
6.3.2 Bi ton tng hp
Yu cu xc nh hay hiu chnh s cng cc thng s ca n sao cho to ra c
nhng tnh cht cn c ca qu trnh, hoc to ra mt quan h cn c gia p ng v
kch thch.
Thc cht ca vic phn tch v tng hp mch l s vn dng l thuyt phng trnh vi
phn xt cc mt v qu trnh qu ca h thng. Nh c th nghin cu iu
khin, hiu chnh, ch to cc h thng qu trnh c nhng tnh cht cn thit

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6.4 S kin v tnh s kin trong bi ton qu trnh qu
6.4.1 S kin
S kin l gi tr ca bin v o hm bin ti thi im bt u qu trnh. Thng cn
bit ring r s kin 0 t = v 0 t = + .
Qu trnh hin hnh bt u bin thin lin tc t cc s kin
( 1)
( 0), '( 0),..., ( 0)
n
x x x

+ + +
tr i, nn bit c chng th mi tm c cc hng s tch phn v xc nh c
qu trnh hin hnh.
Cn iu kin
( 1)
( 0), '( 0),..., ( 0)
n
x x x

0 t = , tu thuc vo qu trnh c nhng
cn bit tm ra s kin 0 t = + .
V vy im mu cht xc nh c cc hng s tch phn ca nghim tng qut ca
qu trnh l phi tm c s kin mi 0 t = + theo iu kin 0 t = .

6.4.2 Qui tc tm s kin
a) Cc bc ng m
Lut 1: Dng in qua in cm lin tc ngay c lc ng m.
( 0) ( 0)
L L
i i = +
Lut 2: in p trn in dung lin tc ngay c lc ng m.
( 0) ( 0)
C C
u u = +
Lut 3: Tng t thng mc vng qua cc in cm trong mt vng kn lin tc
ngay c lc ng m.
( 0) ( 0)
k k k k
L i L i = +

hay ( 0) ( 0)
k k
+ = + +


Lut 4: Tng in tch trn cc in dung ni vo mt nt lin tc ngay c lc
ng m.
( 0) ( 0)
k k k k
C u C u = +

hay ( 0) ( 0)
k k
q q = +



b) Cc bc tnh s kin
Mc ch cui cng ca vic tnh s kin l cn tm c gi tr cc bin v cc o
hm n cp cn thit 0 t = + . Cc bc tnh nh sau:
Da vo s mch trc lc ng m xc nh cc lng cn thit
( ( 0), ( 0)
L C
i u , ( 0), ( 0) q + ) 0 t =
Da vo lut ng m tnh ( 0), ( 0), ( 0), ( 0)
L C
i u q + + + + + , 0 t = +
Lp cc s kin vo h phng trnh hin hnh, cho 0 t = + , tnh c mt s
s kin khc v cc o hm 0 t = +
Tip tc o hm phng trnh trng thi hin hnh thm mt cp, sau thay
vo gi tr 0 t = + ca cc s kin tm c trong 2 bc trn s tnh c cc
s kin tng ng thuc cp o hm cao hn,

V d 6.1:
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95
r
L
E

Hnh 6.2

( 0) ( 0) 0 i i + = =
2
r
L
E
1
r
2
i

Hnh 6.3
1 2
( 0) ( 0)
E
i i
r r
+ = =
+

r
C
E
i
C
u

( 0) ( 0) 0
C C
u u + = =
Hnh 6.4
2
r
C
E
C
u
1
r

( 0) ( 0)
C C
u u E + = =
Hnh 6.5

V d 6.2:
1 2
1 , 1 , 1 , 1 E V r r L H C F = = = O = = ; Tm s kin
, , ,
1 2 3 1 2 3
( 0), ( 0), ( 0), ( 0), ( 0), ( 0) i i i i i i + + + + + + .
Bit rng ch c xc lp v t C vn cha c np in.

.
E
1
r
2
L
.
1 v I
.
2 v I
2
r
C
1
i
2
i
3
i
K

Hnh 6.6
Gii:
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96

ch xc lp trc khi ng kha K ta c:
1 2
1 2
1
( 0) ( 0) 0, 5
1 1
E
i i A
r r
= = = =
+ +

V ban u t cha c np in nn: ( 0) 0
C
u V =
Theo lut ng m cun dy ta c:
2 2
( 0) ( 0) 0, 5 i i A + = =
( 0) ( 0) 0
C C
u u V + = =
H phng trnh theo cc lut Kirchoff c dng:

1 2 3
1 1 3
0
'
1 1 2 2 2
0
1
(0)
t
C
i i i
r i u i dt E
C
r i r i Li E

+ + =

+ + =

}
(a)
thi im 0 t = + , ta c:

1 2 3
1 1
'
1 1 2 2 2
(0) (0) (0) 0
(0) (0)
(0) (0) (0)
C
i i i
r i u E
r i r i Li E

+ =

+ + =

(b)
Thay vo (b) cc iu kin bit:
2
( 0) 0, 5 ; ( 0) 0
C
i A u V + = + = , ta c:

1 3
1
'
1 2
(0) 0, 5 (0) 0
(0) 1
(0) 0, 5 (0) 1
i i
i
i i

+ + =

(c)
Gii (c) ta c:
'
1 3 2
( 0) 1 ; ( 0) 0, 5 ; ( 0) 0, 5 / i A i A i A s + = + = + =
o hm (a), cho 0 t = + , ta c:

' ' '
2 3 1
' 3
1 1
' ' "
1 1 2 2 2
(0) (0) 0 (0)
(0) 0
(0) (0) (0) 0
i i i
i
r i
C
r i r i Li

+ =

+ + =

(d)
Thay cc gi tr
'
3 2
( 0) 0, 5 ; ( 0) 0, 5 / i A i A s + = + = vo (d) ta c:

' '
3 1
'
1
' "
1 2
0, 5 (0) 0 (0)
(0) 0.5 0
(0) 0, 5 (0) 0
i i
i
i i

+ =

+ =

+ =

(e)
Gii (e) ta c:
' ' " 2
3 1 2
( 0) 0; ( 0) 0, 5 / ; ( 0) 1 / i i A s i A s + = + = + =
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6.5 Phng php tch phn kinh in
Phng php ny thng c dng gii qu trnh qu nhng mch c h s hng
m dng phng trnh v kch thch cho php tnh c d dng nghim xc lp ( )
xl
x t .
6.5.1 Ni dung ca phng php:
Tm li gii tng qut v qu trnh qu ( ) x t di dng xp chng qu trnh xc lp
( )
xl
x t , l nghim ring ca phng trnh c kch thch, vi nghim tng qut h phng
trnh thun nht, gi l qu trnh t do (khng kch thch) ( )
td
x t :
( ) ( ) ( )
xl td
x t x t x t = + (6.3)
Tnh nghim t do:
Ta bit cch xc nh nghim ring xc lp, y ch tp trung vo vic tm nghim
t do tng qut, tha mn h phng trnh thun nht tng ng:

'
( , ,..., ) 0
td td
x x t = (6.4)
Ta t nghim nghim t do di dng:
( )
pt
td
x t Ae = (6.5)
Cc o hm v tch phn theo t ca hm m (6.5) vn l hm m v t l vi ( )
td
x t :

pt td
td
pt td
td
dx
pAe px
dt
x A
x dt e
p p

= =

= =

}
(6.6)
Thay (6.5) v (6.6) vo (6.4) s c mt h i s tuyn tnh vi v phi trt tiu.
( , ,..., ) 0
td td
x px t = (6.7)
Mun (6.7) c nghim khng trt tiu th nh thc cc h s ca n phi trt tiu.
Gi nh thc l ( ) p A , ta c mt phng trnh bc n i vi p:
( ) 0 p A = (6.8)
Phng trnh (6.8) gi l phng trnh c trng, cho ta n li gii v cc s m
1 2
, ,...,
n
p p p , mi s m c trng cho mt nghim
k
p t
k
A e tha mn (6.4). Do tng
cc hm m y cng tha mn (6.4) v chnh l nghim t do tng qut cn tm:
( )
k
p t
td k
x t A e =

(6.9)
Mi nghim tng qu s c dng:
( ) ( )
k
p t
xl k
x t x t A e = +

(6.10)
Nh vy im mu cht ca phng php tch phn kinh in l vic lp v gii phng
trnh c trng. Trnh t ca phng php nh sau:
Tm qu trnh xc lp hin hnh ( )
xl
x t
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Lp v gii phng trnh c trng tm cc s m c trng, t tm
nghim t do tng qut v nghim tng qut.
Tm cc s kin 0 t = + theo qu trnh c 0 t = v h phng trnh hin
hnh.
6.5.2 Lp phng trnh c trng
lp phng trnh c trng ta thay vo h phng trnh thun nht cc php o hm
d
dt
v tch phn dt
}
bng php nhn i s cc bin th t vi p v
1
p
, sau cho
nh thc cc h s trt tiu.
Cng c th lp c phng trnh c trng cho mt s mch h s hng i s ha
nh sau:
Nhn dng t do
ktd
i ca mt nhnh bt k vi ton t tr vo ( )
kk
Z p , v h khng
ngun nn s c phng trnh:
( ) 0
kk ktd
Z p i = (6.11)
V nghim t do khng trt tiu nn ( ) 0
kk
Z p = . Vy ta c qui tc sau:
Ly mt nhnh bt k, vit biu thc tng tr vo ( )
kk
Z p v cho n trt tiu, ta
c phng trnh c trng ca mch.
6.5.3 S m c trng v dng iu nghim
S m c trng quyt nh dng iu qu trnh t do, ta xem xt mt s trng hp
sau:
a) Trng hp
k
p thc
Nu 0
k
p < th thnh phn nghim t do s gim dn v 0 nh ng cong 1
trong hnh 6.7.
k
p cng ln, nghim t do s gim cng nhanh.
Nu 0
k
p > th thnh phn nghim t do s tng dn ti v hn nh ng cong
2 trong hnh 6.7.
k
p cng ln, nghim t do s tng cng nhanh. Trong trng
hp ny nu 0
k
A = th qu trnh qu s khng tin n qu trnh xc lp
c.
td
x
0
k
p >
0
k
p <
2
'
1
'
2
t
0
1

Hnh 6.7
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b) Trng hp
k k k
p a jb = + phc
Mi s m phc s ng vi mt thnh phn dao ng c bin tng dn nu 0
k
a > ,
hay gim dn nu 0
k
a < , dng:

k k
a t jb t
td k
x A e e = (6.12)
Do phng trnh c trng c h s thc nn nu n c mt nghim phc
k
p th cng
c mt nghim phc lin hip
k
p , khin tng ca cp nghim t do tng ng s c
dng dao ng vi bin :

{ }
2Re 2 cos( )
k k k k
p t p t p t a t
k k k k k k
A e A e A e A e b t + = = + (6.13)
Trong nu 0
k
a < th bin dao ng t do s gim dn v 0 (hnh 6.8), nu 0
k
a >
bin dao ng t do s tng dn (hnh 6.9) v s khng tin ti c qu trnh xc
lp tr khi 0
k
A = .

td
x
t
0

Hnh 6.8
td
x
t
0

Hnh 6.9

c) Trng hp
k
p bi
Nu nghim
k
p bi, v d nghim kp, thnh phn t do s c dng:

1 2
k k
p t p t
k k
A e A te + (6.14)
Ta thy rng ch khi Re( ) 0
k
p < cc thnh phn mi dn tin ti 0. Khi Re( ) 0
k
p >
(ngay c khi
k k
p jb = , s hng
k
p t
te cng s tng n v cng) qu trnh qu s
khng tin n xc lp c.

V d 6.3:
Hy dng phng php tch phn kinh in tnh cc dng qu trong s sau, vi
1 2
1 , 1 , 1 , 1 E V r r L H C F = = = O = = ; Bit rng ch c xc lp v t C vn cha
c np in.
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100
.
E
1
r
2
L
.
1 v I
.
2 v I
2
r
C
1
i
2
i
3
i
K

Hnh 6.7
Gii:
Tnh cc thnh phn xc lp ch mi:
Vi E=const , sau khi ng m, n ch xc lp dng s ch chy qua
1 2
, r r :
1xl 2xl
1 2
1
0, 5
1 1
E
i i A
r r
= = = =
+ +

3xl
0 i =
Lp phng trnh c trng:
Phng trnh theo cc lut Kirchoff i vi cc dng in t do:
1 2 3
1 1 3
0
'
1 1 2 2 2
0
1
0
0
td td td
t
td td
td td td
i i i
r i i dt
C
r i r i Li

+ =

+ + =

}

Sau khi i s ha ta c:
1 2 3
1 1 3
1 1 2 2
0
1
0
( ) 0
td td td
td td
td td
i i i
r i i
pC
r i r pL i
=

+ =

+ + =


Ta thu c phng trnh c trng bng cch cho trt tiu nh thc cc h s ca ma
trn trn nh sau:
1
1 2
1 1 1
1
( ) 0 0
0
p r
pC
r r pL

A = =
+

2
1 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 r LC p r r C L p r r + + + + =
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Thay s ta c:
2
2 2 0 p p + + =
Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c hai s m phc lin hip:
1,2
1 1 p j =
Vy cc dng t do tng qut c dng:
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
sin( )
sin( )
sin( )
t
td
t
td
t
td
i Ae t
i A e t
i A e t

= +

= +

= +


Nghim tng qut c dng:
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
0, 5 sin( )
0, 5 sin( )
sin( )
t
xl td
t
xl td
t
td xl td
i i i Ae t
i i i A e t
i i i A e t

= + = + +

= + = + +

= + = +



iu kin u v hng s tch phn:
Trong v d 6.2 ta xc nh c cc iu kin u 0 t = + :
'
1 1
( 0) 1 ; ( 0) 0, 5 / ; i A i A s + = + =
' " 2
2 2 2
( 0) 0, 5 ; ( 0) 0, 5 / ; ( 0) 1 / ; i A i A s i A s + = + = + =
'
3 3
( 0) 0, 5 ; ( 0) 0; i A i + = + =
- Thay cc iu kin u
'
1 1
( 0) 1 ; ( 0) 0, 5 / ; i A i A s + = + = vo biu thc ca
'
1 1
( ), ( ) i t i t ta c:
1 1 1
'
1 1 1 1
(0) 1 0, 5 sin
(0) 0, 5 ( sin cos )
i A
i A


= = +

= = +


Gii ra ta c:
1 1
0, 5;
2
A

= =
Vy:
1
( ) 0, 5 0, 5 sin( )
2
t
i t e t A

= + +
- Tng t vi cp s kin
'
2 2
( 0); ( 0) i i + + ta tm c:
2 2
0, 5; 0 A = =
2
( ) 0, 5 0, 5 sin( )
t
i t e t A

=
- Vi cp s kin
'
3 3
( 0); ( 0) i i + + ta tm c:
2 2
0.707;
4
A

= =
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3
( ) 0, 707 0, 5 sin( )
4
t
i t e t A

= +

V d 6.4: Tnh dng v p qu khi ng kho?
r
C
E
i
C
u

Hnh 6.8
Gii:
Tnh cc thnh phn xc lp ch mi:
Vi E=const , sau khi ng m, n ch xc lp ta c:
0 ;
Cxl Cxl
i A u E = =
Lp phng trnh c trng:
i s ha s :
1
0
v
Z r
Cp
= + =
1
p
rC
=
1
1
t
rC
td i
t
rC
Ctd u
i Ae
u A e


Nghim tng qut c dng:
1
1
t
rC
xl td i
t
rC
C Cxl Ctd u
i i i Ae
u u u E A e

= + =

= + = +


iu kin u v hng s tch phn:
Khi cha ng kha th: ( 0) 0
C
u =
Theo lut ng m ta c: ( 0) ( 0) 0
C C
u u + = =
Sau khi ng kha ta c: (0)
C
ri u E + =
(0)
E
i
r
=
Cho tha mn iu kin u ta c:
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i
u
E
A
r
A E


Vy ta c:
1
1
(1 )
t
rC
t
rC
C
E
i e
r
u E e


, u i
C
u
t
0
qd
i
/ E r
E

Hnh 6.9
V d 6.5: Tnh dng qu khi ng kho?
r
L
E

Hnh 6.10
Gii:
Tnh cc thnh phn xc lp ch mi:
Vi E=const , sau khi ng m, n ch xc lp ta c:
xl
E
i
r
=
Lp phng trnh c trng:
i s ha s :
0
v
Z r Lp = + =
r
p
L
=
r
t
L
td i
i Ae

=

Nghim tng qut c dng:
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r
t
L
xl td i
E
i i i Ae
r

= + = +
iu kin u v hng s tch phn:
Khi cha ng kha th: ( 0) 0 i =
Theo lut ng m ta c: ( 0) ( 0) 0 i i + = =
Cho tha mn iu kin u ta c:
i
E
A
r
=
Vy ta c:
( ) (1 )
r
t
L
E
i t e
r

=
i
qd
i
t
0
td
i
E
r

Hnh 6.11

V d 6.6:
E
r pL
1
pC
qd
i
K

Hnh 6.12
Gii:

Tnh cc thnh phn xc lp ch mi:
Vi E=const , sau khi ng m, n ch xc lp ta c:
0;
xl Cxl
i u E = =
Lp phng trnh c trng:
i s ha s :
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1
0
v
Z r Lp
Cp
= + + =
2
1 0 LCp rCp + + =
2
( ) ( ) 4 p rC LC A =
- 0 ( 2 / ) r L C A > >
Phng trnh c trng c 2 nghim
1 2
, p p
Nghim tng qut c dng:

1 2
1 2
1 2
'
1 1 2 2
p t p t
C
p t p t
C
u E Ae A e
i Cu Cp Ae Cp A e

= + +

= = +


- 0 ( 2 / ) r L C A < <
Phng trnh c trng c 2 nghim phc lin hip:
1 2
; p j p j = + =
Trong
2
1
; ( )
2 2
r r
L LC L
= =
Nghim tng qut c dng:

| |
'
sin( )
sin( ) cos( )
t
C
t
C
u E Ae t
i Cu CAe t t

= + +

= = + + +


- 0 ( 2 / ) r L C A = =
Phng trnh c trng c nghim kp:
1 2
2
r
p p
L
= = =
Nghim tng qut c dng:

| |
1 2
'
1 2 2
( )
( )
t
C
t
C
u E A A t e
i Cu Ce A A t A

= + +

= = + +


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Mc lc
Chng 1: Nhng khi nim c bn v mch in ..................................................... 1
1.1 Graph Kirchoff .................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 nh ngha Graph Kirchoff ...................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Mt s khi nim trn Graph Kirchoff ..................................................... 1
1.1.3 Cc lut trn Graph Kirchoff .................................................................... 2
1.1.4 M t Graph bng cc bng s v ma trn ................................................ 3
1.2 Cc hin tng c bn ca qu trnh in t v cc phn t c trng ............ 8
1.2.1 Ton t v phng trnh trng thi vng nng lng ................................ 8
1.2.2 Hin tng tiu tn, in tr, in dn ..................................................... 8
1.2.3 Hin tng kho in, in dung ............................................................... 9
1.2.4 Hin tng kho t, in cm, h cm ..................................................... 10
1.2.5 Hin tng ngun .................................................................................. 14
1.2.6 Cc phng trnh bin nhnh ca mch Kirchoff ................................... 15
Chng 2: Mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha ............................................. 17
2.1 Khi nim mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha ................................... 17
2.1.1 Mt s khi nim ................................................................................... 17
2.1.3 Biu din cc bin iu ha bng th vect ........................................ 20
2.2 Phn ng ca nhnh i vi kch thch iu ha ............................................ 21
2.2.1 Phn ng ca nhnh thun tr ................................................................ 21
2.2.2 Phn ng ca nhnh thun cm .............................................................. 22
2.2.3 Phn ng ca nhnh thun dung ............................................................. 23
2.2.4 Phn ng ca nhnh ni tip r-L-C ......................................................... 24
2.3 Cng sut ...................................................................................................... 26
2.3.1 Tam gic tng tr ................................................................................... 26
2.3.2 Cc cng sut trong nhnh r-L-C ........................................................... 26
2.3.3 H s cng sut ...................................................................................... 27
Chng 3: Cc phng php phn tch mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha .. 30
3.1 Biu din i lng iu ho dng nh phc ................................................. 30
3.1.1 Khi nim s phc ................................................................................. 30
3.1.2 Biu din cc bin trng thi iu ha bng s phc............................... 32
3.1.3 Tng tr, tng dn phc ......................................................................... 32
3.1.4 Biu din quan h gia p v dng ca mt nhnh ................................. 33
3.1.5 Biu din cc trng thi cng sut trong mt nhnh ................................ 33
3.1.6 Biu din php vi tch phn hm iu ha bng s phc ......................... 34
3.1.7 S phc............................................................................................. 35
3.2 Phng php dng nhnh .............................................................................. 35
3.3 Phng php in th nh ............................................................................ 38
3.4 Phng php dng vng ............................................................................... 42
3.5 Phng php phn tch mch tuyn tnh c h cm ....................................... 45
3.6 th Topo ca mch c dng iu ha........................................................ 47
3.7 Cc phng php bin i mch ................................................................... 48
3.7.1 Bin i tng ng b phn mch khng c ngun ............................ 48
3.7.2 Bin i tng ng b phn mch c ngun ...................................... 49
3.8 Nguyn l xp chng .................................................................................... 53
Chng 4: Mng hai ca ......................................................................................... 56
4.1 Khi nim v mng hai ca ........................................................................... 56
4.2 H phng trnh trng thi dng A ca mng hai ca .................................... 57
4.3 Cc h phng trnh trng thi dng khc ca mng hai ca ......................... 59
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107
4.3.1 H phng trnh trng thi dng B ......................................................... 59
4.3.2 H phng trnh trng thi dng Z ......................................................... 59
4.3.3 H phng trnh trng thi dng Y ......................................................... 61
4.3.4 H phng trnh trng thi dng H ......................................................... 62
4.3.5 H phng trnh trng thi dng G ......................................................... 63
4.4 M t mng 2 ca bng ma trn .................................................................... 63
4.4 .1 Cc ma trn c trng ca mng 2 ca tuyn tnh .................................. 63
4.4 .2 Ma trn c trng ca mng 2 ca xu chui ......................................... 63
4.5 Tr khng vo v hm truyn t .................................................................. 66
4.5.1 Tng tr vo .......................................................................................... 66
4.5.2 Tng tr ngn mch v h mch ............................................................ 68
4.5.3 Cc hm truyn t p dng ................................................................... 69
4.6 Dng mng hai ca lm ha hp ngun vi ti .............................................. 70
4.6.1 iu kin a cng sut cc i t ngun n ti ................................... 70
4.6.2 Mng hai ca ha hp ngun v ti ........................................................ 71
4.7 Mng hai ca i xng ................................................................................. 72
4.7.1 Tng tr c tnh ................................................................................... 72
4.7.2 Mng hai ca i xng c ti ha hp .................................................... 74
4.7.3 H s truyn t g a jb = + ................................................................... 74
4.8 Mch lc ........................................................................................................... 74
4.8.1 Khi nim .............................................................................................. 74
4.8.2 iu kin mng hai ca i xng thnh b lc tn s ........................ 75
4.8.3 Di thng v tn s ct ca mch lc i xng hnh T v hnh H .......... 76
4.8.4 Mch lc loi k ...................................................................................... 77
Chng 5: Mch in ba pha ................................................................................... 82
5.1 Khi nim v mch in ba pha..................................................................... 82
5.2 Mch ba pha i xng ................................................................................... 86
5.2.1 S ni sao-sao (Y-Y) ........................................................................ 86
5.2.2 S ni tam gic-tam gic ( ) A A ...................................................... 88
5.3 Phn tch mch ba pha i xng .................................................................... 89
5.4 Phn tch mch ba pha khng i xng ......................................................... 90
Chng 6: Qu trnh qu trong h thng v mch ............................................... 92
6.1 Qu trnh qu ............................................................................................... 92
6.2 S tn ti ca qu trnh qu ......................................................................... 93
6.3 Ni dung ca bi ton qu trnh qu ............................................................. 93
6.3.1 Bi ton phn tch mch ......................................................................... 93
6.3.2 Bi ton tng hp ................................................................................... 93
6.4 S kin v tnh s kin trong bi ton qu trnh qu ................................. 94
6.4.1 S kin .................................................................................................. 94
6.4.2 Qui tc tm s kin ................................................................................. 94
6.5 Phng php tch phn kinh in ...................................................................... 97
6.5.1 Ni dung ca phng php: ................................................................... 97
6.5.2 Lp phng trnh c trng .................................................................... 98
6.5.3 S m c trng v dng iu nghim.................................................... 98

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