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Mc l c
1. B Kt
2. Ci B Tr ng
3. Ci X Lch
4. Cy cacao
5. Cy Xuong Rng
6. C C
7. C Mc
8. C Ci Tr ng
9. qu Rng
10. qu Ty
11. u
12. Gai Chng
13. Hnh Huong
14. Hnh Tm
15. H
16. Hoa Dnh Dnh
17. Hoa o
18. Hoa Hin( Ki m Chm)
19. Hoa Ho
20. Hoa Lan - Hu
21. Hoa Magnol i a
22. Hoa Mai
23. Hoa Mu on
24. Hoa Mi mosa
25. Hoa Sen
26. Hoa S
27. Hoa Vi ol et
28. Mng Cu Xi m
29. Mng Ct
30. Mo Lng
31. Ngi Hoa Vng
32. Ng Gai
33. i
34. Ri ng
35. Roi ( Mqn)
36. Su Ri ng
37. Si m
38. Su Ho
39. Su Su
40. To
41. To Tu
42. Ti Ty
43. Wasabi
B Kt
.. cy thuc nga duc SARS ?
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Trong khi Trung Hoa, i loan v Canada dang phi vt v di ph vi bnh
SARS, Vit Nam l nuc du t in duoc WHO cng nhn l d ngn chn duoc
su lan t ruyn ca SARS. . v c nhng t in dn. . l do xng hoi B kt t ai
nhng bnh vin. . v nhng noi cng cng dng ngui lui t i ( ?) . B kt d
duoc dng t rong dn gian d gi du gip muot t c, hoi b kt dng d xng
t rong nhng dm t ang, gip t r kh nhng mi vuong dong. .
B kt , Gledit schia officinal is, t huc gia dnh t huc vt Cesalpi naceae ( hay
Leguminosae), duoc dng t rong ng duoc dui t n Tao gic ( Tsao-
chia= Zao- Jia) . Anh ng goi l Chinese honey locust fruit , soap bean. .
c t nh t huc vt :
B kt t huc loai cy t hn mc, cao 5- 10m, t hn c gai t o v cng chia
nhnh. L moc so le, kp lng chim, hnh t rng
t hun di , c 25mm x 15mm, mp l c r ng cua
nh. Hoa moc t hnh chm nch l hay ngon,
mu t rng. Qu cng, khi chn mu den di 10-
12cm , rng 1- 2 cm hoi cong, hay t hng : t rong
qu c 10- 12 hat mu nu c 7mm; quanh hat l
mt cht bt mu vng nhat . B kt ra hoa vo
t hng 5- 7, v ra qu vo t hng 10- 12. B kt c
ngun gc t khu vuc gia Nam Trung Hoa v
Bc Vit Nam, duoc t rng hu nhu khp Vit Nam
( Ring do Ct B c dn 40 ngn cy, cung cp
40 t n b kt mi nm) B kt cng duoc t rng
tai Thi Lan, n . Qu duoc t hu hi vo nhng
t hng 10- 11 lc dang mu xanh hay vng nhat ,
phoi kh d lu , di sang mu den bng. Ring
gai b kt ( cng l mt vi t huc) c t h t hu hi quanh nm , nhung t t nht
l t t hng 9 qua dn t hng 3 nm sau( ma dng- xun) , cng duoc phoi
kh. .
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Qu cha :
10% hn hop Saponin loai t rit erpenic t rong d gm Gledit sia saponin B- > G ,
Aust ralosid, Gledinin. , Gledigenin.
Cc hop cht Flavonoids nhu Lut eolin, Saponaret in, Vit ext in Homo- or ient in,
Orient in.
Men Peroxidase
ung hu co nhu Galact ose, Glucose, Arabinose. .
Cc acid bo : Palmit ic acid, St earic acid, Oleic acid Linolic acid, Linoleic acid.
Cc st erols nhu St igmast erol, Sit ost erol
Cerylacohol ; t annins
Gai b kt cha : Gledit chia saponin B-> G, Palmit ic acid, acid bo ,
hydrocar bon nhu nonacosane, hept acosane. .
Nghin cu ca Duke t rn hat Gledit sia j aponica, t r ng t ai Hoa Ky ghi nhn
hm luong cht bo cao hon 4. 3 % so vi 2. 8% noi loi t r ng t ai Nht .
c t nh duoc hoc :
a s nhng nghin cu v B kt duoc t huc hin t ai Trung Hoa, Nht ( t ai
Vit Nam cng c mt s cng t rnh nghin cu v hoat cht ca b kt ) .
Kh nng huyt gii : B kt c kh nng huyt gii r t manh.
Kh nng khng vi t rng : Dung dich ly t rch bng nuc c t c dung c ch
Escherichia coli, Ebert hella t yphosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Prot eus
vulgaris v cc vi t rng gram m ( in vit ro) . Hn hop Saporanet in v
Flavonoid t r ong B kt c t c dung chng mt s siu vi t rng t rong d c c
loai Coronavirus.
Kh nng chng nm : t h nghim in vit ro cho t hy kh nng c ch mt s
dermat ophyt es.
Tc dung long dm : Saponins ca b kt c t c dung kch t hch mng nhy
bao t t ao phn xa gia t ng cht bi t it noi ng h hp, gip t ng xut cht
dm. . Tc dung long dm ny t uy dng ch nhung khng manh bng Radix
Plat ycodi Grandiflori.
B kt t rong ng Duoc :
Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa dng Qu B Kt v Gai B Kt lm 2 vi t huc
c t c dung t r i liu khc nhau. Theo cc Danh Y c t ai Trung Hoa nhu Li
Hiu, Vuong Hiu C ( di Nguyn) , L t hi Trn, . . Tao gic di vo Kinh Quyt
m, loi duoc ' cu khiu' , st duoc t inh vt , cha duoc nhng chng bung
t r ung. . a s c phuong t hc diu t ri ghi t rong ' Gin Yu t chng
phuong' , ' Ngoai di b yu phuong' , ' Thin ki m phuong' . . du dng B kt
( t hiu t n t nh) t n t hnh bt , t hi vo mi hay ho nuc d ung. .
Danh y C Hi Ung ( di Minh) lun v Tao gic t rong ' Bn t ho Kinh so' nhu
sau : ' Tao gic di vo Tc quyt m kinh v Th Thi m, Duong Minh
kinh.. V Quyt m l t ang Phong Mc.. nn chnh ch l Phong T ( T co t
bai, du phong lm chy nuc mt . . ) du do Kinh Quyt m phong mc gy
ra bnh. Tao gic bm t hu t nh t n t n, loi cc quan khiu bnh duoc mc
kh nn ph duoc phong t . .
Qu B Kt :
Qu B Kt hay Tao Gic ( Zao j iao) ( Nht duoc goi l skaku ; ai hn l
Chogak), ghi chp t rong Thn Nng Bn t ho, duoc xem l c vi chua, t nh
m v c dc t nh nhe, t c dung vo cc kinh mach t huc Ph ( Phi) v ai
t rng.
Tao Gic c nhng t c dung v duoc dng nhu sau :
Tn dm : dng t rong cc t r ung hop m dong, ho v t h kh kh do dm
nghn khng t h t ng xut noi hong. Tao gic duoc ph hop vi Ma hong
( Ephedra) v Mt heo d t ri Sung phi kinh nin c nhng t riu chng ho,
t h kh kh, nng nguc v dm dnh noi hong.
Thng khiu v Ti sinh Thn : dng t rong cc t r ung hop bi bt t nh, t noi
mt hay phong giut , cng hm do dm du ; t hung phi hop vi T t n
( Radice Asar i= xi xin) , bng cch t hi bt vo mi.
Pht t n khi u v lm gim sung ph : d t r i cc mun nhot mi bt du
sung y hay nhot sung m m khng t hot ra duoc Tao gic duoc dng phi
hop vi Kim Ngn hoa Flos Locinerae Japonica ( j in yin hua) , khi nhot bt du
sung t y; v vi R Bach ch Radix Angelicae dahuricae ( bai zhi) khi nhot c
m m khng t hot ra duoc.
Khi dng dui dang ' t huc nht hu mn, B kt c t c dung x, t ng xut
giun da. .
Gai B Kt :
ng duoc dng Gai B kt ( Spina Gledit siae) ( Tao Gic Thch = Zao j iao ci)
lm mt vi t huc ring. Tao Gic Thch duoc xem l c vi cay, t nh m, t c
dung vo cc kinh mach t huc Can v Vi.
Tao Gic Thch c kh nng lm gim sung ph, t hot m, t i t ao huyt v
gim khi u. Gai B kt t hung duoc dng vo giai doan khi pht ca nhot
gip t ao m v lm v ming ca nhot ung. Gai B kt cng t ng xut
phong, dit k sinh t rng, nn duoc dng t ri ' hc lo' v phong ci. Khng
duoc dng noi ph n c t hai hay khi nhot d v ming.
B kt t rong Nam duoc :
B kt duoc s dung kh ph bin t rong Duoc hoc c t ruyn Vit Nam v
t rong sinh hoat dn gian :
Qu B kt dem ngm hay nu ly nuc d gi du, lm sach gu, muot t c.
Nuc nu B kt dng d git qun o len, da. . khng lm phai mu hay
hoen .
Qu B kt ( c hat ) dt chy, t n t hnh bt , t hi vo mi d t ri t rng
gi, hn m, bt t nh; c t h phi hop vi Bac h gip mau ht hoi, hi t nh.
Xng khi B kt c t h gip t ri nghet mi, kh t h.
B kt dt ( t n t nh) , t n t hnh bt , t rn vi du m lm t huc nht hu
mn, gip t hng hoi t rut ( t rung t in sau khi m; t hng dai t in, t r i giun
kim.
Qu B kt t n t hnh bt min, dp vo chn rng d t ri su r ng, lm nhc
rng.
Nuc ngm b kt dng gi cho t r d t ri chc du, c t h dp t hm bt B
kt d dt t hnh t han d gip mau lnh. .
Ti liu s dung :
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( Dan Bensky)
Orient al Mat er ia Medica ( Hong- Yen hsu)
T in Cy t huc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
Jade Remedies ( Pet er Holmes)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J Duke & E Ayensu)
Ci b trng, Ci trng
hay
Bok Choy
.. cy rau rt thng dng..
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Trong s nhung cy t huc dai gia dnh Cruciferes (nhu cai bap, cai cu, cai xanh..) bok choy
c t h duoc xem l cy rau c vi ngon, v d su dung nhat khi nau an. Bok choy t ruc dy chi c
mat tai cc Cho t huc-pham dng nhung nay d hau nhu l mt mn hng t huong nhat ngay
tai cc cho My. Tn goi Chinese cabbage d gy nhiu nham lan cho nguoi su dung v goi chung
khng nhung cho hai loai t hng dung Brassica rapa var chinensis v B. rapa var. pekinensis.m
cn cho ngung loai khc t gap hon nhu B.rapa var parachinensis, B. rapa ssp chinensis var
rosularis.
d phn bit , nn ghi nhan t ing Trung hoa d goi chung cc loai rau l cai ( t hi ) (nu
ni t heo t ing Quang dng se l choy hay choi), khng c t ing don dc d goi bap cai, v cc
loai cai duoc goi bang t n kp d m ta hnh dng, mu sac.. Do d Bach t hi = Bai cai (Ting
Quang dng l Pak choi) nghia l Rau t rang hay cai t rang v ai bach t hi hay Da bai cai..l Rau
t rang ln..
Cc cy rau cai duoc pht t rin t ai Trung Hoa song song vi cc loai rau cai bn u chu v
cung duoc lai t ao d bin di t hnh rat nhiu dang Cai t rang sau d t u Trung Hoa d dn bn
dao Triu Tin v Nhat vo cui t h k 19 : tai Nhat, Cai t rang hay Hakusai d duoc bin di d
t hch ung vi kh hau (L to hon v mu xanh hon, nhan v phan li c mu vng nhat )
Tn khoa hoc v nhng t n t hng dung :
Brassica rapa ssp chinensis , t huc ho t huc vat Brassicaceae.
Nhung tn t huong goi : Pak choi, Baak choi, Chinese Whit e
Cabbage, Chinese Must ard cabbage, Whit e Celery Must ard..
Tai Php : Chou de Chine
c t nh t huc vt :
Cai be t rang t huc loai t hao hang nin hay luong nin, cao 25-70 cm, c khi dn 1m. R
khng phnh t hnh cu. L gc t o mu xanh nhat , c gn giua t rang, l t rung t hnh c t h di
dn 40-50 cm; phin l hnh bau duc, nhan moc t heo t i gc nhung khng tao ra cnh..cc l
t rn hnh mui gio. Hoa moc t hnh chm ngon, mu vng tuoi, di 1-2 cm. Qua 4-11 cm. Hat
t rn nh mu nu t m..1 gram hat chua dn 300 hat, c kha nang nay mam ko di dn 5 nam.
C nhiu ging duoc t rng v lai t ao :
Ging c l moc st nhau t ao t hnh bap di : var. cylindrica..
Ging c l tao t hnh bap t rn : var. cephalat a..
C loai khng t ao bap chi c t l : var. laxa..
Tai Vit Nam, cai be t rang rat t hng dung. Rat nhiu ging d duoc du nhap tu Trung Hoa
v dia phuong ha nhu ci Trung kin, cai Nhat Tn, cai H Nam..Mt s ging duoc phn bit
do mu sac hay hnh dang cua l nhu Cai t rang l vng, cai t rang l xam..cai t rang t ai ngua.
Ngoi ra cn c cai di Nam Kinh, Hng chu, Giang t ...
Tai Nhat, t u cai t rang Hakusai, d c t hm nhung ging dia phuong Sant o-sai, Hiroshima-na
(khng t hay bn t ai cc nuc Phuong Ty).
Cai t rang ngon nhat l t hu hi khi cn non, chiu di chung 15 cm : lc ny cai duoc goi l
baby bok choy
Ngoi ra nn ghi nhan cy Brassica rapa chinensis var parachinensis, l loai d duoc chuyn
di t hnh Bap cai t r hoa = Flowering whit e cabbage, hay 'Thi tm'= Cai xin (t ing Quang dng
l Choi sam= Choy sum), duoc t rng d lay cong hoa, rat duoc ua chung t ai HongKong v vng
Nam Trung Hoa, bn l ct t hnh t ung b, c hoa nh mu vng, cong mu xanh..Choi sum rat
ging vi phan t rong rut cua Bok choy. Phan t m cua Choi sum cn c t hm vi dang nhe, an
ngon hon phan l bn ngoi.
Loai B. rapa spp chinensis var rosularis hay Chinese flat-headed cabbage = Wu t a cai
(Quang dng l t aai gwoo choi), t huong goi l Cai Thuong hai, moc pht t rin nhu mt dia ln,
lan rng t rong vng 30 cm bn knh v chi moc cao 5 cm.. l t rn, cong l xanh luc.. .
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
Rau Tuoi Rau Nu Chn
Calories 13 12
Cht dam 1.50 g 1.56 g
Cht bo 0.20 g 0.60 g
Cht xo 0.60 g 0.60 g
Calcium 105 mg 93 mg
St 0. 80 mg 1. 04 mg
Magnesium 19 mg 11 mg
Phosphorus 37 mg 29 mg
Pot assium 252 mg 371 mg
Sodium 65 mg 34 mg
Bet a Carot ene 3000 I U 2568 I U
Thiamine ( B1) 0. 040 mg 0. 032 mg
Riboflavine ( B2) 0. 070 mg 0. 063 mg
Niacin ( B3) 0. 500 mg 0. 428 mg
Ascorbic acid 45 mg 26 mg
v phuong din dinh duong, Cai t rang c t h duoc xem l ngun cung cap Calcium, Sat v
Pot assium cho co t h. Luong Vit amin A t rong rau cung dng ch , v gip t hm lm sng mat .
Rau hau nhu khng cung cap calories v rat t chat bo nn l cy rau t hch hop cho nhung
nguoi mun giam cn..
Duoc t nh v cng dung :
Cung nhu cc cy rau t rong dai gia dnh Brassica (Cruciferes), Ci t rang l mt ngun cung
cap cc glucosinolat es : nhung chat ny duoc t huy giai bi myrosinase, c san t rong cy v duoc
phng t hch t rong giai-doan bin ch v t n t ru. Cc chat duoc t huy giai l nhung isot hiocyanat e
nhu sulforaphane c kh nang uc ch mt s ha chat gy ung t hu, v c t hm t c dung chng
oxy-ha gip co t h chng lai cc t in t rnh lo ha.
Cai t rang duoc xem l mt cy rau t huc pham c t nh duong sinh, gip t ruong-vi, t hanh
nhit , loi tiu, chng sung. Hat cai t rang c tnh kch t hch gip d t iu, nhuan t ruong.
Tai Vit Nam : Cai t rang duoc dng lm t huc t hanh nhit t ri cc chung ni nhit
cua ngui ln v t re em : mi kh, luoi d sinh cam, sung chn rang, kh c hong.. C
t h xay cai t rang lay nuc ung hay nau nuc cai t rang pha sua cho t re.
Tai Triu tin : Cai t rang l t hnh phan chnh cua mn 'Kim chi' (cai t rang mui ,
d ln men).
Tai Nhat, Hakusai cn duoc mui d giu lu, dng an hng ngy v nau t rong
nhiu mn t hng dung.
Theo Khoa dinh-duong mi cua Trung Hoa : Cai t rang duoc xp vo loai t huc
pham c t nh bnh hay t nh mt , t hch hop cho nhung t ruong hop 'nhit '. Nuc p tu cai
t rang c t h dng d t ri cc bnh ung lot bao tu (Xay hay vat 2-3 l cai t rang t uoi, lay
nuc ct , hm cho am, v ung mi ngy 2 lan t rong 10 ngy d t ri dau bao t u).
Ti liu s dung :
Pharmacodynamic basis of Herbal Medicine (M. Ebaldi)
Prevention Magazine's Nut rit ion Advisor.
Chinese Nat ural Cures (Henri Lu)
Gi Tr[ Dinh Dung
v
Duc Tnh
ca
Rau X-Lch
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Rat nhiu cy rau thng thuong, thuoc nhiu loi thuc vat khc nhau , duoc goi
chung duoi tn S lch. Ngay tn goi cua S lch (Lettuce) trong sch vo Anh
Mv cng bao gom nhiu cy rau hnh dng khc nhau..
Tn Lettuce hin dng d chi nhm rau thuoc gia dnh Lactuca, ho Thuc vat
Asteraceae. Nhng cy rau s lch khc duoc goi chung l Salad Greens bao
gom cc cy rau nhu Arugula, Belgian endive, Chicory, Chard , Escarole..
Tn khoa hoc v nhng t n t hng dung :
Tn thuc vt Lactuca pht xut tu ting la-tinh 'lac' , nghia l 'sua' do tu cht nhua
duc nhu sua tit ra tu thn cy rau. Sativa l o su kin cy rau d duoc trng tu rt lu
doi. Tn Anh' lettuce' do tu ting la-tinh m ra.
Tn goi tai cc noi : Laitue cultive (Php), Lattich (Duc), Latouw (Ho Lan), Salat
(Dan mach), Lattuga (), Lechuga (Ty ban Nha)
V cht 'sua' trong lettuce duoc cho l c tnh kch duc (aphrodisiac) nn nguoi Ai-
cp d dng rau lettuce d dng cho Thn Min (coi sc vic ph nhiu, sanh de nhiu).
Trong Th ky thu 7 truoc Ty lich, ngy Hi mung Ph nhiu tai Hy lap hay Ngy hi
Adonis, lettuce duoc trng trong chu v dem ra din hnh d mung cho su ph nhiu..
nhung chu cy lettuce ny, goi l Vuon hoa Adonis, c l l ngun gc cho vc trng
cy trong chu, by quanh nh tai u chu..
Cy lettuce hoang dai (Lactuca serriola) c l pht xut tu quanh vng Dia trung
Hai, v d l mt cy rau n tu thoi C dai. Lettuce thuc chung gia dnh thuc vt voi cc
cy Cc v Gai sua, nhung dang cy khoi du..c cong di v l to. Cy xut hin trong
nhung khu vuon tai La M v Hy lap tu khoang 500 nm truoc thoi Ki-T gio, nhung
lc d duoc xem l mn sang trong dnh cho ngy L hi, hay cho gioi qu tc. Antonius
Musa, Y si ring cua Hong D Augustus, d bin toa dng lettuce lm thuc b dung..
Hong d Domitian d sng ch ra nuoc st trn lettuce (salad dressing), v lettuce d tro
thnh mn n 'hors d'oeuvre' thng dung. Horace, sau d, ghi chp rng ' mun thnh mt
bn tic cho dng nghia, bt buc phi c mn salad (lettuce) hay cu cai (radish)..d khai
vi..'
Tai Trung Dng, cc nh Vua Ba tu d bit dng lettuce tu 550 BC
Columbus d dua hat ging lettuce dn Chu M vo nm 1493 v cy rau d
pht trin nhanh chng ngay tu nm 1494 tai Bahamas, dn 1565 cy tro thnh loai rau
thng dung nht tai Haiti v cy dn Ba Ty tu 1610. Tai Hoa Ky, lettuce cung theo chn
cc tay thuc dn..v dn 1806 d c dn 16 loi lettuce duoc trng tai cc nh vuon M,
d sau d tro thnh loai cy hoa mu dng gi nht v 85 % san luong tai M l do Vng
pha Ty cung cp : California, Arizona, Colorado, Washington, Oregon v Idaho..
Nhiu chung loai sau d d duoc lai tao, cho nhung cy rau hnh dng thay di, tu l
p lai nhu bp cai dn l xon, l moc di..
Lettuce duoc xp thnh 5 nhm thng dung gm : Crisphead (Iceberg); Butterhead
(Boston, Bibb), Cos (Romaine), L (Bunching) v Cong..
Ring chu c loai Asparagus lettuce hay Stem lettuce, cn c thm tn ting l
Celtuce.
Crisphead lettuce hay Iceberg lettuce (L. sativa var. capitata)
(Tai u chu, nhm s lch ny cn duoc goi l Cabbage lettuce : Tn Php l
Laitues pommes; Duc l Kopfsalat; : Lattuga a cappucino; Ty ban Nha : Lechuga
acogollada..). Tai Vit Nam, dy l cy rau chnh thuc mang tn X lch ( loi c l xp
vo nhau thnh mt du trn trng nhu cai bp duoc goi l X lch D lat)
Dy l loai s lch lettuce thng thuong nht, nhung lai t c gi tri dinh dung nhat
trong cc loai s lch. Tn 'Iceberg' l do o phuong thuc chuyn cho rau trong thuong
mi : thuong dng cc toa xe lua chua nuoc d d cho rau giu duoc d dn. Da s s lch
loi Iceberg duoc trng tai California v cho di phn phi tai cc noi khc.
Lettuce Iceberg c l lon, dn, xanh nhat. Bp s lch tuong di chc, vi nhat. Dy l
mt trong nhung loi rau bi dng nhiu ha cht nht trong khi nui trng.
Cy thuc loai thn thao, hng nin, c r tru v c xo. Thn hnh tru , thng c th
cao dn 60 cm, phn nhnh o phn trn. L o gc xp hnh hoa thi. Noi cy trng, l tao
thnh bp dy dc hnh cu; l mu xanh luc sng, gn nhu trn hay hoi thun, di 6020
cm, rng 3-7 cm, mp c rng khng du. Hoa moc thnh cum, hnh chy o ngon, mu
vng. Qua thuc loai b qua, nho v dep, mu xm c
kha..
Butterhead lettuce : Bibb v Boston
lettuce
Hai loai thng dung nht trong nhm
'butterhead' l Bibb v Boston. S lch Bibb thuc
loai s lch du trn, nho, l ging nhu cnh hoa hng, v
duoc tn d ghi nho John Bibb (tu Kentucky), nguoi d
lai tao ra ging rau ny. L mm, mu xanh luc xm, di
khi c mu nu do noi mp l, cng vo trong li l cng xanh nhat ln. Kh dn, huong
vi thom ngon ngot. uoc xem l loai ngon nhat v dt nhat trong cc loai s lch
lettuce. Lettuce loai Boston, lon bng tri banh softball, du bp tuong di t chc, l c
cam gic hoi nhot. L bn ngoi xanh dm, bn trong chuyn v mu trng, nht l noi
li. S lch Boston khng dn lm, nhung l mm v ngot, l cng bn trong gn li cng
ngot diu.
Romaine hay Cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa var.
longifolia)
(Tn goi tai cc noi : Php l Laitues romaines; Duc :
Romischer oder Bind-Salat; : Lattuga romana; Ty ban
Nha : Lechuga romana..)
Tai Vit nam, cy duoc goi l Rau dip.
S lch Romaine c du tuong di long, di v dang
hnh tru, l rau rng cung c mu tu xanh vng nhat o gc
chuyn sang xanh dm v pha ngon. L rau roi hnh thun di, c dang chic mung, tuy
rau c ve th, nhung tuong di ngot, l pha trong mm v nhiu huong vi hon. Tn
Romaine, c l do o vit sai chu Roman, ngay tn Cos, do tu tn hn dao Kos (Hy lap),
noi sanh ra cua Y si Hippocrates, cung l noi nguoi La m d tm ra..cy rau s lch loai
ny. y l loai c gi tri dinh dung cao nhat.
Cy thuc loai thn thao, lung nin, c thn thng, hnh tru. L moc tu gc thn,
cng ln cao cng nho dn. L o gc c cung, l o thn khng cung. Khc voi x lch o
dim l khng cun bp, v mm mu xanh xm. Hoa hop thnh chy di, mu vng.
Qua loai b qua , dep, mu nu.
Rau dip duoc du nhp tu u chu d trng tai Vit Nam v c nhiu chung nhu
Dip vng, dip xanh, dip lui h..
Leaf lettuce hay S lch b, l ri
Dy l loai s lch thuong trng trong cc
vuon nho, tu gia. S lch loai ny c l thng, son hay
cun..du mu tu xanh sng, do xm dn mu
dng.. Vi kh ngon, nhung kh tn tru v chuyn cho..
S lch chu : Asparagus lettuce hay Stem
lettuce= Celtuce
Dy l loi s lch cua Trung Hoa . Nm 1938, mt
nh Truyn gio tai vng Ty Trung Hoa, gn bin gioi
Ty tang, d gui mt t hat ging v cho mt nh vuon Hoa
Ky. Cy duoc dt tn l Celtuce v hnh dang c ve ging
nhu mt cy lai tao giua Cn ty (Celery) v Lettuce.. Cy
rau hin duoc trng tai Hoa Ky. S lch Celtuce cho l
xanh nhat dang hoa : vi c ve ging cc loai Romaine v
Cos. L gi c nhua, khin c vi dng. Cy pht trin c
cong di c th dn 1.5 m. Cong, ging nhu cong cn ty
giu duoc vi ngot cho dn khi cy tr hoa. Mun n cho
ngon, nn hi cong khi phn chn cong lon ti da 2.5 cm
duong knh, cn tuoc bo vo c chua nhua dng..
Tai Trung Hoa, celtuce duoc goi l Wo ju v mt s chung loai duoc trng, c
nhung tn cc nhau nhu :
Wo jun sun (Lettuce bamboo shoot) , thn bp dy c th n nhu mng.
Qiu ye wo ju (Cu dip) : hnh dang ging bp cai.
Zhou ye wo ju (Chu dip), hay thng thuong hon l Sheng cai
Chang ye wo ju (Truong dip), hay Chun cai.
Thnh phn dinh dung: 100g phn n duoc chua:
I ceber g Bi bb/ Bost on Leaf Romai ne Cel t u ce
Calories 13 13 18 16 22
Cht dam 1.01 g 1.29 g 1.30 g 1.62 g 0.85 g
Cht bo : 0. 19 g 0.22 g 0.30 g 0.20 g 0.30 g
Cht so 0.53 g n/ a 0.70 g 0.70 g 0.40 g
Calcium 19 mg n/ a 68 mg 36 mg 39 mg
St 0. 50 mg 0. 30 mg 1. 40 mg 1. 10 mg 0. 55 mg
Magnesium 9 mg n/ a 11 mg 6 mg 28 mg
Phosphorus 20 mg n/ a 25 mg 45 mg 39 mg
Pot assium 158 mg 257 mg 264 mg 290 mg 330 mg
Sodium 9 mg 5 mg 9 mg 8 mg 11 mg
Km 0. 22 mg 0. 17 mg n/ a n/ a n/ a
ng 0. 028 mg 0. 023 mg n/ a n/ a n/ a
Manganese 0. 151 mg 0. 133 mg
Bet a- carot ene ( A) 330 I U 970 I U 1900 I U 2600I U 3500 I U
Thiamine ( B1) 0. 046 mg 0. 060 mg 0. 05 mg 0. 1 mg 0. 055 mg
Riboflavine ( B2 0. 030 mg 0. 060 mg 0. 08 mg 0. 1 mg 0. 075 mg
Niacin ( B3) 0. 187 mg 0. 3 mg 0. 4 mg 0. 5 mg 0. 4 mg
Pant ot henic acid 0. 046 mg n/ a 0. 2 mg n/ a n/ a
Pyridoxine 0. 04 mg n/ a n/ a n/ a n/ a
Folic acid 56 mcg 73. 3 mcg 135. 7 mcg n/ a
Ascorbic acic ( C) 3. 9 mg 8 mg 18 mg 24 mg 19. 5 mg
Thnh phn ho hoc:
Trong l lettuce (Lactuca sativa) c nhung enzyme nhu :
Lettucine , thuc loai protease c nhung hoat tnh loai trypsine, ly giai
casein..
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH).
Ngoi ra cn c :
Lactucarium ( nhua cua cy, khi d ngoi khng kh, chuyn sang mu
nu). Dy l mt hn hop chua mt lactone loai ssesquiterpen: lactucin (0.2%),
mt tinh du bay hoi, caoutchouc, mannitol v lactucerol (taraxa sterol). Trong
nhua cn c lactucerin l cht chuyn ha acetyl cua taraxasterol.. Cc bo co
cho rng Lactucarium c chua Hyoscyamine d bi bc bo.
Chlorophyll, Asparagin..
Mt s dc t nh duoc hoc:
Chat nhua trng lay tu cc cy Lactuca virosa (X lch hoang) v lactuca sativa
var capitata , cn duoc goi l Lettuce opium.
Gn dy trn thi truong 'Health Food' , lettuce opium duoc quang co l c tc dung'
kch thch', thay th duoc ma ty c th dng 'ht' ring hay phi hop voi cn sa d tng
thm d 'ph'!.. Mt s thnh phm nhu Lettucine, Black Gold, Lettucene, Lettuce Hash,
Lopium..c chua cc cht chuyn ha tu s lch, phn chnh l Lactucarium, phuong
thuc su dung l ht bng ng v hay bng diu bt (kiu ht thuc lo), thuong cn phai
'nut hoi' : c th c mt s ao gic nhe loai hallucinogic. Tuy nhin cc nghin cuu duoc
hoc chua chung minh duoc hoat tnh ny : Tuy lactucin v lactucopicrin c nhung tc
dung gy trm cam v trn an thn kinh trung uong, nhung cc cht ny du t n dinh v
c rt t hay hu nhu khng c trong cc ch phm k trn.
Tc dng trn Nm candida :
Cht nhua S lch c kh nng ngn chn su tng truong cua Candida albicans bng
cch tao ra su huy bin noi thnh phn t bo cht cua nm, tc dng ny duoc cho l do
o cc enzymes loai glucanase c trong nhua s lch (Nghin cuu tai Laboratoire de
Botanique et Cryptogamie, Facult de Pharmacie, Marseille, Php.- Trn Mycoses So
Jul-Aug 1990).
Mt s phuong t hc s dung t rong Y- duoc dn gian :
X lch duoc xem l c vi ngot/dng c nhung tc dung giai nhit, loc mu, khai vi
(khi n vo du bua n, c tc dung kch thch cc tuyn tiu ha), cung cp khong cht,
giam dau, gy ngu.. nn duoc dng trong cc truong hop thn kinh cng thng, tm thn
suy nhuoc, dau bao tu..
Rau dip duoc xem l c vi dng, tnh lanh, c tc dung bi b gn ct, loi cho tang
phu, thng kinh mach lm sng mt, gip d ngu .
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung hoa dng nhua s lch thoa ngoi da tri cc vt thuong
c mu; hat dng gip sinh sua noi san phu; hoa v hat gip ha nng st.
Ti liu s dung :
The Review of Natural Products (Facts and Comparison)
The Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
Vegetables as Medicine (Chang Chao-liang)
The Vegetable Garden (MM Vilmorin-Andrieux).
The Oxford Companion to Food (Alan Davidson)
Web site cua Thu vin Quc Gia HK : PubMed
Ngy Val ent i ne,
Chocol at ...
v
Cy CACAO
: : : DS Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Hng nam cu vo khoang giua t hng Hai Duong lich, tai Hoa Ky c ngy l Valentine,
duoc mnh danh l ngy cua Tnh Yu; t uy khng phai l ngy l nghi nhung..nguoi My van
giu phong tuc gui t ang nhau hoa , t hip v t huong km t heo.. keo chocolat dui dang qua t im
d t ham ! Chocolat , mn qu..him tai Vit Nam, nhung rat .. re tai Hoa Ky, duoc ch bin t u
cy Cacao.. v cy ny cn cung cap t hm nhiu duoc liu khc nua !
Ngun gc cua ngy Valent ine d duoc k lai nhu sau : ` Thoi xa xua, t ai u chu..c
phong t uc cu vo giua t hng Hai, dip ngy l Lupercalia , nhung t hanh nin mnh t ran, bi
mu t rn nguoi chay dui bat cc c t hiu nu, da gin t rong nhung cnh dng , dng
nhung soi dy lm bang da t ruu d t ri cc c gi..m mnh ua t hch.. xa b ngy
l..ngoai dao ny, uc Gio Hong Gelasius, vo cui th k t hu 5, d lap ra ngy l Thnh
Valent ine ( mt Vi Gim muc tu dao vo Th k t hu 3), v phong Thnh Valent ine lm Thnh
Bn Mang cho nhung..'cap t nh nhn,
Theo t ruyn t huyt t h Gim muc Valent ine d lm php hn phi mt cch b mat cho
nhung cap t nh nhn , chng lai lnh cam dui t hoi Hong d Claudius I I ( ng ny..cam lm
dm cui..t rong t hoi chin t ranh ! ). Bi t v t rong t hoi gian cho bi hnh quyt , Valent ine d
dn nhan t nh yu cua c con gi nguoi coi t , c ny bi m.. v d duoc Valent ine chua cho
sng mat .. Vo bui chiu t i t ruc ngy hnh quyt ng d vit buc t hu cui cng cho c gi
v k t n : `' ..t u Valent ine..cua em..' (from your Valent ine)..v tu d Tnh Yu c t hm mt
t nh su ( Gio Hi Cng Gio, d b ngy l Thnh Valent ine, v loai t n Valent ine ra khi
danh sch nhung vi Thnh t heo t ruyn t huyt , m khng t h xc dinh duoc su chnh xc.. )
Trong t hoi gian ny, Chu u chua bit dn ..Chocolat ! nhung t ai pha bn kia cua
Tri dat , nhung di t nh nhn Mayan (tai Mexico) v t t in cua ho..d bit ..ung nuc
chocolat ch tu hat cacao t rong nhung dip l t hnh hn..
Hon 1000 nam sau ngy Valentine cht , nh t hm him Ty ban Nha Cort es d d b
ln bi bin Mexico, nm t hu Chocolat ..v bit t hm duoc l Hong d dn Azt ec, Mont ezuma
d.. ung nuc chocolat t hat dac.. t ruc khi dn t ham cc b vo v cc cung phi, my nu !
Chocolat t r t hnh mn hng t hoi t huong, qu gi tai u chu t u t h k 17..dy l mn
hng xa xi dnh ring cho gii t huong luu v duoc xem l phuong t huc b c, kch t hch t nh
duc !
Thip chcValent ine duoc san xuat hng loat t ai Anh, v Hng Cadbury l hng dau t in
d t ung ra t hi t ruong Hp keo Chocolat , t rang hong hnh anh..V Nu hong Vict oria d m
rng t hm nghia cua ngy Valent ine.. khng chi dnh ring cho nhung di t nh nhn m
cn ca cho Cha me v Con ci..
Ngy Valent ine nay d t r t hnh Ngy cua Tnh Yu.. v l ngy t iu t hu Chocolat nhiu
nhat t rong nam Nam nay (2002), t rong dip Valent ine, nguoI My se chi..khoang 800 t riu d la
v Chocolat .. tu nhung vin keo don gian, re tin dn nhung hp keo, lm bang t hu cng cau
ky dat gi.
Cy Cacao v Chocolat :
Cy Cacao, t n khoa hoc : Theobroma cacao L. t huc ho Thuc vat St erculiacaea hay
Byt t neriaceae.
Cy t huc loai t iu mc c t h cao t u 6 dn 12m t y diu kin t h nhuong..Cy non can
bng mt (t ai Nam My Cacao non duoc t rng dui bng cy Chui v cy Cao-su) L c
phin t rn, di 20-30 cm, cung l ph hai dau. Hoa nh, moc t hn v cc nhnh ln :
cnh hoa mu t rang c soc d, c 10 nhuy mu d dam : 5 lp, 5 c t h sinh san. Hoa duoc
t hu t inh tu nhin nho mt loai su dac bit, sng noi cy. Chi mt s t hoa pht t rin t hnh
qua.; mi cy cacao cung cap khoang 30 qua/ nam Qua (hay pod) t hun nhu hnh dua
chut , di 15-25 cm, u nan, mu vng ri chuyn sang d, c t h t hu hi quanh nam : Qua
c v dy, t hit mu t rang duc chua 40-50 hat nam st nhau t hnh mt khi.
Nh t huc vat Linnaeus, vn l nguoi ua t hch chocolat , d dat t n cho cy l
Theobroma = Thuc an cua cc Vi Than. Theobroma c dn 22 loi, t at ca du c ngun gc
tuTrung v Nam My, c 2 loi d duoc t rng : Theobroma bicolor, t rng t ai Mexico, Ba Ty
cung cap Pat axt e, c t h ung ring hay pha vi chocolat , v T. cacao..cung cap chocolat .
Danh t u Cacao duoc dng d goi chung Cy v Hat ( di khi cn goi.sai t rong Anh ngu
l cocoa). Hat sau khi di qua mt tin t rnh ch bin phuc t ap gm rang, ln men, nghin..se
t r t hnh chocolat . Hat sau khi duoc ly t rch chat bo d lay bo cacao , phan cn lai duoc bn
dui t n bt cocoa hay pha t hnh nuc ung : nuc chocolat !
Thnh phan ha hoc :
Qua Cacao , chua khoang 55% bo-cacao (cocoa but t er), duoc nghin t hnh mt khi
nho goi l nuc ct chocolat= liquor chocolat e, v duoc p bang my t huy luc d t rch bo
cacao. Bo ny cn goi l Theobroma but t er van cn mi chocolat , c t h duoc khu mi nu
can. Bnh cn lai sau khi p duoc phoi kh, nghin t hnh bt cacao ( cocoa powder) chua
22 % chat bo. Loai bt cacao ch bin hay alkalinized cocoa duoc cho l c mi, mu v vi
t hom , d t an hon.
Cacao chua :
- Hon 300 hop chat d bay hoi : nhung hop chat t ao mi quan t rong nhat l nhung
est ers aliphatic, Polyphenols, Carbonyls t hom ..Cc polyphenols t an t rong nuc (5-10%) nhu
epicat echol, leucoant hocyanins v ant hocyanins , bi phn huy t rong cc giai-doan ch bin,
tao t hnh mu d dac bit l `cocoa red'.
- Cc amine c hoat t nh sinh hoc : Phenyl-et hyl amine, Tyramine, Trypt amine,
Serot onine..
- Cc alkaloids : Theobromine (0.5-2.7%) ; Caffeine (0.025%), Trigonelline..Mt alkaloid
mi nhat vua duoc ly t rch t u Cacao l Anandamine c t c dung t ao su khoan khoi d chiu.
- Cc t annins cat echin
vi dang cua Cacao l do phan ung giua cc Diket opiperazines vi Theobromine t rong
qu t rnh rang.
Theobromine hay 3,7-dimet hylxant hine, duoc ch t ao trong ky ngh t u v qua cacao
Bo cacao chua cc glycerides , phan chnh gm cc acids oleic, st earic v palmitic..
Khoang 3/ 4 cc chat bo t rong bo cacao dang monounsat urat es.
ac t nh duoc hoc :
- Theobromine, alkaloid chnh t rong Cacao, c nhung hoat t nh t uong t u nhu Caffeine.
Theobromine l mt chat kch t hch t han kinh t rung uong nhe, nhung c t nh loi tiu manh
hon, kch t hch t im v lm gin n dng mach vnh manh hon caffein.
- Dng liu cao Theobromine, dui dang Chocolat xam, t rong sut 1 t uan, khng gy
phan ung sinh hoc dng k noi nguoi khoe manh bnh t huong (Clin Pharmacol Ther No 37-
1985).
- Cc ch pham tu Cacao duoc dng rat nhiu t rong ky ngh t huc pham , my pham v
duoc pham : Bt cacao v sirop dng lm chat t ao mi vi, Bo cacao dng lm t duoc t rong
t huc nht hau mn (supposit ory) v nht phu khoa, dng t rong t huc mo (oint ment )..
- Bo cacao, duoc xem l mt chat chng oxy-ha, c tc dung t rung ho cholest erol
t rong mu nho hm luong cao st earic acid, khng lm t ang LDL nhung lm t ang HDL.
- Nghin cuu cua JM Geleij nse v LJ Launer tai Rot t erdam, 1999 ( Archives of I nt ernal
Medicine No 159-1999) ghi nhan Cat echins t rong Cacao ( dui dang Chocolat ) c nhung kha
nang bao v chng bnh t im mach, ung t hu.. manh hon t rong t r xanh gap 4 lan (?) Cc t c
gia d phn t ch cc cat echins t rong chocolat , t r v tm t hay : chocolat xam (53.5 mg/ 100g);
chocolat sua (15.9 mg/ 100g), t r den (13.9/ 100g). Ngoi ra Cat echins t rong Chocolat t huc
loai (+ ) Cat echin v (-) Epicat echin; t rong khi d Tr den chua nhiu (-) epicat echin gallat e..
c t nh cua Cacao:
- Cacao duoc xem l hon t on khng c dc t nh t rong nhung liu luong bnh t huong.
- Mt bo co ghi t rong Medical Sciences Bulletin No 7-1985 cho bit : Truong hop mt
con ch an 2 pounds Chocolat vun (chip) d bi kch ung qa muc, co giat v sau d cht v
t ruy h hap c le do ng dc t heobromine/ caffein.
- Bo cacao c t h gy phan ung kiu di ung .
- Cacao c chua mt luong rat nh Safrole mt chat gy ung t hu t rong danh sch cam
dng cua FDA
- Nhung bnh nhn bi Hi chung Rut d man cam (I rrit able bowel syndrome) khng
nn dng Chocolat v cc san pham chua cacao .
Cacao t rong Ky ngh Chocolat :
Tuy Cacao d duoc cc t h dn Trung v Nam My nhu Mayan, I zapan, Aztec..su dung t u
hng chuc t h k nhung mi dn khi cc t ay t huc dn Ty ban Nha xm chim Mexico t h hat
Cacao mi t r t hnh mn ung chinh phuc u chu.. Tn goi cua loai nuc ung lm t u hat
Cacao c le l do su ` pha t rn' ngn ngu giua t ing Maya chocol (= nng) v ting Nahualt
alt (= nuc) d t ao ra danh t u Ty ban nha chocolalt . V danh t u ny sau d duoc dng d
goi t at ca nhung t huc ung ch bin t u hat cacao.
Chocolat t hat su dn vi u chu vo 1544, t rong mt bui t ic khi Kekchi Maya t u
Guat amala dn gap Vua Ty ban Nha Philip I I , mang t heo cc pham vat gm Chocolat, Bap..
Tu 1585, hat Cacao d t r t hnh san pham t rao di t huong mi., v dn 1644, chocolat duoc
xem l mt..vi t huc tai Rome.. Y si Paolo Zacchia d m t a Chocolat nhu vi t huc nhap tu B
do Nha, qua ng West I ndies, vi t n goi Chacolat a.
Tai Php, nguoi dau tin ..ung chocolat , duoc ghi lai, l Alphonse de Richelieu ( t h k
17), anh cua Vi Hng Y ni danh cng t n. Nguoi Php chi bit dn chocolat t u nhung nguoi
Do t hi bi t ruc xuat khi Ty ban Nha, di cu sang vng Bayonne.. Cho dn t h k 18, nguoi
Php van ung chocolat ...c t hm t (! ) t heo kiu Mexico, nhung cung t hm duong, qu v
vanilla..
Nh my ch tao Chocolat dau t in t ai Hoa Ky duoc t hit lap vo 1765 t ai Dorchest er,
Massachuset t s
Nhu cau Chocolat ln cao khin cho ngun cung cap tu Mexico t r nn..t hiu v cc nh
t huc dn d khai ph d t rng Cacao t ai cc dao vng Caribbean nhu Jamaica, Trinidad v t ai
Venezuela.. Sau d nguoi B do Nha pht t rin t rng Cacao t ai Ba Ty, v dem sang Ty Phi
Chu.. n dau t h ky 20, cacao duoc t rng t ai Sri Lanka, M lai, I ndonesia, Tn
Guinea..Hin nay Ty Phi ( I vory Coast , Ghana, Cameroon v Nigeria) l ngun cung cap
cacao chnh, ging cacao dang Forast ero chim khoang 80 % t hi t ruong.
Cho dn cui t h k 18, chocolat duoc ung v an dui cc dang vin ngam, t hm vo
c-rem, an t rng ming.. V chocolat duoc dng nguyn ven, chua nhiu chat bo (hat cacao
t h chua dn 50% chat bo t nh t heo t rong luong). n 1828 nh san xuat Ha lan, Van
Hout en d ch duoc h t hng p loai duoc dn 2/ 3 chat bo khi hat cacao.. Phan lay duoc
d t an v d t iu ha hon.. sau d cung Van Hout en d pht minh duoc t hm phuong php
kim ha (alkalizing hay Dut ching), dng Pot assium carbonat e t rong quy t rnh ch bin..d
c duoc loai chocolat vi diu hon v mu xam hon..
Bo cacao lay ra, sau khi t rn vi bt hat t ao ra mt khi mm c t h d khun, v t r
t hnh cung khi lm lanh..nhung lai d t an khi b vo ming ! Nam 1842 , Anh em Cadbury d
..bn chocolat dng t hnh bnh v 1847 Nh san xuat Fry d dua ra t hi t ruong `Chocolat
Dlicieux manger'. Gi cua chocolat van cn kh dat .. cho dn 1876, khi nh san xuat Thuy
si Henri Nest l tm duoc phuong php pha ch chocolat vi sua bt .. Thuy si d chim ngu
t hi t ruong `Milk Chocolat , cho dn dau t h k 20.
Phuong php ch tao Chocolat gm nhung cng doan phuc t ap v can dn nhung t hit
bi dat t in :
Nguyn liu l hat cacao, nhap tu nhung noi san xuat dui dang hat d ln men, phoi
kh : c khoang 30 loai hat cacao khc nhau, v nh san xuat se tu dat ra phuong t huc pha
t rn (blending) giua cc loai hat d c mi vi vua .
Sau khi rua sach, giai doan dau t in l Rang hat (roast ing) : dy l cng doan quan
t rong d tao ra mi, lm giam bt d am t rong hat dn mt d d duoc dinh d su dung
t rong cng doan k t ip. Rang cung gip d t ch b v.. d lay duoc phan li cua hat (hay
nib). y l phan duoc dng d ch tao Chocolat .. c th se duoc kim ha, t hm mi vi..v
mu sac.
Nib sau d duoc nghin (grinding) t hnh khi nho. Truc dy dng ci d t heo kiu
cua nguoi Azt ec, nhung ngy nay cc my nghin bang kim loai vi cc h t hng kim sot
nhit d ti t n d duoc su dung. Nhit d rat quan t rong v khi nghin , nhit t ao ra se gy
phng t hch chat bo hay bo cacao.. Khi nho sau khi qua my nghin se dang nuc
lng..goi l chocolat e liquor : dy l t hnh phan chnh d ch tao cc loai chocolat.
Khi lm lanh v dng lai , dich lng ny se t hnh chocolat khng c vi ngot
(unsweet ened chocolat e) . Mt s dich lng duoc dng d ch Cacao. ch tao plain
chocolat e, dich lng duoc t rn vi duong ct d t n min, bo cacao duoc t hm vo d tao
dang..
Giai doan sau cng duoc goi l conching hay dng hon l say (conching v h t hng
dng d cong nhu v s , conch= loai s, d dua day ti-lui khi chocolat dui nhit d 55-
85 d C ).dng t hoi xoay lin t uc . y l giai-doan tao mi vi, giam ha d am, loai bt t hm
chat bo.. c t h ko di t u vi t ing dn ca t uan, t y huong vi duoc gia t hm.. t huong l
vanilla..
Milk Chocolat e = Chocolat t rn sua duoc ch bin t heo phuong t huc : Sua tuoi c dac
lai t hnh khi cung chua 30-40% sua; t hm duong; hn hop ny duoc c dac t rong chn
khng (vacuum) t hnh mt hop chat 90%. Hop chat ny duoc t rn vi chocolat e liquor v
sau d duoc ch bin t heo quy t rnh : t hm bo cacao, trn, t inh ch v..say (conching) :
nhit d conching t hap hon (45-60 d C) v ko di hon d t rnh cho lact ose dng cuc..
Whit e chocolat e la loai chocolat khng chua chocolat e liquor, ch t ao t u bo cacao duoc
lm bc hoi, pha t rn vi sua, duong v t rch t inh vanilla. Loai whit e chocolate c vi ngot v
dang kem st ..
Cc nh san xuat Chocolat ni t ing t rn t h gii:
- Ho lan : Drost e, van Hout en..
- Thuy si : Lindt , Suchard..
- Php : Menier..
- Anh : Fry, Cadbury, Rownt ree..
- Hoa Ky : Walt er Baker ( t hnh lap t u 1779) v Hershey..
Gi t ri dinh duong cua Bt Cacao
(100 gram chua )
- Calories 229
- Chat dam 19.6 g
- Chat bo 13.7 g
- Cc khong chat ;
- Calcium 128 mg - Sat 13.86 mg
- Magnesium 499 mg - Phosphorus 734 mg
- Pot assium 1.524 mg - Sodium 21 mg
- Kem 6.81 mg - ng 3. 788 mg
- manganese 3.83 mg
- Cc Vit amins
- Bet a carot ene 20 I U
- Thiamine (B1) 0.078 mg
- Riboflavin (B2) 0.241 mg
- Niacin (B3) 2.185 mg
- Pant ot henic acid 0.254 mg
- Pyridoxine 0.018 mg
- Folic acid 32 mcg
Ti liu su dung :
Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onst ad)
The Oxford Companion t o Food ( Alan Davidson)
PDR for Herbal Medicines (Medical Economics Company)
The Review of Nat ural Product s (Fact s and Comparison)
Pharmacognosy (Evans)
The Oregonian Feb 5, 2002
XUONG RNG B
Cy RAU v QU ..n duc ?
cn l V[ THUC..dng ch !
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Khi ni dn Xuong Rng, chng t a t hung ngh ngay dn mt loai cy
c t hn dy gai, cha nhua. .dng ght ch moc noi sa mac hoang d v
ngay dn d , l loi n t ap d t nh. . cng ch. . Nhung t ht ra t rong gia
dnh Xuong Rng cn c nhng cy cho hoa r t qu nhu Quynh v nhng
cy. . c t h n duoc, dng lm rau v cn c t h . . l m t huc nhu Xuong
Rng B. .
Tai cc Cho Thuc Pham Hoa Ky, chng t a t hay c by bn nhung l Xuong Rng det
vi t n M l Nopales hay Nopalitos, l Xuong Rng ny..l mn an kh ky la di vi nhung
dn t c..khng phai l..M, nhung t hat ra bn canh d cn c qua cua cy ny hay Opunt ia
(Cact us Pear) lai l mt t ri cy duoc ua chung t ai nhung vng Nam u chu, Bac Phi chu,
Ty (An d), c, Nam v Trung My..v di nhin l Mexico..
Tn Khoa hoc : Opunt ia ficus-indica t huc ho t huc vat Cact a ceae. Mt loi khc cung
dng duoc lm t huc pham l O.megacant ha (loi ny chi gap tai Hoa Ky v Mexico). Cc loi
duoc dung lm t huc l O.dillenii, O.st rept acant ha..
Tn t hng t hung :
Qu duoc goi l Prickly Pear, hay Barbary Pear, Cact us Pear, I ndian Pear, I ndian Fig,
Tuna Fig (loi Opunt ia t una mill) ..
Trong khi d , phan ' ' l ' ' (dng hon l. .t hn) duoc goi l Nopal cact us..
Opunt ia l t n c La Tinh do Pliny dng d dat cho cy, c le pht xuat t u Opus, mt
t hnh ph Hy-lap. Ficus-indica c nghia l 'cy va An d'. Tn Anh 'nopal' do t u t h ngu
Nahuat l : Nopalli, v 'prickly pear' chi l t n m ta hnh dang cua qua.
Khng dng nhu t n goi t ing Anh : 'Qua l c gai' , qua ny ..khng ging nhu qua l,
hay qua va, v duoc cung cap bi nhm Xuong Rng t huc loi Opunt ia, vn pht xuat t u
nhung vng kh can Trung My v Sa mac tai Hoa Ky.. Ngay sau khi duoc khm ph bi cu
dn Bac My, cy d duoc du nhap vo Ty ban Nha, t m duoc nhung diu kin t h nhuong
t hch hop noi dao Sicily v nhung noi kh can quanh vng ia t rung hai. Hnh dang cua qua
c ve t hun noi dau ri phnh ra pha dui nn duoc so snh vi qua l; qua bn t rn t hi
t ruong ln co qua t rung ngng (t uy c nhung loi chi cho qua co 12 cm). Tuy boc bn ngoi
mt lp da mng mu xanh, c cham gai, nhung t hit lai kh ngot , mi ging nhu ..dua hau.
Tai Hoa Ky, cn c nhung ging cho qua mu xanh dam dn t m magent a, v t hit bn t rong
c t h mu t m d hay d xam. Nhung loai duoc xem l ngon nhat t ai My l Cardona (d,
t m) v Amarilla (vng, t gai) .Nhung ging him hon .. c t h mu vng-dat ca bn ngoi
lan t hit bn t rong. Loi cho qua ngon nhat t rn t h gii, rat ngot khng ht , duoc cho l san
xuat tu Sicilia nhu Surfarina, Bast arduni (Tai Do t hi, t n goi ca qua l Sabra , cn dng d
chi t nh nt .. nguoi Do t hi- kh chiu ngoi mat , nhung lai diu dng t rong t m- (t heo kiu-
xanh v, d lng).
Tat ca cc loi cua Opunt ia (khoang 300 loi)
du pht xuat t u Chu My, v da s tu Mexico v
Ty-Nam Hoa Ky, l 2 quc gia chnh cung cap loai
qua ny. Ring Mexico, t ng san luong cao gap di
san luong mo, du du..avocado cua t h-gii..
Xuong Rng b (O. dillenii) t huc loai cy nh,
cao 0.5-2 m. Thn do cc lng dep hnh ci vot bng
bn (pingpong) di 15-cm, rng 4-10 cm. mu xanh
nhat , mang nm vi 8-10 gai, gai t o vi soc ngang
di 1-3 cm (phan ny t huong duoc xem l by bn
tai cc cho). Hoa vng ri d. Qua mong t o co 5-10
cm.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
Qu : 100 gram phan an duoc chua :
- Calories 41
- Chat dam 0.73 gram
- Chat bo 0.51 g
- Chat so 1.81 g
- Calcium 56 mg
- Sat 0.30 mg
- Magnesium 85 mg
- Phosphorus 24 mg
- Pot assium 220 mg
- Sodium 5 mg
- Bet a Carot ene (A) 51 I U
- Thiamine (B1) 0.014 mg
- Riboflavine (B2) 0.060 mg
- Niacin (B3) 0.460 mg
- Ascorbic acid (C) 14 mg
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Theo phn chat cua I nst it ut Nat ional de la Sant et de la Recherche Medicale, Nancy
(Php) t h : Opunt ia ficus-indica
Phan t hit chua Glucose (35%), Fruct ose (29%), t rong khi d v ngoi chua glucose
(21%).
Ty l prot ein : Thit (5.1%), V da (8.3%), Hat (11.8%).
Chat bt c t rong ca 3 phan : v, t hit v hat.
Chat so t rong phan t hit chua nhiu pect in (14.4%) t rong khi d V v Hat chua nhiu
cellulose (V 29.1%; Hat 45.1%).
V chu nhiu Calcium (2.09%) v Pot assium (3.4%).
Phan v boc bn ngoi hat c chua nhiu D-xylans .
Qu cn chua :
Nhiu sac t loai bet alains nhu Bet anin, I ndica xant hin ( su phi hop giua cc sac t ny
tao ra nhung mu sac khc nhau cho qua, t hay di t u vng, d dn t rang..).
Nhiu flavonoids nhu Quercet in, Dihydroquercet in, Querce t in 3-met hyl et her.
Kaempferol, Rut in..
Cc polyphenols
Gai c chua nhung hop chat Arabinan-cellulose..
c t nh duoc hoc :
Tc dng t r n H Ti u ha v Chng sung- vi m :
Pect in v Chat nhy cua Opunt ia c loi cho H tiu ha. HOa duoc dng d t ri tiu chay,
dau bung v cc t riu chung kh chiu duong rut . Kha nang chng ung lot bao tu d duoc
nghin cuu t ai Messina - (Journal of Et hnopharmacology S 76 (Jan 2001) Opunt ia d duoc
nghin cuu d lm ngun cung cap chat so t rong dinh duong. Dich chit bang et hanol cho
t hay c hoat t nh bao v nim mac ng t iu ha, lm giam dau, uc ch su di chuyn cua
leukocyt e noi chut bi gy ph bang carrageenan, dng t hoi cung uc ch su phng t hch
bet a-glucuronidase (mt loai enzym lysosomal c t rong neut rophil cua chut ) (Archive of
Pharmacology Research S 21-1998). Dich chit t u Qua Opunt ia dillenii (liu 100-400mg/ kg,
t im qua mng phc t oan) c hoat t nh chng phan ung sung gy ra noi chn chut bi chch
carrageenan, t c dung cung t y t huc liu su dung : cc phan ung khi cham vo vat nng bi
uc ch khi dng liu 100 mg/ kg. (Journal of Et hnopharmacology S 67-1999).
Tc dng t r n Li pi ds :
Opunt ia ficus-indica, khi dng t uoi c nhung t c dung t t khi t hu t rn chut : nhung
t hng s v tnh t rang cholest erol cao t rong mu du giam bt r rt . Pect in ly t rch t u
Opunt ia lm giam duoc muc LDL noi chut bo t hu nghim (Journal of Nut rit ion S 120-1990).
Tc dng l m gi m hp dung t r ong mu :
C nhiu nghin cuu ghi nhan t c dung lm ha duong t rong mu cua Opunt ia
st rept acant ha noi nguoi v t h vat t hu nghim. Nghin cuu quan t rong nhat duoc cng b
t rn Diabet es Care S-1990. Ngoi ra cc loi Opunt ia khc nhu O. fuliginosa v O.
megacant ha du c t c dung ha duong, t uy nhin O. megacant ha bi ghi nhan l c t c dung
dc cho t han. Tc dung ha duong manh hon khi dng l nau si, sau khi dng, t c dung ha
duong t ang dan, ln dn dim cao nhat sau 3-4 t ing v c t h ko di dn 6 t ing (Liu
dng duoc d nghi l 500 g l dun si, chia lm 2-3 lan t rong ngy)
Hopt t nh ngoi da :
Hoa cua Opunt ia d duoc dng lm chat gy co mach, chat cht noi vt t huong, v gip
vt t huong mau lnh. L Nopales d duoc dng ph bin t ai Mexico d t ri phng, phng
nang, ngua ..
Hopt t nh bo v H t hn k i nh :
Nghin cuu t ai Khoa Duoc luc hoc, H Y Khoa Dongguk, Kyongj u (Nam Hn) ghi nhan
nhung flavonoids t rong Opunt ia ficus-indica (t rch bang et hyl acet at e) c hoat tnh bao v
t han kinh chng lai cc hu hai do oxyd ha gy ra bi xant hine/ xant hi ne oxydase (liu I C50
= 4-5 microg/ ml), uc ch duoc t c dung dc hai cua cc gc tu do loai picrylhydrazyl v lipid
peroxidase (Brain Research S 7 t hng 3, 2003).
Vi phuong t hc s dung t rong dn gian :
Dng l m t hc phm :
Khi dng lm t huc pham, nn chon qua mm nhung dung nhun, qua nguyn ven, mau
xam, khng c nhung dm mc. Nu qua cn cung nn d vi ngy nhit d bnh t huong,
chi d vo t u lanh khi qua d mm. C t h an lanh , hay dng t ha xc lay phan t hit , t hm
nuc ct chanh, duong, xay nhuyn, luoc qua ry d b hat .. L hay Nopales c t h nau si
t rong vi pht ri xat nh an nhu salad hay chin chung vI t rung, c chua..
Tpi Vi t Nam :
Cnh (L) c nhua duoc dng lm t huc chua mun nhot . (Lay mt khc l, cao sach gai,
gi nt vi l t , l mng toi, ri dap vo mun, hay nhot dau dinh).
Tpi Tr ung Hoa :
L Xuong Rng b (Tin nhn chung= Xian ren zhang) duoc xem l c vi dang, t nh
mt , c t c dung 'hnh kh, hoat huyt ', 't hanh nhit , giai dc', 't n u, tiu t hung', kin vi v
chi khi. R v Thn dng t ri 'vi kh t hng', bng, ly, ho, dau c hong..
Tpi n d :
Opunt ia dillenii , duoc goi l nagphana . L t uoi nghin nt dap vo mun nhot , chng
sung. Qua dng lm t huc t ri ho g.
Ti liu s dung :
The Review of Nat ural Product s (Fact s and Comparison)
Nat ural Medicines Comprehensive Dat abase (Pharmacist 's Let t er).
The Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onst ad)
Uncommon Fruit s & Veget ables (E. Schneider)
Medicinal Plant s of I ndia (SK Jain)
Medicinal Plant s of China (J. Duke)
C C
- cy t huc da dng r t d t m -
::: DS Trn Vit Hng :::
C rat nhiu loai c duoc xem l loi hoang dai can nh b noi nhung vuon
hoa, cng vin..nhung lai l nhung ngun duoc liu qu gi can duoc nui t rng
nhu c t ranh, c c, c muc..
C c , cn goi l Cu gau hay van hoa hon l Huong Phu, Tam Lang.. l mt
t rong nhung cy c..qu rat dng ch .
C C, t n khoa hoc, Cyperus rot ondus, t huc ho t huc vat Cyperaceae, l mt loi c dai
moc rat ph bin t ai cc quc gia nhit di t u An d, Trung Hoa qua Vit Nam dn ca nhung
quc gia hai dao nhu Nhat , I ndonesia. Tai Vit Nam, cy moc dai t rong vuon, t rn muong, bi
c, bi ct , c t h sng ca t rn dat nuc lo v nuc man. Tai Hoa Ky cy duoc goi l Nut -grass ,
Sedge weed hay Cyperus
C c t huc loai cy da nin, t hn r nh v di nam dui dat , hnh chi, t hn c t ung doan
phnh t hnh cu cung t u d moc ln t hn chi khi mat dat . Thn c t h cao 10-60 cm, hnh t am
gic (do d c t n l Tam lang). L di bang t hn c t h dn 20 cm, moc gc, mu xanh xam.
Hoa moc t hnh cum don hay kp t ao t hnh t n ngon t hn. Qua t huc loai b qua c 3 canh,
mau vng khi chn di sang den nhat . Cy t r hoa, ra qua tu ma h sang ma dng.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
C c chua :
- Tinh dau d bay hoi : Chung cat bang hoi nuc t hn v cu r lay duoc 0.5-0.9 %
t inh dau gm phan chnh l cc hydrocarbon loai sesquit erpene (25%), epoxides (12%),
ket ones (20%) v cc alcohol loai monot erpene v aliphat ic (25%) bao gm isocyperol,
cyperone rot undines A-C, cyperene, cyperol, cyperlolone-cyperrot undone, rot undene,
bet a-selinene, pat choulenone, isopat choula-3,5-diene, cary ophyllene-6,7 oxide,
caryophyllene-alpha-oxide.. v nhiu monot er penes t hng t huong khc nhu cineole,
limonene v camphene.
- Cc t rit erpenes : Bet a-sit ost erol, oleanic acid v cc chat khc.
- Cc acid huu co : p-hydroxybenzoic, lauric, linoleic, myristic, oleic, palmit ic, st earic
acid.
- Cc chat nhu : Flavonoids,
- Cc duong huu co : Fruct ose, Glucose, Sucrose, Galact ose..
- Cc khong chat : Sat , Phosphorus, Manganese, Magnesium..
c t nh Duoc hoc :
1- Tc dng chng nn :
Dung dich t rich t u R bang et hanol c t c dung chng nn mua noi ch do hoat
t nh di khng phan ung t ao nn mua gy ra bi apomorphine (I ndian Journal of Medical
Research S 58-1970).
2- Hopt t nh k hng vi m v hp nhi t :
Dich chit t u R C c bang nhung dung mi huu co c t c dung chng sung rat r
di vi phan ung ph t ao ra do carageenan noi chut bach t ang dich chit bang
pet roleum et her uc ch duoc 75%, chloroform 60.6 %, met hanol 57.7 % liu 10 mg/ kg,
so snh vi hydrocort isone uc ch duoc 57.7 %. Dich chit bang alcohol t u t hn c t c
dung ha nhit , c t h so snh vi sodium salicylat e ( t rong t hu nghim gy t ang t hn
nhit bang men) (Plant a medica S 39-1980). Cc hoat t nh ny duoc cho l do bet a
sit ost erol t rong cy.
3- Tc dng chng k si nh t r ng st r t :
Peroxycalamenene, mt sesquit erpene loai endoperoxyde, ly t rch tu t hn c c c
t c dung chng k sinh t rng st rt nng d EC50 2.33X10-6M (Phytochemist ry S 40-
1995)
Cc dich chit tu t hn C c bang dichloromet hane, pet roleum et her v met hanol cho t hay
t c dung chng Plasmodium falciparum chung K1. Liu I C50 l 5-9 g/ ml cho dich chit bang
dichloromet hane, v 10-49 g/ ml cho pet roleum et her hay met hanol
4- Tc dng chng bo ph :
Trong mt t hu nghim t rn 30 nguoi map ph cho dng bt t n t u t hn C c t rong
90 ngy : Kt qua ghi nhan c su giam cn cng vi giam cholest erol v t riglycerides
t rong mu (I ndian Medicine S 4-1992).
5- Kh nng bo v t bo :
Nuc sac tu R C c d duoc dnh gi v kha nang chng lai cc t c hai gy ra noi
bao t u do et hanol: Dich chit , cho ung bang nhung liu 1.25, 2.5 v 4 gram bt r t h/
kg cho t hay c t c dung chng u lot , t c dung ny t y t heo liu t huc su dung. Hoat tnh
bao v c lin h dn vic uc ch bi t it dich vi v cc chat prost aglandins ni sinh
(Phyt ot herapy Research S 11-1997).
6- Tc dng t r n cc sc t :
Dich chit bang met hanol, sau khi duoc t hang hoa, c t c dung kch t hch su sinh san
cc t bo mang sac t (melanocyt es), gip giai t hch vic su dung C c t rong cc san
pham lm den t c, t hoa da.
7- Hopt t nh k hng si nh v chng nm :
Dau C c uc ch su t ang t rung cua St aphylococcus aureus, nhung khng t c dung
t rn E.coli, E.t yphosum, Vibrio cholerae v vi chung Shigella. Trong s cc phan chit :
cyperone hau nhu khng t c dung, t rong khi d cc phan hydrocarbon cyperene I v I I
t c dng manh hon l dau v cyperol. (Current Science S 4-1956)
Dich chit C c c kha nang uc ch 100% cc loai nam Sclerot inia scle rot iorum,
Phyt opht hora capsici v Colletot richum chardoniacum, uc ch 44% t rn Aspergillus niger.
Dich chit bang alcohol chng duoc cc nam Trichophyt on rubrum, Epidermophyt on
floccosum v Microsporum gypseum.
8- Tc dng t r n Huyt p- Ti m mpch :
Dich chit bang nuc v alcohol gy ha huyt p r rt noi ch v mo. Khi chch
dui da dich chit bang nuc vo ch t hu nghim dua dn t im ngung dap ky t m t hu ;
chch t inh mach cho ch, mo v t h gy ra su gin n dng mach vnh.
9- Tc dng t r n co t r on :
Dich chit bang nuc c t c dung uc ch su co t hat , lm t hu gin bap t hit tu cung
noi phu nu bnh t huong v phu nu c t hai, dng t hi lm giam dau.
C C t rong Duoc hoc dn gian :
C C l mt vi t huc kh ph bin t rong duoc hoc dn gian t ai rat nhiu noi t rn t h gii :
1- Tpi Vi t Nam :
C C duoc xem l mt vi t huc `L kh, giai uat , dng `diu kinh, giam dau' vi nhung chu
t ri :
- au bao t u do t han kinh, snh bung, day t uc hng, nguc, nn mua, o chua.
- Kinh nguyt khng du, t hng kinh.
- Chan t huong do t ng; l dc, sung nhot .
Cch dng t hng t huong : Dng sac ung c kh mi ngy 6-12 gram hay m nhuyn c
tuoi dap ngoi noi ch sung..Dng t uoi d giai cam. Sao den d cam mu, t ri rong kinh
2- Tpi Thi Lan :
C C duoc goi l Yaa haew muu ; R duoc dng loi tiu, ha nhit v kin vi. Chm
r (Can hnh) lm t huc gip d m hi, giai nhit , t ro t iu ha, chng sung. Nuc sac tu
chm r duoc ung t hay t r d t ri dau bao t u, c khi ung chung vi mat ong..
3- Tpi n d :
Cy duoc goi l Mot ha (Phan ngu l Must ak) : Thn v R dng chua cc bnh v
bung nhat l lot bao t u, tiu chay, an khng tiu ; cung dng d loi tiu, t ri dau v ca
bat kinh lan kinh nguyt khng du. Dng t ri bnh ngoi da, b cap can, sung v ph
t rung..
C c t rong ng Y :
ng Y c t ruyn dng R chm (rhizome) ca C c d lm t huc : Vi t huc duoc goi l
Huong phu (Xiang fu), Duoc liu t rng t ai cc t inh Son dng, H Nam, Trit giang.. duoc t hu
hoach vo ma t hu v phoi kh. Nhat duoc goi l Kobushi v Triu tin goi l Hyangbu.
Huong phu duoc xem l c vi cay, hoi dang, hoi ngot ; t nh bnh v t c dng vo cc kinh
mach t huc Can v Tam t iu : `hnh khiu, khai uat , t hng kinh, t iu sung, giam dau'
Huong phu c nhung dac t nh :
iu ha v Phn t n du `Can Kh' : gip t ri cc chung `Can Kh' bi u t ac gy dau noi
t huong vi v cang cung vng ha vi. Tnh `bnh' cua vi thuc cng vi kha nang phn t n
v diu ha khin t huc duoc su dung kh ph bin :
t ri dau, t uc nguc v vng hng , Huong phu duoc dng phi hop vi Si h
(Chai-hu= Radix Bupleuri) v Bach t huoc (Bai shao = Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae)
t ri dau vng t huong vi v bung dui, an khng t iu, i mua , tiu chay do Kh tac
tai Can v Ty, Huong phu duoc dng chung vi Mc huong (Mu xiang= Radix Aucklandiae
Lappae) v Phat t hu (Fo-shou= Fruct us Cit ri Sarcodactylis).
t ri dau, cang t uc, t r t r noi bung dui do Hn v Kh t ac tai Can ,Than : Dng
Huong phu vi duoc (Wu yao= Radix Linderae St rychnifoliae) v Tiu hi huong (Xiao
hui xiang= Fruct us Foeniculi Vulgaris).
Huong phu dng chung vi Khuong t ruat (Cang zhu= Rhizoma At ract ylodis) d t ri an
khng t iu, dau, t uc bn hng v bung dui, i mua, o chua..
iu ha Kinh nguyt , Chi t hng : dng d diu hnh su di chuyn cua Can Kh
t rong cc bnh Phu khoa nhu Bat kinh, Kinh khng du t huong phi hop vi uong quy
(Dang gui= Radix Angelicae Sinensis) v Xuyn khung (Chuan xiong= Radix Lingust ici
Chuan xiong).
Liu dng : 4.5-12 gram. Khi sao vi giam, t huc se tang t hm kha nang di vao kinh
mach t huc Can v t c dung giam dau gia t ang. Khi t am v sao vi ruou t rang, t huc tang
kha nang vo cc kinh mach..
Cch t huc sao t am Huong phu duoc cho l se t hay di t ch chat t ri liu : Vi t huc
sng dng khi chu bnh noi hng, nguc v d giai cam; Sao den c t c dung cam mu,
dng t rong t ruong hop rong kinh. Tam nuc mui, ri sao cho bt ro, dng chua bnh
v huyt . Tam nuc tiu t re em ri sao d ging Ha Kh c chung bc nng. Tam giam
sao d tiu t ch tu, chua huyt u, u bng.Tam ruou sao d t iu dom, chua kh t r. Huong
phu Tu ch (t am ca 4 t hu ri sao) dng chua cc bnh Phu khoa ca hai dang Hn v
Nhit .
Ti liu s dung :
Tu din Cy t huc Vit Nam (V van Chi).
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica (Dan Bensky)
Thai Medicinal Plant s (N.Farnswort h &N. Bunyapraphat sara)
Maj or Herbs of Ayurveda (E.Williamson).
Trang Websit e cua PubMed.
Trang Websit e cua Rain-t ree
C MC
Cy t huc b gan, t r j..r n cn ?
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hng :::
C muc, mt cy t huc Nam rat t hng t huong moc hoang hau nhu khap noi, hin l mt
duoc liu dang duoc nghin cuu v kha nang bao v gan v t ru duoc noc dc cua mt s loi
ran nguy him.
Tai An d, C muc l mt t rong muoi cy hoa b ch (Dasapushpam), d duoc dng t rong cc
my pham t hoa t c, bi da t u t hoi xa xua.. dng t hoi lm nguyn liu d lay chat pham den
nhum t c.
Tai Java, l cy duoc dng lm t huc pham..
Cy c muc duoc ghi t rong cc sch t huc vat v duoc liu u-My dui t n Eclipt a alba , ho
t huc vat Compositae (Ast eriacea). Tn dng nghia l Eclipt a prost rat a. Sch cua J. Duke
(Handbook of Medicinal Herbs), V van Chi (Tu din Cy t huc Vit Nam) du ghi l 2 t n chi
chung mt cy, ring sch cua t at Loi lai cho l 2 cy khc nhau (?) : Eclipt a alba duoc cho l
C nho ni (C muc) cn Eclipt a prost rat a..lai cho l Cy cc o(?)
c t nh t huc vt :
C muc, cn goi l C nho ni, t huc loai t hn
t hao hang nin, cao t rung bnh 0.2-0.4 m, c
khi dn 0.8 m, moc b , hoac c khi gan nhu
t hang dung, c lng t rang cung, t hua. Thn
mu luc hay nu nhat hay hoi d t a. L moc
di, phin l di v hep c 2.5 cm x 1.2 cm.
Mp l nguyn hay c rang cua can, hai mat
l du c lng. Hoa mau t rang hop t hnh dau,
moc ke l hay dau cnh, c hoa ci bn
ngoi v hoa luong t nh giua. Qua t huc loai
b qua cut dau, c 3 canh mu den di chung
3mm
C muc
t rong Duoc hoc dn gian :
C muc d duoc dng rat ph bin t rong dn gian tai An d,
Pakist an, Vit Nam, Trung Hoa v cc Quc gia vng Nam .
1- Tai An d :
C muc duoc dng t ri si dau, nam lc dng tin, t huc nhum
t c v t ri gan, l lch ph t rung; sung gan-vng da v lm t huc
b tng qut . Cy cung duoc dng t ri ho, chay mu ming, an kh
t iu, chong vng, chua dau rang, gip lnh vt t huong..R dng
gy nn mua, x. L gi nt dap t ri vt can do b cap.
2- Tai Pakist an :
Eclipt a alba, duoc goi t ai Pakist an l Bhangra, bhringaraj a, duoc
dng t rong dn gian dui nhiu dang. Cy t uoi duoc dng lm t huc b chung, gip giam sung
gan v l lch, t ri bnh ngoi da, t ri suyn, khi dng t ri bnh gan liu nuc sac su dung l 1 t ha
c ph hai lan mi ngy; cy gi nt, t rn vi dau m duoc dng d dap vo noi hach sung, t ri
bnh ngoi da..L dng t ri ho, nhuc dau, hi tc, gan v l lch sung ph, vng da.
3- Tai Trung Hoa :
Eclipt a prost rat a , hay M hn lian : L duoc cho l gip moc t c. Ton cy lm chat cht cam
mu, t ri dau mat , ho ra mu, t iu ra mu; dau lung, sung rut , sung gan, vng da.. L t uoi duoc
cho l c t h bao v chn v t ay nng gia chng lai sung v nhim dc khi lm vic dng-ng,
t c dung ny t heo Vin Y hoc Chiang-su l do t hiophene t rong cy.
4- Tai Vit Nam :
C muc duoc dng t ri xuat huyt ni t ang nhu ho ra mu, xuat huyt rut , chay mu rang,
nuu, loi ; t ri sung gan, sung bng quang, sung duong t iu t ri mun nhot dau dinh, b ngoi gip
lin xuong. Cch dng t hng t huong l dng kh, sac ung; khi dng bn ngoi l t uoi dm nt
dap noi vt t huong. Tho n dng c muc v nt d t ri phng do vi.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
C muc chua :
- Cc glycosides t rit erpene v Saponins : 6 glycosides loai oleanane : Eclalbasaponins I -VI (
2 chat mi ly t rch duoc nam 2001 duoc tam ghi l XI v XI I ) , Alpha v Bet a-amyrin ,
Eclipt asaponin D Eclalbat in.
- Cc Flavonoids v I soflavonoids : L v dot l chua Apigenin, Lut eolin v cc glucosides
lin h. Ton cy chua cc isoflavonoids nhu Wedelolact one, Desmet hylwedelolact one,
I sodemet hylwedelolac t one, St rychnolactone
- Aldehyd loai t ert hienyl : Eclipt al ; L-t ert hienyl met hanol; Wedelic acid.
- Sesquit epne lact one : Columbin.
- Cc st erols nhu Sit ost erol, St igmast erol..
- Cc acid huu co nhu Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, St earic acid, Lacceroic acid ; 3,4-
dihydroxy benzoic acid; Protocat euic acid..
c t nh duoc hoc :
1. Tc dung chng sung-vim : Trch t inh Eclipt a alba, khi t hu nghim t rn cc t h vat bi
gy sung ph cap t nh v kinh nin, cho t hay kha nang uc ch su sung dn 58.67 % (Journal of
Research and Educat ion in I ndian Medicine S 9-1990). Noi chut , dung dich t rch bang nuc-
alcohol uc ch lm giam duoc phan ung gy ra bi acid acet ic dn 35-55 % khi dng liu ung
200 mg/ kg. Bt l Eclipt a alba dng liu ung (1500 mg/ kg) c t c dung chng sung huu hiu
(uc ch dn 47.7%) so snh vi indomet hacin (uc ch duoc 51%) : Duoc t hao c hiu nang
manh hon vo giai doan t hu 2 cua t in t rnh sung vim, nn c le hoat dng bang uc ch su tao
prost aglandins v kinins (Fitot erapia S 58-1987)
2. Tc dung bao v gan : Trch t nh C muc bang et hanol: nuc (1: 1) d duoc nghin cuu
t rong t hu nghim t c hai noi gan gy ra bi t et rachloride Carbon ( t hu noi chut ) ghi nhan t rch
t inh t o duoc su bao v gan bang cch gip diu ha nng d cua cc men c lin h dn vic
bin duong t huc noi t y t h gan. (Journal of Et hnopharmaco logy S 70-2000) Eclipt a alba cn
c hoat t nh manh hon khi dng phi hop vi Cy Ch de (Phyllant hus niruri) v Curcumin (t u
Ngh) t heo t y l 25: 15: 10 (P.niruni : E. alba : Curcumin). Nng d lipid cao t rong gan v bilirubin
t rong huyt t hanh sut giam v t r v muc bnh t huong. Hn hop ny lm t ang muc d
t riglyceride t rong mu, t ang t in chat -bet a-lipoprot eins v cholest erol. Trch t inh bang et hanol tu
cy E. alba t uoi cho t hay mt t c dung bao v gan dng k (t y t huc vo liu su dung) t rong
cc t ruong hop hu gan do CCl4 gy ra noi chut t hu nghim, khng t hay dau hiu ng dc d
cho dng dn 2 gram/ kg ca dang ung lan chch qua mng phc t oan (Phyt ot hera py
Research S 7-1993). Thu nghim noi chut bach t ang ghi nhan t c dung bao v gan xay ra tu
liu 100mg/ kg.
Cc hiu ung bao v gan cua dich chit bang nuc dng kh cung duoc nghin cuu t rong cc
t ruong hop sung gan cap t nh gy ra noi chut nhat bang 1 liu CCl4 hay acet aminophen v noi
chut nh bang bet a-D-galact osamin : Kt qua cho t hay c t c dung uc ch dng k t rong phan
ung t ao su tang t ransaminase t rong mu gy ra bi CCl4 noi chut nhat v galact osamine noi
chut nh, nhung khng c hiu ung t rong t ruong hop hu hai gan do acet aminophen.
3. Tc dung lm Ha huyt p : Hn hop polypept ides cua E. alba c t c dung ha huyt p
noi ch. Columbin, t rch t u dich chit t on cy bang ethanol cho t hay kha nang ha huyt p r
rt noi chut d bi gy m.
4. Kha nang t rung ha t c dung cua noc ran :
Nghin cuu tai H Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Ba t y) (1989) ghi nhan dich
chit bang et hanol ca E. alba c kha nang t rung ha cc hoat t nh nguy hai (dn gy cht nguoi)
cua noc dc loi ran chung Nam My (Crot alus durissus t errificus). Cc mau dich chit tuong
duong vi 1.8 mg t rch t inh kh dng cho mi chut t hu c t h t rung ho duoc dn 4 liu noc
dc gy t u vong (LD 50 = 0.08 micro gram noc/ g t h vat : Dich chit Eclipt a uc ch duoc su
phng t hch creat inine kinase tu bap t hit cua chut khi t ip xc vi noc ran t h. (PubMed - PMI D
: 2799833).
Mt nghin cuu khc, cung tai Ba t y (1994) , khao st cc t c dung chng dc t nh cua
noc ran t rn bap t hit v chng chay mu, cua 3 chat t rong t hnh phan C muc : wedelolact one,
WE; st igmast erol, ST v sit ost erol, SI . Thu nghim dung noc dc cua cc loi ran luc Bot hrops
j araracussu, Lachesis mut a.., dc t tinh khit ha bot hrops t oxin, bot hropasin v crot oxin..Su
huu hiu duoc do luong bang t c d phng t hch creat ine kinase t u co bap chut .. Kt qua cho
t hay (in vit ro) dc t nh t rn bap t hit cua noc ran crot alid v cc dc t t inh khit du bi t rung ha
bi WE v dich t rch C muc (EP), ca WE lan EP du uc ch t c dung gy chay mu cua noc
Bot hrops, uc ch t c dung cua men phospholipase A2 trong crot oxin, v t c dung ly giai prot ein
cua noc B.j araraca.(PubMed - PMI D 8079371)
C muc t rong ng Y c t ruyn :
ng Y c t ruyn goi C muc l Han lin t hao (Hn lian cao), hay Mac han lin. (Nhat duoc
goi l Kanrens) Duoc liu l t on cy t hu hi vo dau ma t hu. Cy moc hoang t ai cc vng
Giang t y, Trit giang, Quang dng.. duoc cho l c vi ngot / chua, t nh mt ; t c dung vo cc
kinh mach t huc Can, Than.
Han lian cao c nhung t c dung :
- Duong v B m-Can v m-Than: dng t ri cc chung suy m Can v m Than vi cc
t riu chung chong vng, mat mo, chng mat , t c bac sm ; t huong dng phi hop vi Nu t rinh
tu (Nu zhen zi= Fruct us Ligust ri lucidi) .
- Luong Huyt v Cam mu (Chi huyt ) : t ri cc chung m suy vi cc t riu chung chay
mu do 'Nhit ' t ai Huyt nhu i ra mu, ho ra mu, chay mu cam, phn c mu, chay mu t u
cung v t iu ra mu. t ri t iu ra mu c muc duoc dng chung vi Ma d (Xa t in t hao= Che
qian cao (Plant aginis) v R c t ranh (Bach mao can= Bai mao gen (Rhizoma I mperat ae); d t ri
phn c mu, dng chung vi ia du= di yu (Radix Sanguisorbae); d t ri i ra mu, dng chung
vi Trac bch dip xay kh = Ce bai ye (Cacumen Biotae)..
Ti liu s dung :
Maj or Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica (D. Bensky)
Medicinal Plant s of China (J Duke & Ed Ayensu)
Medicinal Plant s of I ndia and Pakist an ( J. F Dast ur)
Orient al Mat eria Medica (Hong-Yen Hsu)
Tu din Cy t huc Vit Nam (V van Chi)
C ci t r ng
::: Ds. Trn Vi t Hung :::
Cu cai t rang l mt gia dnh t huc vat bao gm nhiu loai rau c cu khc nhau, c t h tam
chia t hnh 2 nhm : Nhm cu cai t rang u-My vi cu thuong nh v t rn t ria mu t u t rang dn
hng nhat , c khi t m, duoc goi chung l Radish v nhm chu, t huong goi l Orient al (Chinese
hay Japanese) Radish hoac khc hon l Daikon : cu t huong ln , t hun di mu t rang. Trong
pham vi bi ny xin bn dn Daikon l loai Cu cai t rang m nguoi Vit t huong dng kho chung
vi t hit hay c hoac d mui chua.
Tn Khoa hoc:
Raphanus sat ivus t huc ho t huc vat Cruciferae. Nguoi My t huong goi nhat dui t n Daikon.
ng Y goi l Lai Bac. Hat dng lm t huc, nn vi t huc duoc goi l Lai Bac Tu (Lai-fu-zhi).
Y-Duoc Nhat goi l Raifukushi.
Tn t huc vat : Raphanus pht xuat tu t ing Hy lap 'Raphanos' nghia l 'd t rng', v sat ivus
l do dac t nh d duoc t rng tu lu doi..
Lich s v c t nh t huc vt :
Cy cu cai t rang duoc xem l c ngun gc tu Trung Hoa v sau d duoc du nhap sang
vng Trung t u t hoi Tin su.
Cu cai t rang c mat t ai Ai cap t ruc ca t hoi Kim tu t hp v duoc ghi chp t rong sch v
nhu nhung cy rau t hng dung. Cc Vua Pharaon Ai cap d xp Cu cai t rang chung vi
dua leo, ti, hnh .. vo t huc don hng ngy; nhung nguoi n l xy dung kim tu t hp
cung duoc nui bang cu cai t rang m ho goi l gurmaia. Nhung cy cu cai t rang dau t in
t rng tai Ai cap c le l d p hat lay dau
Nguoi Hy lap d dc hnh cu cai t rang bang vng d dng cng Than Apollo. Mt Y si
t hoi c Hy lap d vit ca mt quyn sch d m t a nhung dac t nh duoc dung cua cu cai
t rang. Sch v tai Anh quc d ghi nhan vo nam 1548, dn Anh d bit an cu cai t rang
sng vi bnh m hoac nghin nt cu cai d lm nuc st dng chung vi t hit , v c le
Columbus chnh l nguoi d dua cu cai t rang dn My chu. Nhung ghi nhan du t in cho
t hay cu cai t rang xuat hin t ai Mexico vo nam 1500 v t ai Hait i vo 1565..
Tai Oaxaca (Mexico) hng nam dn ngy 23 t hng 12 c m Cu cai (Night of t he
Radishes) : t rong ngy ny c phong tuc khac hnh t rn cu cai, hnh cng ln cng t t ..
Cu cai t rang t huc loai cy rau t hu hoach vo ma lanh, v cy cung can nhit d cao d c
t h nay mam.
Nhm cu cai t rang bao gm nhiu loai khc nhau :
Tai dng, cu cai t huong duoc dng sau khi nau chn ;
tai Ai cap v vng Can ng, c nhung loi chi t rng d lay l.
Loai t rng t ai Hoa Ky c t h dng ca cu lan l d an nhu salad t rn hoac nau chn.
Tai Nhat l noi an nhiu cu cai t rang nhat t h gii (loai Daikon): san luong daikon chim
t rn 25% t hu hoach cua tng s cc loai rau.
Cu cai t rang t uong di d t rng, can dat t hng t hot nuc v sp d r d pht t rin t hnh
cu : cy cung can duoc tui nhiu nuc v t t nhat l duoc bn bang phn t ro.
Cu cai t rang t huc loai cy hang nin, nhung cung c ging di ngy, lai duoc xem l luong
nin.
Cy c l di, hoa c cung mu t rang hoac t m lot nhung khng bao gio c mu vng. Hat
nh mu d sam : 1 gram chua khoang 120 hat . C t h giu kha nang nay mam dn 5 nam.
Nhng loai C ci t rng dng ch :
1. Nhm c ci t hng t huong : Php goi chung dui t n Radish de t ous les mois; Nhm
ny cho cu t rn nh, ngan ngy, t hi gian t hu hoach k tu khi gieo hat l khoang 5-6
t uan. Cc t n t huong gap nhu Whit e t urnip radish, Scarlet French t urnip radish..
2. Nhm c ci di : Nhm ny cho cu di khoang 10-15 cm, hnh nhu cu c rt vi cc
t n nhu Long Scarlet , Long whit e radish..
3. Nhm c ci chu hay Dai kon : cn goi l 'Chinese Radish' hay Lobok. Nhm ny
cho cu rat ln, di dn 30 cm, hnh t ru vi t rong luong t rung bnh tu 250 gram dn 1 kg,
nhung c bit c cu nang dn 25 kg, gap tai Nhat . Nhm ny duoc t rng rat ph bin t ai
cc nuc chu (Nhat , Trung hoa, Triu t in, Vit Nam).. Ring t ai Nhat ngoi cu cai
cn c mt loai gi lm t u hat cu cai t rang goi l Radish sprout s hay Kaiware,
Tsumamina. Nam Hn cung lai t ao ring mt ging cu cai t rang dac bit d lm Kim chi.
4. C ci den Nga S : Tai Nga s c t rng mt loai cu cai den dac bit , goi l Zakuski,
loai cu cai ny c vi kh cay v rat duoc ua chung t ai cc quc gia ng u, v cung
duoc xem l mn rau cua luu dn Do t hi (vi mn mut dc do t n l Einge-macht s lm
bang cu cai den t hi nh, chung duong hay mat , ri t rn vi gung t n min v hanh
nhn.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Thnh phn di nh dung : 100 gram phan an duoc chua :
Dai k on t uoi Dai k on k h Gi Dai k on
Calor ies 18 271 41
Cht dam 0.60 g 7.90 g 3.81 g
Cht bo 0.10 g 0.72 g 2.53 g
Cht so 0.64 g 8.37 g n/ a
Calcium 27 mg 629 mg 51 mg
St 0. 40 mg 6. 73 mg 0. 86 mg
Magnesium 16 mg 170 mg 44 mg
Phosphorus 23 mg 204 mg 113 mg
Pot assium 227 mg 3494 mg 86 mg
Sodium 21 mg 278 mg 6 mg
Km n/ a n/ a 0. 56 mg
ng n/ a n/ a 0. 12 mg
Manganese n/ a n/ a 0. 26 mg
Bet a- Carot ene 0 0 391 I U
Thiamine ( B1) 0. 020 mg 0. 27 mg 0. 102 mg
Riboflavine ( B2) 0. 020 mg 0. 68 mg 0. 103 mg
Niacin ( B3) 0. 2 mg 3. 4 mg 2. 853 mg
Pant ot henic acid n/ a n/ a 0. 733 mg
Pyridoxine n/ a n/ a 0. 285 mg
Folic acid n/ a n/ a 94. 7 mcg
Ascorbic acid 22 mg 0 28. 9 mg
Trong Cu cai t rang cn c cc enzyme nhu Diast ase, Bet a fruct osidase Phospholipase D v cc
chat uc ch Prot ease ; cc hop chat chua Sulfur nhu Met hanet hiol..; cc flavonoids nhu
Kaempferol..
Thnh phn ha hc ca Ht :
Hat cu cai t rang chua :
- Dau bo (35%) t rong c cc Acid erucic, linoleic v oleic, Glycerol sinapat e,
Raphanin , Sinapin.
- Tinh dau c Met hylmercapt an, Hexanal phenol.
- Alkaloids phuc t ap v Flavonoids.
- Prot eins c t c dung khng nam : Rs-AFP1 v Rs-AFP2 ( l nhung prot ein loai
oligomeric gm cc polypeptides phn t u luong t hap khoang 5-kDa ) (J. Biol
Chem S 267-1992)
(Ring t rong R c Ferulic acid v nhiu (6) I soperoxidases t huc nhm glycoprot eins vi
mt dy polypept ide don dc : 2 isoperoxidades t huc loai cationic (C1 v C2) , 4 t huc loai
anionic (A1 dn A4)
Duoc t nh v Cch dng :
C ci t rng t rong Y-Duc ng Phuong :
ng Y, nhat l Trung Hoa, chi dng hat lm t huc : Duoc liu duoc t hu hoach khi chn vo
dau ma h, phoi kh dui nang. Vi t huc duoc goi l La Bac Tu (Nhat duoc l Raifukushi, v
Hn quc l Naebokcha).
La Bac Tu duoc xem l c vi ngot, t nh bnh v t c dung vo cc kinh mach t huc Ph, Ty
v Vi.
La Bac Tu c kha nang lm t hng t hot su u t ac cua t huc pham v bin cai su t n dong cua
t huc pham, do d duoc dng d giai t hot su t r t r cua d an noi 'Trung t iu' gy ra nhung cam
gic t uc ch, kh chiu, o chua vi hoi t h hi, dau bung cng t iu chay. Trong cc t ruong hop
ny La bac t u duoc dng chung vi Son t ra (Fruct us Crat aegi= Shan-zha) v V qut chn d phoi
kh (Tran b) , v Than khc.
La Bac Tu cung c t c dung lm 'ging' Kh , t ru om gip t ri cc t ruong hop Ho v t h kh
kh..Dng chung vi Hat t o, hat Ta t .
Theo Trung-duoc hin dai :
Ht , do t c dung cua Raphanin, c kha nang dit duoc cc vi khuan St a phylococcus
aureus, St rept ococcus pneumoniae, E. coli v cung uc ch duoc su pht t rin cua mt s nam
gy bnh . Do d Hat t uoi duoc dng d t ri nhim Trichomonas noi Phu nu, t ri ho ra mu. Nuc
sac t u hat tuoi dng d bom rua (enema) t ri sung rut do nhim t rng loai ulcerat ive colit is.
L , phoi kh hay La bac dip (Luo-bo Ye) dng d t ri tiu chay v kit ly.
R t uoi hay La ban (Luo-po) dng t ri an khng tiu, tuc ch kh chiu; kht nuc,
chay mu cam.
Duc t nh t heo Y hc Ty Phuong :
Kha nang gip t iu t huc : Cu cai t rang c t h dng d gip t iu ha cc chat bt
t rong bua an, t c dung ny l do Diast ase t rong cu cai, nhat l Daikon. Ngui
Nhat t huong dung daikon t rong nhung bua an c nhiu chat bt .
Kha nang loai cc chat bo t hua t rong co t h : Cc Bc si Nhat t ai BV Kyot o d
dng cu cai t rang d gip lm t an cc lp mo tn dong t rong co t h bang cch
cho dng 1 dung dich lm bang Cu cai t rang v c rt t heo phuong t huc sau :
Nau 15gram c rt d sat nh vi 15 gram Daikon d sat nh t rong 250 ml
nuc, t hm vo 1 t ha c ph nuc ct chanh, 5 gram hai t ao. un si t rong 5
pht . Loc v ung mi ngy 2 lan (sng v chiu) t rong 3-4 t hng.
Kha nang ngua San t han v san mat : Thu nghim t ai Universidad Aut onoma
Met ropolit ana Xochimilco, Mexico ghi nhan t c dung lm t an san t han cua nuc
t rch t u v ngoi Cu cai t rang noi chut (chut duoc cay dia bang kem vo bng
quang) : t rong luong cua khi san giam r rt so vi nhm di chung, t c dung
ny km t heo vi t c dung loi t iu (J. Et hnopharmacology S 68-1999).
Nt phuong t huc kh ph bin d ngua san t han t ai Anh l ung mi ngy 20-30 gram
nuc ct cu cai t rang (xay bang blender) vi 100 ml ruou nho.
Cu cai t rang v Ung t hu : Cu cai t rang c t h ngua v tri vi dang ung t hu :
Trong Agricult ural & Biological Chemist ry S t hng 9-1978, cc nh
nghin cuu t ai Nat ional Cancer I nst it ut e d ghi nhan cc hop chat c
chua Sulfur t rong cu cai t rang nhu Met hanet hiol c t c dung dit t rng
rat manh dng t hoi ngan can duoc su pht t rin cua cc t bo ung t hu.
Hop chat nay chnh l chat d t ao mi hi cua bap cai khi bi t hi.
Trong Journal of Food Science, GS Barbara Klein t huc H I llinois tai
Urbana d cho rang cc hop chat loai I sot hiocyanat es trong cu cai gip
ngua ung t hu bang hai cch : ngan can su xm nhap cua cc t c nhn
gy ung t hu (carcinogen) vo cc t bo cn nguyn ven v gip t iu
dit cc t bo d bi ung t hu. Hon nua cc prot ease inhibit or t rong cu
cai c t hm t c dung ngan chan su pht t rin cua cc buu dc v cc
flavonoids nhu kaempferol cung gip t hm vo su bao v cc t bo
chng lai cc ha chat dc hai.
Nghin cuu t ai H Kyoto, Nhat (PubMed PMI D 11743759 / J Agric Food
Chem Dec 2001) chung minh t c dung chng dt bin ca 4-
(Met hylt hio)-3-bu t enyl isot hiocyanat e t rong Cu cai t rang , t rn E. coli
B/ r WP2, v ghi nhan cc loai daikon moc hoang chua nhiu hoat chat
hon l nhung loi nui t rng, an sng giu duoc hoat chat cao gap 7 lan
khi nau chn..
Ghi ch : C le dua t rn nhung nghin cuu v sulforaphane t ai H John Hopkins,
Council of Scient ific and I ndust rial Research (Hoa Ky) d cho rang Hat Cu cai
t rang c chua cc dau bo lin kt vi glycosides t rong d chua allyl-, isopropyl-,
v met hyl-isot hiocyanat es v sulphoraphene v 4-met hylsulfinyl-3-but enyl-
cyanide..
Vi phuong t hc s dng t rong dn gi an :
Trong Heineman's Encyclopedia c ghi mt phuong t huc dn gian d khu mi hi cua co
t h nhu hi nch, hi chn nhu sau :
Dng nuc ct p t u 4-5 cu cai t rang co t rung bnh, t hm vo 1/ 4 t ha glycerine chua t rong
chai kn hay giu t rong t lanh: t hoa noi nch hay ke chn mi bui sng sau khi tam.
Tri Nac cuc (Hiccup) :
Lay 1 cu cai t rang t uoi v 2 lt gung t uoi, nghin nt chung, lay nuc ct t hm mat ong, d
vo 1 ly nuc nng am v ung.
U RNG
l opi dpu dpc bi t ca vng ng Nam
: : : Ds. Trn Vit Hung : : :
Trong gia dnh au, dau rng l loi dac bit hau nhu chi t rng t ai nhung vng ng Nam
, Tn Guine, Philippines v Ghana..Th gii bn ngoi hau nhu khng bit dn loi ny..cho
dn nam 1975 v hin nay d duoc du nhap d t rng tai cc vng nhit di t rn khap t h gii d
gip giai quyt nan t hiu luong t huc t rn t h gii..
Tn khoa hoc :
Psophocarpus t et ragonolobus t huc ho t huc vat Fabiaceae.
Cc t n t hng t huong : Winged bean, Manila bean, Asparagus Pea, Goa bean. Tai Vit
Nam dau rng cn duoc goi l dau kh, dau vung
'Psophocarpus' t u ting Hy lap, c nghia l t ri cy gy n o, do qua dau sau khi t hu
hoach, dem phoi nang, dau phng ln, n t ch ra gy ting dng. 't et ragonobolus' l do
qua dau c 4 canh.
Tn Anh ngu 'Winged bean' do dau c cnh xo ra.
au rng c le ngun gc t u ng Nam , I ndonesia v Papua Tn Gui n l nhung
Trung t m pht xuat ra nhung bin chung v gen.
c t nh t huc vt :
au rng t huc loai t hn t hao leo, da
nin, pht t rin t hnh nhiu cu, nu duoc
dung gin, dau rng c t h moc lan t rn 3 m.
L c 3 l cht hnh t am gic nhon. Hoa moc
t hnh chm nch l, mI chm c 3-6 hoa
mu t rang hay t m. Qua dau mu vng-xanh
luc, hnh 4 canh c 4 cnh, mp c kha rang
cua, t rong c t h chua dn 20 hat . Hat gan
nhu hnh cau c mu sac t hay di c t h
vng, t rang hay nu, den t y t heo chung, c
t h nang dn 3 gram.
Tai Vit Nam, dau duoc t rng ph bin
tai cc t inh min Nam.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
u t uoi
sng
u t uoi
nu chn
u kh
sng
u kh
nu chn
Calories 49 38 409 147
Chat dam 6.95 g 5.31 g 29.65 g 10.62 g
Chat bo 0.87 g 0.66 g 16.32 g 5.84 g
Chat so 2.57 g 1.38 g 6.85 g 2.45 g
Calcium 84 mg 61mg 440 mg 142 mg
Sat 1.50 mg 1.09 mg 13.44 mg 4.33 mg
Magnesium 34 mg 30 mg 179 mg 54 mg
Phosphorus 37 mg 25 mg 451 mg 153 mg
Pot assium 223 mg 274 mg 977 mg 280 mg
Sodium 4 mg 4 mg 38 mg 13 mg
Bet a-Carot ene (A) 128 I U 88 I U n/ a n/ a
Thiamine 0.140 mg 0.086 mg 1.030 mg 0.295 mg
Riboflavin 0.100 mg 0.072 mg 0.450 mg 0.129 mg
Niacin 0.900 mg .0652 mg 3.090 mg 0.830 mg
Pyridoxine 0.113 mg 0.082 mg 0.175 mg 0.047 mg
Folic acid n/ a n/ a 44.6 mcg 10.4 mcg
Vit amin C n/ a 9.8 mg 0 mg 0 mg
Thnh phan dinh duong cua L non :
100 gram l non chua : Calories (74), Chat dam (5.85 g), Chat bo (1.10 g
Chat so (2.5 g), Calcium (224 mg), Sat (4 mg), Magnesium (8 mg), Phos phorus (63
mg), Pot assium (176 mg).
Trong l dau rng c 2 loai isolect ins c mt s hoat tnh min nhim v kt t u huyt
cau (Plant Cell Physiology S 35-1994)
V phuong din dinh dung:
au rng c gi t ri b duong kh cao, gan nhu dau nnh dac bit l c nhiu Vit amin E
v A. Thnh phan acid amin t rong dau c nhiu lysin (19.8 %), met hionin, cyst in. au chua
nhiu calcium hon ca dau nnh lan dau phong. T l prot ein t uong di cao (41.9 %) khin
dau duoc Co quan Luong-Nng Th-gii (FAO) xp vo loai cy luong t huc re t in nhung b
duong. Tuy nhin cung nhu tat ca cc cy t rong ho dau khc, au rng c chua purines nn
khng t hch hop vi nhung nguoi bi gout , mat khc cung d gy day bung.. nn can phai nau
chn hat dau t ruc khi an, nhung phu nu bi nhuc dau loai migraine, cung nn t rnh an v dau
rng c t h gy kch khi con nhuc dau.
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
Ton cy dau rng du c t h dng lm t huc pham : tu hat , r cu, l dn hoa. L v dot
non c vi ngot nhu s lch; hoa do c mat ngot nn khi dao nng t rn chao cho vi gan nhu
nam. Hat dau non khi cn t rong qua chua chn c vi ngot ging nhu pha t rn giua dau ha
lan v mang t y, khi chn can phai nau dau t ruc khi an v c t h nung hay rang nhu dau
phng .
Tai cc quc gia km m mang , nhat l t ai Phi chu, FAO d khuyn khch vic dng
bt dau rng d t hay t h sua noi t re em t u 5 t hng t r ln.
Hat dau rng kh c t h xay t hnh bt, dng lm bnh m. Hat c t h p d lay dau an
duoc, hay c t h d nay mam lm gi dau. Ngay nhu cu, khi cn non, xp cung c t h an
t hay khoai.
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onst ad)
- The Oxford Companion t o Food (Alain Davidson)
- Prevent ion Magazine's Nut rit ion Advisor.
- Ti liu cua FAO, USDA
UTY
mt dpi gi a dnh t hc phm. .
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hng :::
Danh t u au t ai Vit Nam t huong duoc goi d chi nhung loai hat c chat bt, t hu hoach
tu nhung cy leo, dng lm t huc pham.. C rat nhiu loai au v d phn bit t huong c
t hm mt t n di km sau d nhu au ngu, dau vn, dau Ha lan.. hoac c t h t hm mt chu
d chi mu sac cua hat dau nhu dau xanh, dau d..dau t rang, v lai cn c.. dau phong, dau
rng dau mng ngua.v.v..
Anh v Php ngu cung c nhung t n nhu bean, pea, lent il..d phn bit cc loai dau, t uy
nhin nhm bean lai l nhm da dang v c dn..hng t ram loai khc nhau.. Cy dau Kidney
bean hay au t y l cy can ban t rong dai gia dnh Bean..Bean t rong ngn ngu cung c
nghia kh t t : Thnh ngu `full of beans'..c nghia l dang `t nh t rang t inh t han sang khoi,
vui ve= cheerful mood'..t ing B do nha cung c t hnh ngu tuong t u cheio de feij o.
Tn Khoa hoc v nhng t n t hung goi :
- Phaseol us vul gari s t huc ho t huc vat Fabiaceae.
Tn Phaseolusdua t heo t n goi cua Calumella (nam 39 t ruc Ty lich) khi so snh hnh
dang cua hat dau ging nhu `mt chic t u nh'; vulgaris c nghia l `t hng t huong'. Tn Anh
ngu `kidney bean' do hnh dang hat ging nhu qua t han.
Nhm Kidney bean cn c nhung t n Haricot bean, Cannellini, French bean, navy bean,
black bean (dung nham vi dau den), pint o bean, snap bean, frij ol, chumbinho, opoca..
Lich s:
au t y d duoc t rng t u khoang hon 7000 nam t ai vng Ty-Nam Mexico, duoc t huan
ha cch nay chung 5000 nam v khi nguoi u dn Nam My t h cy d duoc bin di t hnh
hng t ram loai cho hat nhiu mu, v t o-nh khc nhau. Cc t ay t huc dn Ty ban Nha d
dua cy v u chu vo t h k 16..v cng vi khoai t y, hai cy luong t huc ny d lm t hay
di han cch an ung t ai u chu v sau d l chu..au t y duoc dua vo Vit Nam
khoang dau t h-k 20 v duoc t rng rng ri khap noi, t ai cc vng dat t hap cho dn cao d
1500 m.
Nguoi Ai cap d dnh ring dau t y t rong vic t l tn gio, cam an nhu t huc pham do
hnh dang cua hat ging..nhu dich hon(! ). Tai t hoi xua, dau duoc pht chan cho nguoi
ngho mi khi c ngy l gi.
Tai Php, t n t ing Azt ec cua dau : ayecot l d duoc bin di t hnh haricot , mt t n vn
d c nghia l ` t hit nau ragout '.
Tai An d, dau t y duoc goi l bakla, v cung l mt t rong nhung ngun t huc pham
quan t rong.
c t nh t huc vt :
au t y, Phaseolus vulgaris t huc ho t huc vat Fabiaceae
Cy t huc loai t hn t hao t hap hay dy leo. L kp c 3 l cht hnh t ri xoan, dau l
nhon, mat t rn c lng v nhm. Hoa ln 1-2 cm, mu t rang, xanh da t roi hay hng nhat .
Qua dau di 10-30 cm, dau hat hoi khum nhu m chim. Hat c nhiu mu sac khc nhau.
Theo t nh cch t huc vat , c t h chia au Kidney bean thnh 2 nhm :
- Nhm du l n : cy chi cao 40-50 cm bao gm nhiu chung nhu dau c bo, dau t y
t rang, dau c ve hat den..
- Nhm du l eo : dau chanh, dau b, dau lo..
V c qu nhiu chung loai (t rn 500 chung) nn vic phn loai Kidney beans, t heo t huc-
vat rat kh duoc t hng nhat nn t rn t huc t dnh dua vo phuong t huc su dung hat dau :
C 4 cch su dung chnh : au c t h duoc t hu hoach khi cn non v an ca qua; hay ch qua
dau tu `vo'; hay chi an hat dau khi cn non v b phan v ngoi t rong qua v an hat dau d
phoi hay say kh. Do d dau kidney t huong duoc phn loai..t heo cch an t hch hop nhat .. v
c khi dau t uy duoc xp vo nhm ny lai van c t h duoc bn t rn t hi t ruong dui dang
khc..(nhu qua t uy an t uoi ngon nhung van c dang hat kh..)
1- Nhm French ( hay Snap) bean :
uoc xp vo nhm ny l cc chung cho qua an duoc v duoc t rng chu yu l lay qua
non hay gi d an nhu rau. Ty t heo chung, dau c t h l green bean.. Trong nhm ny cn
c loai ni ting nhu Haricot s Beurre cho qua mu vng nhat , hat bn t rong nhiu mu..
2- Nhm du t t ch ( t n) ra = poppi ng beans :
Loai dau ny, duoc goi t rong vng Andes (Nam My) l nuns : v hat dau tu n t ch
dikhi rang hay ho nng vi mt cht dau : ` hat dau m ra ging nhu bum xe cnh', cho
hat mm v vi ging nhu dau phong..au rat t hch hop vi nhung vng cao-d cao.
3- Nhm shel l beans:
Nhm ny duoc t rng d lay hat d chn hon t on, Php goi chung l Haricot s
cosser. Vi loai ni t ing nhu :
- Flageolet beans, t huong t rang hay xanh luc nhung di khi mu d. Qua duoc t hu
hoach t ruc khi chn han, c t h an hat t uoi hay hat phoi kh.. Rat t hch hop khi nau vi t hit
t ruu. C mt chung ln rat ngon duoc mnh danh l `Rolls Royce of beans), t uy gc t u Chu
Ny nhung duoc pht t rin t ai Php v rat duoc ua chung t rn t hi t ruong.
- Cranberry beans, hat mu d tuoi, ln bang hat dau pint o, cn duoc goi dui nhung
t n Oct ober beans, Romans, Shellout s.
4- Nhm cung cp ht phoi kh :
au nhm ny cho qua t hu hoach khi chn han, hat duoc phoi hay say kh khi bn t rn
t hi t ruong. Nhung loai dng ch :
- Navy bean(hay pea bean), hat dau nh hon 8mm, khng c hnh dang t han. uoc goi
l navy bean v dng lm t huc pham cho Hai qun My t rong Th k 19. Trng nhiu tai My v
Canada d dng hp.
- Medium haricot beans : hat di co 10-12 mm, dy chung 5 mm. Trong nhm ny c
dau Pint o, mu d/ t rang, gc tu An d, hin l loai dau duoc t rng ph bin nhat t ai Hoa Ky,
chi sau dau nnh. au pint o rat duoc ua chung t ai Mexico duoc dng t rong nhiu mn an
nhu Chilis, soup (minest rone), salad v past a.; dau Borlot t i rat duoc ua chung t ai .
- Marrow beans : hat co t rung bnh 10-15 mm, dy t rn 7 mm.
- Mexican black bean , cn goi l Turt le bean. Hat c t h an t uoi hay phoi kh, rat t hng
dung t ai Chu My la-t inh v Ty ban Nha. Vi rat ngon, t uong t u t hit hay nam ham. Turt le
beans hay Frij oles Negros l t hnh phan chnh t rong mn an can ban, Feij oada,cua Ba t y .
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram dau Kidney beans chua :
u Navy beans u Pi nt o
Kh/ sng Nau chn Kh/ sng Nu chn
Calories 335 142 340 137
Chat dam 2.33 g 8.70 g 20.88 g 8.27 g
Chat bo 1.28 g 0.57 g 1.13 g 0.52 g
Chat so 5.52 g 3.14 g 6.01 g 3.02 g
Calcium 155 mg 70 mg 121 mg 48 mg
Sat 6.44 mg 2. 48 mg 5. 88 mg 2. 61 mg
Magnesium 173 mg 59 mg 1 59 mg 55 mg
Phosphorus 443 mg 157 mg 418 mg 160 mg
Pot assium 1140 mg 368 mg 1328 mg 468 mg
Sodium 14 mg 1 mg 10 mg 2 mg
Kem 2540 mg 1060 mg 2540 mg 1080 mg
ng 0. 879 mg 0. 295 mg 0. 774 mg 0. 257 mg
Manganese 1309 mg 0. 556 mg 1130 mg 0. 556 mg
Bet a-Carot ene
( A)
4 I U 2 I U 5 I U 2 I U
Thiamine 0.645 mg 0. 202 mg 0. 555 mg 0. 186 mg
Riboflavin 0.232 mg 0. 061 mg 0. 238 mg 0. 091 mg
Niacin 2.063 mg 0. 531 mg 1. 446 mg 0. 400 mg
Pant othenic
acid
0. 680 mg 0. 255 mg 0. 763 mg 0. 285 mg
Pyridoxine 0.437 mg 0. 164 mg 0. 443 mg 0. 155 mg
Ascorbic acid (C) 3 mg 0. 9 mg 7. 3 mg 2. 1 mg
Tocopherol ( E) 0.34 mg n/ a n/ a n/ a
- Qua non chua khoang 0.75 % inosit ol, 1.16 % saccharose.
Duoc t nh v cng dung :
au t y duoc xem l c t nh loi tiu.
Qua dau c t h dng d t ri t iu duong, do kha nang lm ha luong duong t rong mu : c
t h dng lm t hnh phan t rong t huc don, ant u 9-16 pounds dau (nguyn qua) mi t uan (luc
an t hay rau). Qua dau non v t uoi c t c dung t ri liu manh hon l khi chn hay phoi kh.
au t y chua luong chat so cao v luong chat bo t hap, do d c t h dng lm t huc
pham l tung cho nhung nguoi cao cholest erol . Ngoi ra dau cn chua lect hin , cung c t c
dung lm ha cholest erol. Mt nghin cuu ghi nhan , nhung nguoi an 1 cup kidney bean mi
ngy c t h giam duoc 19 % cholest erol t rong mu (t heo J. Duke t rong The Green Pharma cy
t rang 315)
Hat dau kh nau t hnh t r c t h dng d t ri dau lung, t hap khp, bnh t han v duong
t iu, gip loai acid uric (t ri gout ) v t ri mat albumin t rong t hoi ky c t hai
C t h dng dau lu di d t ri mun t rung c. Hat au gi nt lm t hnh khi nho c
t h dng dap ngoi da d t ri eczema, mun nhot v ngua.
Nn ch lKidney bean chua luong t uong di cao purines nn nhung nguoi bi bnh
gout can t rnh an dau ny. Ngoi ra dau c t h gy ra t nh t rang day hoi, c t hlm giam
t nh cch ny bang cch ngm hat dau t rong nuc, t nhat 3 t ing; b nuc ngm v nau dau
t hat chn t rong nuc lanh. Cung c t h t hm vo nuc ngm dau mt t Sodium Bicarbonat e (
Soda), gip lm t an vch ngoi v hat , loai bt cc chat oligosaccharides c t h gy day hoi.
Ngoi ra khng nn t hm mui vo khi nau dau, v t hm mui se lm hat dau cung hon, chi
t hm mui..sau khi d nau chn dau, v nau dau bang ni dat ..se lm vi t hm dam d.
Ti liu s dung :
The Herb Book (J. Lust )
Whole Foods Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
The Oxford Companion t o Food (Alan Davidson)
u
Cy t hc phm v t huc cha bnh
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
' Tri g khng t hiu chng t ha'
Y T Nguyt san s t hng 5- 2005 c dng bi vi t v BS ng Huy Luu
ca BS Tam Thanh, t rong d c doan ni v l du d duoc dng d t ri ung
t hu v chnh BS Luu d dng t h, t uy chua hn d c cng hiu. Chng t i
xin t ng hop mt s t i liu v cc dc t nh dinh dung v t ri li u ca l oi cy
nhit di qu gi ny.
Cy du d c ngun gc t vng dng bng Nam My v ngay t khi
ngui u chu chua dt chn ln Chu My, cy d duoc t rng t ai hu nhu
khp vng. Th dn vng Car ibbean d bit boc t hit t rong l du d d lm
cho t hit t r nn mm hon, bit kha qu xanh ly nhua t r i cc bnh ngoi da,
v phu n d dng qu xanh d gip diu kinh. . Ngui Ty ban Nha v B
do nha d nhanh chng t ruyn cy dn khp noi ho chim c. Cy duoc
t r ng t ai West I ndi es vo 1513, v t 1583 d dn vi E. I ndies qua ng
Philippines ( t ai dy r du d duoc sc t hnh t huc t ri bnh t ri) , sau d t
Phillipines dn Tr ung Hoa, dem t heo ci t n goi cy ca t h dn Car ib :
ababai. . d t hnh papaya. Cy cng dn Phi chu vo t hi gian ny v lan
rng qua cc hi do Thi bnh duong t heo chn ngui u chu d dn 1800
t r t hnh cy luong t huc t rng khp vng nhit di. Hin nay Hawaii v Nam
Phi l hai noi xut cng du d chnh.
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n goi khc :
Car ica papaya t huc ho t huc vt Car icaceae
Cc t n goi khc : Mando (Ba Ty), Lichasa ( Puert o Rico) , Paw
Paw ( Vng Car ibbean) , Melon Zapot e ( Mexico) .
Ring t ai Cuba, danh t ' Papaya' duoc dng nhu mt t ing lng d
ch b phn sinh duc phu n, nn t ai dy u d duoc goi t heo
php lich su l Frut a Bomba.
Tn paw paw, gy nhm ln, v cn duoc goi cho mt loai qu
khc, khc hn du d : Asimina t riloba, mt cy nh t ai Bc My,
tuong cn vi cy Mng cu xim ! Qu di c 10 cm, v cong,
phn t hit ging mng cu, mu vng nhat .
Tn loi ' Carica' d ch mt dia phuong c t rong vng Tiu :
Karia
Tn Anh ng ' Papaya' l do t t n t ai Car ib : ababai
c t nh t huc vt :
Cy cao 6 dn 10m, mang 1 b
l ngon. Thn sp moc t hng dng
mang nhiu vt t heo cung l. L
moc so le, c cung bong di, ln
dn 60 cm, mi phin l chia lm 8-
9 t hy su hnh chn vit , mi t hy
lai chia t hm mt ln na nhu ming
vi bi x rch. Hoa mu vng nhat ,
moc t hnh chm xim nch l gi.
Hoa t hung khc gc nhung cng c
cy va mang hoa duc, hoa ci v
hoa lung t nh. Cum hoa duc phn
nhnh nhiu, c cung di. Cum hoa
ci ch gm 2- 3 hoa. Qu mong t o
( ph qu) , c 25 x 12 cm, c t h
nng dn 2. 5 kg, t hit dy mu t hay
di ( khi chn) t vng dn cam nhat
, t rong rut c nhiu hat den. Qu du d dc bit , khng t r cht bt
( st ar ch) , chn t t rong ra ngoi, cng chn cng cha nhiu carot enoids v
cc hop cht t ao mi t hom. Qu chn t r nn mm khin vi c v ngot hon
( t uy luong cht dung khng t huc su gia t ng)
u d t hung t r hoa sau 5 t hng t rng ( t khi gieo hat ) v cho qu sau
8 t hng, c t h mang 20- 50 qu cng mt lc. Cy cho qu lin t uc t rong 2
nm v sau d duoc dn b.
Hai chng chnh duoc t rng t ai cc quc gia Ty phuong l :
Hor t us Gold ( Nam Phi) : cy duc v ci ring bit , cy duc duoc
dn b sau khi hoa ci d t hu phn.
Solo ( Hawaii) c cy ci v cy lung t nh, t hung ch gi lai cy
ci.
Tai nhng noi t r ng du d khng chuyn, cc chng t u lai t ao v cho qu
hnh dang khc bit , c khi hnh qu l, c khi t rn, t o bng t qu t o dn
di c 30cm, nng k luc dn 9 kg.
Trn t hi t rung cn c nhng loi Carica khc nhu :
Car ica pubescens, loai du d vng ni cao, kh hu lanh; qu t o
nhung khng ngot nhu loi nhit di, cha nhiu papain v
car ot enoids hon, nht l lycopene nn t hit ca qu c mu d hon.
Car ica pent agona, cn goi l babaco, c l l mt ging lai t ao,
qu c t hit mu kem, vi hoi chua v khng c hat .
Car ica candamarcencis, cng l du d vng ni ( Mount ain
papaya) , l nhm, qu nh c kha, t hom mi t o, r t chua khi cn
non, c t h nu chn hay lm mt
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
Thnh phn di nh dung ca qu :
100 gram phn n duoc ( b ht v v) cha :
Calories 23. 1- 25. 8
Cht dam 0.081- 0.34 g
Cht bo 0. 05- 0. 96 g
Cht so 0. 5- 1. 3 g
Calcium 12. 9- 40. 8 mg
St 0. 25- 0. 78 mg
Magnesium 10 mg
Phosphorus 5. 3- 22. 0 mg
Pot assium 257 mg
Sodium 3 mg
Km 0. 07 mg
ng 0. 016 mg
Manganese 0. 011 mg
Bet a- Carot ene ( A) 2014 I U
Thiamine ( B1) 0. 021- 0. 036 mg
Riboflavine ( B2) 0. 024- 0. 058 mg
Niacin ( B3) 0. 227- 0. 555 mg
Pant ot henic Acid ( B5) 0. 218 mg
Pyridoxine 0. 019 mg
Ascorbic Acid ( C) 35. 5- 71. 3 mg
Thnh phn di nh dung ca L:
100 gr am cha
Calories 74
Cht dam 7 g
Cht bo 2 g
Car bohydrat e t ng cng 11.3 g
Calcium 344 mg
Phosphorus 142 mg
St 0. 8 mg
Sodium 16 mg
Pot assium 652 mg
Cc vit amins :
Thiamine 0. 09 mg
Riboflavine 0. 48 mg
Niacin 2. 1 mg
Ascorbic acid 140 mg
Vit E 136 mg
Thnh phn ha hc :
u d cha kh nhiu hop cht nhu :
Cc men ( enzymes) : Nh a cha kh nhiu men ( phn ha t )
nhu papain, papaya glut amine cyclot ransferase, glut aminyl-
pept ide- cyclo t ransferase, chit inase, papaya pept idase A v B,
alpha- D- mannosidase v N- acet yl- bet a- D- glucosaminidase.
Qu cha bet a- ga lact osidase I , I I v I I I , v 1- amino
cyclopropane- 1- carboxylase ( ACC) oxidase, phenol- D-
glucosylt ransferase.
Carot enoids : Qu cha bet a- carot ene, crypt oxant hin,
violaxant hin v zeaxant hin.
Alkaloids : L cha Carpinine v Carpaine; Rut t hn c
pseudo carpaine
Monot erpenoids : Qu cha 4- t erpineol, linalool v linalool
oxide.
Flavonoids : Chi n on cha quercet in, myricet in v kaempferol.
Cc khong cht v vit amins : Xem phn t rn, ring chi cn c
alpha t ocopherol.
Glucosinolat es : Trong hqt c benzyl isot hiocyanat e
100 gram hqt cha 24. 3 g cht dam, 25. 3 g cht du bo, 32. 5 g
car bohydrat e t ng cng, 17. 0 g cht so t h, 0. 09 % t inh du d bay
hoi.
Du bo ca hat cha 16. 97% acid bo bo ha ( gm 11. 38%
palmit ic, 5.25 % st earic, 0.31% arachidic acid) v 78.63% acid bo
chua bo ha ( 76.5% oleic v 2.13% linoleic) .
( Cc s liu t rn t rch t rong Handbook of Energy Crops ca James
Duke)
u d dng t rong t huc phm :
Qu du- d ging Hawaii t uong di nh, c hai bn t ay p lai nhung vi rt
ngon v ngot . u d ging Mexico c t h ln bng qu dua hu c nh
nhung vi lai nhat hon nhiu. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ging cho qu c khi
luong v mu sc t hay di, nhng ging t hng dung nht c v ngoi mu
vng hay vng cam, hnh dang nhu mt qu dua hu hay qu l t hun di
ra. Phn t hit du d t hung c mu cam nhat , vi ngot ging pha t rn gia
apricot v gng ( ?) . Gia qu l nhng ht nh c t h n duoc nhung t hung
bi b di. . u d xanh cng duoc dng lm salad ( bo soi di t heo kiu gi du
d ca VN) hay st mng ngm gim. Hat c t h n sng hay nghin nt c
vi gn nhu m t at . u d kh, t ht ra khng c vi ngot , vi nu c l do t hm
dung. u d ngo mt ( honey- sweet ened papaya) . . t ht ra l ' n gian' v
qu du d chi duoc nhng t rong dung dich dung c t hm cht . mt .
u d t rong cng nghip :
Ngoi vai t r t huc phm ( qu) , cy du d cn duoc dng t rong nhiu
cng nghip khc, nht l do papain t rch t m ( nhua) :
V cy c t h dng bn giy. L dng t hay savon, d t y vt do. Hoa lm
t huc phm Java. Nhua c nhiu cng dung do kh nng lm dng dc sa
v ly gii prot ein. Papain c hoat t nh t rong vng pH kh r ng, dng lm
t huc t ri kh t iu, pha t hnh dung dich t ri sung t onsil. Khong 80 % bia sn
xut t ai Hoa Ky dng papain d lm t r ong ( papain kt t a cc prot ein) .
Papain duoc dng d loai cht gm khi lua t hin nhin. Tuy nhin da s
papain duoc nhp vo Hoa Ky l d lm mm t hit v lm keo chewing- gum.
Papain cn duoc dng d t rch du t gan c t una.
Trong ky ngh my phm, papain duoc dng t rong kem dnh r ng,
shampoo, ch phm lt da mt ( face- lift ing) .
Papin duoc dng d lm sach lua v bng gn t ruc khi nhum mu.
( Xin doc t hm v ung dung ca Papain t rong y hoc t rong Thuc Nam t rn
t My t p 1 ca cng t c gi)
c t nh duoc hoc :
Tc dng hpn ch si nh sn
Kh nng han ch sinh sn ca u d duoc t h nghim bng cch cho
chut dang t h sinh sn v dang mang t hai n cc phn khc nhau ca cy
du d. Chut duoc cho n t u nhin, khng bi t hc p v kt qu ghi nhn
qu du d xanh c t c dung lm ngung chu ky r ung t r ng v gy t r uy t hai
Hoat t nh ny gim khi qu chn v progest erone t hm vo t huc phm gip
t i t ao su cn bng, cc bo t hai chua bi t ruy t ip t uc pht t rin bnh t hung
( Jour nal of Physiology and Pharmacology S 22- 1978) . Chut duc, bach tang
duoc cho dng 0. 5 mg dich chit t hat / kg t r ong luong co t h t rong 7 ngy
cho t hy luong pr ot ein t ng cng v luong sialic acid t rong t inh dich gim ha
dng t hi t inh t rng bi dng t u t hnh mng. So snh vi chut di chng cho
t hy hoat t nh phosphat ase t rong mng t inh t rng sut gim . Ngoi ra mc
d phosphorus v co t rong t inh dich cng t ut gim ( Asian Journal of
Andrology S 3- 2001) .
Cc dich chit t hat du d bng chloroform, benzen, met hanol v
et hylacet at e duoc t h nghim v hoat t nh t r n d di dng ca t inh t rng ghi
nhn t c dng dit t inh t rng, t c dng ny t y t huc vo liu luong : su di
dng ca t inh t rng gim nhanh xung cn < 20% v ngung hn sau 20- 25
pht moi nng d t h nghim. Xt nghim qua knh hin vi ghi nhn c su
t hay di r r t noi mng plasma du t inh t rng v gia t hn t inh t rng,
cc t inh t rng ny mt hn kh nng t ruyn ging ( Asian Journal of
Andrology S 2- 2000) .
Phn chit bng benzen khi t h t r n chut bach t ang cho t hy : t r ong
luong chut , t rong luong dich hon, t inh nang, nhip h t uyn khng t hay
di, nhung d di dng ca t inh t rng, s luong t inh t rng du gim v s t inh
t rng di dang gia t ng ko di t rong 60- 150 ngy. ( Phyt omedicine S 7-
2000) .
Phn chit bng chloroform duoc t h t rn t h, mi con cho dng liu 50
mg/ ngy t rong 150 ngy ghi nhn : khng c t hay di v cc t hng s sinh
hoc nhu t rong luong co t h. . nhungphn chit bng benzen gy su bn t inh
sau 15 ngy.
Nhiu t h nghim khc dng dich chit t h t hat bng nuc du ghi
nhn nhng bin di v hnh dang ca t inh t rng, mt kh nng di dng v
tao ra v sinh. Tuy nhin t h vt t h nghim c t h t r v t rang t hi bnh
t hung 45 ngy sau khi ngung dng dich chit ( Plant a Medica S 60- 1994)
Tc dng t r n t cung :
Trch t inh nhua du d ( Papaya lat ex ext ract = PLE) duoc t h nghim t rn
t t cung chut ( in vit ro) vo nhung giai doan khc nhau ca chu ky rung
t r ng v giai doan mang t hai : PLE gy gia t ng su co t ht ca t cung t rong
giai doan t ruc khi r ung t r ng v r ung t r ng. Tc dung gy co t ht cao nht
giai doan cui ca ky mang t hai, t uong ng vi lc nng d oest rogen ln cao
nht . Nhua du d duoc cho l c cha mt hoat cht gy co t ht t cung,
hoat cht ny c t h l mt hn hop cc men, alkaloids . . t c dng t rn t
cung qua cc t hu t h alpha- adrenergic. ( Journal of Et hnopharmacology S
75- 2001) .
Tc dng l qi t i u :
Dich chit t R du d, cho chut ung liu 10mg/ kg, gy gia t ng khi
luong nuc t iu t ng xut ra ngoi ( p< 0. 01) , so snh duoc vi
hydrochlorot hiazide, v su t ng xut cc cht din gii t rong nuc t iu cng
c cc t hng s t uong t u. Hoat t nh ny duoc gii t hch l do luong mui
khong t uong di cao t rong dich chit ( J of Et hnopharmacology S 75- 2001) .
Tc dng ha huyt p :
Th nghim t rn chut duc, bach t ang, loi Wist ar : chia chut t hnh 3
nhm ( mi nhm 15 con) , nhm cao huyt p do t hn, cao hut p do
mui- DOCA v nhm bnh t hung. Mi nhm lai chia t hnh nhm phu :
khng cha t r i, t r i bng hydralazine v nhm t r i bng dich chit t qu du
d. Kt qu ghi nhn dich chit ( 20 mg/ kg, dng I V) c hoat t nh lm ha
huyp p t uong duong vi hydralazine ( 200 microg/ 100g, dng I V) , v dich
chit cn lm ha huyt p manh hon hydrazine ( 28%) noi nhm chut c
huyt p cao!
Ngoi ra, t h nghim ' in vit ro' t rn dng mach c lp ca t h ( vnh ,
t hn, xuong sng) ghi nhn dich chit ( 10 microg/ ml) gy su gin n co
mach. Cc kt qu ny cho r ng nuc p t qu du d gy ha huyt p do
hot t nh t rn cc t hu t h alpha- adrenocept ive. ( Phyt ot herapy Research S
14- 2000) .
Tc dng hp l i pi d ( m) t r ong mu :
Cht pect in t rong du d c hoat t nh lm ha m t rong mu khi t h t rn
chut , do lm gim su hp t hu, gia t ng su phn hy v loai t r lipid khi
mu. Su t ng hoat ca lecit hin cholest erol acyl t ransferase ( LCAT) t rong
huyt t uong c t h lm gim mc d cholest erol v su t ng hoat ca
lipoprot ein lipase t rong cc m m v t rong t im c t h gy ra su gim
t riglycerides t rong mu khi cho chut n pect in Jour nal of Food Science and
Technology S 34- 1997) .
Kh nng t r j ung l ot bao t :
Nhua du d bo v kh hu hiu bao t chng lai cc cht gy ung lot
bao t v chng lai su bi t it acid gy ra bi hist amin. Nhua t rch t qu
xanh duoc chng minh l c hoat t nh cao nht v papain t rong nhua l cht
gip du d c duoc kh nng ny ( American Jour nal of Chinese Medicine S
9- 1981) .
Tc dng t r j sn l i :
Hoat t nh t ri sn li ca nhua du d d duoc t h nghim d dit sn li
noi t h vt :
Tc dung t rn Heligmosomoides polygyrus (mt loi giun) noi
chut d duoc chng minh ( Journal of Et hnopharmacology S
48- 1995) bng t h nghim c dng di chng, v dng nhiu
liu luong khc nhau. a s giun li bi dit sau 3 ngy dng
t huc liu t 4- 8 g nhua/ kg.
Tc dung t rn Asaris sum ( li heo) ghi nhn liu 4 g v 8 g
nhua/ kg c kh nng dit duoc 80 % v 100 % li sau 7 ngy
t r i liu ( Jour nal of Helmint hology S 58- 1994) .
Dich chit t hat du d d duoc t h nghim d t ri sn li loai
Caenorhabdi t is elegans. Kt qu cho t hy trong hat c benzyl
isot hiocynat e ( BI TC) l hoat cht chnh c t c dung dit giun-
sn ( Phyt ochemist ry S 57- 2001) .
Cc phn khc nhau ca cy cng d duoc t h nghim v hoat
t nh dit giun sn loai Ascar idia galli nhim noi gia cm : hoat
t nh ca cc dich chit t du d cn manh hon c piperazine. Co
ch t c dng ca BI TC d duoc so snh vi mebendazole ( MBZ)
t rn Ascaridia galli : c 2 cht BI TC ( liu 100 v 300 microM) v
MBZ ( liu 3 v 10 microM) du ngn chn tin t rnh s dung
glucose t rong t bo ca k sinh t rng gy ri loan su bin
dung nng luong v dit duoc k sinh t rng ( Fit ot erapia S 62-
1991) .
Kh nng l m l nh vt t huong :
Tai Jamaica, qu du d d duoc dng nhu mt loai t huc dp d t r i cc
chng ung lot ngoi da, v du d xanh duoc xem l c kh nng gip vt
t huong mau lnh hon v gim mi hi gy ra do l lot . im dc bit ca
phuong t hc t ri liu ny l t uy vn d v t rng v v sinh cn t hit d sn
sc vt t huong khng t heo cc t iu chun y- hoc nhung khng t hy c nhng
t r ung hop bi nhim t rng xy ra ( West I ndian Medical Journal S 49- 2000) .
Qu du d cng duoc dng t ai Khoa Nhi BV Royal Vict oria, Banj ul ( Gambia)
d dp t r i cc vt phng, cho kt qu rt t t , vt t huong mau lnh, khng
tao t heo. Co ch hoat t nh duoc gii t hch l do cc men chymopapain v
papain c kh nng ly gii pr ot ein v do hoat t nh khng sinh ca du- d
( Burns S 25- 1999) . Mt s nghin cu t ai cc quc gia khc du xc nhn
t nh cch t r i liu ny : H Y Khoa Quc gia Nga, Moscow gii t hch kh nng
lm lnh vt t huong l do t c dung chng oxy- ha ca du d khin gim
duoc t n hai noi cc m do cc phn ng oxyha ( Bullet in of Experiment al
Biology Medicine S 137- 2004) . u d c cng hiu khi dng t r i cc vt
t huong cho cc nh luc si t h t hao: gip gim sung v gip mau hi phuc
( Cur rent Therapy resear ch Clinical Experience S 11- 1969) .
Hopt t nh k hng si nh, k hng nm :
Nhua du d c ch su t ng t r ung ca nm Candida albicans khi t hm
vo mi t rung cy nm. Su c ch xy ra giai doan t ng t r ung ly t in
v do t c dng gy phn hy vch t bo nm bng cch gy r i loan
t hnh phn polysaccharides ca vch t bo ( Mycoses S 39- 1996) . Hn hop
nhua du- d ( 0. 41 mg prot ein/ ml) v fluconazole ( 2 microg/ ml) c t c dung
cng luc t rn nm Candida albicans (Mycoses S 40- 1997) .
Cc phn khc nhau ca cy du d c hoat t nh khng sinh t rn mt s vi
khun nhu Bacillus subt ilis, Ent erobact er cloacea, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
t yphi, S. aur eus, Prot eus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa v Klebsiella
pneumoniae. Qu chn v xanh du c hoat t nh dit vi khun t rn S. aur eus,
B. cereus, E. coli, Pseudomonas v Shigella flexner i. Dich chit hu hiu t rn
vi khun gram- duong hon l gram-m ( Journal of Nat ural Product s S 45-
1982) . Nghin cu t ai H West I ndies, Kingst on ( Jamaica) ghi nhn khng su
khc bit v hoat t nh khng sinh gia qu xanh, qu va chn v qu t ht
chn. . Hat c hoat t nh khng sinh manh nht t heo t h t u ( gim dn) t rn cc
vi khun B. cereus> E coli > S. feacalis > S. aureus > P. vulgaris > S flexneri
( West I ndian Medical Jour nal S 52- 2003)
Dich chit t hat dit duoc k sinh t rng Ent amoeba ( in vit ro) ( Journal of
Et hnopharmacoly S 61- 1998) .
Tc dng t r j buu ung t hu :
Hoa du d c hoat t nh kh manh ( in vit ro) gy hy dit t bo ung t hu
khi t h nghim bng phuong php phn t ch immunoblot t ing t rn cc t bo
Raj i bi gy nhim genome siu vi Epst ein- Bar r ( EBV) . Cc phn ng c ch
xy ra noi cc t bo ung t hu t hanh qun loai car cinoma ( Nat ural Product
Science S 6- 2000) . Dich chit t hoa bng et hanol d duoc t h nghim v
kh nng dit t bo ung t hu t rn cc t bo Raj i gy ra bi phorbol 12-
myrist at e 13 acet at e v sodium but yrat e , vi cc kt qu kh quan ( Nat ural
Pr oduct Science S 5- 1999) .
Papain t rong du- d d duoc t h nghim chung vi cc men phn gii
pr ot ein ( pr ot ease) nhu bromelaine, t rysin, chymot r ysine d t ri mt s loai
ung t hu t rong phuong php enzyme t herapy. Cc kt qu nghin cu ghi
nhn Enzyme t herapy t uy khng t r i duoc ung t hu nhung c t c dung c ch
giai doan met ast asis v ko di t hm t hi gian sinh t n , nht l t r ung hop
ung t hu v ( Nat ural Compounds in Cancer Therapy- John Boik) ( Xin xem bi
iu t ri Ung t hu bng enzymes)
( Tc dung t r i ung t hu ca l du- d duoc ph bin vo nm 1992 qua mt
bi bo dng t rn t p san Gold Coast Bullet in Gol d Coast , Queenland
Aust ralia. Theo bi bo t h mt bnh nhn t n l Sheldon , 70 t ui, bi ung t hu
phi ( 1978) , BS cho bit ch sng duoc 6 t hng, do su ch dn ca t h dn,
ng d dng l du d t uoi, ct t hnh cong nh, t hm nuoc, sc la nh t rong
2 gi, ri gan ly nuc ung lin t uc ngy 3 ln, mi ln 200 ml. Sau 2
t hng, cc BS t i khm t hy buu ung t hu. . hon t on bin mt ( ?) . Tin duoc
loan t rn Gold Coast Bull et in ( t hng 5 nm 1978) v sau d t hm 16 bnh
nhn khi bnh nh phuong php ny. Trung hop t h nh duoc ghi l Bnh
nhn June Bennet t , 63 t ui, Posvil le Beach ( Queensland) cng bi ung t hu
phi, BS cho bi t ch sng duoc 7 t hng, B dng l du d, ung lin t uc
t rong 3 t hng, ngung 3 t hng , ri ung lai 3 t hng. . bnh ung t hu phi. . lnh
hn ( ?) . Sau d vi nm b lai duoc chn don l bi ung t hu xuong, ch sng
duoc 2 t hng. . b lai ung nuc l du d. . v lai t i p t uc sng. . ! )
Hopt t nh t hu nhpt cc gc t do :
Mt dc ch lm t du d len men ( PS 501) d duoc t h nghim v hoat
t nh t rn cc gc t u do v lipid peroxidase, hoat t nh duoc do lung bng
phuong php do quang ph ESR ( elect ron sin resonance spect romet ry) . PS
501, liu 50mg/ ml t hu nht duoc 80% cc gc hydroxyl do cc cht phn
ng Fent on t ao ra, t ri s I C50 duoc dinh l liu 12.5 mg/ ml. Khi cho ung
lin t uc t rong 4 t un, mc d lipid peroxyde gim ha t rong phn ipsilat eral
no 30 pht sau khi chch dung dich st vo phn v no bn t ri ( t h t rn
chut ) , dng t hi hoat dng ca superoxyde dismut ase t ai vng v no v
t uyn yn lai gia t ng, do d PS 501 rt c t h c t c dung chng- oxyha v
gip nga mt s bnh lin h dn h t hn kinh ca ngui cao nin ( cc t n
hai v t hn kinh gy ra bi cc gc t u do) . Trong nghin cu v t c dung ca
PS 501 t rn cc hu hai v DNA v v cc m t bo c noi chut bi gy dng
kinh bng 8- hydroxy- 2' - desoxy guanosine ( 8- OHdG l cht chnh t ao ra khi
DNA bi hu hai do oxyha) . Kt qu ghi nhn : mc 8- OHdG t rong khu vuc
' ipsilat eral' ca no b gia t ng 30 pht sau khi chch dung dich ferric
chloride vo vng no b vn dng bn t ri, nhung nu cho chut ung PS
501 t r uc khi chch, no duoc bo v v 8-OHdG khng gia t ng ( Journal of
Brain Science S 25 1999) .
Mt sn phm ' h t ro sc khe' t ai Nht : 'Bio- Normaliser' sn xut t
du- d ln men, cho t hy c mt s hoat t nh sinh hoc t ri liu t rong mt s
t r ung hop bnh l k c ung t hu v suy yu min nhim. Bio- Normaliser
ngn chn hu hiu su t ao t hnh cc gc t u do ngoai t bo v lm gim
duoc su sn xut superoxide kch ng bi menadione noi t bo eryt hrocyt es,
c ch hoat dng ca gc oxy phng t hch bi t huc bo ( neut rophils v
macrophages) . ( Nutrit ion S 11- 1995)
Liu luong v dc t nh :
Li u t hng t hung :
L kh : 50- 120 mg
Nhua kh : 120- 240 mg
Bt t n t hat : 0. 5- 1 gram.
c t nh :
u d duoc dng lm t huc phm t rn khp t h gii v khng gy bt
c vn d sc kho no khi dng t heo cc liu an t on t rn.
Phu n c t hai nn t hn t rong v nhung t c dng t rn t cung.
C t h c su t uong t c gia warfarin v liu cao cc t hnh phn du d.
L duoc American Bot anical Council xp vo Hang I nghia l an t on
khi dng t heo liu quy dinh.
Liu ung papain cao dn 800 mg/ kg khng gy nh hung t rn su
pht t rin ca bo t hai ( chut ) v khng gy dc hai cho chut ci t h
nghim.
Dich chit bng Et hanol/ Nuc ( 1: 1) t phn cy t rn mt dt , chch
qua mng phc t oan chut , c liu LD50 > 1. 0g/ kg.
Dich chit bng et hanol t h t qu xanh c liu LD50 = 325 mg/ kg
( chch qua mng phc t oan)
u d t rong cc Duoc hoc c t r uyn :
Duqc hc Ayu r veda :
Theo Duoc hoc Ayurveda ( n d) , u d hay papit a ( t ing Phan l
Chirbhit a) c t c dung n dinh kapha v vat a. Tai vng Nam n d, qu duoc
cho l c t c dung diu kinh, n d t ao kinh nguyt . Nhua duoc dp vo du
t cung d t ruc t hai ( t hung t r n chung vi nhua cy Ferula nart ex) . Tai Bc
n, hat dng lm t huc t r i sn li, dich chit t hat dng lm t huc t ri phong
t hp v gim dau.
Duqc hc c t r uyn Vi t Nam :
Tai Vit Nam, u d l mt cy r t hu dung, ngoi vai t r t huc phm
cy cn duoc dng d t ri mt s bnh nhu :
Tri mng t inh, hoat t inh : dng qu du- d, khot du, cho
dung phn vo, nung dn chn. B v chy n phn t hit c ht .
Tri ung t hu phi, ung t hu v : Nu l t uoi c cung ung ngy 3
ln, mi ln 600 ml, ung lin t uc 15- 20 ngy.
Tri ho g : Dng hoa du d duc ( 30 gram) , nu chn ly nuc
ung, c t h t hm dung
Duqc hc c t r uyn Tr ung Hoa :
Tai Trung Hoa, u d duoc goi l fan mu gua ( Phuong mc qua) , fan gua
hay mu gua ( mc qua) duoc xem l vi ngot , khng nng, khng hn.
Tn mu- gua= mc qua c t h gy nhm ln v qu qui nce ( Chaenomeles
lagenaria) cng duoc goi t rong Danh Y Bi t luc ca o hong Cnh l mc
qua. Phuong = t ngoai quc, d ch qu c ngun gc t nuc ngoi
u d duoc dng t r ong cc t rung hop :
n khng t iu, dy hoi lm dau t c nguc : Dng 30 gram du d
ngm gim hay 60 gram du d t uoi va chn t i, n 2 ln mi ngy.
Sn phu t hiu sa : Dng 500 gram du d va chn, hm chung
vi 2 chn gi heo, b xuong, n hng ngy t rong 3 ngy lin t ip.
Ho dai dng, nhuoc sc : Dng 250- 500 gr am du d t uoi , hp
chn, n mi ngy.
Chm, Gii n , l ngoi da, l lot k chn : Ly 1 qu du d
xanh chng 400 gram, nghin nt t r n vi 30 gram gim v 30 gram
mui n, vt ly nuc dp vo noi vt t huong.
Vi t hnh phm u d t r n t hj t r ung Hoa Ky :
Tai Hoa Ky c mt s ch phm t u d duoc bn t r n t hi t rung ' Sn
phm h t r o sc kho' :
Cc sn phm c papain : Papaya enzyme, Papaya enzyme wit h
chlorophyll. . t hung dui dang vin nhai ( chewable) 25 mg, vin nn
( t ablet ) 5mg. .
Cc sn phm t l : Papaya leaf. .
( Papaya enzyme t hung l mt hn hop gm Papain, Chymopapain A v
B, Papaya pept idase A)
Papaya leaf cha 2% papain v carpain ( alkaloid c t h gy t im dp
chm, v c ch t hn kinh t rung uong gy cc hiu ng loai paralyt ic)
Ngoi ra cn c loai vin phi hop cha 250 mg bt l du d, 150 mg bt
c dc nuc p t da v 10 mg papin.
Ti liu s dung :
Maj or Herbs of Ayurveda ( Elizabet h Williamson)
Tropical Plant Dat abase ( Rain- Tree Nut rit ion)
Fruit s as Medicine ( Dai Yin- fang & Liu Cheng- j un)
The Healing Herbs ( Michael Cast leman)
Whole Foods Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
The Oxford Companion t o Food ( Alain Davidson)
Pr ofessional' s Handbook of Complement ary & Alt ernat ive Medi cines
( C. Fet row & J. Avila)
PDR for Herbal Medicines
Nat ural Medicines Comprehensive Dat abase.
GAI CHNG
( Bqch t qt l ) . .
Cy t huc.. c t h t hay t h Vi agr a ?
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Viagra duoc xem l mt vin t huc d dem dn mt cuc ' cch mang'
t rong vn d sinh hoat ' t nh duc' . Rt nhiu bi vit t rn cc t ap ch t hng
t hung cng nhu t p san chuyn mn d d cp dn Viagra. . t uy nhin
hin vn cn cu hi duoc nhiu ngui ch gi i dp l ' c duoc t ho no
t hay t h duoc Viagra khng ? Trong t ap ch Nat ural Healt h s t hng 9- 10
nm 1998, BS Rob I vker D. O , khi t r li ban doc t rn muc Man t o Man c
d cp dn 2 duoc t ho Yohimbi ne, v ' Punct ure Vine' hay Tribulus
t errest ri s. Yohimbine l cy t huc quen t huc vi gii Y-duoc, nhung
Tribulus t err est ris mi t ht su l cy t huc dng ch . . v r t d t m t ai
Vit Nam v qu t ht c t c dung. . khng km Viagra !
Tribulus t err est ris, gia dnh t huc vt Zygophyllaceae duoc goi t ai Vit
Nam l Cy Gai chng, cng nhng t n khc nhu Bach t t l, Gai ma
vuong, Thch t t l. . . . Cy moc rt ph bin t ai n d, Trung Hoa, Vit
Nam, vi vng t ai u chu v Nam Phi noi nhng vng dt hoang dai. . Tn
goi t ai n d l Gokhru ( ch Phan = Gokshura) Tn Gokhr u do hnh
dang ca qu ging nhu mng b. .
Tai Hoa Ky , cy duoc goi dui nhiu t n nhu Punct ure vine, Abroj os,
Calt rop, Cat ' s- Head, Common Dubblej ie, Devil' s- Thorn, Goat head. .
Nat ure' s Viagra ( ! ) . Tn Punct ur e Vine l do hat ca cy nhon dn d c
t h lm . . x lp xe dap.
Tai Vit Nam, Gai chng moc hoang dai nhng vng dt kh, dt ct
doc vng ven bin t min Trung ( Qung Bnh) xung min Nam.
Cy t huc loai t hn t ho, moc hng nm hay lung nin, b st mt
dt , phn nhiu nhnh, nhnh c t h di 30- 60 cm, t r n t hn c lng
nhung ngn. L kp , lng chim c 5- 7 l cht . L t hun di 5- 10 mm,
mt dui c phin ph lng t rng. Hoa moc don dc, mu vng nhat , moc
ring l k l, cung hoa ngn c lng t rng. Qu da dang, t hung c
hnh 5 canh , mi khoang cha nhiu hat . R hnh t ru, di 10- 15 cm, mu
nu nhat , c mi t hom nhe. Cy t r hoa vo cui ma xun, du ma ha.
Phn dng lm duoc liu l qu v r.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
- Phyt ost erols v Saponins :
Qu cha Prot odiosci n, met hylprot odioscin, t errest rosins A- E,
desgalact ot igonin, F-gi t onin, desglucolanat igoni n, gi t onin v cc glycosides
loai furost anol cng vi Bet a- sit ost erol, spirost a- 3, 5- diene v st igmast erol.
Hai saponins c cha nhm sulfat e mi duoc c lp nm 2002 l
Pr ot ot ri best ri n v met hylprot ot ribest rin
Hoa cng cha cc sapogenins loai st erod t huc nhm diosgenin,
hecogenin v ruscogenin.
- Flavonoids : Trong Hoa c Kaempferol , Kaempferol- 3- glucoside,
Kaempferol- 3- rut inoside v Quercet in.
- Lignans : nhu Tribulusamides A v B.
- Alkaloids : Har man v Harmine.
- L Tribulus di khi duoc n nhu rau cha 7.22 % pr ot ein, 1.55 % Cal
cium ; 0.08 % Phosphorus ; 9.22 mg St / 100 g l v 41.5 mg Vit C.
- Qu cng cha mt s cht bo ( 3. 5- 5%) nhu st earic, palmit ic,
myrist ic, ar achidic, behinic. . acid
c t nh Duoc hoc :
a s cc nghin cu v duoc t nh ca Tribulus t err est ris duoc t huc
hin t ai n d, Trung Hoa v Nht bn. .
1- Kh nng chng san t hn :
Dich t rit bng et hanol ca qu Tribulus cho t hy c t c dung bo v
kh manh chng lai su t ao san gy ra bng cch cy hat t hy t inh vo
chut bach t ang ; t c dung ny t uy vo liu s dung, v do phn hoat
cht t an t rong met hanol ( I ndian Journal of Experiment al Biology S
32/ 1994) . Tc dung ly gii san ( lit holyt ic) cng duoc nghin cu noi chut
bi t ao ra t nh t rang du oxalat t rong nuc t iu ( hyperoxalurea) bng
hydr oxy pyroline v sodium glycolat e : khi cho chut ung dich t rch bng
nuc Tribulus, su bi t it oxalat e t heo nuc t iu t r v mc bnh t hung
sau 21 ngy v gi nguyn duoc mc d ny t rong 15 ngy sau khi ngung
t huc ( Phyt ot herapy Resear ch S 7- 1993) . Co ch hoat dng ca Tribulus
t errest r is duoc gii t hch nhu sau : do t c dung c ch men glycolic acid
oxydase, (GAO) men ny gip chuyn ho gl ycolat e t hnh glyoxylat e.
Hoat dng ca GAO dua dn kt qu l c phn ng oxy ha glycolic acid
t hnh gl yoxylat e ( mt cht bin dung dc) , v sau cng t hnh oxalat e.
2- Tc dung loi t iu :
Dich t rch bng nuc Terr est ris cha luong Pot assium kh cao, c t h
tao t c dung loi t iu. Nghin cu t ai Khoa ni u hoc, Bnh vin The Royal
London & Homert on , London ( Anh) cho t hy dich t rch Terrest ris t ribulus
bng nuc, liu ung 5g/ kg c t c dung loi t iu hoi manh hon
furosemide, nng d ca cc ions Na( + ) , K( + ) , Cl( - ) t rong nuc t iu cng
gia t ng. Tc dung ca Tribulus manh hon l t c dung ca Ru bp . Ngoi
ra Tr ibulus cn t ao ra co bp rut non noi chut bo t h nghim ( J
Et hnopharmacol ogy S 85( Apr) - 2003.
3- Tc dung bo v Thn :
Su hu hai noi t hn gy ra bi gent amycin duoc gim bt khi cho dng
chung vi Tribulus t errest r is ( Updat e Ayurveda 1994.
4- Hoat t nh khng sinh :
Dich t rch t Qu v L Tribulus t errest ris c hoat t nh khng
Escherichia v St aphyloccus aur eus ( J of Resear ch in I ndian Medi cine S
9- 1974) .
5- Tc dung kch t hch t im:
Dung dich t inh khit ha mt phn ca Tribulus c t c dung kch t hch
co t im ( c lp) rt manh : c su gia t ng luc co bp cng vi t c dung
chronot ropic m. Saponins ly t rch t Tribulus t ao ra su gin n dng
mach vnh, gip cai t hin su t un hon dng mach noi nhng bnh nhn
bi bnh t im/ dng mach : Th nghim t rn 406 bnh nhn bi angina
pect or is t ai Bnh vin Jilin ( Tr ung Hoa) cho dng saponins t rch t Tribulus
dua dn kt qu t hnh cng dn 82. 3 % : EEG duoc ci t hin noi 52. 7 %
( Pub Med PMI D: 2364467) .
6- Tc dung t ng kh nng sinh sn :
Cc biglycosides loai furost anol c lp t dich chit bng alcohol c t c
dung kch t hch su sn xut t inh t rng v hoat t nh ca t bo Sert oli noi
chut . Terrest r ioside- F lm t ng libido v dp ng t nh duc noi chut duc
dng t hi t ao t im nng r ung t r ng, gia t ng kh nng t hu t hai noi chut
ci ( J Science Research and Plant Medi cine in I ndia S 1- 1980)
7- Tc dung t rn Chng ri loan cung duong :
Pr ot odioscin duoc cho l c t c dung ci t hin su ham mun t nh duc,
v gia t ng d cung duong bng cch chuyn bin prot odioscin t hnh
DHEA ( dehydr oepiandrost erone) . Tuy nhin , luong pr ot odi oscin t rong cy
rt bin di, kh dinh duoc hm luong chnh xc. ( Journal of Andro logy
( S 23- 2000) .
Mt nghin cu v t c dung ca Tribulus t err est ris t rn cc t bo xp
( cor pus cavernosum) co quan sinh duc d c lp noi t h, dng t hi xc
dinh co ch hoat t nh ca cy d duoc t huc hin t ai ai hoc Y Khoa
Singapor e : Th duoc cho ung mi ngy mt ln dich t rch t Tribulus,
lin t uc t rong 8 t un, t heo nhng liu luong khc nhau. Th sau d bi git
v m t bo b phn sinh duc duoc c lp d luong dinh su dp ng vi
t huc v vi su kch ng bng din t rung. Cc dp ng t hu gin vi
acet ylcholine, nit roglycerin v EFS duoc so snh vi cc t hng s kim
sot : Su mt hoat t nh t rn dp ng co rt vi noradr enal ine v hist ami ne
cho t hy prodioscin c t c dung t ht su t rn kh nng cung duong do
su gia t ng phng t hch nit ric oxide t t bo endot heli um v t bo t hn
kinh nit r ergi c. ( Ann Acad Med Singapore S 29 ( Jan) - 2000) .
Nghin cu k t ip, cng t ai H Y Khoa Singapore ( Life Science S 71
t hng 8- 2002) d t h nghim Tribulus t errest ris t rn chut , chia t hnh 2
nhm : nhm bnh t hung v nhm bi t hin, cho dng Tr ibulus, di chng
vi Test ost erone ; cc t hng s nghin cu dua t rn cc hnh dng t nh
duc v p luc t rn cc t bo xp noi b phn sinh duc. . nhu s luot mun
giao- hoan, mun nhy duc, t hi gian xut t inh . . Kt qu cho t hy nhm
dng Tr ibulus c nhng gia t ng hoat dng t nh duc r r t , ring nhm
chut bi t hin c su gia t ng t r ong luong ca t uyn nhip h, v p luc
t rn cc t bo xp.
Nhng nghin cu khc t ai H I owa St at e, t h nghim cc sn phm
phi hop Tribulus t errest r is vi Androst enediol, Saw palmet t o, I ndol- 3-
Car binol, Chrysin. . bn t rn t hi t rung nhu DI ON, AND- HB. . cho t hy
nhng kt qu nhu . . c su gia t ng nng d t est ost eron t u do noi nhm
ngui t rn 50 t ui. . dng t hi androst enedi one km t heo t rong cc sn
phm khng bi ngn nga d chuyn bin t hnh est radi ol v dihydrot est o
st erone ( J. Am Coll Nut r. Thng 10- 2001)
8- Tc dung ha dung t rong mu :
Th nghim t ai H East China Normal Universit y, Thuong Hi dng
chut bi t ao bnh t iu dung bng alloxan, cho ung saponins t rch t
Tribulus, so snh vi vin phenformin ( di chng) . . Kt qu ghi nhn
saponins t rong Tribulus lm gim mc glucose t rong mu r r t vi nhng
t l 26.25 % noi chut bnh t hung v 40.67 % noi chut bi t iu dung.
Mc t riglycerides cng gim ha duoc 23. 35 %. Hoat t nh ca SOD cng gia
tng ( PubMed- PMI D : 12583337) .
9- Hoat t nh t rn t bo ung t hu :
Cc saponins loai st eroid ca Tribulus d duoc t h nghim v kh
nng khng sinh v git t bo ung t hu ( Pharmazie July 2002) . Cc
saponins st eroid nhm spirost anol c t c dng r t manh t rn cc nm
Candida albi cans v Crypt ococcus neoformans, v t rn cc t bo ung t hu
cc loai melanoma SK- MEL, car cinoma ming KB, carci noma v BT- 549 v
car cinoma bung t rng SK- OV- 3. .
Tribulus t err est r is t rong Duoc hoc dn gian :
Tribulus t err est ris duoc s dung t ai Vit Nam, n d, Trung Hoa d t ri
mt s bnh t rong duoc hoc dn gian :
- Tai n d : Qu duoc dng t rong nhiu bnh nhu gip khai vi, chng
sung vim, diu kinh, kin vi, b, loi t iu, sinh sa, t r ng duong. . ngoi ra
cng cn dng t rong cc bnh v bng quang gip loi t iu, t r i san, sung
gan phong t hp; t r i bnh ngoi da nhu psoriasis, ci v gh. .
- Tai Vit Nam : Tribulus hay Gai chng duoc dng t r i dau du, d
mt , chy nhiu nuc mt , phong nga. . kinh nguyt khng du, sa
khng t hng. Dng qu chn sc ung d t ri kit ly ra mu.
- Tai Trung Hoa : Hoa dng d t ri ci, ot l t ri gh ; Qu kh hay sc
d t r5i dy hoi, sung gan, dau mt , bnh t hn. Hat c t nh t ruy t hai, t ri
sn li, ho, xut huyt . .
Tribulus t err est r is t rong ng Y :
ng Y c t ruyn s dung Tribulus hay Bach t t l ( Bai- j i- li) t lu di
Cy d duoc ghi chp t rong ' Thn nng Bn t ho' . Duoc liu l qu t hu hi
khi chn vo ma t hu t ai cc vng H Nam, H Bc, Son dng, An huy. . (
Nht duoc goi l byakushit suri, Korea l paekchillyo ) .
Vi t huc duoc xem l c vi cay, dng t nh m ; t c dung vo cc kinh
mach t huc Can v Ph.
Bach t t l c nhng t c dung :
- Bnh Can v n dinh Duong : gip t r i nhc du chong vng, chng
mt do Duong Can ' t hng' : t rong t rung hop ny duoc dng chung vi
Cu dng ( gou- t eng= Uncariae) v Nguu t t ( Niu- xi= Achyrant his
Bident at ae) .
- Phn t n Phong- Nhit v lm sng mt : gip t r i mt sung, d, chy
nhiu nuc mt . Dng chung vi Cc hoa ( j u- hua= Chrysant hemi Mor ifolii)
v Hat mung ( Quyt minh t = j ue ming zi)
- Gip luu chuyn Kh t ai Can : t ri dau v cng noi sun hay t hiu sa
do Can Kh bi t c nghn . Dng chung vi Thanh b ( qing pi= Cit ri
Ret iculat ae) v Huong phu ( C c= xiang fu) . .
- Tn Phong v t r i nga ngoi da. . Dng vi V ve su ( Thuyn xc=
Chan- t ui) v R Phng phong ( Fang feng) d t ri nga. .
Ti liu s dung :
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of I ndia ( Government of I ndia 1989)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( Dan Bensky)
Maj or Herbs of Ayurveda ( E. Williamson)
PubMed : ht t p: / / www. ncbi. nlm. gov
T din Cy t huc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
Nat ural Medicines Comprehensive Dat abase ( Pharmacist ' s
Let t er)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)
HNH HUONG
Mt cy hnh v i nhi u dpc dim k hc l p
: : : Ds. Tr n Vit Hung : : :
Tn 'Hnh duoc dng d goi mt s cy rau t hng dung, c t h n c
nhu Hnh t y, hnh t a. . v n l nhu hnh t m. . v n c l ln c nhu hnh
huong. .
Hnh huong hay Spring onions, Scallions v c khi cn goi l Green
onions l mt t rong nhng loai hnh d duoc ghi chp t rong Thnh Kinh. .
Hnh huong, ngun gc t Siberia, duoc t rng t ai chu, nht l Trung
Hoa t hon 2000 nm v ch dn vi u chu vo t h k 16, t ruc ht l Nga
s r i sau d mi dn cc nuc Trung u ( Tuy duoc goi l Welsh onion,
nhung cy hon t on khng lin h g dn X Wales, c l ch v cy rt
ging vi t i t y v t hung duoc t rng t ai khp cc vun Wales)
V phuong din ky t hut , hnh huong hay scallions duoc t hu
hoach. . t r uc khi cy t ao c ( t ht ra dy khng phi l c t heo t huc vt hoc
m ch phn gc phnh t o ln) , v khi cy d c c ln t 2. 5- 5 cm. . t h
duoc goi l green onions. C scallion v green onion du c t hn ng mu
xanh luc xm, v phn gn gc r mu t rng duc.
Hnh huong duoc dng nhiu t ai dng hon l u My
Tn Khoa hoc v cc t n t hng t hung
Allium fist ulosum t huc ho t huc vt Liliaceae
Ngoi cc t n Scallions, Spring Onions cn goi l Welsh Onion.
Tn t ai Php : Ciboule ; c : Schnit t zwi ebel ; : Cipollet a ; Ty ban
nha : Cebollet a.
Tai Trung Hoa : Thng, hay ai t hng ( da cong) , H t hng ( hu cong) ,
Chang fa. Cong bai.
Tai Nht : Nebuka
c t nh t huc vt :
Cy hnh huong t huc loai t hn t ho, da nin, moc cao chng 50 cm c
t hn hnh nh mu t r ng hay nu, t hn hoi phng, rng. L mu xanh mc
hnh t r u rng, pha dui c 3 canh, di chng 30 cm, c l be di bng 1/ 4
phin l chnh. Cn hoa hay t ruc mang cum hoa c t h cao bng l. Hoa mu
t r ng hay lilac nhat , moc t hnh cum hnh du t rn, gm nhiu hoa c cung
ngn. Qu t huc loai nang qu.
Vi chng dng ch :
- Common Welsh Onion hay Ciboule : Phn r phnh di ra, mu dng
d v c nhng mng mng kh boc quanh ging nhu c hnh t y. Hat mu
den, dep v hoi cong. y l loai duoc t rng t hng dung nht .
- Ear ly Whit e Welsh Onion hay Ciboul e Blanche ht ive : y l mt
chng kh dc bit , phn r phnh ra rt ngn, v boc bn ngoi t rng- hng
nhat . L hnh ngn v cng, mu xanh luc. Vi kh ngon t uy khng t hom.
( Tai u chu, cn c loai Hnh huong , Allium lusit anicum t uy cng duoc
goi l Welsh Onion hay Ciboul e vivace, nhung lai c mt s dc t nh rt khc
bit nhu r phnh di, chia t hnh nhiu c mu d- nu xm dnh t u vo mt
mm gc. L mu xanh xm, dy v cng. Hoa moc t hnh cum mu t m
nhat , khng mang hat )
Mt loai hnh huong ni t ing t ai chu : He- shi- ko d duoc du nhp
vo Hoa Ky, t r t hnh loai Evergr een Whit e Bunching, moc t hnh cum t 4- 9
t hn hnh di 12- 14 inch, l mu t rng bac, vi cay rt duoc ua chung. Cy
chiu lanh rt gii.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc ( hnh sng) cha :
- Calories
- Cht dam
- Cht bo
- Cht so
- Calcium
32 - 34
1.83 - 1.90 g
0.19 - 0.40 g
0.95 - 1.00 g
18 - 72 mg
- St
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Pot assium
- Sodium
- Km
- ng
- Manganese
- Bet a- Carot ene ( A)
- Thiamine ( B1)
- Riboflavine ( B2)
- Niacin ( B3)
- Pant ot henic acid ( B5)
- Folic acid
- Vit amin C
1. 48 mg
20 mg
37 - 49 mg
276 mg
16 mg
0. 390 mg
0. 083 mg
0. 160 mg
385 I U
0. 055 mg
0. 080 mg
0. 525 mg
0. 075 mg
64. 0 mcg
18. 8 - 27. 0 mg
Ngoi t hnh phn dinh dung, Hnh huong cn cha mt s hoat cht
- Hat : cha nhng hop cht nhu t ianshic acid, 4- ( 2- formyl- 5- hydroxy
met hylpyrrol- 1- yl) but yric acid, p- hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, v
daucost erol.
- C : cha t inh du c sulfur t rong d t hnh phn chnh l alliin,
dipr opyl disulphide ( 28%) , t ridecan- 2- one ( 16%) , 2, 3-dihydro- 2- oct yl 5-
met hyl furan- 3- one. . ngoi ra cn c cc acid hu co nhu malic, malonic. .
- V phuong din dinh dung, Hnh huong cha nhiu dung cht hon
ti t y, hnh t y. . Luong folat e kh cao, rt t t cho phu n c t hai. Cng nhu
cc cy t rong nhm hnh- t i, Hnh huong c t c dung t t trong vic bo v
co t h chng lai mt s bnh ung t hu. Hnh huong cng cha nhiu cht so,
gip d t iu ha.
Nhng nghin cu v Hnh huong :
- Hoat t nh khng nm : Nghin cu t ai H Rut ger s, New Br unswick,
New Jersey ( USA) : Glycerol mono- ( E) - 8, 11, 12- t rihydr oxy- 9- oct adecano at e
l mt acid bo loai monoglyceride chua bo ha v t ianshic acid ly t rch t
hat Hnh huong c hoat t nh c ch su t ng t r ung ca nm Phyt opht ohora
capsici ( Jour nal of Agricul t ural Food Chemist ry S 23- 2002)
- Tc dung t rn mach mu : Th nghim t ai H Duoc Khoa Chia Nan,
i Trung, Taiwan ghi nhn dich chit t hnh huong ( c t uoi) c t c dung
gy gin mach liu t hp ( t c dung ny duoc t rung- chuyn bi nit ric oxide
t rong ni bo, t rong khi d liu cao lai khng t y t huc vo nit ric oxide. Mt
khc dich chit hnh huong d nu chn c hoat t nh kch t hch su phng
t hch yu t gy co t ht ( xut pht t ni bo) , c t h l t hromboxane A2 .
( Jour nal of Cardiovascular Pharma cology S 33- 1999)
- Hnh huong v ung t hu bao t : Nghin cu t ai Son ng, Trung Hoa
do Nat ional Cancer I nst it ut e t i t ro : Tai Son dng, t l ngui mc bnh ung
t hu bao t rt cao. . nghin cu xem xt cch n ung ca 564 bnh nhn bi
ung t hu so vi 1131 ngui manh khe. . kt qu ghi nhn nhng ngui n 3
ounces hnh- t i mi ngy ch c 40% nguy co bi ung t hu so vi ngui n mi
ngy 1 ounce. . Trong s cc loai hnh v t i, hnh huong scallions c t im
nng chng ung t hu manh nht , ngoi ra kh nng chng ung t hu cng t y
t huc vo liu luong hnh t i, cng n nhiu cng t bi ung t hu. Tc dung
chng ung t hu duoc cho l do cc hop cht cha sulfur c t rong hnh,
ti.( Jour nal of t he Nat ional Cancer I nst it ut e S 84- 1992)
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
Tai Trung Hoa : Ton b cy hnh huong ( ai t hng, hay H
t hng) du dng lm t huc. Hnh huong duoc xem l c vi cay, t nh
m t c dung vo kinh mach t huc Ph v Vi, c hoat t nh gy d m
hi ( pht hn) , b Duong v loi t iu.
- t ri cm lanh km nhc du v nng kh : Dng 10 c
hnh huong, 15 gram du h ln men ( chao) , t hm 2 chn nuc.
un nhe dn khi cn 1 chn v ung khi cn m. `n xong, dp mn
d gip t hot m hi. Hoc ly 20 c hnh huong, nu vi gao t hnh
cho, t hm cht gim, v ung khi cn va nng. .
- t ri sung t c nguc, cng sa : Dng cy hnh huong, ct
b l, gi nt , t hm cht mui, do dn kh ( sao) . p khi cn nng
m v gi noi nguc dau.
- t ri mun nhot , mun du dinh : Gi nt chng 10 c hnh
huong, t hm gim va d v sao dn kh. p vo nhot v dng
bng vi qun lai.
Tai Vit Nam : Hnh huong l mt phuong t huc kh t hng
dung t rong Nam duoc :
- Tr i cm mao, nhc du, nghet mi : Phuong php dn gian l
dng 30 gram c hnh t uoi, sc chung vi 10 gram Gng v ung. .
hay dng bi t huc Cho gii cm gm 3 c hnh t uoi, 3 lt gng
tuoi, 10 gr am t a t nu chung t rong 1 t cho nng, khi n c t h
t hm mui v 1 t ri t rng g. .
- Tr i sung mi, nghet mi : Dng 3 c hnh t uoi, gi nt , t hm
nuc t ht si vo, ht hoi vo mi hay ch ngui, dng nuc nh vo
mi.
- L lot noi chn ( loai eczema) : Gi nt c hnh t uoi, t hm
nuc dun si, dng nuc d r a v chm vo vt lot . .
Ti liu s dung :
Veget ables as Medicine ( Chang Chao- liang)
Herbs and Spices ( J. Kybal)
Whole Food Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
Heirloom Veget ables ( Benj amin Wat son)
Food Your Miracle Medicine ( Jean Carper)
HerbalGr am No 61- 2004
HNH TM
( Chi ve) :
Mt l opi hnh nn s dng
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Gi a dnh t huc vt Hnh c nhiu loai khc nhau v mi l oai du c
nhng dc t nh t huc vt cng nhu t ri li u t uy t uong cn nhung cng c
nhng khc bit dng ch . Truc dy t rong ' Thuc Nam t rn t My' , d
t m l uoc chng t i d t rnh by Hnh t y v Hnh t a t rong cng mt bi
ngn Tht ra cn nhiu loai Hnh. . khc nhu Hnh t m, hnh hoa.. . Ring
hnh t m, t n goi t ai Hoa Ky l Chives, r t d bi nhm vi He ( Garlic
chives) . .
Hnh t m c ngun gc t ai Bc , Bc u chu, v Bc My, d duoc
t r ng v s dung t hon 5000 nm. Loi duoc t rng hin nay rt t uong
cn vi loi moc hoang t ai vng ni Alpes, nhng gi ng hoang khc cng
moc kh nhiu t ai vng Bc Bn cu. . Tai l uc dia Bc My, Hnh t m d
duoc ' t hch ng ha' d c t r ng t ai t khu vuc Nam Canada, xung t i
ng Nam California. .
Ngui Siberia c l l dn t c m hnh t m nht . . Tr uyn t huyt k
rng khi ho nghe t in Alexander ai d ( 356-323 t r uc Ty Lich) sp t in
dnh, v d Alexander cn xa mi hng ngn dm, ho d xin dng cng
phm vt qu nht m ho c, l hnh t m. .d lm qu mng dm cui
ca Alexander v Cng nuong Roxana. . Qu cui c v rt hop l v hnh
tm duoc xem l mt cy t huc c t nh kch duc !
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t hng t hung :
Alli um schoenoprasum t huc ho t huc vt Alliaceae.
Cc t n t hung gp : Hnh t rng, Nn ( Vit Nam) , Chive ( Anh- My) ,
Ciboulet t e, Civet t e ( Php) , Schnit t lauch ( c) , Cebollino ( Ty ban Nha)
Allium l t n lat inh c goi gia dnh hnh- t i; schoenoprasum pht xut
t 2 ch Hy lap- schoinos c nghia l ging cy ci, v prason nghia l t i.
ac t nh t huc vat :
Cy hnh t m t huc loi t ho nh, rt ging Hnh huong
( A. fist ulosum) , moc cao t rung bnh10- 30 cm, c t h dn 60 cm v t hnh
bui c 30 cm. Thn hnh hay c mu t rng ln c ngn t ay t , dung knh
2 cm, bao boc bi nhng vy dai. L rt nhiu, mu xanh luc dm, mng.
L v cn hoa du hnh t r u, r ng, nh nhu mt cy t m ( do d duoc goi l
hnh t m) . Hoa mu d- t m, moc t hnh cum hnh du, mang nhiu hoa,
c cung ngn . Hoa t hung v sinh nn Hnh duoc pht t rin bng cch
t ch bui. Nn ct l hnh du dn : l s t ip t uc pht t r in v cong ca
cy vn mm mai ( mi dot nn ct ngn cn chng 10 cm, mi ma h
c t h ct t a 2- 3 dot ) Nhng cy khng ct l , cong t r t hnh cng, v
khi cy bt du t r hoa, l hnh gim bt mi huong.
Hnh t m t hch hop vi nhit d t 60 dn 70 d F, dt t hng t hot
khng nuc, c t nh acid nhe. Thi gian ny mm t 10 dn 14 ngy.
Cy ra hoa vo cc t hng 4- 5.
Mt s chng dng ch nhu :
- ' Dwarf' Cy t uong di nh hon cc loai t hng t hung, k c loai nh
nht t ai c .
- ' Forescat e' ( hay Forsgat e) v ' Grolau' cho hoa mu hng nhat .
- ' Profusion' : chng dc bit c t h t rng t rong nh, hoa lu t n hon.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc ( hnh t m t uoi) cha :
- Calories
- Cht dam
- Cht bo
- Calcium
- St
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Pot assium
- Sodium
- Km
- ng
- Manganese
- Bet a- Carot ene ( A)
- Thiamine ( B1)
- Riboflavin ( B2)
- Niacin ( B3)
- Pant ot henic acid ( B5)
- Pyridoxine ( B6)
- Folic Acid ( B9)
- Vit C
30
3.27mg
0.73 g
92 mg
1. 60 mg
42 mg
58 mg
296 mg
3 mg
0. 560mg
0. 157mg
0. 373mg
4,353 I U
0. 078mg
0. 115mg
0. 647mg
0. 324mg
0. 138mg
105 mcg
58. 1 mg
Hnh t m cha cc acid amin nhu Alanine, Arginine, Aspar t ic acid,
Glut amic acid, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tyrosine. .
L cha t inh du gm nhiu hop cht loai allyl- disulfid. . , acid hu co
nhu cit ric acid, ferulic acid, fumar ic acid, caffeic acid. . , st erols nhu
campest erol, flavonoids nhu quecet in, quercet in- 3- bet a- D- glucoside. .
V phuong din dinh dung v t r i liu, Hnh t m duoc xem l mt cy rau c
t nh st t rng, gip t ao cm gic t hm n (kch t hch vi gic) v t r o t iu ha.
Cng nhu cc cy t huc gia dnh Hnh- Ti, t c dung st t rng ca hnh t m
do t inh du c cha cc hop cht sulphur nhung khng manh d c t h gy
t r ngai cho h t iu ha nhu t i. Hnh t m c t c dung kch t hch vi gic,
ngn chn su ln men t rong r ut , bi b gan v bao t ; t t cho t hn v gip
ha huyt p.
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
Hnh t m rt t hung duoc dng t r ong vic nu nung. Mi t hom ca
hnh t m r t d bi hy do nhit , do d ch nn t hm hnh t m ( sng) vo
giai doan cht , t r uc khi n. Hnh tm c t h t hay t h hnh t a ( hnh l) .
C t h t n t r hnh t m d dng t rong ma dng lanh bng cch gi
t rong bao plast ic, d t rong freezer hay ngm l v hoa t r ong gim. Hoa
hnh t m gi t rong gim t r ng, di sang mu hng nhat r t dep, dng
t hi c vi hnh t y nhe rt d chiu.
Tuy hoa ca hnh t m c t h n duoc, nhung nn t hu hi lc hoa mi
va h n, khi hoa n hon t on, s c t r ang t hi so v vi nhat mt ngon.
Phuong php lm ' dm hoa hnh t m ' : 1 pint ( 500 ml hoa hnh mi
n/ 1 quar t ( 1 lit ) dm t r ng hay dm r uou vang. hoa t rong mt keo
ming r ng. gim vo v quy du dn khi ht bot . Gi keo noi t hong
mt t rong 2 t un, sau d luoc ky d b xc hoa k c cc mnh vun. Gi
dm nhit d t hung.
Hnh t m t rong Nam duoc : Duoc hoc c t ruyn Vit Nam c nhng
phuong t hc dng Hnh t m cha bnh kh dc do nhu :
- Tri cm hn : Dng hnh t m gi nt , ha nuc ung, v l hnh
tm, bm nt vi gng, boc t rong t i hay khn, d ' dnh gi' bn ngoi.
- Tri t rng phong khu: Gi nt chng 20 c hnh t m, vt ly nuc,
dng lng g chm nuc, t hoa vo c. .
- Tri rn dc, su bo cn : Ly 7 c hnh t m, nhai nut nuc, ly b
dp vo vt cn t rong khi. . ch cp cu. .
Ti liu s dung :
The Herb Companion Feb/ Mar 1997
Whole Foods Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
Herbs, An I llust rat ed Encyclopedia ( Kat hi Keville)
H
( Gar l i c chi v e) :
..t h uc gi a dnh Hnh,
nhung c nh i u dim k hc bi t ..
: : : Ds. Trn Vit Hung : : :
Tai Hoa Ky, He t hung hay bi nhm vi Hnh t m, t uy l hai cy rt
tuong cn nhung He, r t t hng dung t ai dng, c nhiu duoc t nh dc
bi t hon. .
He hay Garlic chives, Orient al chives. .c ngun gc t ai vng ng
Nam , v duoc t rng hu nhu khp chu v duoc dng lm t huc t ai
Trung Hoa t hng ngn nm. Tai Hoa Ky, he duoc dng phn ln lm cy
cnh t dim t hm mu sc cho cc khu vun. .
Tn Chinese Chive cng cn duoc dng d goi loai He cho hoa t hom
mi hnh, Chinese leek f lower hay Allium odorum.
(im khc bit gia hai loi l A. odorum t r hoa, n v t n t rong sut
ma h - t hu, khng nhu A. t uberosum ch t r hoa vo cui h; ngoi ra l
A. odorat um khi n c vi dai hon)
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t hng t hung :
- Allium t uberosum t huc ho t huc vt Alliaceae
- Cc t n goi : Garlic chive, Chinese chive ( Anh My)
- Tai Trung Hoa : Cu t hi ( Jiu cai) , Phin t hi ( Bian cai= cy rau
phng) . Zhuang yang cao, qi yang cao, v chang sheng- j iu. .
- Tai Nht : Nira hay Nira chive.
- Tai cc cho t huc- phm Hoa Ky : c dn 4 loai he duoc by bn
* Chinese hay Garlic chives : Gau choy l xanh dm rt t hom
mi t i ( loai ny l He ( VN) , Nira ( Nht ) , Ku cai ( M lai) .
* Yellow chive hay Chive shoot : Gau wong : l vng- xanh, c
t hong mi hnh. y l loai he t rng t rong nh mt , t rnh nh
sng mt t ri d l khng chuyn sang mu xanh. . cn goi l
blanched Chinese chives.
* Flowering chive : Gau choy fa , l kt t hnh vng, c nu hoa
noi ngon Cy he d dn d t rung t hnh hon t on, gi lun c
nu hoa. Cong hoi cng phn dui. Cn c nhng t n Gau choy
chow sin.
* V cn c loai : Gau choy sum : He t rung t hnh, ch gi
phn l noi t m ca cy.
c t nh t huc vt :
He t huc loai cy t hn t ho, luu nin, c t h moc cao 20- 50 cm, t hn
moc dng hnh t ru. L gc t hn, hnh di, phng- hep, c rnh, di 15- 30
cm, r ng 1. 5- 7 mm. Hoa moc t hnh t n, mu t rng, du mt cn hoa
di 20- 30 cm. Mi t n c dn 20- 40 hoa c mo bao boc. Bao hoa mu
t r ng, gm nhiu phin t hun. Qu t huc loai nang qu hnh t ri xoan
nguoc chia ra lm 3 mnh, t rong c cha 6 hat nh mu den. He t hch hop
vi dt pha ct , cn nhiu nh nng, c kh nng chiu han nhung cng
pht t rin manh noi dt m, canh h ,ao. .
Tuc ng Anh My ghi : ' Chives next t o roses creat es posies' , do nhn
xt l nhng cy t huc gia dnh hnh- t i cha nhiu sulfur nn dit duoc
cc loi nm moc ph hai l hoa, nht l hoa hng, gy ra cc dm den. .
He cng duoc lai t ao d c nhng chng dc bit nhu; Chng ' Mauve' cho
hoa t m nhat .
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
- Thnh phn dinh dung : Thnh phn dinh dung ca He t uong di kh
ging vi Hnh t m . 100 gram phn l n duoc cung cp:
Calories 32 - 38
Cht dam 20.7 - 33.8 %
Cht bo 3. 4 - 7. 5 %
Car bohydrat e t ng
cng
53.8 - 66.7 %
Cht so 8. 8 - 12. 6 %
Cc khong cht ( t rong
100 gram l) :
- Calcium 793 - 1,038 mg
- Phosphorus 506 - 512 mg
- St 10. 9 - 19. 5 mg
- Pot assium 2, 874 mg
Cc vit amins :
- Bet a- Carot ene 40, 000 micro g
- Thiamine 0. 92 - 1. 25 mg
- Riboflavin 0. 75 - 1. 49 mg
- Niacin 5. 75 - 6. 25 mg
- Vit C 400 - 644 mg
- Mt s nghin cu v t hnh phn ha hoc ca He ghi nhn :
Trong Hat c cc saponins loai spirost anol : Tuberoside J, K v L. . cc
hop cht nicot ianoside C, bet a- D- glucopyranoside, daucost erol, adenosine
v t hymidine; mt hop cht chuyn ha loai Sphingosin : t uber- ceramide;
cc oligoglycosides loai pr egnane v furost ane
Ton cy c cha cc cht d bc hoi, t rong d khong 27 hop cht c
cha sulfur cc loai nhu sulfide, disulfides, t r isulfides v t et rasul fides vi
cc nhm hoat t nh et hyl, but yl and pent yl. .
Trong dot non c nhng lect in loai kt ni vi mannose. .
L He cha : t inh du d bc hoi gn t uong t u nhu hnh t m.
Cc nghin cu duoc hoc v He :
- Nghin cu t ai H Y Khoa Hong Kong ghi nhn lect in A Tuber osum
( ATL) ly t rch t he l mt prot ein ch c mt dy ( monomeric) , c t r ong
luong phn t 13 kDa, su sp xp cc amino acid cui dy N t uong t u
vi lect in ly t rch t hnh t y ( Allium cepa) . Lect in ny kt ni vi
mannose, c t c dung kt t u hng cu di vi huyt cu t h v c hoat
t nh dit t bo u- buu ung t hu l lch chut v c ch duoc men
t ranscript ase nghich chuyn noi siu vi t rng HI V loai 1. ( Journal of
Pr ot ein Chemist ry S 20- 2001) .
- Nghin cu t ai Khoa Thuc phm- Dinh dung, H Sunchon, Korea ghi
nhn cc hop cht S- Met hyl met hanet hiosulfinat e v S- met hyl 2 pr opene-
1- t hiosulfinat e, t rch t he c kh nng dit duoc E. coli O- 157: H7 l vi
khun gy hu hai t huc phm ( Biosci ence Biot echnology Bi ochemi st ry S
65- 2001)
- Nghin cu t ai Vin Duoc liu, Vin Khoa Hoc Trung Hoa, Shanghai
ghi nhn Tuberosides, ly t rch t hat He c t c dung c ch dng k su
tng t r ung ca t bo ung t hu loai leukemia dng HL- 60 nng d I C50
l 6. 8 microg/ ml ( Journal of Asian Nat ural Product s Research S 4- 2002)
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
- Tai Trung Hoa : He duoc dng rt ph bin d cha bnh t rong dn
gian
* Mt mi, d m hi dm ; lao luc : Dng he chung vi t hit
ngao, chem chp. Nu t hnh sp, t hm du du phong v mui d
tng vi. C t h t hm t ruou t rng t r uc khi n. Chia ra t hnh 2- 3 ln
t rong ngy.
* Nut phi mnh t hy t inh, mnh st - t hp vun. . : Dng 250
gr am he, ct t hnh t ng khc 30- 50 cm. un dn chn. . Nhai l he v
nut .
* C cm gic t c, nghn noi honh cch m : Nghin l he ly
nuc, ung t ng hp nh t ht chm, hay c t h pha 1 t ha caph
nuc p t l he vo na cup sa, dun dn va si, nhp t ng ngum
khi cn m.
* Tr em bi rm sy : Dng 60 gram he v 60 gram r uou t rng
( hay vodka) . Thi vun he v do t rn cho nng dn chn. Thm
ruou t rng, t r n du. Dng bng gac t hm r uou/ he v t hoa noi rm
sy t rong 10- 15 pht . Thoa mi ngy mt ln t rong 7 ngy lin t uc. .
* Cn t rng b vo t ai : ly l he gi nt , vt ly nuc, nh vo
t ai t giot , cn t rng s b ra.
* Tri bt luc, au lung mi gi, Bn t inh, Huot t inh :
. Nghin nt 10- 15 gr am hat he, t hm vo r uou t rng t heo
t l 1 phn hat t rong 5 phn r uou. Ngm t rong 1 t un l. Ung
mi ngy 3 ln, mi ln 15 ml sau khi n.
. Ly 250 gram l he v 50 gr am nhn walnut , t hm t du
m, do kh dn khi chn. n mi ngy mt luot , v t ip t uc
t rong 1 t hng. .
He t rong ng Y :
ng Y hay Y hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa d s dung Hat He lm t huc
t hng ngn nm. Vi t huc duoc goi l Cu t ( Jiu zi) hay Cu t hi t
( Nht duoc = Kampo goi l kyshi v Triu t in l picha) .
Nhng Danh Y t rong ng y c qua nhiu t hi- dai du ghi nhn t c
dung ca Cu t :
* Sch ' Nht - Hoa Chu gia bn t ho (i Tng) ghi rng Cu t c t c
dung t ri duoc ' Mng t inh'.
* L t hi Trn ( i Minh) : Cu t b Can, t ro Mach mn t r i duoc
chng di t iu nhiu, t iu sn..
* C Hy Ung ( i Minh) : Cu t vo duocKinh Quyt m Can v Kinh
Thiu m Thn nn t ri duoc Mng t inh, t iu r a mu. .
* Hong cung T ( i Thanh) ghi t rong Bn t ho cu chn mt s t c
dung t r i Mng t inh, Di t inh , Bach t roc, Bach di ca Cu t . .
Cu t duoc cho l c vi cay/ ngot , t nh m t c dung vo cc kinh
mach t huc Thn, Can. Cu t c nhng kh nng ' n t rung, t ro Vi kh,
diu ha Tang- ph, ha nghich Kh, c Thn Tinh , t n Huyt '
* Cu t c t c dung lm m Thn, b Duong, v kin Tinh nn duoc
dng d t ri cc chng bt luc, bn t inh, di t iu nhiu ln; huyt t rng ca
phu n, dau lung, lng gi. Cu t t hung duoc phi hop vi Long ct ( Os
Draconis= Lung gu) v T bo ngua ( Tang phiu diu = Sang piao xiao) d
t r i cc chng Suy Thn Duong gy ra bn t inh, huyt t rng, di dm nhiu
ln. .
* Cu t c t hm t c dung lm m Vi, cm duoc i ma, dng t rong
cc t r ung hop Hn noi Vi.
( Theo DS Bi Kim Tng : ' ' Hoa He c t c dung lm m Thn cng lm
m Bo t rung. Bo t rung l bin ca Kinh- Mach. . Luc Ph, Ng Tang du
t ho Kh noi dy. Bo t rung l noi giao hi ca t in t hin Thn Kh v hu
t hin Vi Huyt . Cc b phn t in m, hu m v co quan sinh duc du
t huc Tang Thn. Hoa He lm manh cc co quan ny, Kh- Huyt t hng
sut nn cc bnh t t du t huyn gim. . Cc chng t u huyt , u xo t cung,
u t uyn t in lit c t h do huyt , kh t r sinh ra. Hoa He d t hng huyt
mach vng ny. . khin moi chng du t huyn gim. . ' ' ( Mn n Bi t huc
Quyn 2)
Cng t heo DS Tng t h Hoa He c t h gip t ri duoc hi chng ' Chn bi
nhc, t nhu kin b t rong xuong. . ( Rest less Leg Syndromes) do t c
dung d t hng Xung mach. .
Ti liu s dung :
Veget ables as Medicine ( Chang Chao- liang)
Chinese herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( Bensky & Gamble)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J. Duke & Ed. Ayensu)
The Oxford Companion t o Food ( Alain Davidson)
Chinese Veget ables ( Kari Harringt on)
DNH DNH. .
GARDENI A..
Cy hoa dp, vj t huc qu
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Dnh dnh, t n goi khng my my miu cho mt loi hoa huong sc rt
duoc ua chung t ai Hoa Ky :
Gar deni a. Cc nh bun bn
Hoa t ai My d xem Gardenia nhu
mt cy hoa khng t h t hiu
t rong nhng b hoa, t rng hoa
t r ung by, hay gn ring l t rn
o. .
Trong s khong gn 200
loi t rong chng Gardenia, vn c
ngun gc t ai nhng vng bn
nhit di chu v Phi chu,
ch c Gar denia j asmi noides hay
Cape j asmine , l duoc t rng ph
bin t ai My.
Cape j asmine dn vi nuc
Anh vo nm 1750, nhung khng
my t hch hop vi phong t h; v
mi dn 1757, nh t rng hoa
James Gordon mi t m ra phuong
t hc t rng v gy ging cy ny.
Tn j asmine do t bc t ranh v
ca George Ehret , v khng r ' l lich' ca cy hoa, d ghi t n bc t ranh l
j asminium, km t heo mt du hi. . v hoa c v rt ging vi hoa. . nhi !
Tn Gardenia d ghi nh vi Bc si kim Thin nhin hoc Alexander
Garden ( 1730- 1791) t ai Sout h Car olina ( ban t hu t n ca Linnaeus)
Dnh dnh, ngoi t n Gardenia j asminoides, cn c nhng t n dng
nghia nhu Gardenia florida; Gardenia august a. . t huc ho t huc vt
Rubiaceae.
Tai Trung Hoa, Dnh dnh cung cp vi t huc Chi t ( Zhi - zi) , l qu ca
cy phoi kh. Chi t duoc ghi nhn t rong Thn Nng Bn Tho, xp vo hang
t huc t rung dng. Danh Y Truong t r ong Cnh d ghi chp nhiu v cc dc
t nh t r i cc bnh lin h dn Ty ca Chi t t rong cc sch Thuong Hn lun
( Shang Han Lun) v Kim Quy Yu luoc ( Chin Kuei Yao Lueh) . .
c t nh t huc vt :
Dnh dnh t huc loai t iu mc, t hn nhn cao 0. 5- 2 m, cnh mm, nh
hnh t r u mu xm t ro. L dy, moc di, hay t ao vng gm 3 l, hnh t hun
dang t ri xoan, c khi bu duc di, c mi nhon t ai dnh, c 5- 14 cm x 2- 7
cm , mu nu den bng mt t rn, nhat hon mt dui. Phin l nguyn
gn l hnh lng chim, ni r. Hoa moc don dc du cnh hay noi nch l,
mu t rng rt t hom; i hoa c 5 rng di. Qu t hun hnh chn, mu vng,
c di hoa cn lai dnh, ln c 2. 5- 4. 5 cm x 1. 5- 2 cm, c 6- 7 canh, 2- 5
ngn, khi chn c mu vng d. Hat r t nhiu, dep. Cy ra hoa vo t hng 4-
11 v cho qu t t hng 5- 12.
Dnh dnh moc hoang t ai cc vng ni t hp, rng t hua, ven sui t rong
cc vng Trung v Nam Trung Hoa nhu Giang Ty, Phc kin, H Bc, H
Nam, Ty Xuyn v Qu chu. Cy cng moc kh ph bin t ai Nam Vit
Nam, Nht , i Loan v t hung duoc t rng lm cy cnh.
Tai Hoa Ky, Dnh dnh duoc t r ng t rong nh king t ai nhng vng kh
hu khc nghit ( cy khng chiu ni nhit d lanh dui 20 d F) , v t rng
lm hoa cnh noi vng kh hu n ho. Mt s loi duoc ua chung nhu :
August Beaut y : cao 1- 2 m , r t nhiu hoa, n vo nhng t hng
5- 10 hay 11; hoa kp, r t ln.
First Love ( Aime) : Bui t o hon August Beaut y, hoa cng t o hon.
Golden Magic : cao dn 1 m, lan rng 0. 6 m sau 2- 3 nm. Hoa
khi bt du n mu t rng, sau di dn t hnh vng dm, n t rong
nhng t hng 4- 9, cao dim vo t hng 5.
Kimura Shikazaki ( T Qu) : moc t hnh bui r m, cao 0. 6- 1 m,
rt ging loi Veichii, km t hom hon. Ma n hoa ko di, t xun
sang dn ht t hu.
Myst ery : dy l loi ph bin nht , hoa t rng kp ln dn10-
12 cm, n t t hng 5- 7, c khuynh hung moc lan, t ai vng Ty Nam
Hoa Ky, kh hu m hoa n dn t hng 11. Cy cao dn 2- 3 m.
Radicans : Cao 2- 4 m, l nh mu xm, hoa n vo ma h ln
c 2. 5 cm. Loi Radicans Variegat a c l xanh- xm, chm t rng.
Veichii : Bui r m, hoa nhiu, n t rong t hng 5- 11, c khi c
t rong ma dng nu d m.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Qu cha :
Nhng glycosides loai iridoid nhu Geniposid, Gardenosid,
Deacet y lasper ulosidic met hyl est er, Scandoside Met hyl est er .
Car ot enoids nhu Crocin- l, n- crocet in.
Cc cht phc tap khc nhu Shanzhisid, Gardosid, Geniposidic
acid, Gardenin, Ngoi ra cn c nonacosane, bet a- sit ost erol, D-
mannit ol, Cht bo, Tanin, Pect in.
Nhng t erpenoids nhu Gardenat e , 2- hydroxyet hyl gardenamide
A, Jasminoside F
L cha mt hn hop c t c dung t r i nm.
Hoa cha nhiu hop cht phc t ap t rong d c acid gardenic,
acid gardenolic B, t inh du d bc hoi ( 0. 07%) .
Dnh dnh t rong ng Y c t r uyn :
ng Y c t ruyn dng qu dnh dnh lm t huc dui t n Chi t ( zhi zi)
; hoc Son chi ( Shan zhi) Nht duoc goi l sanshi shi ( Tr iu t in l ch' i cha) .
Vi t huc duoc t hu hoach t rong nhng t hng 9 dn 11 khi qu chuyn sang
mu vng d, sau d phoi dui nng hay sy nhit d t hp. Vi t huc c t h
duoc ch bin t y t heo nhu cu diu t ri : c khi dng qu t uoi; c khi qu
chn duoc t rn khong 30 pht , dun si t rong mt t hi gian ngn tr uc khi
phoi kh, sau d duoc ct di, b hat . Qu c t h duoc rang nh la dn khi
c mu vng kim loai. Vi t huc ' Sao Chi t ' ( Chao zhi zi) l qu duoc sao
dn khi v ngoi chy t hnh t han.
Chi t duoc xem l c vi dng, t nh hn; t c dng vo cc kinh mach
t huc Tm, Can, Ph, Vi v Tam Tiu.
Chi t c nhng dc t nh :
Thanh nhi t v gi i dc : dng t rong cc chng bnh do Nhit
nhu st nng, ngui bc rc, khng yn, km t heo cm gic t c nguc,
kh ng : dng chung vi Gi du nnh ( dan dou chi= Semen Soj ae
Pr eaparat um) .
Gi i Nhi t - Thp: dng cho cc t r ung hop dau khi di t iu do
Nhit - Thp t ai Tam t iu ; Nhit t hp t ai Gan v Ti mt ( t rung t iu)
gy hong dn; Nhit t hp t ai Ti mt v kinh mach Tam t iu noi mt
nh hung dn mi v mt gy dau ming hay vng mt . Dng chung
vi Hoat t hach (bt Talc) d t ri dau v nng khi di t iu; dng chung
vi Nhn t rn Trung Hoa ( Yin chen hao= Art emisia capillar is) v ai
hong d t ri Hong dn.
Luong huyt v Ch huy t : t ri Nhit t ai Huyt vi cc
t riu chng nhu chy mu mi , c mu khi i, phn hay nuc t iu c
mu. Trong cc t rung hop ny Chi t t hung duoc sao bn phn v
dng chung vi Trc B dip, Sinh dia ( khi i ra mu, chy mu cam)
hoc vi C c ( Bach mao cn) ( khi c mu t rong nuc t iu) .
Trung Y hin dai dng qu dnh dnh t rong nhng t oa t huc t ri
hong dn, nng st cao, mt ng v i r a mu. Vi t huc duoc
chnh t hc ghi t rong Duoc in ca Cng Ho Nhn Dn Trung Hoa.
Dnh dnh t rong Duoc hoc dn gian :
Tpi n d: Dnh dnh duoc goi l Gandharaj . Ton cy duoc
dng d t ri giun sn, chng co- git , gy nn ma, dng ngoi d st
t rng; R dng t r i cc bnh t hn kinh v kh t iu ha.
Tpi Tr ung Hoa : Qu dng chng sung, t r i st , cm mu. Qu
nh ( Son chi t ) t ri bnh phI , st . Qu ln t hung dng ngoi, dp t r
sung, bi t huong, phng, ch cn. R lm t huc sc t ri dau loI , sung
rng, kit ly, ho ra mu.
Tpi Vi t Nam : Qu dng nhum mu vng . Trong Nam Duoc
Thn Hiu, Danh Y Tu Tinh dng dnh dnh sao chung vi hoa he
sao v sn dy d cha t h huyt . Hoa dng lm t huc t ri sung mt .
V cy dng lm t huc b, cha st rt , kit
Nhng nghin cu mi v Dnh dnh :
Tc dng t r n S bi n dung Mpt :
Nuc ch phm Chi- t khi cho t h t h nghim ung : khng c nh
hung t rn t hnh phn ca mt , nhung khi chch t inh mach lai t ao ra su gia
tng bi t it mt ko di dn 60 pht . Trong cc t h nghim noi ngui c su
gia t ng r rt v co t ht t i mt xy ra sau ung ch phm 20 dn 40 pht .
Khi cho t h , d bi ct ng dn mt , ung nuc t rch : nng d bilirubin t rong
mu gim ha , su sut gim ny t y t huc vo liu s dung. Dich t rch bng
nuc c t c dung manh hon dich t rch bng alcohol. Dich chit Gar denoside,
khi chch cho t h, t ao su gia t ng mc bilirubin, sau 2 gi, so vi nhm di
chng, mc bilirubin gim nhe sau 6 gi, v gim r rt sau 24 gi. Khi chch
cho t h , d bi ct ng dn mt , dich t rch bng alcohol, mc bilirubin sut
gim sau 24 gi. ( Comparat i ve Medicine East and West S 5- 1977)
Tc dng t r n H Thn k i nh Tr ung uong :
Khi chch dui da ( SC) cho chut , mt dung dich t rch Chi t : cc nh
nghin cu ghi nhn mt su sut gim cc hoat dng ca h t hn kinh t u t ri,
mt nhm , t hu gin bp t hit . Tuy nuc t rch Chi t khng t h t rung ha t c
dng ca st rychnin, nhung cc t h vt t h nghim cho dng Chi t gim
duoc t l t vong so vi nhm di chng.
Tc dng t r n H Ti m- Mpch :
Nuc sc qu dnh dnh , khi cho ung hay chch qua mng phc t oan
noi t h, mo v chut , du c t c dung lm ha huyt p, t c dung ny ko
di kh lu. ( Am. Jour nal of Chinese Medicine S 4- 1976; S 5- 1977)
Tc dng k hng si nh :
Nuc sc qu dnh dnh c tc dung c ch ' in vit ro' t rn nhiu loai
nm gy bnh nhm t inea, lm ngung hoat dng ca k sinh t rng schis
t osoma ( in vit ro) , t uy nhin t c dung khng khun khng t hy xy ra khi t h
t rn cc vi khun khc.
Tc dng t r ong cc t r ung hqp chn t huong :
Qu dnh dnh gi nt , nho vi nuc v alcol, lm t hnh mt khi nho
d duoc t h nghim dng dp ln cc vt chn t huong; khi dp duoc t hay
di mi 3- 5 ngy, v t rong t rung hop sung nhiu t h duoc t hay cch nht ;
Trong 407 t rung hop diu t ri, 328 t r ung hop ht dau sau 24 gi dp t huc,
66 t rung hop ht dau t rong vng 48 gi, 13 t rong vng 72 gi. Thi gian
t rung bnh ht dau l 30 gi, gim sung l 2 ngy rui v phuc hi hoat dng
l 5. 1 ngy.
Kh nng Chng Ox y- ha :
Crocin, mt cht carot enoid t an t rong nuc, l mt cht ly t rch duoc t
qu dnh dnh v nhuy hoa cy saffr on. Crocin duoc ly t rch t qu dnh
dnh bng dung dich acet on 50% sau d t inh khit ha bng t rao di qua ct
ions. Crocin t inh khit ( > 99. 6%) c hoat t nh khng oxy ha nng d t uong
di t hp 40 ppm ( Journal of Agricul t ure Food Chemist r y S 48- 2000)
Cht mu t r on g Dnh dnh :
Ngoi phuong din s dung lm t huc, qu dnh dnh cn duoc dng
lm phm mu t u nhin dng t rong t huc phm : Mu vng Gardenia l cht
phm t rch t qu dnh dnh bng alcohol : Cht phm ny cha crocet in,
gent iobiose, geniposid v genipin ( do t hy gii geniposid) . Nghin cu t ai ai
hoc Y Khoa Osaka Cit y ( Nht ) ghi nhn cht phm ny c t h gy dc hai v
mt di t h ( genot oxic) do hoat t nh ca genipin ( Food Chemist ry Toxicology
S 40- 2002) .
Geniposide, vn khng c mu, c t h duoc t hy gii bng bet a-
glucosidase d cho Genipin, genipin khi phn ng vi cc aminoacid
( glycine, lysin, phenylalanin) s cho mt sc t mu lam, bn dui nhit , nh
sng , v pH , c t h dng lm phm mu cho t huc phm ( Journal of
Agri cult ural Food Chemist r y S 49- 2001) . Cc vi- khun c t rong ming
Act inomyces naeslundii v Act inomyces viscosus ( l nhng t c nhn dng
gp vo vic kch khi v gy ra su r ng noi ngui) c cha bet a-
glucosidase nn t ao ra mt phn ng vi cc hop cht t rong qu dnh dnh
d cho mt mu xanh t rong nuc bot . . . ( phn ng ny dang duoc nghi n cu
d ng dung t ao mt t huc t h t m cc loai vi khun c t h gy su rng. . )
Hopt t nh hp dung t r ong mu :
Trong s 4 hoat cht loai glycosides iridoidal ly t rch duoc t l dnh
dnh : deacet ylasperulosidic acid met hyl est er ( DE) , scandoside met hyl est er
( SC) , geniposide v gardenoside, ch ring DE c kh nng lm ha dung
t rong mu noi chut bnh t hung; cc cht kia hu nhu khng t c dung dua
dn gi t huyt cho rng vi t r ca nhm hydroxy rt cn t hit cho hoat t nh
ha dung huyt .
Ti liu s dung :
Her bal Emissar ies ( St even Fost er)
West ern Garden Book ( Sunset )
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( Bensky)
T in Cy t huc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J Duke & Ed Ayensu)
Medicinal Plant s of I ndia ( SK Jain)
Mi nm HOA O n..
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Cu t ho dc bit ca V dnh Lin hnh nhu d duoc ghi khc t rong
t m t u ca ngui Vit , d mi khi Xun v, Tt dn l hnh nh ng gi
v Cnh hoa o lai hin ra ngay t r uc mt . i vi nhng ngui sinh ra
t rong cc t hp nin t 40 v sau, di cu vo Min Nam nm 1954, chc ch
bit dn o qua t hi vn, v Xun v t ai Min Nam ch ruc r cnh hoa
Mai. . Tai lat , t uy cng c do, nhung dy lai l hoa Anh o, khc vi
cnh o ngy xun t ai Min Bc. .
Ngy nay, t ai Hoa Ky. . chc t ngui bit rng. . o moc khp noi, d
moi loai hoa don, hoa kp v qu do ( peach) bn dy cho lai l . . t cy
do ' qu' v him t ai Vit Nam. .
Tn goi ca o c t h gy nhiu nhm ln v t rong t ing Vit c kh
nhiu loai do nhu H do ( l cyJuglans regia) , Duong do ( cy Kiwi) ,
o ln ht ( cy diu) , do Kim cuong ( sim) . . nhung t ht ra, ngay di vi
nhng nh t huc vt v nhng nh duoc hoc. . vic phn bit cc loai do
cng t ht rc r i v gi t r i dinh dung cng nhu t c dung cha bnh ca
mi loi. . cng khc nhau. .
Nhng cy o du t huc chi t huc vt Prunus, gia dnh Rosaceae .
Pr unus duoc chia t hnh 2 nhm chnh :
Nhm cho qu n duoc : bao gm cc cy o ( peach,
nect arine) , Hanh nhn ( almond) , Mo ( apr icot ) , Mn (Plum,
Pr une) . . Cherry. . Cy o Vit Nam = Pr unus persi ca ) t huc nhm
peach ny. .
Nhm cho hoa lm cnh . Nhm ny lai chia t hm t hnh 2
nhm phu : nhm phu ch t rng lm cnh, l xanh quanh nm, hoa
n rt dep, t rng ven dung, b ro. . ; v nhm phu va cho hoa
ln qu. . ( Cy mai t r ng= Japanese Flower ing plum Prunus mume
t huc nhm phu ny) . Cy Anh o Nht = Pr unus cerasoides cng
c t h duoc xp t rong nhm ny. .
Cy o Vit Nam : Prunus persica = P. vulgari s
Cy duoc xem l c ngun gc t Trung Hoa, Mng c, t hon 2000
nm t r uc v sau d duoc t rng t ai nhiu noi t rn t h gii d ly qu
( peach) n. . Cy c hoa dep, n vo du ma Xun nn rt duoc ua
chung t ai Vit Nam, ct cnh cm chung ngy Tt Nguyn dn. .
o d duoc ghi nhn t rong sch v v vn chuong Trung Hoa t nm
550 t r uc Ty lich v duoc dng lm biu t uong cho su Trung sinh, bt
t. Thuc phm chnh ca ' bt Tin' t rong t ruyn Tu chnh l o. o d
duoc Khng T ghi t rong kinh sch t t h k t h 5 ( t r uc Ty Lich) .
Truyn Ty Du K c k v Tn ng Khng ln vo vun do ca Ty
Vuong Mu, n t rm do t in, loai cy ch sinh qu 3000 nm mt ln v
ch dnh cho Ngoc Hong t hung lm !
Thi ca Trung Hoa d c rt nhiu t c phm ca t ung hoa o nhu :
' . . Nhn di n bt t ri h x kh
o hoa y cuu t iu dng phong. . ' ( Thi H)
o d t heo chn cc don t huong bun, l hnh t Trung Hoa dn n
d ri Ba Tu v pht t rin manh t ai x ny. . Khi La M xm chim Ba t u,
do duoc dt cho t n l Malus persica= ' Persia apples' . Vua Claudius dua
o v t rng t ai Hy lap v ri khp u chu ( Php l quc gia u chu
t r ng nhiu o nht ) .
Ngui Ty ban Nha dua do vo Mexico cch dy khong 400 nm, v
sau d cng t heo chn ho dn vi Florida vo t h k 16. o duoc t hun
ha, v moc hoang rt manh khp Mexico, Nam v ng Nam Hoa Ky,
bin di d c t n l ' I ndian peaches' . . v cc nh t huc vt d t ng nhm
khi cho r ng o c ngun gc t Tn luc dia. Nhng ging o du t in
cho qu c t hit mu d, dnh vi ht nhu Cr awford, Oldmixon.. r i dn t hi
Ni chin, do da phuong bt du duoc cho lai t ao vi nhng ging mi
du nhp t Trung Hoa. Nm 1850, Charles Downing d lai t ao o dia
phuong vi ging ' Cling' ca Trung Hoa d t ao duoc 2 ging dc bit rt
ni t ing ' Elber t a' , Redhaven. . nhng ging ny hin vn rt duoc ua
chung v ngy nay d c dn hon 400 chng loai do khc nhau.
Hin nay ging o cho t hit mu t r ng ( whit e- fleshed) dang r t duoc
ua chung t ai Hoa Ky, v mt ging o khc cho qu ' dep' hnh dang nhu
bnh doghnut cng dang duoc pht t rin ( dua t heo cch n ca cc vi
Vua Tu, c t h dng t ay cm qu d n phn t hit quanh ht m khng
phi. . cn c qu) . Cc nh t r ng t a t ai Texas, Georgia, New Jersey,
Florida d nghi duoc phuong t hc t rng cc ging cho qu t uy chn nhung
vn d cng d d t hu hoach, chuyn ch v phn phi m khng bi hu
hai. .
(o Nect arine : Tn nect ar ine do ngui Anh dt ra vo gia t h k 17
d phn bit nect arine v peach, cho r ng nect arine l mt t ri cy ring,
hay l lai t ao gia do v mn ( plum) , nhung t ht su ch l su bin dang
gen ca o. Truc dy nect ar ine. .duoc nhp vo Hoa Ky t u chu
nhung dn gia t hp nin 1940- 1950, Fred Anderson t ai California d t ao
duoc nhiu ging nect arine c gi t r i t huong mi cao v Nect arine t r
t hnh mt cy n t ri dc bit cho Californi a. . hin c khong 150 ging
nect ar ine)
o ( peach) v Nect arine du l Prunus persica ( Nect ar ine c t n
khoa hoc l Pr unus persica var. nucipersica hay var . nect ar ina) , ch khc
bit nhau 1 gene ( Peach c mang gen nn v c lng. . cn nect arine
t hiu gen ny nn da lng hon)
Hin nay , t ai Hoa Ky, o l loai t ri cy duoc sn xut vi s luong
kh cao, dng vo hng t h ba, ch sau To v Cam. Georgia hin l ' t h
d' sn xut o. .
c t nh t huc vt :
Cy t huc loai t iu mc, cao 8- 10 m, moc lu nm. Thn nhn c v
mu nu- hng hay xm, phn cnh di v nhiu, mm nhn d un. L
hnh mi gio hay bu duc, hep, di 8- 15 cm , r ng 2- 3 cm, t hun du,
mp l c r ng cua nh, du, l mu xanh luc xm hay nhat t y ging;
cung mnh. Hoa mu hng, moc don dc, n cng mt lc vi chi l;
hoa hu nhu khng c cung. Cc cnh di hop gc hnh chung. Nhi
kh nhiu di bng cnh hoa. Qu t huc loai hach, hnh cu, dung knh
50- 70 mm c mt rnh bn kh r, ph lng t o min, khi chn mu d, mi
t hom diu, vi ngot . .
o, cy hoa ngy Tt :
Truyn t hng Vit Nam d xem vic t rng do v t hung ngoan do
vo dip Tt Nguyn dn l mt ngh t hut dc bit . . Ta do, bc v, ct
ngon. .d c cnh do n hoa dng ngy Tt di hi kh nhiu cng doan
v mi cng doan cng r t cng phu chua k dn t ut l, xem nu d hm
khi cn hay t hc khi hoa n mun. .
o duoc chia t hnh nhiu loai khc nhau :
o phai : Hoa mu hng, l mu xanh nhat . .
o bach : Hoa t hua, mu t r ng. .
o qu : Hoa hng nhat , cnh don, nh. .
o bch : duoc cho l dep nht : hoa mu d xm, dy dc,
n st nhau, cnh kp. L mu xanh dm ( y l ging Prunus
persica var. camelliaf lora) .
Tai cc Tiu Bang min Ty Bc Hoa Ky, c t h c duoc cnh o
ngy Tt t uong di d dng, v c t h t rng do va ly qu v cnh cm
t heo phuong t hc sau :
o ua kh hu lanh, mt v m nhung khng duoc ng nuc, nn
chon ch dt t r ng va m va cao ro, d t hot nuc. Tr ng bng cy
ghp d hon t hat , c t h mua t hng cy t nh vun.
Mun c cnh o n dng ngy Tt : nn ct cnh ngay khi cy bt
du ra chi non, ln du ct t ht nhiu d cy dm ra t hm nhiu cnh.
Sau d mi t hng ct t a mt ln ( t a nhe, b cc cnh yu) . o s c
hnh dng kh dep sau khong 6 ln t a. Mun cy t r hoa dng dip xun
v, dng dao t ht sc ct b 1 vng v noi gn gc t hn : L cy s
chuyn t mu xanh dm sang xanh nhat v hoi r xung. ( Nu l vn gi
mu xanh dm, cn ct b t hm 1 vng v cao hon, goi l ' t hin do) .
Nn t hin do vo khong t hng 10 ( Oct ober) , v sau d t ut l d t hc
cy ra nu. . ( t hi gian t ut l t y t huc t hi t it , t hung t rong khong cui
t hng 12 ( December) . Khi gn dn ngy nu hoa nh t o, c t h phi hm
bt bng cch che bt nh sng, ngung t ui hay ct bt r v ct b v
quanh t hn d lm hoa chm n. .
( Tai Oregon v Washingt on, nn chon cc loai Springgold, Elbert a chiu
duoc nhit d lanh kh t t )
c t nh duoc hoc :
Cc b phn ca o c cha nhng hoat cht khc nhau :
L : cha glucosides khi t hy gii cho hydrocyanic acid
( Amygdalin) , Tanin , Coumadin. , phloret in
Hoa : cha glucosides, t rifolin, coumar ins, flavonoids. .
Qu :
phn t hit ca qu c cc sc t nhu lycopen, car ot enoids,
cript oxant hin, zeaxant hin, dung hu co, acid hu co ( t art r ic,
malic. . , chlorogenic) .
Hat cha cht bo ( 50%) , amygdalin, t inh du d bay hoi,
pr ussic acid, choline, acet ylcholine. .
Mt s b phn ca cy o duoc dng t rong Duoc hoc Ty Phuong
nhu du p t nhn hat ( peach kernel oil) , v cy, l cy v hat . . Mt s
t hnh phm duoc bn dui cc t n t huong mai nhu Laet rile, Vit amin B17. .
du p t nhn duoc dng lm du duoc dung, c hoat t nh khng
nm khi t h in vit ro ( Hindust an Ant ibiot ic Bullet in S 32- 1990) .
Mt s b phn ca cy nhu v, l. .duoc ghi nhn l kch t hch dung
t iu ha.
Phloret in, t rch t v v l c hoat t nh khng sinh chng lai cc vi
khun gram duong v gram m.
Laet rile hay Amygdalin hay Vit amin B17. . d t ng duoc qung co l c
cc hoat t nh nga v t r i ung t hu. Tuy nhin cc nghin cu t huc hin
tai Nat ional Cancer I nst it ut e d khng chng minh duoc t c dung ny
( New England Journal of Medicine S 306- 1982) v FDA d cm s
dung Laet rile v c t h gy ng dc do cyanide. .
V, l, hoa v hat o du c t h gy ng dc : Mt hach qu ( pit )
cha khong 2. 6 mg hydrocyanic acid cho mi gram hat . Liu
hydrocyanic acid gy t vong cho ngui ln l 50- 60 mg, t uong ng
vi chng 20 gram hach nhn
Gi t ri dinh dung :
100 gram phn t hit n duoc (qu t uoi) cha :
o Nect arine
Calories
Cht dam
Cht bo
Cht so
Calcium
St
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Pot assium
Km
43
0.70 g
0.09 g
0.64 g
5 mg
0. 11 mg
7 mg
12 mg
197 mg
0. 140 mg
49
0.94 g
0.46 g
0.40 g
5 mg
0. 15 mg
8 mg
16 mg
212 mg
0. 090 mg
ng
Manganese
Bet a- Carot ene ( A)
Thiamine ( B1)
Riboflavine ( B2)
Niacin ( B3)
Pant ot henic acid
Pyridoxine
Folic acid
Vit amin C
0. 068 mg
0. 047 mg
535 I U
0. 017 mg
0. 041 mg
0. 990 mg
0. 170 mg
0. 018 mg
3. 4 mcg
6. 6 mg
0. 073 mg
0. 044 mg
736 I U
0. 017 mg
0. 041 mg
0. 990 mg
0. 158 mg
0. 025 mg
3. 7 mcg
5. 4 mg
V phuong din dinh dung, t uy khng phi l loai t ri cy gip t r ung
sinh nhu t rong t ruyn Tu, nhung o v Nect arine duoc xem l cc t huc
phm gip loi t iu, long dm, nhun t r ung, gip lm diu dau. o r t d
t iu ha, v gy phn ng kim manh cho co t h, kch t hch su bi t it cc
dich t iu ha, gip lm dep ln da, t ng v r uc r cho da. Do hai t c dung
loi t iu cng nhun t rung, o gip loai t r dc cht khi co t h nht l
khi t hn v bng quang suy yu. o cung cp luong calories t uong di
t hp, cha luong nuc cao hon t o, l. . nn c t h l t ri cy gii kht l
tung .
Ngoi vai t r t huc phm, o cn duoc dng lm my phm nui da r t
tt . C t h dng cng t hc nui da sau dy :
dng hn hop cc t ri t uoi gm o, u d, Chui v Avocado,
mi t h 50 gr am,
t r n t rong my blender t hnh mt khi nho va d, dp ln
da mt ( nhu facial mask) ,
gi t rong 30 pht , r i r a sach bng nuc m
sau d dng du hung duong t hoa nhe du t rn mt d gip
da mt gi duoc v t uoi mt . .
Khoa dinh dung mi t ai Trung Hoa dng do t uoi d gip t ri mt s
bnh nhu :
Tri ho, ho do suyn, do t ang ph suy nhuoc : Dng 3 qu do
tuoi, b v , t hm 30 gram dung. Thm nuc v nu t rong bnh
kn. n ( b ht ) mi ngy.
Tri dau do hernia : Dng 30 gram do cn xanh v 1 qu xoi
tuoi. Nu vi nuc va d dn chn. n ngy 2 ln : sng v chiu.
Tri Hoat t inh ( Xut t inh bt t hung) , m hi dm : Dng 30
gr am do xanh d phoi kh, sao dn khi kh. Thm nuc v 30
gr am To t u. Hp cch t hy dn chn. n mi ngy t ruc khi di
ng. .
Tri Huyt p cao : Dng 1- 2 qu do t uoi, b v, b ht , n
mi ngy sng v chiu; dng t hi dng 30 gr am do xanh d phoi
kh, nu nuc ung t hay nuc t r. .
(o xanh phoi kh, duoc t hu hi khi qu cn non, b ht v
phoi du nng dn khi kh hn)
o t rong Duoc hoc c t ruyn :
Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa dng hach qu, dp v b v ly hat ,
t hung goi l nhn d lm t huc. Vi t huc duoc goi l o Nhn ( t ao- ren)
o Nhn duoc chp t rong ' Thn nng bn t ho kinh' dui t n o-
hach nhn = Tao- ho- j en v xp vo loai duoc liu hang t hp. Sau d L
t hi Trn d chp lai t rong Bn t ho cuong muc. ( Nht duoc, Kempo goi l
t nin)
o Nhn duoc xem l c vi dng, t nh bnh, c t c dung ' ph huyt
' , ' kh t ch t r' , nhun t o, hoat t rung, loi t iu v t c dng vo cc kinh
mach t huc Tm, Can, Ph, ai t r ung. .
Do hoat t nh ph duoc huyt , o Nhn l mt vi t huc quan t r ong
d t ri cc chng bnh lin h dn huyt t u nhu ri loan v kinh nguyt ,
dau bung dui, dau do chn t huong, dau ngang sun. . t u huyt noi phi
v dau bung ni cuc hn. . Thung duoc phi hop vi Hng hoa ( hong-
hua= Flos Cart hami Tinct orii) d t ri b kinh v bt kinh km t heo dau
bung ; phi hop vi uong quy ( Dang- gui= Radix Angelicae Sinensis) v
Xch t huoc ( Chi Shao= Radix Paeoniae Rubreae) d t ri dau nhc do chn
t huong. . Dng chung vi ai hong ( da- huang= Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) v
Mang t iu ( Mang- xiao= Mirabilit um) d t ri sung rut . .
Do t nh nhun t o nn dng d t ri cc chng bn ut . .
Cy Anh o : o Nht
Bn canh cy o cho qu, d t rnh by. , t ai Vit Nam cn c cy Anh
o hay dng hon o lat , cng cho hoa kh dep vo dip Tt . Anh o
t hung duoc xem l biu t uong cho nuc Nht , v hoa Anh o Nht
ngy nay d duoc lai t ao d cho hoa rt dep cng n dng lc xun v. .
Anh o l qt :
Tn khoa hoc : Pr unus cerasoides
Cy Anh o P. cerasoides c ngun gc t vng Hymalaya, Ty
tang sau d phn b xung Trung Hoa, Nht , Triu Tin. . cng gp t ai
cc vng ni cao Bc Vit Nam v duoc t rng t ai lat . .
Anh o t huc loai t iu mc, cao 5- 10 m; t hn c v mu xm,
phn cnh, nhnh nhiu, di v t hng, nhn. L nh, mm, hnh t ri
xoan hay ngon gio, hoi hep v pha gc, mi ngon, mp l r ng cua
di 5- 12 cm, r ng 2. 5- 5 cm, cung l nh v nhn. Hoa mu hng d
hay hoi t r ng , cnh di hop t hnh ng hep. Trng hoa dang bu duc
t hun. Hoa t r t ruc khi c l. Hoa moc t hnh cum gn nhu dang t n,
t hung moc chung 3 hoa. Qu t huc loai hach qu, hnh cu dung
knh 10- 12mm mu d.
Anh o ra hoa vo t hng 12 hay t hng Ging v c qu t t hng
2
Anh o Nhqt hay Anh o di
Tn khoa hoc Pr unus lannesiana
Ngun gc t Nht , duoc t r ng nhiu t ai Vit Nam v nhiu nuc
t rn t h gii d lm cy cnh.
Cy cng t huc loai t iu mc, cao 4- 6m, cnh nhnh di, nhn
mu nu den. L t hun di c du nhon, mp l kha r ng cua nh,
du, mu xanh nhat . Hoa moc t rn cc cnh gi, c t h moc don dc
hay t hnh t ng di; hoa ln c 3- 4 cm, mu d hng c huong
t hom. . i hoa c lng min. .
Ngoi ra cn c 1 chng cho hoa mu t r ng, rt t hom ( P.
lannensiana for m. donarium) .
An h o Nhqt t qi Vng Ty Bc Hoa Ky :
Tai vng Ty Bc Hoa Ky, cc nh vun d du nhp mt s loi Anh
o Nht , bin di d cy ch t r hoa v khng kt qu nhm muc dch
cho hoa lm cnh. Cc cy do ny duoc goi chung l Japanese
Flowering Cherry, c t n khoa hoc Prunus serrulat a.
Pr unus serrulat a duoc ci bin d t ao ra nhiu loai o t moc bnh
t hung dn moc t hnh t n, moc r, v moc t hnh ct . .
o Nht moc t hng bnh t hung gm:
- Prunus ' Accolade' : Hoa kp, mu hng nhat , cy cao dn 8m
- Prunus s. ' Kwanzan' : Hoa kp mu hng dm, cao dn 10m,
t n r ng 6m.
- Prunus s. ' Shirofugen' : Hoa kp, bt du mu hng ri phai
dn v t rng, hoa xut hin cng mt lc vi l mu dng d. Cao
chng 10m.
- Px yedoensis ( Yoshino Cherr y) : y l loai o ni t ing,
t r ng t rong vng Tidal Basin t ai Washingt on DC. Hoa don, ln mu
hng nhat . Cy cao dn 10- 15 m. t n rng dn 10m.
o Nht moc r gm :
- Prunus s ' Snow Fount ain' : Hoa t r ng, don; cnh moc r
- Px s. ' Yae- shidar e- higan' : Hoa kp, hng lot .
o Nht moc t hnh t n :
- Prunus serrulat a ' Shirot ae' : Ging do ni t ing ' Mt Fuj i' , moc
t hnh dang chic nguoc. Hoa t rng rt t hom, n t nu mu hng,
sau d chuyn sang mu hng d. n ma Thu, l di sang mu
vng r i d cam. Moc cao dn 7m, t n r ng dn 12- 15 m. .
o moc t hnh t r u :
- Prunus serrulat a ' Amanogawa' ( o Ngn h) : Hoa mu hng
nhat , moc cao dn 8- 14 m ch rng chng 1m t hnh ct t hng kh
dep. .
Duqc t nh ca Anh o :
Nht duoc dng v Anh- do lm t huc vi t n goi Ouhi. Ouhi
khng duoc dng t ai Trung Hoa. Duoc liu duoc ly t cc cy :
Pr unus j amasakura; Prunus yedoenisis
Ouhi duoc xem c nhng hoat t nh t ri ho v long dm.
Thnh phn ha hoc ca v gm :
- P. j amarsakura : Eriodyct ylol, Narangenin, Genkwanin,
Glucogen kwanin, Sakuranet in, Sakuranin. .
- P. yedoenisis : Phloridzin, Sakuranin, Tannins.
Tai Vit Nam, qu Anh o lat duoc dng lm t huc phm v ch
bin t hnh ruou Anh o.
Ti liu s dung :
Taylor' s Guide t o Fruit s and Berr ies
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America ( Smit h)
Whole Foods Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
Fruit s as Medicine ( Dai Yin- fang & Liu Cheng- j un)
Thuc Nam t rn t My ( t p 3)
Tap ch Sunset ( Januar y 2005)
HOA HI N
( Ci KI M CHM)
Cy hoa gi p qun .. ni phi n .. ?
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Rt him cc loi hoa ngun gc t dng , t r t hnh mt cy hoa
chnh t ai cc vun Hoa Ky. . t rong d c loi hoa dc bit Hoa Hin. . Ngui
Trung Hoa d bit dng Hoa Hin lm t huc v t huc phm t hon 2500
nm t r uc. Trong Kinh Thi d c ghi chp : 'Yn dc Huyn t ho, ngn t hu
chi bi' , v hoa Hin ( Huyn) d duoc xem l mt cy t t , gip qun moi
uu phin. . C r t nhiu chng d duoc lai t ao d cho nhng cy hoa c t h
cao t 15 cm dn 2m vi r t nhiu mu sc t hay di, ruc r. . ( ngoai t r
mu xanh da t r i ( blue) v mu t r ng t uyn) . Hi cc nh t rng hoa Hin
hay American Hemerocallis Societ y d hoat dng t 1946 v hin nay c
dn 275 nh chuyn t rng v hng ngn ngui yu hoa lm hi vin vi
khong t rn 30 ngn chng hoa d loai v t rong 30 nm qua. . hoa Hin
d lm say lng khch yu hoa ngui My. Mi nm du c ngy Hi t hi d
t uyn lua cy hoa dep nht t rong nm : Chng doat gii nm 2002 l
chng lai t ao ' Ming Porcelain' , cho hoa mu hng do nhat . .
Nm 1753, nh t huc vt Linnaeus d dng t n lat in Hemerocallis d
dt cho hoa Hin. Mi dn t h k 16, u chu mi bit dn hoa Hin ca
chu : nm 1583 Clusius vit v hoa Hin, xut hin t ai Hungar y v l mt
cy hoa qu ch duoc t rng t ai nhng lu di ca gii qu t c. Henri Lyt e
l t c gi du t in vit v hoa Hin t ai Anh ( 1578) . .
Hemerocallis fulva duoc t rng t ai Philadelphia vo 1812. .
Trong vn chuong Trung Hoa, hoa Hin duoc nhc nh nhiu t rong bi
ht , bi t ho dnh cho Khng T, v hoa duoc Chi Han ( 304 t r uc Ty lich)
m t nhu mt loai rau; sau d duoc ghi t rong Thn Nng Bn t ho Kinh
nhu mt duoc liu c t nh loi t iu, t r i hong dn. Trong Bn t ho Cuong
Muc, L t hi Trn ghi nhn r cy t n t hnh bt , duoc dng d t ri cc nhot
noi v. . v dot non ca hoa khi nu c mi vi nhu hnh chn, ngoi ra nuc
ct p t r hoa duoc dng d t ri ng dc do t hach t n.
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t hung goi :
Hemerocallis fulva t huc ho t huc vt Hemerocallidacea.
Ngoi ra cn c Hemerocallis cit rina; H. minor ; H. lilioasphodelus (
lemon lilly) v H. middendorf.
( Hemerocallis , t t ing Hy lap = Beaut iful for only a day, d ch hoa
rt chng t n, chng cho hoa n ko di nht cng ch duoc. . 72 gi)
Nhng t n t hung goi : Daylil ies bao gm nhng t n nhu Orange
Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Fulvous Dayl ily.
Tai Trung Hoa, Hoa Hin duoc goi l Vong t ho ( Xuan- cao) , Vong uu,
Huyn t ho, Liu su, Kim chm t hi ( Jin zhen cai) , Hong hoa t hi
( Huang- hua- cai)
Tai Nht : Akinowasuregusa.
c t nh t huc vt :
Cy hoa Hin d (H. fulva) ( Tawny Daylily, Or ange Daylily, Lis rouge)
ngun gc t Chu , t huc loai t hn t ho da nin, c t h moc cao dn
1m, c nhiu r c t rn. L nguyn, hnh mi mc hep, di 30- 60 cm rng
3- 5 cm, mu xanh bng ni r gn doc, moc t p t rung gc, xo ra
t hung gp xung pha ngon. Hoa t o hnh phu mu vng d, khng
t hom, t mt t n hoa moc ra 8- 9 hoa, phn nhnh, t uy nhin hoa ch n
tng di hay ch mt hoa l. . Qu t huc loai nang c hnh 3 canh t rong
cha nhiu hat mu den bng.
Cy ra hoa t rong cc t hng 6- 8.
Hemer ocal l i s f ul va phn b rng ri, moc hoang noi t hung lng, di
ni, gn nhng vng nuc, v duoc t rng ph bin t ai Trung Hoa ( Son
Ty, H Nam, Giang Ty, Trit giang, Phc kin) , Nht . . nhung cy Tawny
Daylily ny ngy nay cn duoc t rng nhiu t ai Hoa Ky, hon c t ai Trung
Hoa ! H. fulva duoc cc nh vun cho lai t ao t hnh nhiu chng r t dep :
H. ful va var. Kwanso :
Hoa ln, cnh kp ( Double Orange daylily)
H. fulva var. flor e-pl eno : Hoa
c cnh vng d v c nhiu dm d gia hoa.
H. fulva var. variegat a : L
mu xanh c nhng vach t rng.
H. fulva var. hupehensis :
Hoa mu d t uoi, c hong mu vng. .
Hemer ocal l i s ci t r i na : ch cao chng 1. 2 m, l di dn 1 m v rng
hon 2. 5 cm. Hoa mu vng, t hom mi chanh, ln chng 12. 5 cm, n v
dm t rong cc t hng 6- 7. Cy moc ph bin t ai vng ni v rung la t ai
H Bc, Son Ty, Son ng, Giang t , An huy. . H Bc. . T
xuyn..
Hemer ocal l i s mi nor : moc cao khong 45 cm, l mng manh t hun
hep khong 5cmx1. 3cm; Hoa n vo ma xun, mu vng, t hom, ln
chng 10 cm. Cy moc t ai vng dt m, di ni, ven rng, v duoc t rng
hu nhu khp Trung Hoa. Cy cng moc t u nhin t ai Nht , v ng
Siberia
Hemer ocal l i s l i l i asphodel us (H. flava) : cy ny t hung duoc goi l
Lemon daylily, Yellow daylily, Lis j aune= Hemerocalle j aune, c ngun gc
t Bc Chu , Cy t hn c, moc t hnh bui dy cao chng 1m. L t uong
di ln c 66 cm x 18 cm, mu xanh bng, mm, un cong ra. Hoa t p
t rung t hnh t n ( 6- 9 hoa) n v dm, vo ma xun, mu vng t uoi di
chng 10 cm, rt t hom mi chanh, ko di t 20 dn 76 gi ; cng duoc
t r ng khp Trung Hoa, moc t rong vng pha Bc t hung lng Sng Duong
t. .
Hemer ocal l i s mi dden dor f f i : cao chng 35 cm, l moc vuon cao dn
66 cm. Hoa mu cam, t hom di chng 7. 5 cm, n vo cui xun; moc
t rong vng ni cao t ai Bc Trung Hoa, Triu t in, Vng bin gii Nga v
Nht .
Thnh phn ha hoc :
- R cha cc alkaloids nhu Colchicine, Hemerocallin, Friedelin,
Obt usifolin. . ; cc hop cht loai ant hraquinones nhu kwanzoquinones A, B,
C , Chrysophanol, Rhein. .
Trong cy cn c Asparagine, cc vit amin A, B v C ; Bet a- sit ost erol-
D- glucoside, Trehalase. . ; nhiu khong cht , luong cao nht l st .
Ngoi ra cn c cc saponines loai st eroid : Hemeroside A v B. .
Duoc t nh v cng dung :
Duoc hoc Trung Hoa c t ruyn dng Hoa v R hoa Hin lm t huc.
R duoc t hu hoach t rong cc t hng 7- 9 sau khi cy t r hoa.
Hoa ( nu hoa phoi kh) duoc xem l c vi ngot , t nh hn ; t c dung
vo kinh mach t huc Ph v ai t rng.
Hoa duoc xem l mt t huc ' mt ' dng t r i bun nn, i ma, chng
co- git , gim st , ha nhit , v dng lm diu dau khi sanh n. Hoa cng c
t c dung lm yn ng t ang, t ao khoan khoi t rong lng.
R: c vi dng, t nh hn t c dung vo Ty v Ph.
R hoa Hin duoc dng d t ri ph ( gi nuc) , kh t iu t in, nuc t iu
duc, vng da, sung gan, sung t hn, t iu ra mu, chy mu cam. . phn c
mu, xut huyt t cung.
R t uoi nu vi t hit heo duoc dng lm t huc gip gia t ng t bo mu
bi dung co t h khi dang dung bnh.
R t uoi, xay t hnh bt nho, dng d dp ln noi sung v ( mast it is) .
L v R ( kh) duoc sc vi nuc vo gao, lm t huc t ri ph t hng.
R kh ( 30 gr am) sc chung vi Gng t uoi ( 8- 10 lt ) , dng vi r uou
t r ng ; hay r kh ( 30 g) nu chung vi Mc nhi ( 10 g) d t ri phn c
mu.
t ri vng da ( Hong dn) , R t uoi r a sach duoc nhi vo bung g
mi, ri quay liu riu , t rong 3 gi, n mi ngy mt ln hay n cch nht .
t non : c vi hoi ngot , t nh mt dng d gip loi t iu, loai' nhit
t hng' , ph duoc t c, dau t c noi nguc, t ri hong dn v t iu ra
mu. Liu dng t 15- 30 = gram dot t uoi.
Nhng nghin cu khoa hoc v Hoa Hin :
Duoc hoc Trung Hoa ngy nay, dua t rn cc phuong t hc s dung c
t ruyn, dng hoa Hin d t ri sung, u nhot noi v, dang t p t rung nghin
cu v t c dung t r i u- buu ca cc alkaloids t rong R hoa Hin.
Nghi n cu t pi H Mi chi gan , Lansi ng :
Theo nghin cu cng b t rn Life Science s 74 ngy 20 t hng 2,
2004 cc nh nghin cu t ai Nat ional Food Safet y and Toxicology Cent er
(H Michigan) d ly t rch t R Hemerocallis fulva cc hop cht loai ant hra
quinones : nhm mi nhu cc kwanzoquinones A - > G v nhng cht d
bit nhu 2 - hydr oxychrysophanol, rhein. . Nhng cht ny d duoc t h
nghim v hoat t nh ngn chn su pht t rin ca cc dng t bo ung t hu
noi ngui. Kt qu cho t hy : Kwanzoquinones A- C v E, kwanzo quinone
A v B monoacet at es, 2- hydroxychr ysophan v rhein du c ch t ng
t r ung ca t bo ung t hu v, rut gi v phi khi dng nng d GI 50
gia 1. 8- 21. 1 microg/ mL. Tc dung ca cc ant hr aquinones t rn gim bt
khi dng chung vi cc Vit amin C v E, t rn t bo ung t hu v, nhung lai
gia t ng t rn t bo ung t hu rut .
Cc nh nghin cu t ai Lansing cng t m hiu v hoat t nh chng sung
( khng vim) v t r i hong dn ( vng da) ca l cy hoa Hin : L t uoi khi
t rch bng met hanol cho mt s hop cht c t c dung c ch phn ng
peroxyd ha cc lipid. Trong s cc cht chit duoc nhu t et rahydro-
dexoxy- pinnat anine, pinnat anine, roseoside, phlomur oside, lariciresinol,
adenosine, quercet ine- glucosides. . cc cht roseoside v lar iciresinol c
hoat t nh khng oxy ha kh manh v chng sung r rt ( Life Science s
75- 25 t hng 6, 2004) .
Tc dng t r n gi c ng :
Nghin cu t ai Nht t rn Hoa ( lm kh v dng lanh) , dng chut t h
nghim ghi nhn c su t hay di t rong cc ln sng gic ng chm, gia
tng t rong giai- doan t i, so vi nhm di chng ( Psychiat r y Clinical
Neuroscience S 52- 1998)
Hopt t nh k hng si nh :
Mt s nghin cu v t c dung khng sinh ca r H. cit rina duoc t h
nghim t ai cc bnh vin Trung Hoa, ch t rong v kh nng t r i lao phi
nhung dc t nh cao ca r khin vic s dung gp nhiu t r ngai.
Hoa Hin dng lm t huc phm :
Tai Trung Hoa, Hoa hin loai Hemerocallis cit rina duoc dng lm rau
dui cc t n goi Hong hoa t hi ( Huang- hua cai) , Kim chm t hi ( Jin zhen
cai) hay Mng xun t ho (meng xuan cao) . . Ch nu hoa hay hoa va n c
t h n duoc, cn r khng n duoc v c dc t nh. Cnh hoa c t h dng
t rang t r cho mn n hay n chung vi cc rau khc t rong dia salad.
Ci kim chm ( nu hoa) l mt t rong nhng mn n ' dc bit ' t ai cc
Nh hng Trung Hoa, do t nh nhy v vi ngot . Kim chm c t h phoi kh
v duoc bn t ai cc Cho Thuc phm dng chung vi Nm mc nhi. Kim
chm kh c t h t n t r lu di, khi s dung cn ngm t rong nuc m
chng 30 pht .
( Nn ch , kim chm kh bn t rong gi c t h gm c nu hoa ca
Lilium t igr inum= Tiger lily) , vi khng ngot bng Hemerocallis nhung c t h
dn v dai hon. Ngoi ra, kim chm Nht , lm t nu hoa Funkia ovat a
( Japanese daylily) , c mi t hom hon. )
Nu hoa v dot cy non c vi t uong t u nhu su phi hop gia mng
aspar agus, nm v du gr een bean. Nn hi nu hoa mt ngy t r uc khi
hoa n , v n ngay t rong ngy. C t h gi dng lanh bng cch nhng
nhanh vo nuc m t rong 3 pht , r i lm lanh. . nhanh.
Nn ch : t uy nu hoa c t h dng lm t huc phm nhung r duqc
x em l dc v k hn g nn n. Liu cao gy ra mt kim sot t iu t in,
ngung t h, n dng t mt v c t h m. Trung duoc c t ruyn cm dng
qu 30 gram r kh mt ln v gy hu mt .
Ti liu s dung :
Her bal Emissaries ( St even Fost er & Yue ChongXi)
The Oregonian ( Home and Gar den May 21,1998)
Garden Showcase ( July 2002)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( James Duke & Edward Ayensu)
Hoa HE
V| t hu c cm mu
Hy vng mi cho
Bnh nhn sung gan do Si u vi C ?
: : : DS
Tr n
Vi t
Hung
: : :
Tro
ng
bi
'
Th
o
mc t rong c vn Vit Nam' , ( Nguyt San Vit Nam Canada) nh vn
V Ky in d vit v mt s cy c, t rong d ng d ch dn mt
cy hoa, duoc nhc nh kh nhiu t rong Truyn Kiu ca Nguyn
Du: d l Cy He.
Ting sen s dng gic he
Bng t r ng d x hoa l lai gn
hay
Tha gi a chng nt nng Vn
Mt cy c mc, mt sn qu he
v .
Sn he di cht t ho ngy
Trn cam ai k d t hay vic mnh
Trong Luc Vn Tin, cu Nguyn dnh Chiu cng vit :
Bun t rng dm liu, dung he
Tng Sophor a ( He) t huc ho t huc vt Papillionaceae ( Fabaceae) gm
khong 50 loi c t h l t iu mc hay bui, phn b kh r ng ri t ai cc vng
kh hu n di Bc bn cu, t uy nhin cng c nhng loi ring moc t ai c v
Tn Ty Lan. a s Sophora l nhng cy moc t hong, phn cnh nhiu, l
kp hnh lng chim, moc cch v c hoa moc t hnh cum dang hoa du, n
vo ma xun hay h. .
Tn Sophor a pht xut t t n goi ca cy t heo t ing Rp sufayra l t n
goi chung cho cc cy t huc gia dnh du.
Nhng cy dng ch t rong t ng
Sophora :
Sophor a chrysophylla : loi dc t rung
ca Hawaii, moc t hnh bui r m cao
dn 3 m. Hoa mu vng t uoi.
Sophor a flavescens ( Xem phn dui)
Sophor a j aponica : ( Xem phn dui)
Sophora microphylla : gc t Tn
Ty Lan, t huc loai t iu mc, l xanh
quanh nm, moc cao dn 5m. L
ging nhu loai rng, hoa vng xm
moc t hnh chm dy dc.
Sophor a secundiflora = Mescal bean,
Coral bean, Texas Mount ain Laurel ,
loi dc t rung ca Bc My, moc cao dn 8m, hoa mu xanh- t m, hat
mu d, duoc t h dn dng t rong cc nghi t hc t n gio do dc t nh
gy o gic ca hat ( cha cyt isine c hoat t nh nhu nicot ine t rong
t huc l)
Sophor a t et rapt era : hay Kowhai = New Zealand laburnum. Hoa duoc
dng lm hoa biu t uong ( emblem) ca Nuc New Zealand. Moc cao
dn 12m, hoa mu vng t uoi , r t dep.
Sophora t onkinensis : loi dc t rung ca Bc Vit nam ( Xem phn
dui) .
Sophor a t oment osa hay Silverbr ush : He lng , cng gp t ai Vit
nam. Hoa mu vng xm
Cc cy ho dng lm t huc :
Trong nhm Sophora c 3 cy duoc dng lm t huc t rong Duoc hoc c
t ruyn Trung Hoa, Nht , Vit Nam, v duoc dng d t ri nhng bnh khc
nhau t y t ng cy.
1. Ho ( Sophora j aponica) :
Cc t n khc : Japanese
pagoda t ree, Chinese
scholar t ree, Arbre des
pagodes ( Php) .
Cy duoc t rng t lu di
tai Nht , Trung Hoa v cc
quc gia ng Nam ,
duoc xem l c ngun gc
tai Trung Hoa, Triu Tin.
Tai Vit Nam cy t hung
gp t ai min Bc, v min
Trung, hin duoc t rng
t hm t ai Cao Nguyn
Trung phn.
Cy t huc loai t rung bnh,
cao 5- 6 m ( c t h dn 20
m) Thn nhn mu xanh
luc nhat c nhng dm
t r ng khi gi t r t hnh
xm. L kp hnh lng chim l, moc so le, gm 9 dn 17 l cht ( hay
l phu) moc di. Cung chung mnh, mt t rn c rnh. L cht hnh
bu duc t hun, di 30- 40 mm rng 10- 15 mm; mt t rn xanh luc
xm, mt dui xm nhat , nhm v c lng. Hoa nh c cnh c ln lt
ra pha sau , mu t rng hay vng- xanh nhat , c mi t hom, moc t hnh
chm du cnh. Mu hoa phai dn sau khi n v rung sau vi ngy.
Qu du di 5- 8 cm, t ht eo gia cc hat t hnh mt chui , khi kh
mu nu den, nhn nheo, cha t 4- 6 hat hnh bu duc, hoi det , den
bng. Cy t r hoa vo cc t hng 5- 8, ra qu vo t hng 9- 10
G, v t hn v qu cung cp mt loai phm mu vng ( dng nhum
to t ai Trung Hoa)
C nhng ' chng t r ng' = cult ivars dc bit nhu :
Pendular = Weeping pagoda t ree ( He r) c cnh r xung, t hung
t huc loai cy ghp, rt t khi t r hoa. Moc cao chng 3m
Tort uosa c cnh cong queo
Violacea , hoa mu t m lilac.
Columnar is, t n hep moc t hnh hnh t hp.
Cy t uy c t h moc t ai u chu, t r hoa vo cui h nhung khng cho
qu. Tai nhng vng c ma h t hiu nng, m, cy kh t r hoa.
2. He Bc Vit Nam ( Sophora
t onkinensis= S. subprost rat a)
Cc t n khc : Qung du, Son
du, Pigeon pea
y l loi He dc t r ung ca Bc
Vit nam, ch gp t ai nhng vng
Nam Trung Hoa, v Bc Vit cho
dn Nng.
Cy moc t hnh bui, cao 1- 2 m t hn
hnh t r u, c lng mm. L kp moc
so le, c 11 dn 15 l cht moc di.
L cht dy, t hun hay hnh bu
duc di 3- 4 cm, rng 1- 2 cm, mt
t rn nhn v ng nh, mt dui c
lng. Cum hoa moc t hnh chm
nch l. i hoa hnh chung, bn
ngoi c lng. Trng hoa mu vng.
Qu di- 4 cm, c lng, t u m, c
cha hat hnh t rng, den bng.
3. D he hay Kh sm ( Sophora flavescens = Yellow Pagoda t ree)
Tn khc : Kh ct
C ngun gc t ai Nht , Trung Hoa, Siberia v Kor ea. Cy moc t hnh
bui cao dn 1. 5m. R hnh t ru di, v ngoi mu vng- t rng. L kp
hnh lng chim di 25 cm mang t 15- 40 l phu , hep t hun hnh mi
mc 2- 5 cm. Hoa mu vng- xanh nhat , di khi t m, moc t hnh chm
nch l. Qu du di khong 8- 12 cm, dung knh 5- 8mm, c m
t hun, cha 3- 7 hat hnh cu, mu den.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Hpt He ( Sophora j aponica) cha cc hop cht :
Cc Alkaloids loai Quinolizidin ( 0- 0. 04%) nhu Cyt isine, N- met hyl
cyt isine, Mat r ine, Sophocarpine. .
Cc Flavonoids ( 1.75%) nhu Rut in ( c t h dn 0.5%) ,
Sophorine
Cc Pol ysaccharides nhu galact omannans : Thnh phn ca cc
galact omannan t hay di t y t heo phuong php chit xut , dng
nuc lanh hay nuc nng; su khc bit do t l gia mannose
v galact ose ( PubMed- PMI D : 15553793)
Du bo ( 6. 9- 12. 1%)
Prot eins ( 17. 2- 23 %) .
Cc khong cht : 100 gram hat cha 265mg Calcium, 272mg
Phosphorus, 1, 066 mg Pot assium
Hoa He cha nhiu rut in ( c t h dn 34%, nht l t rong nu hoa chua
n) , ngoi ra cn c cc saponins khi t hy phn cho bet ulin, sophoradiol,
sophorin A, B v C.
V qu c flavonoids ( 10%) gm c cc cht chuyn ha nhu genist ein,
sophoricoside ( hay genist ein- 4' - glucoside) , sophorabioside ( phn biose gm
glucose v rhamnose) , kaempferol, rut in. . ; Sophorose
R cy c : ( D,L) - Maackian, Amhydropisat in, Pt erocarpane, Sophoj a
ponicin, Flavonoids. .
Tr ong R ca Sophor a t onk i nensi s ( Son du) c cc alkaloids
( 0.93%) loai quinolizidine nhu : cyt isine, sophocarpine, mat rine, lehmannine,
sophoranol, oxymat r ine v oxysophocarpine; ngoi ra cn c anagyrine,
sophoranochromene, sophoradin, genist ein maackian. . cc saponins loai
t rit erpenoid nhu sophor- neoanochromone. .
Tr ong R ca Sophor a f l avescen s c :
Cc flavonoids t huc nhm pr enylflavonoids v
lavandulylflavonoids nhu 9- pr enylkempferol , kushenol X,
norkur arinone, leachianone A, kushenol C, maackiain. . ( Plant a
Medica S 71- 2005)
Cc alkaloids loai mat rine nhu mat rine, sophoridine,
sophocarpine, lehmannine, sophoramine, oxymat r ine,
oxysophocarpine, cyt osine v aloperine
Cc nghin cu khoa hoc v He :
Hopt t nh cm mu :
Hoa He d duoc s dung lu di t rong Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung
Hoa, n d, Vit Nam d lm t huc cm mu.
Nghin cu t ai Vin Duoc liu Trung Hoa Bc Kinh) t m hiu v hoat
t nh cm mu ca He ( S. j aponica) dui cc dang ch bin khc
nhau nhu dang hoa t uoi, hoa sao, v t hiu t hnh t han, cc dang
chit v t inh ch bao gm rut in, quercet in v t annins. Kt qu ghi
nhn : khi cho t h vt t h nghim ung t rong 5 ngy lin t uc , Th
gian chy mu ( bleeding t ime= BT) , Thi gian dng mu ( coa
gulat ion t ime= CG) , t hm t hu vi mach ( Capillary
permeabilit y= CP) du gim ha noi chut t h nghim. Tho gian
pr ot hrombin ( PT) cng gim. C 3 dang ch bin du lm t ng luong
fibrinogen. Ngoi ra cc dang chit du gip t ng s dm t iu cu .
Dang sao dn vng duoc xem l c hoat t nh manh nht ( PubMed,
PMI D: 15609601)
Hopt t nh chng ung t hu ca Sophor a t on k i nensi s :
Liu 60 gr am/ kg R S. t onkinensis c hoat t nh kh r t ri ung t hu c
t cung noi chut t h nghim, c t c dung c ch chng Sarcoma
180. Hoat t nh ha cht tr i liu ca oxymat rine manh gp 7. 8 ln so
vi Mit omycin C. Khi t h dng d t ri cc t r ung hop ung t hu mu loai
Acut e lympho cyt ic hay granulocyt ic, duoc liu cho t hy c hoat t nh
c ch dehydrogenase v su h hp ca t bo.( Chinese Herbal
Medi cine Mat eria Medica- Dan Bensky & A. Bensky) .
Tc dng k hng si nh ca S.t onk i nensi s :
S. t onkinensis c hoat t nh khng sinh manh chng lai vi t rng lao
( Mycobact erium t uberculosis) , St aphylococcus ( dc bit l
St aphylococ cus aureus d khng met hicillin, chng lai cc nm gy
bnh nhu Epidermophyt on v Candida albicans. ( Journal of
Et hnopharmacology S 50- 1996)
Hopt t nh chng Si u vi t r n g ca Sophor i di ne :
Sophor idine, ly t rch t D he ( Kh sm) - Sophora flavescens c
hoat t nh chng siu vi t rng Coxsackievirus B3 ( CVB3) , l t c nhn
chnh gy sung co t im ( myocardit is) cp t nh v kinh nin, hoat t nh
ny do t c dng t rn t in t rnh chuyn bin cyt okine noi t bo co
t im ( Li fe Sciences S 22 ( Nov) - 2005)
Tc dng chng l opn nhjp t i m ca Sophor a f l avescens :
Kh sm duoc dng t ai cc Bnh vin Trung Hoa lm t huc t r i loan
nhip t im. Thuc c t c dng lm chm nhip t im, gia t hi gian chuyn
dn noi t im v gy gim phn ng kch ng co t im. Cc hoat t nh ny
khng bi nh hung bi cc t c nhn at r opin nor- bet a- adrenergic.
Khi chch cho mo, qua t inh mach, dung dich 100% S. flavescens liu
1 ml/ mg cho t hy c su gim nhip t im dng t hi vi su gia t ng luu
luong mu qua dng mach vnh. Cc nghin cu ghi nhn d- mat rine
c t c dung chng loan nhip t im noi t h vt do hoat dng c ch t ruc
t ip bp t hit t im; hoat t nh chng loan nhip c t c dng t rn cc loai
loan nhip gy ra bi aconit ine, chlorure barium, hay do ct t ht dng
mach vnh. . ( The Pharmacology of Chinese Her bs- Kee Chang Huang)
Hopt t nh bo v Gan ca Oxymat r i ne, t r ch t Sophor a f l avescens
:
Oxymat r ine, ly t rch t S. f lavescens c t c dung bo v t bo gan
chng lai nhng hu hai gy ra do cc gc t u do v cc cyt okines t ao
phn ng sung vim. . Cc hu hai ny do hin t uong apopt osis lm
cho cc t bo t u hy, c t h dua dn sung gan mn t nh. Khi chch
cho chut t h nghim ( c di chng) Oxymat r ine 30 pht t ruc khi
gy cho chut bi lm nghn gan, kt qu ghi nhn s t bo bi hu
hai gim t hiu, ALT va AST cng gim ha dng k ( ALT 61% ; AST
73%) . Oxymat rine ngn chn t in t rnh apopt osis bng cch t c
dng vo Fas v cc ligand Fas ( World Journal of Surgery S 29
( Nov) 2005)
Tc dng chng Si u vi gy Sung gan ca Ox ymat r i ne :
Oxymat r ine d duoc nghin cu v hoat t nh chng Siu vi t rng gy
sung gan loai C t ai cc bnh vin Trung Hoa t 1999. Khi chch cho
cc bnh nhn bi sung gan do Siu vi B, liu 600mg/ ngy : s luong
siu vi t rng gim ha v t nh t rang so gan cng duoc ci t hin.
Oxymat r ine duoc ghi nhn l c t c dung chng su t i lp
( replicat ion) ca siu vi HCV khi t h t rong phng t h nghim t rn mi
t r ung cy t bo ( Chinese Journal of Li ver Diseases S 9- 2001) .
Th nghim t ai Trung Tm Tr i liu bnh Gan ca BV Amoy ( 2002)
t rn 30 bnh nhn Sung gan di Siu vi B, cho chch 400 mg/ ngy
t rong 3 t hng ghi nhn luong vi t rng gim r t r v gan duoc t i t ao
. Th nghim, c di chng, m di, nm 2004 t rn 216 bnh nhn
sung gan do siu vi loai B dng oxymat rine, chch hay ung, t rong
24 t un cho t hy kt qu rt t t ( World Journal of Gast roent erol ogy
S 10- 2004) . Th nghim k t ip r ng ri hon, t rn 144 bnh nhn
sung gan do siu vi B hay C, chia t hnh 2 nhm, di chng bng
placebo, cho ung 900 mg oxymat r ine/ ngy t rong 52 t un dua dn
kt qu l luong siu vi t rng B hay C du mt hn ( negat ive) khi
t h nghim v luong ALT cng t r v mc bnh t hung. Sinh t hit t
bo Gan cng ci t hin r rt . Ngoi ra , t rong mt nghin cu khc,
so snh hoat t nh ca oxy mat r i ne ( dng chch) v I FN- a cho t hy
oxymat r ine c t c dung t uong duong vi nt erferon t rong vic lm
gim luong siu vi m khng gy nhng phn ng phu dc hai
( Chinese Jour nal of Digest ive Disorders S 5- 2004) . Mt khc khi
dng oxymat rine chung vi lamivudine d t r i sung gan do siu vi, kt
qu t ri liu t uong duong vi vic dng int erferon chung vi
lamivudine.
Cc hqp cht c ch Monoami ne Ox i dase t r ong R Soph or a
f l avescens
Dich chit t R Sophora flavescens bng met hanol c hoat t nh c
ch MAO noi c chut t h nghim. Trong dich chit ny c 2
flavonoids l formononet in, kushenol F v cc hop cht oxymat rine,
t rifolirhizin v bet a- sit ost er ol. Hai cht c t c dng I MAO l
formononet in ( c ch MAO- B nng d I C50= 11. 0 microM v c
ch MAO- A , I C50= 21. 2 microM) Kushenol F cng c ch MAO- B
I C50= 63.1 v MAO- A I C50= 103.7 microM. ( PubMed : PMI D
15789750)
Tc dung duoc hoc ca Rut i n :
Nu he l mt t rong nhng nguyn liu chnh dng d ly t rch Rut in. T
l rut in t rong nu he kh cao, c t h dn 34%. Mt s hoat t nh sinh hoc ca
he l do rut in.
Rut in cn duoc goi dui kh nhiu t n nhu Eldr in, Oxerut in, Quercet in- 3-
rhamnoglucoside, Quercet in- 3- rut oside, Rut osise, Sclerut in, Sophorin. .
Rut in duoc xem l mt cht chng oxy- ha, mt cht t hu nht cc gc t u
do v l mt cht phc ha st ( I ron chelat or) . Rut in c t c dung lm gim
su d v ca vi mach v gim d t hm t hu ca mach mu, gia t ng su bn
chc ca mach mu do d c t c dng bo v ngn nga huyt p cao, cm
mu. Mt s nghin cu khoa hoc ghi nhn rut in c t h gip bo v co t h
chng lai t c dung gy hai ca asbest os ( Free Radical Biology Medici ne S
21- 1996) . , gip co t h chng cc t c dng gy dc hai cho t bo ca LDL d
bi oxyha ( Brit ish Journal of Pharmacology S 116- 1995) , bo v bao t
chng lai t c dng ca et hanol ( Genet ic Pharma cology S 25- 1994) .
Khi dng t hm t rong ch d n ung, Rut in cho t hy c t c dung bo v
DNA chng lai cc hu hai gy ra bi cc ha cht dc gy ung t hu gan.
Rut in cn duoc dng chung vi t rypsin v bromelain d t ri sung xuong
khp ( ost eoart hrit is) : Trong mt t h nghim, m di, c kim sot bng
placebo, 73 bnh nhn bi sung v dau du gi loai ost eoar t hit is, duoc cho
dng Phlogenzym ( cha 100 mg r ut in, 48 mg t rypsin v 90 mg bromelain)
hay diclofenac ( Volt aren) 50 mg, mi ngy 3 ln t rong t un t h 1, sau d
ngy 2 ln t rong cc t un t h 2 v 3. Kt qu ghi nhn hiu ng t uong
duong noi c 2 nhm( Clinical Drug I nvest igat i on S 19- 2000)
Khi t hy gii, Rut in cho mt genin l Quercet in , mt phn t glucose v
mt phn t rhamnose. Quercet in c hoat t nh lm chm nhip t im, gy gin
n dng mach vnh v t ng t h t ch t m t hu.
Quercet in l mt flavonol d duoc nghin cu kh nhiu v hoat t nh
chng ung t hu. Trong 73 nghin cu, quercet in cho t hy c kh nng c ch
su t ng t r ung ca mt s dng t bo ung t hu nhu ung t hu bao t ( FEBS
Let t er S 260- 1990) , ung t hu mu ( Brit i sh Journal of Heamat o logy S 79-
1991) . Liu t c dng ca Quercet in duoc ghi nhn l 1- 50 microM.
Ho t rong Duoc hoc c t r uyn phuong ng :
Duoc hoc c t ruyn Phuong ng phn bit cc vi t huc :
1. Hoi hoa m ( huai hua mi) ( Flos Sophorae Japonica I mmat urus)
uoc dng t ai Trung Hoa t khong nm 600 Ty lich.
Vi t huc l nu hoa ca Sophor a j aponica, t hu hoach vo ma h
t r uc khi hoa n hon t on. Cy duoc t r ng t rong cc vng Liu
Ninh, H Bc, H Nam, Son ng, An Huy. Tai Nht , vi t huc
duoc goi l kaikamai v t ai Triu Tin l koehwami.
Hoi hoa m duoc cho l c vi dng, t nh hn v t c dng vo
kinh mach t huc Can v ai t r ung.
Hoi hoa m c cc t c dung :
' Luong huyt ' v ' cm mu' , dng t r i cc chng lin h
dn ' Nhit - Thp' t ai ai t r ung c xut huyt , nht l cc
chng chy mu do Tr i, v t iu ra mu; cng dng d t ri
t h huyt ( i ra mu) , khi huyt ( ho ra mu) .
Thung duoc phi hop vi Trc b dip ( ce- bai-
ye) = Cacumen Biot ae Orient alis d t ri t iu, t iu ra mu,
xut huyt t cung, t h huyt v chy mu mi. .
2. ' Luong Can' , dng t r i dau mt sung d, chng mt xy xm do Can
nhit gy ra.
Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa cn s dung cc dang ch bin hoa ho
vo cc muc t iu khc nhau :
- Nu he t uoi d gip lm sng mt ;
- He sao, t hiu d cm mu v sao t m mt d b Ph.
- ( Qu He hay Hoi gic = Fruct us Sophorae Japonicae, duoc cho l
c hot t nh cm mu km hon nu hoa, nhung lai t hanh nhit t t hon
nn t hung duoc dng d t ri cc cuc t ri sung. Qu c t nh ' ging Kh'
nn t rnh dng khi c t hai)
Tai Vit Nam hoa v qu ho duoc dng d lm t huc cm mu, t r i st
xut huyt , huyt p cao, t r i sung dau. .
3. Son dqu cn ( Shan- dou- gen) = Radix Sophor ae Tonkinensis
Vi t huc l R cy Ho Bc Vit ( Sophora t onkinensis = Sophor a
subprost rat a) ,
Son du cn duoc chp t rong Thi Bo bn t ho t nm 973
Nht duoc : Sanzukon ; Triu t in : Sant ugn.
Son du cn duoc cho l c vi dng, t nh hn, t c dng vo kinh mach
t huc Ph, ai t r ung.
Son du cn c cc t c dung :
Thanh nhit , Tr dc do Ha bc ln v t ri cc chng sung v dau
hong.
Thung duoc phi hop vi qu Nguu bng ( Niu bang zi) = fruct us Arct ii
Lappae v R Kit cnh ( j ie geng) = Radix Plat ycodi Grandiflori d t ri
cc bnh v c hong.
Thanh ' Ph' : t ri ho do Ph- nhit . Tr i cc chng hong dn do Nhit -
Thp
Tai Vit Nam : Ho Bc vit duoc dng t ri sung c hong, sung chn
rng bng cch sc ung.
4. Kh sm ( Ku shn)= Radix Sophor ae Flavescent is.
Vi t huc l R Sophora flavescens, duoc ghi t rong Thn Nng Bn
t ho.
Nht duoc : Kuj in ; Triu t in : Kosam.
Kh sm duoc xem l c vi dng, t nh hn, t c dng vo kinh mach
t huc Tm, Can, Bng quang, ai v Tiu t r ung.
Kh sm c dc t nh :
Thanh nht v kh Thp t hung dng t r i cc chng kit ly, huyt
t r ng ca phu n, hong dn , sung dau.
Tr Phong, Dit t rng, t r i nga : dng t rong cc t r ung hop l nga
ngoi da do nhit - t hp; t r i nga ngy noi b phn sinh duc.
Thanh nhit v gip t iu, t ri cc chng bt n do Nhit - t hp noi Tiu
t r ung, di t iu dau gt .
Liu t hung dng 3- 15 gram, c t h dn 30 gr am nu ch bin t hnh
dang savon hay t huc t hoa ngoi da.
Tai Vit Nam : Kh sm duoc dng d t ri kit ly, chy mu t rong rut ,
di t iu ra mu. Nuc sc R dng r a t r i nga ngoi da. Bt r t n min
dng t r n vi gluose v acid boric d t ri sung m dao do nhim
Trichomonas. .
c t nh v an t on :
Theo Ch Duoc Thu ca Cng Ha Nhn Dn Trung Hoa, liu t i da khi
dng R Kh sm hay R Son du, dng ung, cho ngui ln l 9 gram/
ngy. Liu gy dc l 30 gram. Liu cao Kh sm c t h gy hu hai t hn kinh
co git , nht l noi t r em.
Liu LD50 ca Oxymat r ine duoc xc dinh l 521mg/ kg ( t heo Zhu
Youping t rong Chinese Mat eria Medica: Chemist ry, Pharmacology and
Applicat ions)
Ti liu s dung :
Nat ural Medicines Comprehensive Dat abase ( Pharmacist ' s Let t er)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( Dan Bensky & Andrew
Gamble)
The Phar macology of Chinese Herbs ( Kee Chang Huang)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J. Duke & Ed Ayensu)
Oxymat r ine, Updat e on Clinical Eff ect s and Safet y ( S. Dhar mananda)
The A- Z of Garden Plant s ( Bay Book)
Encyclopedia of Herbs ( Deni Bown)
LAN HU ( AMARYLLI S)
Cy hoa..t r ong ho ngoi t uoi ?
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Ca dao Vit Nam c nhi u cu ni dn Lan Hu, dnh d dnh du
nhng mi t nh khng t ron ven, xa nhau nhung vn t huong nh :
' Lan Hu su ai Lan Hu ho
Lan Hu su t nh. . t rong ho ngoi t uoi. . '
Nhac s Pham Duy d dua cu ca dao ny vo bn nhac ' Thuong hoi
ngn nm' phi hop vi cu :
' Tc mai soi vn soi di
Ly nhau chng dng. . t huong hoi ngn nm'
Ngoi ra ca dao cng vit :
' Uc g Lan Hu dm chi
Uc g qun t snh ngui t huyn quyn. . '
Theo t ruyn t hn t hoai Hy lap : Amar yllis l t n ca mt nng t in
t ri nh bach, nht nht v e t hen nhung c mt quyt t m rt cao. Nng
dem lng yu Alt eo, mt chng chn cu dep t rai nhung t m hn lai st
d v Nng t h rng s chung t hy cng chng. . Nhung t nh yu lai khng
don gin. . Chng t uy h hng vi t nh nng nhung cho bi t chng ch t hch
c duoc bng hoa mi, chua bao gi c t rn t ri dt ! Sau khi hi Thn
Delphi c Oracl e, Amar yll is d dng mt mi t n bng vng t u dm t hu t im
mnh ngay t r uoc ca nh Alt eo. Nng t u dm xut 30 dm, d mu t t im
nh di t rn chic o chong t r ng. . v sau cng Alt eo dnh m ca d t m
t hy mt bng hoa d t hm. . moc ra t mu ca t im nng Amar yllis. .
Amar yllis t ai Hoa Ky l t n goi mt loi hoa r uc r nht t rong nhm
hoa c hnh loa- kn ( t rumpet ) , hoa n gn nhu t hung xuyn t rong cc
ngy l nn r t duoc ua chung. .
Tuy goi l Amar yllis, nhung t ht ra cc cy hoa ( c) , gc t Nam My
ny l Hippeast rum. Amar yllis chnh t hc, gc t Nam Phi.. cn goi l
naked ladies, l mt cy hoa tr ng ngoi t ri. . Hippeat rum v Amar yllis
du t huc gia dnh t huc vt Amaryllidaceae.
Amar yllis belladonna ( = Brunsvigia rosea) ; Belladonna lily, Naked Lady
. Cy hoa chiu duoc t hi t it mt lanh ca cc t iu bang Washingt on
v Oregon. N vo t hng 8, hoa moc t hnh chm 4- 12 hoa, mu hng
, r t dep v t hom.
Hippeast rum, c rt nhiu dang lai t ao, duoc bn dui t n Giant
amaryllis hay Royal Dut ch amaryllis ( t uy khng t r ng t ai Ha lan) .
Nhng chng t r ng ngoi vun hoa t hung n vo ma xun; cn
nhng chng t r ng t rong nh, hoa n sau vi t un vi c xung dt . .
( Mun amaryllis n t heo t hch, cn gi c noi m v t i dn khi c
r, sau d vi v chuyn cy vo noi bng mt , khng kh khng qu
kh. Tui nhiu khi cy va c l. Khi hoa d n ch t ui phn nhe hai
t un mt ln)
Vi chng hippeast r um dc sc t ai Hoa Ky : ' Candy cane' ; ' Lady Jane'
( hoa mu d salmon, soc tr ng) ; ' Picot ee' ( hoa t r ng, vin d) ' Whit e
peacock' ( hoa t r ng, di, r t t hom)
c t nh t huc vt :
Hi ppeast r um equest r e ( Lan Hu, Loa kn d, Nng Tr ung Son)
Cy c ngun gc t Nam My. Cn hnh loai c hnh cu, ln, mu
nu, c phn c ngn. L moc t hnh 2 hng, 4- 5 ci, dy dc sau khi
hoa t n. L hnh gii hep, t hun nhon dnh. Cum hoa moc t dnh c,
gia dm l, t rn mt cung chung mp, t rn, t hng, mu xanh bng,
di 30- 40 cm, dnh mang 2- 5 hoa. Hoa kh ln c cung ngn. Cnh
hoa dnh lai t hnh ng ngn, mu d t uoi, c vy. Qu t huc loai nang,
hnh cu.
Cc chng lai t ao c hoa mu sc khc nhau nhu :
- H. equest re var. alba : Hoa mu t r ng.
- H. equest re var. splendes : Hoa mu d, cung di.
- H. equest re var. fulgidum : Hoa mu vng cam t uoi, mp cnh c
vin t r ng.
- H. equest re var. maj or : Hoa ln mu vng cam t uoi, gc cnh hoa
mu xanh.
Hi ppeast r um r et i cul at um ( Lan Hu mpng)
Cy c ngun gc t Brazil, duoc du nhp vo Vit Nam, duoc t rng
kh ph bin t ai Lat . C hnh gn nhu hnh cu c c ngn noi
dnh. L xut hin cng lc hoa n, dang t hun di. L dy c gn ni
rt r, t o, mu xanh bng. Hoa moc t hnh cum dang t n t r n mt
cung chung t o, mp moc t hng di 30- 40 cm; dnh mang 3- 6 hoa. Hoa
ln dn 30 cm, c cung di, cnh hoa mu hng c cc soc d doc
t heo t hn.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
C Amar yllis belladonna cha cc alkaloids loai lycorine nhu amar belli
sine, lycorine, pancracine, vit t at ine, 11- hydr oxyvit t at ine v
hippeast r ine. Ngoi ra cn c acet ylcaranine, ambelline. .
Cc alkaloids ny c t nh khng sinh ( Phyt ochemist ry S 65- 2004) .
C Hippeast rum c cha cc lect ins c hoat t nh gy kt t u vi nhiu
mannans ca nm men, nhung khng kt t u alpha- D- glucans ( nhu
dext rans v glycogen)
C Hippeast rum vit t at um ( Lan Hu Barbados= Barados lily) cha cc
alkaloids Galant hamine, haemant hamine, hippacine, hippadine,
hippa gine hippeast r ine, lycorine, t azet t ine, vit t at ine. . v flavonoids
nhu kaempferol- 3- O- glycoside ( Et hnobot anical dat abases - J. Duke)
Duoc t nh v cch dng :
Cc alkaloids t rong Lan Hu dang duoc nghin cu v mt s t c dng
duoc hoc. Trong s cc alkaloids, lycorine ( t n c Nar cissine) l cht duoc
ch nht . Narcissine duoc c lp vo 1578, l mt alkaloid r t bn. n
1920, nar cissine duoc chng minh l c cng cu t rc vi lycorine, t rch t
Lycor is radiat a, v t d t n nar cissine bi b.
Lycor ine l mt alkaloid loai isoquinolone ( chuyn ha t phena
t hridine) , c phn t luong 287. 32, c cc hoat t nh sinh hoc loai chol ino
mimet ic; c ch hoat t nh sinh hoc ca men acet ylcholinest erase.
Cc hopt t nh ca Lycor i ne :
Tc dung chng siu vi t rng : Lycorine c hoat t nh c ch
hoat dng t i lp ca siu vi t rng HI V- 1, khi t h t rn dng t bo
MT4. ( Plant a Medica S 70- 2004) . Lycorine c ch su pht t rin ca
siu vi t rng cor onavirus gy bnh SARS ( Severe Acut e Respirat ory
Syndrome) liu EC50 ( Effect ive Concent rat ion) = 15. 7 + / - 1. 2 nM
v dang duoc nghin cu t hm d lm t huc t ri SARS ( Ant iviral
Research S 67- 2005)
Tc dung chng sung- vim : Lycorine c ch su sn xut TNF-
alpha ( t umor necrosis fact or) noi cc dai t huc bo ca chut t h
nghim; c ch t in t r nh sinh t ng hop prot eins. V TNF- alpha l
mt cht cyt o kine cn bn diu ha t in t rnh sung vim nn
lycorine c t rin vong duoc dng lm t huc chng sung, t ri t hp
khp ( PMI D : 11218731)
Galant hamine, cng l mt cht c ch cholinest erase, d duoc dng
d t ri bnh Alzheimer ( xem bi Thy t in) .
Hopt t nh chng ung t hu :
Hai alkaloids acet ylcar anine v ambelline, ly t rch t cn hnh
Amar yllis belladonna c hoat t nh dit t bo ung t hu leukemia khi t h
t rn dng t bo P- 388 lymphocyt ic leukemia ( noi chut ) ( Journal of
Nat ural Pr oduct s S 47- 1984)
Lan Hu t rong ng duoc :
Theo ng duoc: C c vi ngot cay, t nh m c dc, c t c dng ' t n
, t iu t hng.
Thn hnh duoc dng gi nt dp cm mu v t r i t n t huong khi t
ng.
Ti liu s dung :
Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine ( Manuchair Ebadi) .
The A- Z of Garden Plant s ( Bay Books)
Phyt ochemical and Et hnobot anical Dat abases ( James Duke)
T Cy hoa DA HP
.. dn v| t huc HU PHC
: : : DS Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Magnolia , t huc Gia dnh t huc
vt Magnoliaceae l mt trong
nhng cy hoa r t duoc ua chung
tai Hoa Ky. Gi ng Magnolia c
khong 128 loi, da s l nhng cy
c l xanh quanh nm. Magnolia moc
tu nhin t ai chu, ng Nam Hoa
Ky, Nam My. . nhung ch c 6 loi l
t h sinh t ai My. Magnolia c t h l
mt cy loai dai t hu cao dn 30m
hoc moc t hnh bui phn nhnh
nhiu t hn c t h cao dn 15m ,
nhung t hng t hung ch cao khong
3- 6 m. Magnolia cho hoa rt dep,
t hom v mu sc t hay di t y loi : t t rng dn hng, d , d dm v t
vng nhat , vng chanh dn vng t uoi. Trong s cc loi cho hoa dep cn c
nhng l oi cung cp nhng duoc li u dng ch . .
A. Cy hoa Magnolia :
Khi ni dn Magnolia, cc nh t r ng hoa t ai Cal ifornia v Arizona ngh
ngay dn Magnolia grandifolia v dy l cy hoa r t ph bin, l t uoi, hoa t o,
dep, chiu duoc nng nhit v dt m nhung cng cn su chm sc. ; t uy duoc
xem l cy t rng bn ven dung hay t rn t hm c, nhung r t hung lm
hng dung di. . v bng cy lm c moc khng du. .
Trong s nhng Cy Magnolia duoc t rng lm cy hoa cnh c nhng cy
rt ni t ing dng ch nhu :
Magnolia grandi flora = M. foet ida ( Da Hop hay Sen t ) , cn c
nhng t n khc nhu Bull Bay, Magnolia grande fleurs.
Cy c ngun gc t Nam My, duoc t rng kh ph bin t ai Bc chu, k
c Vit Nam ( t ai cc t nh min Bc v Trung) . Cy t huc loai t hn mc, l
xanh quanh nm, phn cnh nhiu. Cnh non v chi c lng. L t hun
hnh bu duc, dy, mu xanh dm, mt t rn nhn bng, mt dui c lng
mu nu xm. Hoa ln, mu t rng, t hom Cnh hoa 1- 12 chic ln, dy
lm nhu lng t huyn, xp p st nhau, m xo rng, nhiu nhi. . Hoa n
vo ma h t hu, rt t hch hop noi vun cnh.
Magnolia coco = M. pumila ( Da hop nh hay Trng g nh)
Cy ngun gc t Trung Hoa, t rng lm cnh noi dn, cha. . Cy t huc
loai bui cao 1- 4 m, phn cnh nhiu. L hnh t ri xoan, t hun, nhon c hai
du, nhn, mu xanh bng mt t rn, xanh nhat pha vng mt dui.
Hoa moc don dc nch l, c cung cong ln. Cnh hoa lc non hoi xanh
sau t hnh t rng. Hoa r t t hom , n quanh nm. .
Magnolia sieboldi i :
Ngun gc t Nht , duoc nhp vo Hoa Ky nm 1897, di khi cn duoc goi
l M. parviflora hay Oyama Magnolia. Cy t huc loai bui nh, cao 3- 4m, nu
hoa moc t hng, sau d n hnh ci chn 7, 5- 10 cm hoa t rng, mi huong
ngot ngo. Hoa c t h n ko di t gia t hng 7 sang cui t hng 8. Rt
duoc ua chung t ai cc Tiu bang Ty- Bc.
Magnolia denudat a ( M. hept apet a) :
Ngun gc t Trung Hoa, cn goi l Yulan Magnolia, t huc loai cy r ung l,
cao dn 10m khi t r ung t hnh, t hung n dinh sau 15 nm, cnh pht
t rin rt hi ha v l mt t rong nhng loi magnolia cho hoa sm, hoa n
vo t hng Ba, ln c 15 cm dang chn chalice, cnh hoa mu vng xanh
khi mi n v sau d nhat dn chuyn sang mu t rng. Qu mu nu, di
chng 10- 12cm, chn vo ma t hu cho t hy nhng hat mu d xm. Yulan
Magnolia duoc t r ng t ai Trung Hoa t hon 2000 nm, t ai cc sn cha v
l biu t uong cho su t inh khit .
Magnolia acuminat a :
Cn duoc goi l Cucumbert ree magnolia, c t h moc cao dn 12m, Hoa
t hom, nh c 5- 10 cm, mu vng rt dep. Cy duoc cho lai t ao vi
M. denudat a d c nhng chng cho hoa ln, rt dep nhu ' But t erflies' ( hoa
vng ln 12 cm) , ' Elizabet h ( hoa vng , 18 - 20cm)
Magnolia st ellat a :
Cn goi l St ar magnolia, mt t rong nhng magnolia rt duoc ua chung
tai Hoa Ky, t huc loai cho hoa n sm. Moc t hnh dang bui cao khong 6-
7 m. Hoa t hom ngot ngo mu t r ng nhung cng c nhng chng cho hoa
hng nhat . .
B. Magnolia : Vi t huc
Nhng cy Magnolia chnh dng
lm t huc gm :
Magnolia officinalis ( hay
M. biloba) : V duoc dng
lm t huc goi l Hu Phc
( Hou Po) : M. officinalis, t huc loai cy r ung l, moc rt ln, v t hn
mu t m nu, cao dn 25m; L moc so le c cung t o, phin l
t hun ln khong 20- 40 cm X 10- 20 cm. Hoa mu t r ng cream
( t rung bnh sau 15 nm) , t hom , c 15- 2, 5 cm. Qu loai kp hnh
t r ng di 10- 12 cm ( loi M. biloba ch khc dim : l lm xung
chia lm 2 t hy)
Magnolia lili flora, M. biondii v M. denudat a : Nu hoa phoi kh dng
lm t huc dui t n Tn Di hoa ( Xin Yi Hua) : M. liliflora, cn goi l
Lily Magnolia, cy r ung l, cao dn 4m cho hoa pha t rong mu
t r ng, bn ngoi t m nhat , n ma xun sang dn ht ma h.
I . Thnh phan ha hoc
Cc hoat cht chnh t rong V cy Magnolia officinalis l nhng t inh du
v al kaloids :
1. Thnh phn t inh du ( 1%) chnh ( t huc loai nhng hop cht
phenoli c) Magnolol ( 0. 03%) , Allylmagnolol, Machiolol,
Tet rahydr omagnolol, I somagnol ol v Honokiol.
2. Alkaloids chnh : Magnocurarine( 0. 07%) , Maghoflorine v
Tubocu rarine.
Cc hoat chnh t rong N hoa Magnolia liliflora v M. biondii .. l t inh du
t rong d c Eugenol, Safr ole. Cineol, alpha- pinene, Chavicol met hyl
Pinoresinol dimet hyl et her, Cit rol v Anet hol . . Ring t rong M. biondii cn c
Fargesin v t rong M. lilif lora c cc flavonoids glycosides ; Trong khi d L c
cha cc alkaloids: Salicifoline v Magnocurarine. .
Trong l ca M. grandiflora c nhng Sesquit erpinoids phc t ap nhu
Magnograndiolide. .
Trong l ca M. obovat a c nhng alkaloid loai apomorphine c hoat t nh
khng t iu cu nhu N- acet ylanonaine, N- acet ylxylopine, N- formyl anonaine,
Liriodenine v Lanuginosine. .
I I . ac t nh Duoc hoc :
C nhiu nghin cu v dc t nh duoc hoc ca cc hoat cht t rong
Magnolia officinalis , nht l ca Magnolol v Honokiol :
1. Tc dng k hng si nh :
Nghin cu t ai H Y Khoa Kaohsung, i loan ghi nhn hoat t nh
khng sinh ca Honokiol v Magnolol, nng d t i t hiu c ch ( MI C = 25
microg/ mL) chng lai cc vi khun Act inobacillus act inomycet em conco
mit ans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevot el int ermedia, Micrococcus lut eus v
Bacillus subt ilis , nhung khng c t c dung khng sinh ( MI C> or= 100
microg/ mL) di vi Shigella Flexneii, P. vulagar is, E. coli.. Cc t h nghim cho
t hy t uy Honokiol v Magnol ol khng manh bng Tet racy cline, nhung c
nhng t c dung di t t rng r rt vi cc vi khun gy bnh nha chu.
( Phyt ot her apy resear ch S 15/ 2001- PubMed : 11268114) .
2. Tc dng bo v bp t hjt Ti m ca Honok i ol :
Honokiol duoc cho l c t im luc manh hon alpha- t ocopherol dn
1000 ln t rong vic c ch l ipid peroxidat ion noi t y t h ca chut . Nghin cu
tai Khoa Gy m, BV Taipei Vet erans General Hospit al, Taiwan trn chut d
gy m bng uret hane, cho t hy Honokiol nhiu liu t h nghim khc nhau
c nhng kh nng bo v bp t hit t im chng lai cc t n t huong do nghn
mach v cng loai t r duoc su ri loan nhip noi t m t ht khi c su nghn t im.
( Pl ant a Medica S 62- 1996- PubMed 9000881)
3. Hopt t nh chng nm ca Magnol ol v Honok i ol :
Magnolol v Honokiol l hai hop cht loai neolignan co hoat t nh
chng mt s nm gy bnh noi ngui nhu Trichophyt on ment agrophyt es,
Microsporiun gypseum, Epidermophyt on floccosum, Aspergillus niger,
Crypt ococcus neoformans v Candida albicans nng d t i t hiu c ch MI C
( minimum inhibit ory concent rat ions) t rong khong 25- 100 microg/ ml
( Archi ve of Pharmaceut ical Research S 23-2000- PubMed 10728656
4. Tc dng t po apopt osi s noi co t r on h t i m mpch :
Magnolol duoc nghin cu v t c dung t rn t in t rnh t ao chuong
t rnh cho t bo t u hy ( apopt osis) noi cc t bo co t ron h t im mach
( vascular smoot h muscle cells= VSMCs) noi chut : Magnolol lm gia t ng
hoat t nh caspase- 3 v caspase- 9 dng t hi gim t im luc t y t h ( Delt apsi
( m) . Nng d cc t bo B- cell leukemia/ lymphoma- 2 ( Bcl- 2) sut gim t uong
ng vi nng d magnolol s dung . Kt lun ghi nhn Magnolol t ao ra t in
t rnh apopt osis noi VSMs qua dung t u hy ca mi t ochondria, hiu ng ny
duoc t rung chuyn bng su gy gim diu ha nng d prot ein Bcl- 2, xy ra
c in vit ro ln in vivo. Do d Magnolol duoc xem l c t i m nng dng lm
t huc mi cha at herosclerosis v re- st enosis. ( PubMed 12898128- Nat i onal
Defence Med Cent er- Taiwan July 2003)
5. Hopt t nh chng sung vi m ca Honok i ol t r n cc t bo
neut r ophi l s :
Nghin cu t ai H Y Khoa Nat ional Yang- Ming, i Bc Taiwan ghi
nhn Honokiol c kh nng bo v chng lai cc t huong t n do nghn mu
noi no, cng vi t c dung c ch su t ao t hnh cc loi - phn ng oxy noi
cc neut rophils bng cch diu ha cc h t hng men sinh hoc lin h dn
cc t in t rnh phn ng vi oxygen nhu cc men NADPH oxidase,
myeloperoxidase, Cyclooxygenase v GSH peroxidase. . ( Eur opean Journal of
Pharmacology S t hng 8- 2003) .
Theo Kee Chang Huang ( The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs) :
Magnolol c hoat t nh chng sung, c t h lm gim mc pr ost aglandin E2
( PGE- 2) v leukot rien- B4 ( LTB4) t rong dich phi ca chut dng t hi c ch
duoc su t ng hop t hromboxane-B2( TXB2) . Trong nhng nghin cu t rn
chut bnh t hung v chut d bi ct b t uyn adr enal, Wang J. P ghi nhn
magnolol c t c dung chng sung v ch t hng noi c hai loai chut , do d
hiu ng chng sung khng phi l do gia t ng hoat dng ca cort i cost erone
hay do su t it cc hormone loai st eroid t t uyn nang t huong t hn, m c
l do su lm gim nng d cc cht t rung chuyn eicosanoid.
6. Tc dng c ch gi ai dopn met ast asi s ca buu ung t hu :
Nghin cu t ai H Duoc Gifu, Nht ( Thng 9 nm 2003) cho t hy
Magnolol c hoat t nh khng met ast asis kh manh. Kh nng duoc t h
nghim t rn cc t r ung hop ung t hu gan v t y t ang kiu mu dng cc t
bo lymphoma L5178Y- ML25 v t r ung hop ung t hu phi dt bin dng t
bo melanoma B16- BL6 : khi chch qua mng phc t oan chut t h nghim
cc liu magnolol ( 10 mg/ kg) t r uc v sau khi cy t bo ung t hu cho t hy
magnolol c ch duoc met ast asis t bo ung t hu phi, ngn chn duoc su
sinh sn ca cc t bo ung t hu. . ( Phyt ot herapy S 17- 2003)
7. Kh nng t r j bn h Ki t l y do ami b :
V Magnolia duoc dng lm t huc d t ri kit ly amib t ai cc BV Trung
Hoa : t rong mt t h nghim t rn 46 bnh nhn : 43 khi bnh hon t on, 2
t huyn gim, da s cc t riu chng mt dn sau 3 ngy dng t huc v kt
qu t h nghim m t nh ( ht amib t rong phn) sau 5 ngy diu t ri.
8. c t nh v d an t on :
Dng qu liu c t h gy ra t lit h hp : Liu LD50 noi chut nht
l 6. 12 + / - 0. 04 g/ kg ( khi chch qua mng phc t oan) . V noi mo l 4. 25 +
/ - 1. 5g/ kg ( chch t inh mach)
C. Magnolia t rong ng Y :
ng Y c t ruyn s dung Magnolia d ch bin t hnh 2 vi t huc chnh Hqu
phc v Tn Di hoa
1. Hpu phc : ( Hou po)
Hu phc l v Magnolia officinalis hay M. bilola , t hu hoach noi cc
cy t 15- 20 nm t ui, t rong cc t hng 4- 6, phoi kh. ( Tai Trung hoa :
Magnolia moc nhiu T xuyn, H bc, Trit giang, Giang t y. . )
Vi t huc d duoc ghi t rong Thn nng bn t ho ( Nht duoc goi l
Koboku, ai hn goi l mubak) .
Hu phc duoc xem l c vi dng, cay; t nh m t c dng vo cc kinh
mach t huc ai t rng, Ph, Ty v Vi. .
Hu phc c nhng t c dung :
Khi dng su di chuyn ca ' Kh ' , bin di ' Thp' , ph ' ' : duoc dng
khi Thp gy ri loan noi Ty v Vi hay t rung t r ung hop t huc phm bi
gy ra cc t riu chng nhu dau t c nguc, bung dui, c cm gic
dy bung, n khng ngon, i ma v t iu chy. Hu phc duoc phi
hop vi Khuong t rut ( cang- zhu= Rhizoma At ract ylodis) v Trn b
( chen- pi= Pericarpium Cit ri Ret iculat ae) d t r i cc chng dy, cng
bao t , o chua acid, bun nn v i ma. Nu dau bung do n khng
t iu, Hu phc duoc dng vi Ch k ( zhi- ke= Fruct us Cit ri Aurant ii) .
Lm m v bin di 'm' , dn cc nghich Kh xung : dng d t ri kh
kh, do m t c, ho v t c nguc. Hu phc dng chung vi To
nhn v Ma hong.
Hoa Magnolia officinalis hay Hu phc hoa (hou po hua) duoc xem l
c vi cay, t nh m v t hom. C nhng t c dung t r i liu nhu v nhung yu hon
v t c dng ch yu vo Thuong t iu v Trung t iu v diu ha Can Kh,
t hung dng d t ri cc chng dau t c nguc, dau bao t do mt qun bnh
gia Can v Vi. Liu dng t 3- 6 gr am.
2. Tn Di hoa ( Xin yi hua) ( Barbarian Bud)
Vi t huc l n hoa ca cc cy Magnolia lilif lora, M. biondii hay M.
denudat a, t hu hi vo du ma xun khi hoa chua n hon t on. Nht duoc
goi vi t huc l Shini v Triu t in l Sinihwa.
Vi t huc, ghi chp t rong Thn Nng Bn t ho, duoc xem l c vi cay,
t nh m t c dng vo cc kinh mach t huc Ph v Vi, c nhng t c dung :
Truc duoc Phong- Hn v lm t hng t hot dung t h qua mi : t hung
duoc dng d t ri cc t r ung hop nghet mi, chy nuc mi, khng
ngi t hy mi, v cc chng nhc du lin h
Tc dung t r i liu t y t huc t hm vo cc duoc t ho cng s dung nhu T
Tn, Bac H, Hong Cm. .
Tai Trung Hoa, ngoi nhng dang t huc vin v t huc sc, vi t huc cn
duoc ch t ao dui dang du t hoa, t huc xng.
Ti liu s dung :
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat er ia Medica ( D. Bensky) .
The Phar macology of Chinese Herbs ( Kee Chang Huang)
Orient al Mat eria Medica ( Hsu)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J.Duke & A Ayensu)
Chinese Nat ural Cures ( Henry Lu)
Cc t ap ch : Nat ional Gardening ( April 1998) , Garden Gat e S
43/ 2002) .The Oregonian ( May 1997 & March 2003)
Nu MAI k hng n..
Anh du bi t Xun v hay chua..
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Cng vi o, Mai duoc xem l mt cy hoa biu t uong cho ma Xun
v l mt cy hoa . . khng t h t hiu d chung t rong nh , by bn bn t h
mi khi Tt dn ( nht l t ai min Nam Vit Nam) . .
Hoa mai duoc xp hang dng du t rong 't hu' : mai, lan, cc, t rc. .
bn loai cy duoc xem l qu, l ' ban' vi Ngui v cng duoc cc vn
nhn, ngh si vinh t ho, v hoa nhiu nht . .
Hoa mai t hun khit v t hanh t n d duoc dng lm biu t uong cho
ngui qun t , ngoai din khc kh, nhung t m hn su sc, c di cht
lng man. . Cao b Qut d t ng vit : ' Nht t hn. . d t h bi mai hoa' ( i
ngui, ch ci du t ruc . . hoa Mai. . )
Thi ca Vit Nam d c rt nhiu bi t ho vinh hoa Mai v cnh Mai nhu
' Hoa mai bac v t rng t
Bng t rc t hua bi gi lay. . '
( Nguyn bnh Khim)
' Mai ct cch, t uyt t inh t hn. . '
( Nguyn Du)
' Trung hiu ven t rn hai khi ngoc. .
Thanh cao ph t r ng mt cnh . . mai '
( Tn : Tu vinh)
' Em dng nuong mnh dui khm . . mai
Vin nhnh suong dng. . l hoa r oi.. '
( Th L)
v
' Gon t r ng ngn mai t hong gi xun
Mu t rinh e l gi n cn..'
( V hong Chuong : Tho Say)
Vn chuong v ngh t hut hi hoa ca Trung Hoa d xem Mai nhu
biu t uong ca su cao qu, t rn t rong :
Cc nh danh hoa nhu Trong Nhn d v mai bng muc nuc, d lai
nhng bc t ranh den t rng t uyt dep ; Vuong in ( t hi Minh) chuyn v
v Mai Ty H ( Hng chu) . . v t rong lua Hng chu cng t im n nhng
cnh Mai. .; Thach o lun c Mai t rong cc bc v t ruyn t hn v dc
bit nht c l l Tng huy Tn ( 1108- 1135) , mt nh Vua. . ham choi dn
mt c ngai vng. . Vua ch m nhan sc v. . hoa Mai, d d lai bc t ranh
dc do ' Kt ng sc du t rn cnh Mai' , duoc xem l bu vt v hin
duoc t rung by t ai Vin Bo Tng Ngh t hut Bost on. . nhu mt biu t uong
cho ngh t hut hi hoa c din Trung Hoa.
Cc t hi si Trung Hoa d c nhng bi t ho t uyt t c nhu :
' . . Mac vi xun t n, hoa lac t n
Tin dnh t ac da nht chi mai. . '
( Mn Gic Thin su)
( Ch ngai xun t n hoa r ung ht .
m qua, sn t ruc mt cnh mai)
hay
' Kim ha h nhn xuy ngoc dich
Gi ang t hnh ng nguyt . . lac mai hoa'
v bit bao bi khc na. .
V phuong din t huc vt v duoc hoc, t n goi dnh cho Mai nhu Mai
vng, Mai T qu, Mai chm t hy.. Bach mai. . bao gm nhiu cy t huc ba
gia dnh t huc vt khc nhau .
1- Mai vng =
Huynh mai
Tn khoa hoc :
Ochna int egerri ma,
ho t huc vt
Ochnaceae.
Cn duoc goi l
Lap mai ( lap hay sp
ong, mu vng t uoi
ca hoa duoc so
snh vi mu sp,
c t huyt cho rng. .
lap nguyt l t hng
chap, v lap mai l
loai mai cho hoa n
vo mt ln vo t hng chap)
y l cy hoa dc t h, biu t uong cho Tt t ai min Nam Vit Nam.
Cy moc hoang dai t rong cc khu rng min Trung v min Nam Vit
Nam, rt d t rng t Qung Tri dn C Mu. Vng bin gii Lo- Vit
( Thung dc- Qung Nam) c nhng r ng mai r t ln.
Mai vng duoc xem l loi cy ca n d, Min din, Bn do M lai v
ng duong. . cy t hch hop vi cc vng r ng ci v rng t hua, m cao
d dui 1200m
Sch s Vit ghi chp, t hi ung ngui Vit t ai Giao chu d phi
t in cng cho Tu cy Mai vng vo mi dip Tt ( ?)
Cy t huc loai t iu mc, t rung bnh, cao 3- 7 m, phn cnh nhnh
t hua, di. L don khng lng, moc cch, mu xanh nhat bng, mm, mp
l c rng cua nh. Hoa moc t hnh cum , t ao chm nh nch l, c
cung ngn. Hoa c 5 cnh di mu xanh bng, khng khp kn d che nu.
Trng hoa mng t 5- 10 mu vng t uoi ( hin nay cc nh vun d t ao
duoc nhiu ging mai c hoa c dn 20 cnh t rng) , d rung . Hoa c
nhiu nhi, bu hoa c 3- 10 mi, mi mi l mt non. Qu t huc loai hach
qu. . Cy ra hoa t rong cc t hng 1- 4
Tai Vit Nam cn c loi Mai vng t hom ( Ourat ea lobopet ala, ho
Ochnaceae) , moc t hnh bui, hoa vng rt t hom, t hung gp t ai cc t nh
min Trung.
Mai vng t duoc s dung lm duoc liu, t uy nhin v t hn cng duoc
dng lm t huc b, ngm ruou d t r o gip t iu ha. L non duoc dng n
sng t hay rau t ai Lo v Kampuchea.
Nhng nghin cu mi t ai H Chulakongkorn ( Bangkok, Thi Lan) ghi
nhn t rong v non ca Mai vng c nhng flavonoids nhu 6'' - hydro
xylophirone B v bet a- glucoside ca cht ny. . ( Journal of Nat ur al Product s
S 65- 2000) ; t rong l cng c nhiu flavonoids khc goi chung dui t n
ochnaflavones ( Phyt ochemist r y S 56- 2001) .
Ngh t hupt t hung Mai dn Tt :
Ngui yu hoa, nht l t ai min Nam Vit Nam, vn t hch duoc t hung
lm mt cnh mai n dep v khng ho rung t rong t r on 3 ngy Tt .
Phuong t hc chm sc Mai d duoc nng ln hng ngh t hut cu ky,
mun c cnh Mai va phi qua nhiu cng doan nhu :
Tr y l Mai : Khong t 14- 15 t hng Chap ( m lich) d cn t ry l
nhng cnh no chua ra lc ( nu con chua xut hin t ai cc nch
l) ; t 18- 19 cn t ry l nhng cnh d ra lc. Ngy 23, cc cnh
mai cn bung my , d l cc chm nu nh.
Thc Mai : Nhng cy Mai ra nu chm, nu hoa cn qu nh : cn
t hc cho mai n bng phn ur ( 5 gram t rong 20 lt nuc)
- Nu nu mai chua ln bng hat du xanh vo ngy 25 : cn t ui
ngy 2 ln.
- Nu nu hoa khng bng hat bp vo ngy 27, cn t ui ngy 3
ln.
- Nu nu chua bng hat du phong vo ngy 29, cn t ui ngy 4
ln.
Mai ct cnh : Nn ct cnh Mai vo buI chiu, ct xong ngm
ngay vo nuc. Ngy hm sau nn ho gc ct dn chy xm, dn
khi nu hoa r xung, r i dem ngm nuc, phoi suong qua dm. .
Sng hm sau, cnh s phuc hi. .
Nu Mai chm n ( dn ngy 30, cnh cm bnh, chua c nu) c t h
dng nuc pha ch t heo 70% nuc lanh + 30% nuc si, d cm cnh ,
gip kch t hch cnh mau t ao nu hoa. .
( t heo L t hanh Hng, Viet Tide Xun Gip Thn)
2- Mai T Qu =
Mai d
Tn khoa hoc :
Ochna at ropurpurea,
ho t huc vt
Ochnaceae
Cy t huc loai
t iu mc, cao 1- 5m.
Thn t phn nhnh,
t n t hua nhung l
moc xum xu. Cnh
non mu hung d. L
cng, dy, hnh bu
duc, mu xanh bng;
mp l c rng cua
khng du, rng c
t h c 1 gai nhon
nh. Hoa moc t hnh
cum, t uy t hoa. Hoa
nh lc du mu vng, c 5 cnh di mu xanh, cng, sau d hoa chuyn
sang mu d t a. Trng hoa mau r ung. Hoa c nhiu nhi. Qu c nhn
cng xp t 1 dn 5 chic khng cung quanh d hoa. Qu lai kh bn
t rn cy.
Mai T Qu duoc ua chung do hoa dep v qu kh dc sc. uoc goi
l ' t qu' ( bn ma) v cy c qu gn nhu quanh nm. .
Tai vng Ty Bc Hoa Ky c loi Ochna serrulat a ( Ochna mult iflora) c
nhng dc t nh t uong t u nhu Mai T Qu Vit Nam. Cy duoc goi l Bird' s
eye bush hay Mickey mouse plant . Cy moc t hnh bui cao t 4- 8 ft . L
t hun di, c 2. 5- 7. 5 cm, bng, mp c rng cua du, ma xun mu
dng nhat , sau d chuyn sang xanh dm. Hoa n sm vo ma h, nh.
Khi cnh t rng mu vng rung, cnh di chuyn sang mu d, ri sau d 5
hay 6 qu nh mu xanh nh ln t vng t rung t m mu d, v qu dI
sang mu den, t uong phn vi cnh di vn gi mu d ( lc ny hoa c
dang mt hay t ai ca chut )
3- Mai chm t hy = Mai chiu
t hy
Tn khoa hoc : Wright ia
reli ogi osa, t huc ho t huc vt
Apocynaceae
Cy c ngun gc t ai ng Nam , duoc t r ng lm cy cnh t lu di
tai min Nam Vit Nam.
Cy t hn mc, x x, phn nhiu cnh nh, mnh c lng mm, d
un v t a. L mng, hnh t hun, hay t ri soan nhon dnh, gn nhu
khng cung, mu xanh bng, di 3- 6 cm, rng 1- 2. 5 cm . Hoa moc t hnh
cum, dang xim t hua. Hoa nh mu t rng c cung di moc chc xung, c
mi huong r t t hom, t hong nhe mi hoa nhi. Mi hoa cho mt qu t huc
loai qu dai di mu xanh den, c kha doc, dang di hep 10- 12 cm, r ng
3- 4 mm cng moc bung t hng xung. Hat t hun di , c 6 mm, c lng
mm.
Cy c t h duoc t r ng bng hat hay chit cnh, moc r t kho, c t h
bng gc d vi ngy t r ng lai vn duoc v chiu duoc c han ln ng.
Cc nh vun d t ao duoc mt chng c l nh d t rng t rong chu :
Cm mai ( Wright ia religiosa var. microphylla) .
Cy t c gi t ri v mt duoc liu, t uy nhin t ai Kampuchea, hoa duoc
dng up lm nuc php t ai cc Cha.
4- Mai t rng =
Bach mai
Tn khoa hoc :
Pr unus mume, ho
t huc vt Rosaceae.
y l cy Mo
Nht = Japanese
apr icot .
Cy c ngun gc
t Nht , duoc t rng
kh r ng ri t ai Trung
Hoa v Bc Vit Nam
d lm cy cnh, ct
cnh chung t rong
bnh vo dip Tt .
Cy t huc loai t iu mc, cao 4- 6 m. V t hn mu xm hay xanh luc
nhat , t hn phn nhnh ngang nhiu, mnh, vuon di, xn xi v d un.
L hnh bu duc hay t ri xoan r ng, c cung di c rng nh , du, c
lng xm. Hoa moc don dc, c cung rt ngn. Trng hoa mu t rng hay
hng nhat , dang bu duc, mm mai. Hoa c mi t hom t hung xut hin
t r uc l. Qu hnh cu, 2- 3 cm, mu vng xanh t rong c hach cng
C chng r t dc bit : P. mume var albo plena cho hoa c cnh kp,
nu lc du hng nhat sau d chuyn sang mu t rng rt dep.
Bach mai, t uy l loai hoa qu v him t ai min Nam Vit nam, nhung
rt d t m t ai Hoa Ky, cy duoc goi l Japanese flowering apr icot . Tai
California c nhng ging cho hoa rt dep nhu :
' Rosemar y Clar ke' : Hoa kp mu tr ng vi cnh di mu d.
Hoa n r vo dip du nm Duong lich. .
' Bonit a' : Hoa gn nhu kp mu hng d
' Peggy Clarke' : hoa kp, hng xm, nhuy rt di, cnh di
mu d.
' W. B Clarke' : Hoa kp mu hng , cy moc r . .
Duoc t nh ca Mai t r ng :
Bach mai duoc xem l mt vi t huc ca Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa
v Nht , t uy nhin t ai Nht d c nhiu nghin cu khoa hoc dng ch
v cc hoat cht ca Bach mai.
Bach mai t rong Duoc hoc c t r uyn :
T Bach mai, ng Y t ao duoc 2 vi t huc :
Bqch mai hoa (Pai- mei hua) : Bn t ho cuong muc cn goi l Lu- o-
mei. Vi t huc l nu hoa, t hu hi khi hoa mi h nu, chua n hn.
Bach- mai hoa duoc xem l c vi chua/ cht , t nh bnh , t c dng vo
cc kinh mach t huc Can v Ph : c t c dung ' khai ut ha t rung' Bach-
mai hoa lm diu duoc ' Nhit Kh' t ai Can, t an dm dong. . duoc dng d t ri
dau vng t huong vi do ' Can ut ' , n mt ngon hay chong vng, chng
mt . Liu dng 2. 4 dn 4. 5 gram mi ngy.
mai ( W mei) : - mai duoc ghi chp t rong ' Thn nng bn t ho
kinh' v duoc ch bin t qu khi cn xanh, b ht v hun khi dn khi
kh. Mu ca qu s di t hnh den d duoc goi l - mai.
Nht duoc ( Kempo) goi vi t huc l Ubai.
Tai Trung Hoa, vi t huc duoc ch bin t qu t hu hi vo t hng 5 t
cc cy t rng t ai T Xuyn, Trit Giang, Phc kin. .
- mai c kh nng :
- Ngn chn su t ht t hot ca Ph ' Kh' , lm ngung ho ( ch khi) , t ri
duoc cc bnh ho kinh nin do ' Ph hu' , t hung duoc phi hop vi Hanh
nhn= Xing ren ( Semen Pruni Armeniacae) , Bn- ha= ban- xia ( rhizoma
Pinelliae Ternat eae) v Anh t c xc= Ying- su- ke ( v qu t huc
phin= Pericarpium Papaveris Somniferi) .
- Tc dng t rn rut , gip ngung t iu chy : t ri duoc cc chng t iu
chy kinh nin kh cm v c khi c mu t rong phn, kit ly. C t h phi
hop vi Hong lin= Huang lian ( Rhizoma copt idis) v Hong cm= Huang
qin ( Radix Scut ellar iae Baicalensis) d t ri t iu chy , kit do 'Nhit - Thp' ;
su phi hop ny cng dng d t ri ho khan, kht kh hong do cc chng
' ni nhit ' gy ra do loan t n dich v kit kinh nin.
- Ti t ai ' t n dich' v t ri 't iu kht ' : t ri 't iu kht ' ( t iu dung) do
' Nhit suy' chung vi ' Kh v m suy', dng phi hop vi Mach mn
dng= Mai- men dong ( Tuber Ophiopogonis Japonici) , Thin hoa phn=
Tian hua fen ( Radix Trichoxant his Kiri lowii) v Ct cn ( R sn dy) = Ge-
gen ( Radix Puerariae) . y l mt phuong t hc t ri t iu dung ca ng
duoc.
- Tng xut giun- li, lm gim dau. Tri dau bung v bun nn do sn-
li. Thung phi hop vi Bng lang ( hat cau) = Bing- lang ( Se men Areca
cat echu)
Cm mu : t ri phn c mu, v xut huyt t cung t rong cc chng
' huyt nhuoc' gm c kh ming, l ming v ' t o' kht . Thung phi hop
vi uong quy= Dang gui ( Radix Angelicae Sinensis) , Bach t huoc = Bai
zhao ( Radix Paeoniae Lact iflorae) v A giao= E- j iao ( Gelat inum Corii)
Nhng nghin cu khoa hoc v Bach mai :
a s cc nghin cu v Bach mai duoc t huc hin t ai Nht v Trung
Hoa.
Thnh phn ha hc :
- Hoa : cha cc flavonoids, cc flavonol oligoglycosides loai rut in
phc t ap, cc dung hu co loai sucrose polyacylat ed nhu prunose I v I I . .
- Hat : cha cc hop cht phc t ap loai polysaccharides ( bao gm cc
dung hu co nhu arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, galact ose, galac t uronic
acid. . ) , cc men loai aminopept idase. . , glucosides cyanogenic nhu
pr unasin, amygdalin. .
- Qu c nhiu acid hu co nhu malic, cit ric, t ar t aric, succinic acid. . ,
vit amins, t annic acid, ceryl alcohol, st erols nhu bet a- sit ost erol. . ,
t erpenes. . , furfural nhu mumeferal.
Cc k t qu nghi n cu :
- Hoat t nh ca aminopept idase t rch t hat Pr unus mume ( Journal of
Bi ochemist r y ( Tokyo) S 89 ( Jan) , 1981) . Aminopept idase, ly t rch , phn
doan bng ammonium sulfat e v t inh khit ha qua sc k, loc bng gel,
t P. mume. . c t rong luong phn t khong 56, 000 c kh nng t hy gii
mt s cc hop cht c nhng nhm amino-acid t u do, nht l cc hop
cht c dy nhnh cha cc nhm hydrophobic. Men ny bi c ch bi p-
chloromer curibenzoat e v cc kim loai nng. .
- Hoat t nh ca cc polysaccharides t rch t hat Prunus mume ( Biology
and Pharmacy Bul let in S 17- 1994) . Cc phn polysac char ides t rch duoc
t P. mume qua cc dung mi nhu nuc lanh, nuc nng, dung dich
sodium hydr oxyde.. c nhng hoat t nh sinh hoc nhu c ch bin chng
gen, kch ng cc hoat dng min nhim, kch ng t in t rnh t ao cuc dng
t rong huyt t hanh. .
- Hoat t nh t rn d nht ca mu ( noi ngui) ( Li fe Science S 27
( Dec) - 2002) . Nghin cu dng bainiku- ekisu, nuc p c dc t qu
Pr unus mume ghi nhn nuc p ny c t c dung bo v H Tim- mach do
cc hoat dng chng oxy- ha v c ch su kch hoat men kinase, c ch
su chuyn hoat t hu t h EGF gy ra do Angiot ensin I I .
- Tc dung khng sinh : Nuc sc qu P. mume cho t hy c cc hoat
t nh c ch ' in vit ro' chng lai cc chng vi t rng nhu St aphylo coccus ( k
c S. aureus) , St rept ococcus pneumoniae, Corynebact e rium dipht eriae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella t yphi, Shigella sonnei. . Hoat t nh
ny c l do t nh acid ca nuc sc .
- Tc dung t r i kit ly : Nuc t rch t P. mume, v C c duoc dng t r i
50 t rung hop kit ly do k sinh t r ng amib. . 48 t rung hop khi bnh sau
3 ngy ( t t c cc t r iu chng nhu nng st , bun nn, i ma, dau
bung. . du duoc t ri khi) ( Dan Bensky- Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria
Medica) .
- Tc dung t r i giun sn : Nuc sc P. mume r t hu hiu d t ri giun-
sn. 20 t rung hop giun mc d duoc t h nghim , cho ung t rong 5- 23
ngy. Khi t h phn d kim sot 14 t r ung hop m t nh hon t on. Hoat
t nh ny do t annic acid v hop cht prudomenus t rong qu ( Kee Chang
Huang- The Pharmacoly of Chinese Herbs)
Bach mai t rong dinh dung v duoc hoc dn gian :
Duqc hc dn gi an :
Qu Bach mai, khng n t uoi duoc v vi chua v cht , nhung duoc
dng t r ong dn gian d t ri mt s bnh nhu :
- Nng t rong ngui, kht nuc nhiu, n khng t iu : Dng 2 qu t uoi
hay 1 qu mai mui, nghin nt , t hm dung. . d nuc si vo, v ung
khi ngui ( loai nuc.. x mui) .
- Mt s bnh ngoi da :
- Mun nhot : Ly - mai hun khi, sao t r n ni dt dn khi v
ngoi chy den, t n t hnh bt v r c t rn mun l.
- Nm n chn : Dng 3 qu t uoi, hay 2 qu - mai mui, nghin
nt ; t hm 3 gram v luu. Sc chung v ra chn ngy 3- 4 ln.
- Mun cc, mun chai : Dng 250 gram mai hun khi, nu t rong
nuc dn chn, b nuc, b ht . . c dc nuc dn khi t hnh khi
nho, t hm cht mui v gim. p mi ngy vo mun cc, mun
chai. .
- Vy nn ( Psor iasis) : Dng 250 gram - mai hun khi, t hm
nuc, chung dn khi loai b duoc ht , c dc t hnh khi nho. . ung
mi ngy 3 ln, mi ln 9 gr am. C t h dp t hm vo vt t huong.
Cc ch phm t Bpch mai t pi Nhpt :
Tai Nht , qu Bach mai hay Ume , khng t h n t uoi do gy ra kh
chiu cho bao t v cha pr ussic acid, duoc ch bin t hnh nhiu t hnh
phm ni t ing t rn t h gii nhu Umeboshi ( bach mai mui v bach mi
hun khi dn kh) , mt , Umeshu ( ruou bach mai)
Ti liu s dung :
Thuc Nam t rn dt My ( Tp 3)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( D. Bensky)
Whole Food Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
Orient al Mat eria Medica ( Hsu)
Fruit s as Medicine ( Dai Yin- fang)
Sunset West ern Garden Book
MU ON ( Peony)
Ph qu chi hoa
: : : DS Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
As quickl y as whit e mil k wi t h rennet t hickens
li kewise t he bl ood in t he wounds of Ares
became, Because of Paeons herbs.
( HOMER)
'C php gi a hnh, ba cy chp lai mt cnh Mu don
( Kiu)
Mu don (Peony) l mt cy hoa t hung bi nhiu ngui nhm vi
Thuoc duoc ( Dahlia) . Tht ra dy l hai cy hoa r ing bit t huc hai ho
t huc vt khc hn nhau. Su nhm ln l do t n goi bng t i ng Hn ca
Mu don : Mu don hay Mudan cung cp nhng duoc liu Bach t huoc
( Bai- shao) v Xch t huoc ( Chi shao) , do d t ai Trung Hoa, cy cn duoc
goi l Shao- yao, d bi phin m t hnh. . Thuoc duoc.
Cy hoa Mu don vi v dep qu phi, t huc mt gia dnh hoa gm 33
loi khc nhau, ngun gc t ai u chu, Trung Hoa v Bc My. Mu don l
mt cy hoa rt duoc ua chung, t rng kh ph bin t ai khp cc vun
hoa t rn t h gii nht l Trung Hoa.
Tng Paeonia c t h phn loai t hnh 2 nhm:
- Mu don mc ( t ree peony) , phn ln pht xut t P. suffrut icosa
- Mu don bui ( herbaceous peony) , t P. lact iflora
Tn Mu don= Peony xut pht t Paeon, Thy t huc ca cc vi Thn
t rong Thn t hoai Hy Lap, v l vi Thn cha bnh. N t hn Let o, me ca
Thn Apollo d t ng cho Paeon cy hoa mu don t rng t ai Ni Olympus v
ng d dng mu don d t ri vt t huong cho Dim vuong Plut o v cho
Thn Chin t ranh Ares . . nhu Homer d ghi lai t rong t c phm I liad. Ti
cha bnh ca Paeon d gy ra su ganh t y ca Aesculapius ( Thn Y khoa,
vn l su phu ca Paeon). Aesculapius t m cch git Paeon, v Plut o d
cu Paeon bng cch bin ng t a. . t hnh cy Mu don. .
Ngui Hy lap xem Mu don nhu mt cy hoa t hing ling, c nng luc
nga duoc ma qu. . Tai nhiu vng u chu, hat Mu don duoc t hu nht
v kt lai vi nhau t hnh vng hat deo t rn c d t r ma qu. R phoi kh
v khc t hnh ba t r ma. . v sau d duoc mi, got t hnh hat t rn d lm
t rng hat t rong Thin cha gio. .
Mu don d duoc t r ng lm cy cnh t ai Trung Hoa t khong nm
900 t r uc Ty lich. Truyn t huyt v Mu don cng c nhiu diu l
t h. . Tr ong di nh ung, N hong V Tc Thin d ra lnh cho moi loi
hoa. . phi n cng mt ngy. . v ngy d dang t rong ma ng bng gi.
Hm sau, moi loi hoa du n, ngoai t r Mu don khin N hong ni
gin, v ra lnh. . phat Mu don, dui hoa ra khi Tr ung An, dy v Giang
Nam ( do d Mu don cn c t n l Giang nam hoa. . )
Tai Bc Kinh, noi Cng vin Trung Son c t rng rt nhiu ging Mu
don qu v ni t ing nhu Bach du (bai- yu) ( hoa t rng) ; Nguy t (wei- zi
( hoa t m) ; Diu hong ( Yao- huang) ( hoa vng nhat ) . . v hng nm c dn
d Xun v, ngui Bc Kinh r nhau dn Trung Son d t hung ngoan Mu
don ( t rong Chinh phu ngm c cc cu ' xy nh khi cnh Diu da Nguy
; t ruc gi xun vng t a snh nhau d ghi nhn su kin ho Diu t m
duoc ging mu don vng= Diu hong, v ho Nguy t m duoc Nguy t l
ging mu don hoa t m. . )
Mu don duoc dua t Siberia vo u chu vo khong nm 1558. Nh
t huc vt gc c, Pet er Simon Pallas ( 1741- 1811) , ngui nghin cu
nhiu v t huc vt t ai Nga, d m t loi P. lact iflora ln du t in vo nm
1776. n 1805, P. lact iflora d do Sir Joseph Banks dem dn Anh Quc v
sau d vi nhiu ging du nhp t phuong ng, Mu don d t r t hnh
cy hoa rt duoc ua chung vo gia t h k 19. . Tai Hoa Ky, Mu don d
duoc t rng t ai Virginia t 1771..
Mu don d t Trung Hoa dn Triu Tin v Nht vo khong t h k
6- 8, v t ai Nht do cc ky t hut gy ging rt t hn t rong, loi Mu don
mc t ai Nht d t hay di khc hn loi gc t Trung Hoa ( hoa c nhiu
mu sc hon v chiu dung t hi t it manh hon)
c t nh t huc vt :
Ngoi 2 loai chnh P. lact ifl ora v P. suffut icosa cn c nhng loai khc
tuong di quan t rong v phuong din duoc hoc nhu P. offi cinalis. . hay v
phuong din cy lm cnh nhu P. emodi, P. mlokosewi t schii . .
Truc dy Paeonia duoc xp vo ho t huc vt Ranunculaceae, nhung
nay t u c mt ho ring : Paeoniaceae. .
1- Paeonia suffrut icosa :
Cn goi l Tree peony,
Mout an peony
Cy t huc loai t hn t ho,
luu nin, sng lu pht t rin
t hnh bui cao dn 2m. Thn
min khng lng. R pht t rin
t hnh c. L kp hai ln, mt
t rn xanh dm, mt dui t r ng
nhat . Hoa kh ln, dung knh
15- 20 cm, moc ngon cc
cnh nhnh, c mi t hom,
t hung moc t hnh di. Hoa c
nhiu cnh mu t r ng, d t a
hay vng. Nhi vng, kh nhu.
Qu loai dai. Cy t r hoa vo
cc t hng 5- 7, kt qu t rong
cc t hng 7- 8. .
Cc chng cult ivars duoc
ua chung t ai Hoa ky nhu Alice
Harding ( cy ln, hoa vng- chanh) ; Anna Marie ( hoa mu t m nhat , chiu
dung t t ) ; Black Pant her ( hoa d xm, l dep) ; Chinese Dragon ( hoa
t hom, mu d du, l c nh nu dng) , Gauguin ( hoa c mu sc pha
t rn) . .
2- Paeonia
lact iflora = P.
albiflora
Cc t n khc :
Bach t huoc ( hay bi
goi. . nhm l Thuoc
duoc= Dahlia)
- Chinese peony,
Common garden
peony
Cy loai t ho, luu nin, cao 50- 80 cm. Thn min, khng nhm. L moc
so le chum t ng di hay chum ba, chia t ng doan khng du. L hnh t ri
soan hay mi gio, di 8- 12 cm, rng 2- 4 cm. mt t rn xanh bng. Phin
l c t h nguyn khng r ng hay x t hy noi mp. Hoa r t ln, moc don
dc, t hom mi hoa hng. Trn mi t hn mang hoa, c 1- 7 hoa, r ng 10-
12 cm. i hoa c 6 phin, cc cnh hoa xp t rn mt hoc hai dy, t r uc
khi n mu hng, ri chuyn dn sang t r ng. . Qu c 3- 5 l non. .
Trn t huc t c dn hng t r m chng t r ng ( cult ivar s) , pht xut t P.
lact iflora. .
Nhng nh choi hoa peony c nhng cch phn loai hoa. . khc t hung
- Japanese peonies : Hoa c nhiu cnh, moc quanh t hnh 1- 2 hng,
gia l chm nhi c t h vng, d hay hng. . Cult ivar s dep nht l Sun
Glory c mi t hom, cnh hng nhat n quanh chm t ua nhi vng. .
- Bomb peonies : Hoa c nhiu cnh hoa t ao nhiu hng quanh chm
nhi, chum lai nhu dang pom- pom. Cult ivars ni t ing nht l Bridal
Shower, cnh hoa t r ng, nhi phon pht vng. .
- Cc dang khc nhu Anemone, Crown- t ype. .
3- Paeoni a officinalis :
Cc t n goi khc : European peony, Piney ( Anh) , Pivoine ( Php) . .
y l ging Mu don, dc t rung ca u chu, duoc xem l duoc t ho
do ngui Hy lap s dung t t hi xa xua.
Cy moc cao dn 60 cm, R phnh t hnh c; L mu xanh bng, s
t hnh nhiu t hy; Hoa moc don dc, mu d t hm, ging nhu hoa hng,
ln chng 10 cm dung knh, c t 5 dn cnh, v nhiu nhi vng
Cc loi phu nhu humilis c hoa mu t hay di t hng nhat dn d.
Cc nh vun lai t ao t hnh nhiu cult ivars, rt duoc ua chung d
t r ng lm cy cnh nhu :
- Alba Plena hoa kp, mu t rng. .
- Rosea Plena hoa kp, mu hng. .
- Rubr a Plena, hoa kp, mu d t hm. .
4- Paeonia emodi :
Ngun gc t n d, moc cao dn 1m. Hoa don dc, mu t r ng. .
Thnh phn ha hoc :
- P. l act iflora :
R c cha :
- Cc hop cht loai monot erpene glycoside nhu Paeoniflorin ( c t h
dn 5.8%) , oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin, albiflo rin R1,
paeonolide. .
- Tinh bt
- Tannins ( 0. 4%) , Gallic acid, Hop cht pent agalloyl- glucose, decagal
loyl- glucose
- Tinh du. .
- Cc khong cht nhu Calcium ( 0. 4%) , Pot assium ( 0. 07%) , ng
( 6ppm) , St ( 47ppm) , Magnesium ( 990ppm) , Mamganese , Sodium, Km
( 24ppm)
Hoa cha Bet a- glucogallin, glucogallin, bet a- sit ost erol, paeonidin,
kaempferol, pent acosan. .
L cha nhiu flavonoids nhu kaempferol, quercet in, quercimerit rin. .
- P. suffrut icosa :
V r cha paeonolide ( = paeonol glucose- arabinose) , paenoside ( =
paeo nol- glucosise) , paeonol, paeoniflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, galloyl-
paeoniflo rin, cc suffrut icosides A, B, C, D v E ; Acid hu co nhu benzoic
acid, Phyt ost erols nhu bet a- sit ost erol, campest erol; glucoside. . ; Khong
cht nhu Calcium ( 0.17%) , ng, St , Pot assium ( 0.06%) , Manganese,
Magnesium. . ; Tannins
Hoa c Apigenin- 7- glucoside; Apigenin- 7- r hamnoglucoside;
Kaempferol 3, 7 diglucoside ; Kampferol- 3- bet a- glucoside
- P. offici nalis :
Hoa cha cc sc t ant hocyanin, dc bit nht l paeonin
( = paeonidin- 3, 5- diglucoside; cc flavonoids nhu kaempfer ol; t annins ( loai
gallot annins cng gp t rong l v r )
R cha cc monot erpenes, nhiu nht l monot erpene est er
glucosides loai pinane , nhu paeoniflorine ( 1. 5 dn 3. 5 %) ; t annins. . ; acid
hu co nhu benzoic acid, met arabinic acid. .
Hat c ar abinic acid, paeonibrown, pect in, peregr inine, resinic acid
Mu don t rong Duoc hoc Ty Phuong
Ngay t t hi Dioscorides v Theophr ast us, mu don d duoc dng d
t r c mng, t r i cung dng ( hyst eria) v t ri dau vng t cung. R kh
duoc cho sn phu dng ngay sau khi sanh d gip dy nhau ra v chng
phuc hi. Culpeper khuyn dng r t uoi d t ri kinh phong v hat d gip
ty u sn phu. . Culpeper phn bit 2 loai : peony duc, hoa mu d- t m, l
khng s, hat den v nu xm; v peony ci, hoa d dm, t hom, hat den. .
Duoc hoc Ty Phuong s dung hoa P. officinalis lm t huc ( Paeoniae
flos) . Hoa phoi kh nhanh, cn gi duoc mu d. Vi t huc duoc ghi t rong
DAC ( Ger man Drug Codex Supplement t o t he Pharmacopoeia) .
- Hoa t hung ch dng t rong cc phuong t huc dn gian d t ri kinh
phong, gout v nhng r i loan t iu ha.
- Trong khoa Homeopat hy, duoc liu duoc dng t r i cc vt nt noi
hu mn, t ri, sa t inh mach. nhc du, dau qun t ht noi bung km t heo
run r y v lo so. Vi t huc duoc goi l paeonia, bo ch t r t uoi.
- Theo German Commission E ( Banz no. 85, published May 5, 1998) :
Hoa dng t r i cc bnh ngoi da v mng nhy, vt nt lin quan vi
t r i, gout , t hp khp, v cc bnh v h hp. R dng t r i co- git lin h
dn dung t iu ha, bnh t hn kinh. .
Cc nghin cu khoa hoc v Paeoni a :
- Cc t h nghim t rn t h vt ghi nhn hoa v r P. offici nal is c t c
dung gy co t ht co t r on t cung kh manh, lm gim d cung co rut ,
bao t v gy ha huyt p. Tc dung ch t hng v chng co git khng
duoc chng minh r rt ( PDR for Herbal Medicines 3
r d
Ed. )
Theo Dan Bensky, cc nghin cu duoc luc hoc t rn P. suffrut icosa ghi
nhn :
- Tc dung khng sinh : dich chit t V P. suffrut icosa c hoat t nh c
ch in vit ro chng cc vi khun gy bnh nhu St aphylococcus aureus,
Bacil lus subt ilis, v Salmonella t yphi. .
- Tc dung t rn H t im- mach : Khi chch qua t inh mach dich chit v
P. suffut icosa bng nuc cho ch, mo v chut t h nghim d bi gy m:
huyt p gim ha, c hai hop cht c v khng c paeonol du c t c dung
ny. Khi cho ch v chut , d bi gy huyt p cao, ung nuc t rch, huyt
p gim ha dn dn. Paeonol gy gim ph chn noi chut v cng lm
gim d t hm t hu v mach.
Cng t heo Dan Bensky, P lact i flora c cc hoat t nh sinh hoc :
- Tc dung t rn co t r on : Noi t h , liu t uong di cao mi gy duoc
phn ng chng co git , v Paeoniflorin l cht c t c dng manh nht
t rn rut ca chut v bo t h nghim. Paeoniflorin cng c t c dng di
nghich vi oxyt ocin t rong hoat t nh t rn co t cung.
- Tc dng noi h t im mach : Paeoniflorin gy ha huyt p noi bo , t c
dng ny t y t huc v0 liu s dung; paeoniflorin gy gia t ng luu luong
mu qua dng mach vnh khi t h t rn ch, hoat t nh ny yu hon
nit roglycerin.
- Hoat t nh chng sung : Paeoniflorin c t c dng chng sung nhe v
c chc nng bo v chng ung lot gy ra do st ress noi chut bach. Tuy
nhin, paeoniflorin lai gy t ng bi t it acid noi bao t v gip n ngon
ming.
- Dich chit P. rubrae c hoat t nh khng sinh in vit ro kh manh
chng lai cc vi khun Shigella sonnei, S. aureus, Siu vi herpes zost er v
mt s nm gy bnh.
Theo Kerry Bone ( Clinical Appli cat i ons of Ayurvedic and Chinese
Herbs) Paeoniflorin v cc cht dn xut c nhng hoat t nh duoc hoc :
- Ci t hin Nhn t hc v Chng co- git : Khi cho chut dng liu
ung 1mg/ kg paeoniflorin, kh nng t m dung qua cc m l ca chut
bi cho ung scopolamine, duoc ci t hin, hoat t nh ny c l do t c dng
vo h alpha- 1- adr energic. Liu rt nh 0. 01 mg/ kg gip ci t hin nhn
t hc noi chut d lo ha. Albiflorin, pent agalloylglucose v dich chit
Paeonia bng nuc, khi cho ung, du c ch t c dng gy co git ca
pent ylenet et razole noi chut .
- Hoat t nh t rn Chc nng ca kch t hch t loai St eroid :
Paeonoflorin kt ni r t t vo cc t hu t h est r ogen v androgen, khng
kt ni vo t hu t h progest erone. Paeniflorin gy gim sn xut
t est ost erone noi bung t r ng chut , do can t hip vo t in t rnh t ng hop
t est ost erone.
- Th nghim lm sng v Hoat t nh ca Peonia :
Paeonia v Cam t ho d duoc dng phi hop d t ri cc chng b kinh
v bt kinh noi phu n t ai Nht v Trung Hoa :
- Tm phu n him mun, kinh nguyt him, androgen qu cao d
duoc t h nghim cho dng hn hop paeonia/ cam t ho d lm gim nng
d t est ost erone t rong mu, gy r ung t r ng. . Kt qu ghi nhn 7 bnh nhn
c mc t est ost erone v mc bnh t hung, 6 bnh nhn c t rng r ung. . v 2
t rong 6 ngui sau d d t hu t hai ( Act a O/ B Japan S 34- 1982) .
- 34 phu n Nht bi cc t riu chng polycist ic ovary syndr ome
( PCOS) d duoc diu t ri bng hn hop Paeonia/ Cam t ho : 7. 5 mg/ ngy
t rong 24 t un : Nng d t est ost erone t rong mu v t est ost erone t u do
gim sut r r t sau 4 t un. Tuy nhin sau 12 t un, luong t est ost erone ch
xung t hp noi cc bnh nhn d t hu t hai. Sau 24 t un, t l LH/ FSH cng
gim ha noi nhm ung t huc ( I nt ernat ional Journal of Fert ilit y
Menopausal st udi es S 39- 1994)
Cc nghin cu khc :
- Nghin cu t ai ai Hoc Y Khoa i Chung ( Taiwan) ghi nhn
Paeonol ( t rch t v P. suffrut icosa v t r P. lact iflora) c cc hoat t nh
gip gim nghn mach mu no v suy t hoi t hn kinh noi chut t h
nghim do t c dng ngn cn v t hu nht cc anion superoxide, c ch su
kch khi microglia noi chut bi gy nghn mach ( Journal of
Et hnopharmacology S Feb- 2006)
- Nghin cu t ai ai hoc Y Khoa An Huy ( Trung Hoa) ghi nhn cc
glucosides t ng cng t rch t P. lact iflora c hoat t nh chn duoc sung
xuong khp loai adj uvant ar t hrit is noi chut v can t hip vo t in t rnh
hoat dng ca cc cyt okine t rong cc chng bnh sung dich khp xuong
( I nt ernat i onal I mmunopharmacology S 5- 2005) .
- Nghin cu t ai ai Hoc Ulsan ( Nam Triu t in) ghi nhn Paeoni
florin, chit t P. lact iflora bng met hanol, c t c dung lm ha cholest erol
tng cng, ha LDL v Triglycerides ( t h t rn chut ) khi cho dng nng d
200 v 400 mg/ kg mi ngy t rong 4 t un lin t ip ( Fit ot erapia S 1-
2004) .
- Nghin cu t ai Khoa ha duoc, Trung Duoc t huc ai Hoc Y Khoa
i Bc ( Taiwan) ghi nhn Paeoniflorin v 8- debenzoylpaeoniflorin t rch t
r kh P. lact iflora, gy hiu ng ha dung t rong mu noi chut bi gy t iu
dung bng st rept ozocin. Hoat t nh ny ln cao nht 25 pht sau khi cho
dng t huc. Noi chut bnh t hung, liu 1mg/ kg d d gy ha dung-
huyt , v nng d insulin t rong plasma khng t hay di. . Co ch hoat dng
ca paeoniflorin duoc cho l lm gia t ng vic s dung glucose ca co t h
( Pl ant a Medica S 63- 1997) .
- Hoat t nh chng oxy- ha : Th nghim t ai t r ung Duoc, ai Hoc
Kangwon ( Korea) ghi nhn dich chit t r P. lact iflora bng et hanol c
chc cc hoat cht gm c gallic acid v met hyl gallat e c cc t c dng
t hu nht cc gc t u do gy ra bi DPPH ( 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picryl hydrazine
v c hiu ng c ch peroxyd ha lipid, gip bo v chng lai cc hu hai
DNA ca t bo ( Archi ves of Pharmacy Resear ch S 28- 2005)
* Mu don t rong Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa :
Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa s dung Paeonia d lm t hnh nhng
vi t huc khc nhau :
- Paeonia suffrut icosa cung cp vi Mu don b ( mu- dan- pi) , ghi t rong
Ch duoc t hu ca Cng Ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa.
- Paeonia lact ifl ora cung cp cc vi Bach t huoc ( bai- shao) v Xch
t huoc ( chi- shao)
Mu don b d duoc ghi chp t rong Cm Nang Trn Chu ca Tr uong
Nguyn T ( Zhang Yuan- Su) vo t hi nh Kim ( Th k 12) . Cc Danh Y c
Trung Hoa nhu Ng Ph Thuc, Nhn Quyn ( di ung) , L t hi Trn, C
hy Ung ( di Minh) v Truong t r ong Cnh. . du bn lun v cc phuong
t hc s dung Mu don b t rong r t nhiu t hang t huc. .
A- Bach t huoc v Xch t huoc :
Cy paeonia lact iflora t hung duoc goi l Thuoc duoc = Shaoyao khi
chua phn bit t hnh Bach t huoc hay Xch t huoc. Yao hay duoc c nghia l
vi t huc v Shaoyao l vi t huc lm t cy Thuoc.
C 2 vi t huc Bach t huoc v Xch t huoc du duoc ghi t rong Ch Duoc
t hu ca CHND Trung Hoa.
- Theo Advanced Text book on Tradit ional Chinese Medicine and
Pharmacology ( Ti liu ging dy v ng duoc chnh t hc ca Trung
Quc) t h Xch t huoc l r nguyn ven ca cy cn gi nguyn v dy
mu d ; v Bach t huoc l phn r d bc v . Cch ch Bach t huoc duoc
ghi chp nhu sau : R c ca nhng cy t 3- 4 t ui duoc do ln, t hu
hoach t rong ma h- t hu, r a sach, ct b cc r nh, phn v duoc cao
sach, nu so t rong nuc si, ri phoi nng. .
- Theo St even Fost er &Yue ChongXi ( Herbal Emissaries) t h R cy P
lact iflora nui t r ng, sau khi cao b v, duoc goi l Bach t huoc. R cc cy
P. lact iflora v P. veit chii moc hoang , gi nguyn v duoc goi l Xch
t huoc
Bach t huoc (Bai- shao)
Vi t huc duoc t hu hoach vo ma h t hu t P. lact iflora, loai t t nht
l cy t rong vng Trit giang, An Huy, T Xuyn.
Nht duoc ( Kampo) goi vi t huc l byakushaku ; Triu t in l
paekchak.
Bach t huoc duoc xem l c vi dng/ chua ; t nh hn, t c dng vo
kinh mach t huc Can v Ty.
Bach t huoc c nhng dc t nh :
- Dung huyt , diu ha kinh nguyt : Tr i cc chng huyt nhuoc
nhu kinh nghuyt khng du, huyt t rng, xut huyt t cung. y l mt
t rong nhng vi t huc chnh d t ri bnh phu khoa. Dng phi hop vi
uong Quy ( Radix Angelicae Sinensis) v Sinh dia ( Radix Rehmanniae
Glut inosae) d t ri chng mt , mt m, kinh nguyt khng du lin h dn
huyt nhuoc v huyt ; t hm Mach mn dng ( Tuber Ophipogonis
Japonici) d t ri t ai, mt m, t du ngn t ay- chn, co git bp t hit gy
ra do m Can suy nhuoc. .
- An Duong Can, lm gim dau nht l dau t c noi nguc, canh sun,
noi hng gy ra do Can Kh t c hay do mt qun bnh gia Can v Ty.
Ni chung, vi t huc duoc dng d An v B Can, lm ngung cc con dau
t ht noi bung, t r i dau nhc co rt t ay chn. . t r i nhc du, chng mt do
Duong t hng t ai Can. C t h phi hop vi nhiu vi t huc khc nhu Cc
hoa, Cu dng khi t r i nhc du; hay phi hop vi Hong cm v Hong
lin d t r i kit ly do Nhit - Thp. .
- Bo t on m v diu ha Vinh- V : t ri huyt t rng v bn t inh cng
cc chng suy nhuoc do Phong- Hn ngoai nhp ( phi hop vi Qu chi) ;
dng t r i m suy do Duong t hng noi biu gy ra d m hi dm
Xch t huoc ( Chi- shao)
Vi t huc c t h ly t R Paeonia vieichii ( t r ng t ai T Xuyn, Vn
Nam, Thanh Hi. . ) hay P. lact iflora. Tai mt s vng t ai Trung Hoa, c t h
dng r ca P. obovat a. Vi t huc t hu hoach vo ma Xun hay ma Thu.
Nht duoc goi l sekishaku ; Triu t in : Chokchak.
Vi t huc duoc xem l c vi chua/ dng ; t nh hn nhe, t c dng vo
kinh mach t huc Can, Ty.
Xch t huoc c nhng dc t nh :
- B huyt , Ph huyt : gip t ri cc bnh kinh nguyt khng du,
bt kinh, dau bung, c khi u noi bung. Cng gip t r i sung v dau do chn
t huong, mun nhot sung t y gy dau nhc (dng chung vi Xuyn Khung)
- Thanh Nhit v Luong Huyt dng t r i cc chng Nhit nhp vo
Huyt gy st nng, lui d, da c dm d, xut huyt . .
- Thanh Can- ha gip t r i mt sung, d, dau nhc. .
B- Mu don b :
Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa dng v cy Paeonia suffrut icosa lm
t huc dui t n Mu don b ( Mu- dan- pi) .
Duoc liu duoc t hu hoach t rong cc t hng 10- 11 t cc cy d duoc 3-
5 nm. Loai t t nht l t cc cy t rng hay moc hoang t ai an Huy, H
Nam, T Xuyn, Son ng, Qu Chu. .
Duoc hoc Kampo Nht goi duoc liu l bot anpi v Triu Tin goi l
mokt anpi.
Mu don b duoc xem l c vi cay/ dng, t nh hn v t c dng vo cc
kinh mach t huc Tm, Can v Thn.
Mu don b c nhng dc t nh:
- Thanh Nhit v Luong Huyt : t r i duoc cc chng Nhit nhp vo
huyt t rong cc bnh n- nhit nhu chy mu mi, dm c mu, t h huyt
v c nhng t r ung hop kinh nguyt qu nhiu do nhit - huyt gy ra.
Trong cc t r ung hop ny Mu don b duoc dng chung vi Xch t huoc.
- Thanh Ha t rong cc chng Suy nhuoc nhu m suy t rong cc
bnh Xuong ct sau khi nhim n- nhit m khng d m hi ( dng chung
vi Thanh hao= Art emisiae Annuae) .
- B Huyt , ph huyt : t rong cc chng Huyt t ai Can dua dn
bt Kinh nguyt , khi u noi bung. . ( dng chung vi To nhn) .
- Thanh duoc Ha t hng noi Can gy cc chng nhc du, dau mt ,
dau ngang lung, kinh nguyt t . . ( dng chung vi Cc hoa t rong cc chng
dau mt . . )
- Tr m, chng sung : Dng ngoi da t r i cc chn t huong gy sung
nhc, hay dng t rong d t ri sung rut . . ( dng chung vi Kim Ngn hoa v
Lin kiu.)
Ti liu s dung :
Phyt ochemical and Et hnobot anical Dat abases ( J. Duke) .
Her bal Emissaries ( St even Fost er & Yue ChongXi)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( D. Bensky & A.
Gamble)
Clinical Applicat ions of Ayurvedic And Chinese Her bs ( Kerry
Bone)
Garden Gat e No 2
Encyclopedia of Herbs ( Deni Br own)
MI MOSA
: : : DS Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Mi mosa hay hoa Tri nh n ( t rong t ho ca Huy cn v nhac ca Trn Thin
Thanh) cn duoc goi l cy Mc c hay Xu h , c ngun gc t My chu
nhit di, lan t ruyn dn nhiu noi t ai chu v Phi chu nhit di. Cy moc
hoang dai t ai Vit Nam, noi ven dung, bui c. .
Tn Mi mosa c t h gy nhm ln vi cy Keo t rn ( Acacia podal yriaefolia) ,
t hung gp t ai Nam Vit Nam nht l lat , l mt cy loai t iu mc, hoa
mu vng t uoi ( t rong t ho ca Nht Tun) . .
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t huong gap :
Mimosa pudica t huc ho t huc vt Fabiaceae
Tn t hung gp : Shameplant , Touch- me- not , Hm t u t ho ( Trung
Hoa) , Sensit ive ( Php) Sensi t iva( Ty ban Nha) , Adormidera; Feuilles
Hont e, Hont e ( Php) ; Memalu ( Modest y) , Put eri malu ( Modest Pr ince)
; Sinnpflanze
ac t nh t huc vat :
Mimosa pudica t huc loai t ho nh, t hn phn nhnh nhiu, c gai
hnh mc. L kp hnh lng chim chn, hai ln nhung cung phu xp lai
nhu hnh chn vit , khi kh dung vo s cup lai. Mi l mang 15- 20 di l
cht . Hoa mu t m d, nh, moc t p hop t hnh hnh du, c cung chung
di nch l. Qu moc t hnh cum hnh ngi sao. Qu c ch t ht lai gia
cc hat v c nhiu lng cng.
L mc c c mt dc t nh ky diu l khp lai r t nhanh v sau d cup
c cnh xung khi bi dung dn. c t nh ny d duoc cc nh nghin cu
Nht gii t hch l do t c dng ca mt hop cht prot ein loai
gelsolin/ fragmin t rn sun act in ca cy, hoat t nh ny t y t huc vo
Ca( 2+ ) ( Journal of Biochemist ry ( Tokyo) S 130- 2001) .
Thnh phan ha hoc :
L Mimosa pudica cha
- Alkaloid : Mimosine ( hoat cht chnh) , norepinephr ine, crocet in,
crocet in- dimet hyl et her. Mimoside ( glucosi de)
- Acid bo nhu Linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmit ic, st ear ic acid. .
- St erol t huc vt : Sit ost erol. .
- ung hu co : D- xylose, D- glucuronic- acid.
- Acsorbic acid
- Flavonoids, Cht nhy ( mucilage)
- Khong cht : dc bit nht l selenium
Duoc t nh v cch su dung :
Mimosa hu nhu khng duoc s dung t rong Y- duoc Ty Phuong,
nhung duoc dng t ai Nht , n d v Trung Hoa. . Tai Vit Nam, cy cng l
duoc liu t rong nhng bi t huc Nam kh dc bit . .
Tqi Tr ung Hoa : R phoi kh duoc goi l Hm Tu t ho hay Han- shou-
cao duoc dng d t ri bnh t hn kinh, v c dc t nh an t hn. Liu t hung
dng l 5- 7 g dui dang t huc sc. Phu n c t hai khng nn dng. Cy
cng dng d t ri vt t huong do chn t huong v d cm mu. ( Kee Chang
Huang- The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs) .
Theo ng Y c t ruyn, Hm t u t ho c vi ngot , t nh hn nhe, hoi dc
c t c dung an t hn, diu dau, ch khi ( t r i ho) , long dm, loi t iu.
Tqi Vi t Nam : Cy t hung duoc dng d t ri suy nhuoc t hn kinh,
mt ng, sung ph qun, sung gan, sung rut non, phong t hp, t bai. R
duoc dng t r i st rt , kinh nguyt him. .
- t ri suy nhuoc t hn kinh, mt ng : c th dng ring mc c ( 15
g) hay phi hop vi Cc bac du, Chua me dt ( mi t h 15 gr am) , sc
ung bui t i khi di ng.
- t ri dau t ht ngang lung, nhc mi gn ct : R mc c rang xong
tm r uou, sao vng sc ung ( 15- 20 gram) hoc phi hop vi Cc t n ,
R dinh lng, Cam t ho dy..
Tqi n d : Mc c hay chhuimui, laj want i ( Phan ng : laj j o) . R
dng t r i kit ly, nng st , dau but khi di t iu, sung dau nuu rng. L d
t r i vt t huong sung t y, bi gai dm, ph chn. .
Cc nghin cu Duoc hoc v mimosa :
Hoqt t nh chng nc r n dc:
Kh nng t rung ha noc rn dc ca mimosa duoc nghin cu kh su
rng t ai n d. Nghin cu t ai H Tezpur ( n d) nm 2001 ghi nhn cc
dich chit t r kh mimosa pudica c kh nng c ch cc dc t nh t c
hai ca noc r n h mang Naj a kaout hia. Su c ch bao gm cc dc hai
gy ra cho bp t hit , cho cc enzy mes. Dich chit bng nuc c t c dung
manh hon dich chit bng alcohol ( Journal of Et hnopharmacology S 75-
2001) . Nghin cu b t c t ai H Mysor e, Manasa gangot r y ( n d) chng
minh duoc dich chit t r cy mc c c ch duoc su hoat dng ca cc
men hyaluronidase v prot ease c t rong noc cc rn dc loai Naj a naj a,
Vipera russelii v Echis car inat us ( Fit ot erapia S 75- 2004) .
Hoqt t nh chng co gi qt :
Nghin cu t ai Depar t ement des Sciences Biologiques, Facult des
Sciences, Universi t de Ngaounder e ( Cameroon) ghi nhn dich chit t l
cy mc c khi chch qua mng phc t oan (I P) ca chut liu 1000 dn
4000 mg/ kg t rong luong co t h bo v duoc chut chng lai su co git
gy ra bi pent ylent et razol v st rychnin t uy nhin dich ny lai khng c
nh hung dn co git gy ra bi picrot oxin, v c t hm t c dung di
khng vi cc phn ng v t m t hn gy ra bi N- met hyl- D- as part at e
( Fit ot erapia S 75- 2004) .
Hoqt t nh chng t r m cm ( ant i depr essant )
Nghin cu t ai H Veracr uz ( Mexico) ghi nhn nuc chit t l kh
mimosa pudica c t c dung chng t rm cm khi t h t rn chut . Th
nghim cng dng clomipramine, desipr amine d so snh v di chng vi
placebo ( nuc mui 0. 9 %) . Liu s dung cng duoc t hay di ( dng 4
luong khc nhau t 2mg, 4mg, 6mg dn 8 mg/ kg) . Chut duoc t h bng
t est buc phi boi. . Hoat t nh chng u lo duoc so snh vi diazepam, t h
bng t est cho chut chay qua cc dung di phc t p ( maze) . Kt qu ghi
duoc : clomipramine ( 1. 3 mg/ kg, chch I P) , desipr amine ( 2. 14mg/ kg I P)
v Mc c ( 6. 0mg/ kg v 8. 0 mg/ kg I P) lm gim phn ng bt dng t rong
t est bt chut phi boi. .M. pudica khng t c dung t rn t est v maze. Cc
nh nghin cu cho rng hoat t nh ca Mc c c co ch t uong t u nhu
nhm t r i t rm cm loai t ricyclic ( Phyt omedicine S 6- 1999) .
Tc dng t r n chu ky r ng t r ng :
Nghin cu t ai H Annamalai, Tamilnadu ( n d) : Bt r mimosa
pudica ( 150 mg/ kg t rong luong co t h) khi cho ung qua dung bao t ,
lm t hay di chu ky oest rous noi chut ci Rat t us norvegicus. Cc t bo
loai c hach ( nucleat ed v cornified) du khng xut hin. Cht nhy ch
c cc leukocyt es. . dng t hi s luong t r ng bnh t hung cng gim di r t
nhiu, t rong khi d s luong t r ng bi suy t hoi lai gia t ng. ( Phyt ot herapia
Research S 16- 2002) .
Hoqt t nh l m hq dung t r ong mu :
Dich chit t l mc c bng et hanol, cho chut ung, liu 250 mg/ kg
cho t hy c t c dung lm ha dung t rong mu kh r rt ( Fit ot erapia S
73- 2002) .
Ti liu su dung :
Medicinal Plant s of I ndia ( S.K Jain)
T din Cy t huc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
Handbook of Medicinal Herbs ( J. Duke)
The Phar macology of Chinese Herbs ( Kee Chang Huang)
SEN
Cy hoa t hy si nh dpc bi t
mi b ph pn cha mt bnh
::: DS Trn Vit Hng :::
Sen c kh nhiu t uong quan vi cc Tn gio
nhu Pht gio, n gio. . : Sen duoc xem l mt
' t hnh vt ' ( sacred lot us) t ai Trung ng v ng !
Pht Thch Ca d dng hoa sen d ph du diu
php t rong dn gian, php huyn diu ny d t r t hnh kinh Pht l Diu
Php Li n Hoa Ki nh. Phuong t hc t ung ni m Kinh Lin Hoa l mt t rong 5 t h
tung nim ca Nh Pht . . Noi Tnh Th, Pht Di ly hoa sen lm ch ,
nn Tnh Th cn duoc goi l hoa sen. Pht Li n Hoa Quan m l mt c
Pht t rong 33 vi Quan m. Trong Pht gio, t a sen hay di hoa sen (li n
di) cn duoc goi l Pht t a. c Thch Ca Nhu Lai ngu t rn t a sen goi l
Li n Hoa Tam mat . . Vi t h ngi t hin dc bi t nht ca Pht gio l ngi ki t
gi hay ' Lot us posit ion = Vi t h hoa sen' , dy l vi t h ngi bt cho chn,
bn chn nga hung ln t rn, dt t rn di di din, dy l mt vi t h kh
ngi, nhung lai l mt vi t h dc bit v khng bi ng khi di vo gic ng!
Cha Mt ct ( Din Huu) t ai Bc Vit Nam d duoc Vua L Thnh Tng
cho xy ct vo nm 1049 dua t heo hnh t uong hoa sen n t rn mt h. .
Vi Pht gio, Sen t uong t r ung cho su t inh khit v Ht sen t uong t r ung
cho Trung t ho.
Theo huyn t hoai n Gio, hoa sen ngn cnh t uong t r ung cho mt t ri
ni l n t dai duong v t ru v l bi u t uong su sinh sn linh t hing ca Thn
Brahma. . t hot ra t mt bng sen vng. . Nm cnh hoa bi u t uong cho 5 gi ai
doan ca Bnh xe n gio v i sng : Sanh ra, Ln ln, Lp gia dnh, Ngh
ngoi sau t hi gian lm vic v. . Cht
Thn t hoai Hy lap k rng : Nng Lot is xinh dep, con gi ca Thn
Posei don d duoc bi n t hnh mt cy sen d bo v Nng chng k si t nh
Pr iapus ( biu t uong cho kh nng t nh duc ca nam gii) .
Tai Trung Hoa, Sen duoc xem l biu t uong cho V dep ca Phu n, V
Mt t rong Bt t in ca Thn t hoai Trung Hoa. . l H t in c (Ho- hsien-
ku) . . lun lun c mt da sen bn canh. .
Sen cng c mt vi t r dc bit t rong Vn chuong Vit Nam :
' Trong dm g dep bng Sen
L xanh bng t r ng lai chen nhuy vng
Nhuy vng, bng t rng, l xanh
Gn bn m chng hi t anh mi bn ( Ca dao)
Hoa Sen duoc xem nhu mt loi hoa mang nhng dc t nh t iu biu cho
ngui qun t : dng hoa dng t hng, moc t chn bn nho nhung mi lai
t hom t ho.
Trong t r uyn Kiu ca Nguyn Du, c nhng cu :
' Gt sen t hon t hot dao ngay m t ung'
v
' Ting sen s dng gic ho' . .
v
' Sen vng l ng dng nhu gn nhu xa' ...
Cc t ' gt sen' , ' t ing sen' v ' sen vng' c l do t din t ch ' gt sen
vng' dng d ch buc di ca ngui phu n
Sen, c t n khoa hoc l Nel umbo nuci f er a t huc ho t huc vt
Nelumbonaceae
Tn t rong Anh ng l Sacr ed Lot us, East I ndian Lot us, Lot us lily . .
Nelumbo l t n ca Sen bng t ing Singhalese ( Sri Lanka) v nucifera
nghia l ' c ht ' . Tn Anh ng Lot us do t t ing DoThi Lot , nghia l myrrh (
mt loai huong)
Cy Sen c ngun gc t cc nuc Chu nhit di nhu n d, Pakist an,
Malaysia , Trung Hoa. . Tai Vit Nam cy moc t rn khp noi t rong nuc t rong
cc h ao, dm nhiu bn. Tai Nam Vit Nam, ng Thp c l l vng c
nhiu sen nht . ( Tai Hoa Ky c loi sen American lot us= Nelumbo lut eum ,
hoa mu vng v l nh hon Sen chu, cn c nhng t n nhu wat er-
chinquapin, wat er- nut , duck acorn gp t ai cc Tiu bang pha ng- Nam, t
Florida sang dn Texas. Hat v R Sen My d t ng duoc t h dn dng lm
t huc phm) .
Cy Sen c t hn hnh t r u ( ng sen) v r mp ( c sen) sng lu nm. L
gn nhu t rn, moc t ri t rn mt nuc, t r n mt cung di, l mu xanh
bng, ni gn rt r. Hoa t o t rn cung di, c nhiu cnh hoa mm, xp t a
t rn du, mu hng , t r ng ( cn goi l Lot us magnolia= N. alba) hay vng
t y chng loai. Hoa c nhiu Nhi ( Tua sen) mu vng v nhng l non r i,
nhng l non ny sau d t hnh qu gn t rn mt d hoa hnh nn nguoc
mu xanh (guong sen) . Mi qu cha 1 hat . Hat t huc loai b qu t rong c
mt chi mm ( Tm sen)
Thnh phn dinh dung
Hat sen v r c sen t hung duoc dng lm t huc phm t ai chu :
R c Sen ( Lot us root ) : 100 gram phn n duoc cha :
Ng sen t uoi
Ng sen nu
chn
- Calories 56 66
- Cht dam 2.60 g 1.58 g
- Cht bo 0.10 g 0.07 g
- Cht so 0.80 g 0.85 g
- Calcium 45 mg 26 mg
- St 1. 16 mg 0. 90 mg
- Magnesium 23 mg 22 mg
- Phosphorus 100 mg 78 mg
- Pot assium 556 mg 363 mg
- Sodium 40 mg 45 mg
- Thiamine ( B1) 0. 160 mg 0. 127 mg
- Riboflavine ( B2) 0. 220 mg 0. 010 mg
- Niacin ( B3) 0. 400 mg 0. 300 mg
- Ascorbic acid
( C)
440 mg 27. 4 mg
Hpt Sen : 100 gr am phn n duoc cha :
Hpt t uoi Hpt k h
- Calories 89 332
- Prot ein 4. 13 g 15.41 g
- Cht bo 0.53 g 1.97 g
- Cht so 0.65 g 2.42 g
- Calcium 44 mg 163 mg
- St 0. 95 mg 3. 53 mg
- Magnesium 56 mg 210 mg
- Phosphorus 168 mg 626 mg
- Pot assium 367 mg 1368 mg
- Sodium 1 mg 5 mg
- Bet a- carot ene
( A)
13 I U 50 I U
- Thiamine ( B1) 0. 171 mg 0. 640 mg
- Riboflavine ( B2) 0. 040 mg 0. 150 mg
- Niacin ( B3) 0. 429 mg 1. 699 mg
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Thnh phn ha hoc t hay di t y t heo phn ca cy :
L Sen : cha nhiu alakaloids ( t l t on phn t 0. 2- 0. 5 %) t rong d
c Nuciferin ( 0. 15%) v Roemerin, Coclaurin, d- l armepavin, O-
nornuciferin, Liriodenin, Anonain, Pr onuciferin, Anneparine. cc acid hu co
( nhu gluconic acid, cit ric acid, malic acid, succinic acid. . ) , t anins, Vit amin C. . ,
cc flavonoids ( nhu quercet in, isoquercit rin. . )
Ng Sen : cha Tinh bt ( 75%) , Asparagin ( 8%) , Arginin, Trigonellin..
Hpt Sen : ngoi t hnh phn dinh dung t rn cn c nhng alkaloids nhu
Lot usine, Demet hyl coclaur ine, Li ensinine, I so- liensinine..
Tm Sen : cha alkaloids ( t l t on phn khong 0.89- 1.12 %) ngoi 5
alkaloids chnh liensi nine, isoliensinine, nef erine, lot usine, met hylcor ypaline
cn c nuciferine, bisclaurine. .
Guong Sen : cha 4.9 % cht dam, 0. 6 % cht bo , 9% carbohydrat e..
Tua nhj Sen : c nhiu flavonoids, t annins. .
Nhng nghin cu Duoc hoc v Sen :
1. Tnh Chng Ox y- ha v t i u di t gc t do : Cc
polyphenols t rong Sen c hoat t nh c ch t c dung ca 1, 1-
diphenyl- 2- picrylhydr azyl ( DPPH) , l cht sinh gc t u do. Nghin
cu t ai Phn khoa Y- hoc Tu nhin t ai H Duoc Toyama ( Nht ) ghi
nhn Sen v t rong l nhng cy c t c dung kh manh. Cc
polyphenols, c lp t nhng cy ny nhu Procyanin B- 3, ( + ) -
cat echin, met hyl gallat e, quercet in, quercet in- 3- O- bet a- D- glucoside,
quercet in- 3- O- bet a- galact oside, quer cet in- 3- O- rut inose v
kaemferol . . t iu dit gc t u do sinh ra bi DPPH rt manh. ( Cho EJ
v cc Csv, Phyt omedicine 10/ 03) . Nghin cu t ai Phn khoa Thuc
phm v Ky t hut sinh hoc t ai ai Hoc Quc gia Pukyong ( Nam
Hn) ghi nhn dich chit bng met hanol t Tua nhi sen ( Ru nhi
duc) , c cha nhng flavonoids, c hoat t nh chng oxy- ha rt
manh t rong h t hng t h nghim Peroxyd nit ric v hoat t nh cao
hon mc bnh t hung ( marginal) t rong h t hng DPPH ( Archives of
Pharmaceut ical Research 04/ 2003) .
2. Tc dng bo v Gan v dn spch gc t do : Trung
t m Nghin cu Y- Duoc , H Wonk wang ( Nam Hn) nghin cu
dich chit et hanol t sen ghi nhn kh nng don sach gc t u do kh
manh vi mc c ch nng d 6. 49 mcg/ mL ( t h nghim t rn H
t hng DPPH) ; Dich chit et hanol cng t c dung ln t bo gan : c
ch su gia t ng enzym gan v d6o dc hai cho t bo gan gy ra bi
CCl4 v cng c ch t c dng dc hai gy ra bi alpha- t oxin B1 (
t c dng ny t y t huc vo liu luong s dung) . Tnh cht bo v
gan ny c t h do kh nng chng oxy- ha ( Phyt omedicine
03/ 3003) .
3. Tnh hp nhi t ca t hn Sen : Nghin cu ca Phn
khoa Duoc H Jadavpur ( n d) cho t hy dich chit bng et hanol
t hn sen khi t h chut vi t hn nhit bnh t hung v khi bi gy
st do nm mc ( Dich t reo nm mc duoc chch dui da , liu 10
mg/ kg s lm t ng nhit d hu mn sau khi chch 19 gi) . Kt
qu ghi nhn dich chit t hn sen liu cho ung 200 mg/ kg lm
gim t hn nhit bnh t hung 3 gi sau khi ung ; liu 400 mg/ kg
ggim t hn nhit dn 6 gi sau khi ung. Trong t r ung hop gy st
bng nm mc : c 2 liu du lm gim t hn nhit dn 4 gi sau khi
ung. Hoat t nh ha nhit c kt qu t uong duong vI
acet aminophen liu 150 mg/ kg ( Phyt ot herapy Research 06/ 2000) .
4. Tc dng t r n H Ti u ha : Dich chit t R sen duoc
dng lm t huc chng t iu chy, t h nghim t rn chut bi gy ra
t iu chy bng Prost aglandin E- 2 : nhng liu luong 100, 200,
400 v 600 mg/ kg cho kt qu l gim s ln di t iu, gim d m
ca phn v gim nhu dng rut ( t ng phn ra ngoi ) H Nng
nghip Bangladesh t rong Bangladesh Med Res Council Bul let in
04/ 1998) .
5. Tc dng Hp dung t r ong mu : Nghin cu t ai Phn
khoa Ky t hut Duoc. H Jadavpur ( n) Cho chut t h nghim bi
gy t iu dung bng st rept ozocin ung dich chit C sen bng
et hanol cho t hy mc glucose t rong mu sut gim dng k ( so vi
nhm di chng) chng t dich chit c sen c kh nng ci t hin
mc dung nap glucose ( glucose t olerance t est ) v t ng cung t c
dung ca insulin chch vo chut . So snh vi t olbut amide : t c
dung ca dich chit bng 73% ( chut bnh t hung) , v bng 67 %
( chut bi gy t iu dung) ( Journal of Et hnopharmacology
11/ 1997) .
6. Tc dng chng sung vi m : Tnh chng vim ca dich
chit c sen bng met hanol, ca bet ulinic acid v ca cc t rit erpen
st eroids ( c lp t c sen) duoc t h nghim t rn chut bi gy ph
chn bng carrageenin v serot onin. Kt qu ghi nhn dich chit
bng met hanol liu 200 mg/ kg v 400 mg/ kg, bet ulinic acid liu
50 mg/ kg v 100 mg/ kg : c hoat t nh chng vim dng k, t c
dung manh t uong duong vI phenylbut azone v dexamet hasone
( Plant a Medica 08/ 1997) .
7. Tc dng t m t hn ca C sen : Nghin cu ca Phn
khoa Ky t hut Duoc H Jadavpur : Th nghim t rn chut bng
dich chit c sen bng met hanol cho t hy c su gim hoat dng t c
t hi, gim t nh t hm him ( explorat or y behavior) , gim t hu gin co
v t ng cung t c dung gy ng ca pent obarbit al ( Jouernal of
Et hnopharmacology 11/ 1996) .
8. Tc dng ca Nef er i ne t r n d kt dnh ca t i u cu
: Nghin cu ca Phn khoa Duoc H Y Khoa Tongj i - V hn ( Trung
Hoa) . Neferine l mt alkaloid loai dibenzyl isoquinolein t rch t sen
, c t c dung lm ha huyt p. Tc dung ca Neferine t rn su kt
dnh t iu cu v su cn bng t l t hromboxan/ prot aglandin ( TXA-
2/ PGI - 2) v t l cAMP/ cGMP duoc nghin cu bng cc phuong
php do d duc ( t urbidimet ry) v radio- immunoassay ( RI A) .
Neferine c ch dng k su kt dnh t iu cu ( t h t rn t h) gy ra
bi ADP, Collagen, Arachidonic acid v Yu t kch hoat t iu cu
( PAF= Plat elet act ivat ing fact or ) vi I C50 t heo t h t u l 15, 22, 193
v 103 micromole/ lit . Niferine t ng 6- ket o- PGF 1 alpha v cAMP
t rong t iu cu t heo liu luong, nhung c ch TXA- 2 do t iu cu sinh
ra khi bi kch t hch bi ar achidonic acid. Niferine khng c t c dung
dng k vI cGNP. Cc kt qu t rn dua dn d nghi co ch
Neferine t c dung kt dnh t iu cu lin h dn cc cn bng TXA- 2/
PGI - 2 v cAMP/ cGMP.
9. Tc dng Ti m :
Neferine nh hung dn hoat dng co-din t im ( ghi bng
t m din d ) ca mo bi dnh t huc m. Niferine l alkaloid t rch
t t im sen, c hoat t nh chng r i loan nhip t im. Niferine liu 1- 10
mg/ kg, chch t ch mach, lm gim ( t heo liu luong) bin d t h
dng t c mt pha ( Monophasic act ion pot ent ial amplit ude) , ko di
t hi gian t h dng t c mt pha ( monophasic act ion pot ent ial
dur at ion) v lm gim p huyt ; Tc dung ny ging nhu Quinidine.
Tc dung ca Neferine qua hiu s din t h mng co t im
chut albino v hach t m nhi ( ?) noi t bo co t im chut mi
sinh cng duoc nghin cu v upst roke velocit y, dn p giao dng
t c dng din t h do ouabaine gy ra.
Theo Kee Chang Huang ( The Pharmacology of Chinese
Herbs) t h Neferine c t c dung lm gin n mach mu, t c dung
ny khng t y t huc vo Yu t t hu- gin ni mac ( endo t helium-
relaxing fact or= NO) nhung lin h mt t hit vi su chn alpha
( alpha- blockinh) v hoat t nh chn lung Ca2+ ( Calcium- channel
blocking) . Ngoi ra Liensinine, mt alkaloid khc t rong sen , c
nhng hoat t nh lm ha huyt p v chng loan nhip t im. Liensinine
lm gim d co t ht ca bp t hit t im bng cch gy ra su ko di
t im luc hoat dng ca APD t rn bp t hit . Tc dung chng loan nhip
c t h manh hon c quinidine.
10. c t nh, Chng ch djnh v Tc dng ph : Theo
James Duke t rong Handbook of Medicinal Herbs cng nhu t rong cc
sch duoc t ho ng Y : Hat sen chng ch dinh khi bi t o bn v
t r uong da dy. Chua bit duoc nhng phn ng phu hay nguy hai
nu dng t heo dng liu luong t r i liu ( t 4- 6 gr am bt hat sen
kh) . Oxoushin sunine c t nh dc hai cho t bo u- buu loai
car cinoma vng mi- hu ( nasopharynx)
Sen t rong ng Y
Duqc hc c t r uyn Tr ung Hoa dng t t c cc b phn ca cy Sen
d lm t huc :
L Sen ( Folium Nelumbinis) hay H dip ( He- ye) , Nht
duoc : kayo. Hn duoc : Hayp
Hat Sen ( Semen Nelumbinis) l phn mu t r ng bn
t rong v ca qu, sau khi t ch b chi mm, duoc goi l Lin t
( Lian- zi) . Nht duoc : Renshi. Hn duoc : Yncha.
Tm Sen ( Plumula Nelumbinis) , mm xanh chnh gia
hat , hay Lin t t m ( Lian- zi xin) . Nht duoc : Renshin. Hn duoc :
Ynsim.
Tua nhi Sen ( St amen Nelumbinis) hay Lin t u ( Lian x)
Guong Sen ( Recept aculum Nelumbinis) , d hoa sau khi
d ly ht hat ( t hung phoi kh) , hay Lin phng ( Lian fang) . Nht
duoc : Renbo. Hn duoc : Ynbang)
t ng sen ( Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomat is) hay Ngu t it
( Ou j i) . Nht duoc : Gset su. Hn duoc : uj l.
Duoc t nh t heo ng Y v Phuong t hc s dung :
L sen ( H di p) :
Theo ng y, c vi dng, t nh bnh , khng dc t c dung vo cc
kinh mach t huc Can, Ty v Vi. H dip t uy khng duoc chp t rong
Thn Nng Bn Tho nhung duoc L t hi Trn ghi t rong Bn t ho
Cuong muc. Tnh cht : ' Thanh t h, Loi Thp, Tn , Ch Huyt '
H dip t r i duoc cc chng do Ha Nhit gy ra : d m hi qu
d, nuc t iu duc v t iu chy vi chng ' ho vuong hay t huc ho'
( t iu chy ra mu) . L Sen t ng v gip t hng t hot ' Duong' Kh t r
t r , dong noi Ty, nht l t iu chy do Nhit t ai Ty- Vi.
H dip c t c dung cm mu, t r i duoc i ra mu : dng gi nt ,
dp vo vt t huong. Mun t r i nng st nhanh H dip duoc dng phi
hop vi u vn t rng ( Bach bin du = Bian- dou , Semen Dolichor is
Lablab) .
Tc dung ca H dip c t h bi gim bt nu dng chung vi
Phuc linh ( Fu- ling= Sclerot ium Poriae Cocos) .
Liu dng : 9- 15 gr am l t uoi mi ln, nn chon l t uoi ( Tin h
dip = Xian he- ye) , ln v cn nguyn ven, t hu hi t rong cc t hng t
6 dn 9.
t ng sen ( Li n Ngu t i t ) :
duoc xem l c vi ngot / cht , t nh hn, t c dng vo cc kinh
mach t huc Ph, Vi v Can.
Ngu t it c kh nng rt t t d t ri cc bnh v Mu nht l
t rong cc bnh xut huyt do t c dung ' Ph ' , lm t an cuc huyt , t r i
duoc ho ra mu, i ma r a mu, chy mu cam. .
Tc dung cm mu gia t ng, gip ngung ho ra mu nhanh hon
khi duoc dng chung vi Sinh dia ( Sheng- di- huang = Radix Rehmaniae
Glut inosae) , A giao ( e- j iao= Gelat inum Corii Asini) v Xuyn bi mu
( Chuan bei mu= Bulbus Frit illar iae Cirrhosae) .
Liu dng : T 9- 15 gram duoc liu kh hoc 30- 60 gram duoc
liu t uoi, duoc liu t t c nt sn dm mu, c r nh bm t heo. Mun
diu ha kh huyt nn dng t uoi hay xay t hnh nuc ung; mun
cm mu t h cn sao t n t nh t ruc khi dng.
Guong sen ( Li n phn g) :
duoc xem l c vi dng/ cht , t nh m, t c dung vo cc kinh
mach t huc Ty, Thn v Can.
i sen lm t an duoc mu huyt dong v cm mu nht l
t rong cc t r ung hop xut huyt t cung v c mu t rong nuc t iu.
i sen gip an vi, n dinh bo t hai, gip t rnh duoc hu
t hai, . i sen cng phn t n duoc ' Nhit ' gip t r i nng, cm do 'Ho
vuong, Nhit cao' .
Dng chung vi ch mu ( Yi- mu- cao= Leonuri het erophylli) d t ri
kinh nguyt qu nhiu ( rong kinh) .
Dng chung vi uong qui ( Dang- gui+ radix Angelica Sinensis) ,
Thuc da ( Shu di- huang= Radix Rehmaniniae Glut inosae Conquit ae) v
Trc nhu ( Zhu- r u = Caulis Bambusa) d t ri v nga hu t hai.
Liu dng : T 3 dn 9 gr am : Dng t uoi d t ri ' Ha Nhit ' . Duoc
liu t t c mu t m d, ln.
Hpt sen ( Li n t hay Li n nh c) :
duoc xem l c vi ngot / cht , t nh n, t c dung vo cc kinh
mach t huc Thn, Tm v Ty. Hat sen c nhng t c dung : ' B Ty,
Dung Tm, Sp Trung, C Tinh'
B Ty v cm t iu chy : ch t ri cc t rung hop Ty suy dua dn
t iu chy v n mt ngon, t hung duoc dng chung vi Son duoc
( Hoi son) = C mi v Bach t rut .
B Thn v Kin t inh : t ri duoc cc t r ung hop di t inh ( xut t inh
sm) v bn t inh do ' Thn suy' , cng dng d t ri cc chng xut huyt
noi t cung v huyt t rng ca phu n . t ri bt luc, t hiu t inh t rng
: hat sen duoc dng chung vi Sa- Uyn Tt l ( Sha yuan j i
li= Ast ragali) v K t hit ( qian- shi= Euryales Ferocis) .
Bi b Tm- t hn : an dinh t m t r , t ri duoc hi hp- u lo hay
gt gng, kh t nh, mt ng. Tc dung rt cng hiu t rong cc t rung
hop mt qun bnh gia Tm v Thn. t ri cc t r ung hop mt ng
nhe, hi hp , d nng gin hay t r ng hop xut t inh khi ng ( mng
t inh) km t heo kht nuc, nuc t iu nng. . do ' Ha vuong t ai Tm' :
hat sen duoc dng chung vi Bch hop ( Bai- he) , di nhn ( Yi- yi ren=
Hat bo- bo) v Sa sm ( Sha- shen) . Liu dng : mI i ln 6- 15 hat .
Khng nn dng hat sen t rong cc t r ung hop dy bung v t o bn.
Nhj sen ( Li n t u) :
t c dng vo cc kinh mach t huc Tm v Thn .
Tnh cht : ' Sp Ti nh, ch Thn, Thanh Tm, Ch Huyt ' , c kh
nng gip gia t ng sn xut t inh- kh, kim sot cc t r ung hop xut
huyt ; b ' Thn' v ha ' Tm ho' .
Nhi sen c t h t ri duoc kit ly, mng t inh v di t iu nhiu ban
dm.
Liu dng : 5- 9 gram nhi t uoi.
Tm sen ( Li n t t m) :
duoc xem l c vi dng, t nh Hn ,
t c dung dc nht vo cc kinh mach t huc Tm, vi kh nng
lm t n ' Tm nhit ' ;
t hung duoc dng d t ri cc t r ung hop t h huyt , ho ra mu.
Liu dng : 1. 5- 6 gram.
Cung l Sen ( Ramulus Nelumbinis) ,
c kh nng lm t an ' t Kh' t c noi nguc,
gip t ri cc chng ho, t c nguc do Ha vuong xm nhp Ph
kinh.
Ng sen ( Li n ngu) :
Gii t r phin mun.
Tnh cht ' Trng Duong, An Thn' .
Mt s bi t huc :
Tr L sen : Dng mi ln 10 gr am l sen kh, pha t hnh 1
t ch t r nng. Dng d gii nhit , t ri di t inh, t iu m.
Tr gi m bo :
L sen ( 60 gram) ,
Son t r ( Crat aegus pinnafit ada) t uoi ( 10 gram) ,
Hat di ( 10 gram) ,
V qut ( 10 gram) .
Nghin chung t hnh bt , rt nuc si vo, hm, ung t hay t r
mi ngy 1 t hang, ung t rong 100 ngy.
Li n ngu t r nhan phuong : Bi t huc gi nhan sc bng
ng sen :
Hat sen ( 9 gram) ,
Hoa sen ( 7 gram) ,
Ng sen ( 8 gr am) .
Phoi cc duoc liu t rong bng rm, nghin t hnh bt , ry ky,
t r n du, dung t rong lo kn. Mi ngy ung 2 ln, sng- t i, khi bung
di, mi ln 1 gr am ha t rong nuc si. Dng cho ngui bo ph v
dung nhan st km.
Mt s phuong t hc dinh dung dng Sen d t r i bnh :
Tai Trung Hoa, Sen duoc dng t rong mt s phuong t hc dinh- dung d
t r i bnh :
Thuc b cho ngui cao ni n, Sn ph sau k hi sanh :
un si 30g qu sen ( hat sen cn c v) ,
30 gram dung phn chung vi 30 gram r uou t rng; sau d
t hm 1 t r ng g , lm t hnh sp.
n mi ngy vo bui t i t rong 1 t hng. ( Henry Lu t rong
Chinese Nat ural Cure) .
t r j n k hng ngon , t i u chy : nn dng bt hat sen hay
nu chung hat sen, phuc linh vi gao t v n vi dung phn ( Liu-
Jil in t rong Chinese Diet ar y Therapy)
Cho hpt sen : Dng d t ri mt ng, cng t hng t inh t hn, bt
t iu ban dm.
Hat sen ( 3/ 4 cup) ,
gao nu ( 1 cup 1/ 2) ,
Nuc ( 8 cups) .
Nu dn chn nh hat sen. C t h t hm dung phn, mt ong d
lm t hnh ch ngot ( Daniel Reid t rong A handbook of Chinese Healing
Herbs)
Ti liu s dung chnh :
Trang Web sit e : PubMed ( Thu vin Quc gia Hoa Ky)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( Bensky/ Gamble)
The Phj armacology of Chinese Herbs ( Kee Chang Huang)
Handbook of Medicinal Herbs ( J. Duke)
Nat ural Medicines Comprehensive Dat abase ( Pharmacist ' s let t ers)
Whole Foods Companion ( Dianne Onst ad) .
Chinese Veget able ( Geri Har ringt on)
The Oxford Companion t o Food ( Alan Davidson)
HOA S
: : : DS Trn Vit Hung : : :
Hoa S hay goi dng hon l S ci, t ai min Nam Vit Nam; cn duoc goi
l hoa ai t ai min Bc. ( Cy Ngoc Lan, Michelia champaca cng duoc goi l
hoa S ! ) . Hoa S c mi t hom d chiu d l ngun cm hng cho cc nhac
s v t hi s, t hung goi nh cho nhng mi t nh dep nhung. . dang d ?
Nhac s Hong Phuong, t rong bi ' Hoa S Nh Nng' d vit :
' m dm ngi mi huong, mi hoa s nh nng
Huong nng hoa t nh i, dm d dy d goi t n
Nh nng cch gn bn, gin hoa s quanh t ung
Nhn sang t rm nh t huong t hm, mo ngy mai la di. . '
V t hi s Cao Nguyn , t rong bi ' Hoa S Trng' :
' Hoa s t rng nu xe vi nm cnh
nm ngn t ay em chum m hoa lng. . '
hay t ha t hit hon :
' Goi t nh l n bng mu hoa s t rng
mi yu t hom diu nhe gi a dm nng. . '
Hoa s, Plumeria ( cn goi l Frangipani) , t huc ho t huc vt Apocynaceae
c ngun gc t Trung My. Tng Plumeria gm 7 loi, cho hoa c mi t hom
ngot ngo, kh qun. Hoa s duoc Pht go xem l biu t uong cho Vinh cu
v cnh cy, d cho d bi ct , vn t ip t uc. . t r hoa.
Trong chuyn hi hnh ni t ing ca Columbus vo nm 1492, nh t huc
vt Mercut io Frangipani l ngui u chu du t in d ghi nhn duoc mi
t hom dc bit ca hoa S, v sau d ngui d t rch duoc huong liu t hoa
S d dt t n l ' mi huong Frangipani' , ging nhu mi hoa nhi.
Plumeria l mt loi cy nhit di, c nhng ging cho hoa c mu sc
khc nhau:
- Pl umer i a obt u si f ol i a ( = P. acuminat a) = Cy s hoa t r ng.
Singapor e plumeria
Cy c
ngun gc
t Mexico,
duoc t r ng
rng ri t ai
cc nuc
nhit di.
Tai Vit
Nam, cy
duoc t r ng
ph bin
cc dnh,
cha v
cng vin.
Cy t huc
loai t hn
mc, t rung bnh 2- 3 m nhung c t h cao dn 7m, phn cnh di,
cnh cong queo, x x. Thn c v mu t rng- xm, xp. L t hun
di15 cm, r ng 5 cm, phn gia r ng v t hu hep c hai du.
Phin l mu xanh bng, nhn c cc gn hnh lng chim ni r,
mu t rng. L xp st nhau t hnh vng noi ngon cnh, khi rung
d lai nhng seo ln t rn cnh. Hoa ln chng 5cm, moc t hnh
cum t rn mt cung chung. Cung hoa mp, di 30- 50 cm, c
nhiu vt seo do hoa r ung di. Cnh hoa dy, xp vn ( khi chua
n) , mu t rng gia mu vng. Qu loai dai di 10- 15 cm, t
gp, cha hat c cnh mng. Hoa c mi t hom, n quanh nm. .
Chng t r ng P. acuminat a var. t ricolor cho hoa mu t r ng, mp
mu hng v t rung t m mu vng.
- Pl umer i a
r ubr a = Cy s hoa d
( West I ndian Red
Jasmine)
Cng c
ngun gc
t Mexico,
Guyana.
Cy t hp
hon S hoa
t rng, cnh
chia nhnh
nhiu, moc
xe t hnh
cc t ng
t hp. L t hun di khong 20- 40 cm, nhon dnh; L mu xanh
bng, xp st nhau du cnh, r ung vo ma kh. Hoa ln chng
5- 7 cm, moc t hnh cum du cnh t rn mt cung chung, di.
Cnh hoa mu d kh dy. . Mt s chng duoc t hun ha d t rng
duoc t ai Nam California.
- Pl umer i a hypol eu ca = Cy s hoa vng
Tuong t u nhu cy s hoa t r ng, nhung hoa c cnh mu vng
dm
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Hoa cha
Tinh du d bc hoi ( chng 0.05 %) t rong c cit ronellol, far nesol,
geraniol, l- ( + ) bornesit ol, linalol, phenyl- et hyl alcohol.
Cc flavonoids nhu kaempferol, kaempferol-glycoside, quercet in,
quercet in- glycoside. . , quercit rin, rut in. .
V t hn c bet a- sit ost erol, cc iridoids nhu fulvoplumierin ( 0. 25%) , al
lamcin v allamandin ; plumieride ( 6%) ; p- benzoquinone. . ; lignan loai
liriodendr in. .
R cha bet a- dihydroplumericic acid, bet a- dihydroplumericine, isoplume
ricine, plumer icine.
Nha cha acet yl- luoeol, alpha v bet a- amyrin, cerot ic acid, lupeol, lupe
ol- acet at e, oxymet hyl- dioxycinnamic acid, plumieric acid. .
L cha khong 5.6 % pect in
Tc dung duoc hoc :
Hopt t nh di t bo :
Nghin cu t ai t r ung Duoc, H I llinois ( Chicago) , USA ghi nhn cc
iridoids t rch bng pet roleum- et her v chlorofor m, t v cy S hoa d
( Plumeria rubra) , t hu hoach t ai I ndonesia c cc hoat t nh dit t bo ung
t hu cc loai lymphocyt ic leukemia ( P- 338) noi chut v mt s dng t bo
ung t hu ( v, rut , fibrosarcoma, phi, melanoma, KB) noi ngui. . ( Jour nal of
Nat ural Pr oduct s S 53 ( Nov- Dec) - 1990.
Mt nghin cu khc cng t ai Trung Duoc I llinois, Chicago ghi nhn
cc cht c lp loai glycosidic t rut t hn cy s d nhu plumericin, iso
plumericin c cc hoat t nh dit nhuyn t h, dit vi t rng. . ( Journal of
Et hnopharmacology S 33- 1991) .
Hopt t nh chng bi n chng ( Ant i mut ageni c) :
Nghin cu t ai Vin Ha hoc, H Khoa Hoc, Vin H Philippines t ai
Quezon Cit y ( Phi) ghi nhn cc cht St igmast - 7- enol, Lupeol car boxylic acid
v Ur solic acid t rch t l t uoi cy S hoa t rng ( P. acuminat a) bng et hanol
c hoat t nh chng bin chng khi t h t rn chut : liu 2 mg/ 25 gr am
t r ong luong chut , cc cht ny lm gim s luong cc t bo MPCE
( micronuckeat ed polychromat ic eryt hrocyt es) gy ra bin chng bng
mit omycin C. T l hoat dng duoc ghi t heo t h t u l 75, 80 v 57%
( Mut at ion Research S 361 ( Dec) - 1996) .
Hopt t nh chng HI V
Nghin cu t ai Trung Duoc I llinois ( Chicago) , ghi nhn hoat cht loai
iridoid: fulvoplumierin t rch t S c kh nng c ch men reverse
t ranscript ase ca siu vi HI V- 1 noi ngui ( Journal of Nat ural Product s S 54
( Jan- Feb) - 1991)
S t rong duoc hoc dn gian :
Phu n vng Car i bbean dng hoa d lm t hom t c, up t hom qun o,
chn mn.
Tpi Tr ung M : v Plumeria rubra duoc dng d t ri lu m. L gi nt ,
dp t r i bm dp, chn t huong; m nhua dng lm t huc t hoa bp t r i phong
t hp.
Theo Duqc hc Tr ung Hoa : Hoa ca Plumeria rubra var. acut ifolia cn
goi l K dn hoa ( J- dan hua)
- Hoa s c vi ngot , t nh bnh, c cc t c dung ' t hanh Nhit ' , loi t iu,
ha Vi v nhun t rng, b phi
- V c vi dng, t nh mt c t c dung t hanh nhit , t ha, t iu t hng v
st t rng. Dng kch t hch, diu kinh, t ri nng nhit , nhun t rung.
- L c t c dung hnh huyt , t iu vim, dng gi nt dp t rn vt
t huong.
- Qu c t h gy t r uy t hai.
- Nhua c t nh dc, gy s. .
Tpi n d :
- Plumeria acuminat a ; t ing Hindi l golainchi. Ting Phan : kshir
champa. V dng sc lm t huc t ri nng st , gy s, t r i bnh hoa liu, t hoa
t r i herpes. Nhua gy s t ri sung loi. R gy s rt manh.
- Plumeria alba : Nhua dp t rn vt l lot , t ri chy rn v herpes, gy
s. Hat dng d cm mu.
- Plumeria rubra : Nhua t r i dau, sung rng. Hoa lm t huc ho, t r dm
Ti liu s dung :
Phyt ochemical and Et hnobot anical Dat abases ( J. Duke)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( Duke & Ayensu)
Medicinal Plant s of I ndia ( Jain & DeFilipps)
The A- Z of Garden Plant s ( Bay Book)
VI OLET
hoa Pense t m hay HOA T M :
n hoa ca S e- p
::: DS Trn Vi t Hung :::
Ref or m t he er r or s of t he Spr i ng
Mak e t hat t ul i ps may have shar e
of sw eet ness, seei ng t hey ar e f ai r
An d r oses of t hei r t hor ns di sar m' d,
But most pr ocu r e
Th at vi ol et s may a l onger age endur e
Andr ew Mar vel l ( 1621- 78)
Violet t e vi huong t hom ngot ngo t r i ban cho, nu hoa b nh
np dui l che, l biu t uong cho su e- p v khi m t n. Cy
viol et t uy t r hoa nhung hoa n ngn ngy, t ai khp mi khu
rng, cnh dng, doc b ro t rong sut ma Xun. C rt nhiu
t ruyn t huyt cng nhu chuyn c t ch k v cy hoa b nh ny :
Mt t ruyn t hn t hoai Hy lap k rng : Nng t in nh b I ant his c
chay t rn su sn dui m say ca Thn Apollo. . nng chay n np
vo r ng v t m su che ch ca N t hn Diana, Diana khuyn
nng nn t rn t ht ky t ai mt noi m Apollo. . khng t h t m dn
duoc v Diana d bin nng t hnh mt nu hoa Violet d gip nng
t hot duoc Apollo. . '
Mt t ruyn khc t h cho rng : Hoa Violet duoc t ao ra d dnh cho
Nng I o, ngui yu ca Thn Zeus, v d ca ngoi su kiu dim ca
I o hoa Violet duoc dt t n t heo I o ( t ing Hy lap nghia l mu t m) .
Viol et cn l bi u t uong ca su ngay t hng v t rung t hnh. Vn
ho Shakespeare rt t hch violet , nn d dng hoa d biu t uong
cho su khim t n v bn vng t rong Tnh yu. Trong t hi Trung
C, t ai u chu viol et l bi u t uong cho su khim t n ca Cha
Cu Th. . hoa duoc t rng rt nhiu t rong vun ca cc t u vin d
bo v nh dng t rnh cc su c.
Trng hoa vi olet deo quanh c s gi p bo v ngui deo t rnh bi
la gat v m hoc. Ngui Hy- lap v La m ngy xua deo hoa d
t r mi r uou, nga . . say ( ?) .
Hoa violet rt duoc ua chung t ai u chu nht l t ai cc nuc
quanh ia Trung Hi. Tai Toulouse ( Php) , t rong t hi t roubadours,
hoa l phn t hung cho nhng ngui doat gii v lm t ho, v t ai
mi n Nam nuc c, t rong t hi Trung c, khi hoa bt du n vo
du xun, c nhng bui khi u v duoc t chc d n mng. Hoa
viol et l mt vt biu t uong t nh yu gia Napoleon Bonapart e v
Nng Josephine. . hoa sau d l vt biu hin chnh t ri ca
Napol eon. ng cn t n hiu l Caporal Viol et t e v r t t hch hoa
viol et , nhng ngui t heo ng d deo hoa d biu l su ng h khi
ng bi luu dy do Elba. . v khi ng t r v cm quyn, dung
ph Paris d gn dy hoa Violet t rong ngy din hnh.
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t hung goi :
Viola odorat a t huc ho t huc vt Violaceae
Viola, l t n lat inh dt cho cy v c l do t t ing Hy lap ion ( = mu
t m) T Viola, d c t n , Violet ( t ing Php, hoa Violet t e) ; odorat a nghia l
c mi t hom. Cy cn duoc goi l Garden Violet , sweet violet ..
Sweet Violet c l l loi hoa t rong nhm viola dai duy nht t ai Anh m
c mi t hom.
c t nh t huc vt :
Cy t huc loai t ho da nin,
sng dai, c t hn r phn nhnh
v moc b t ao ra nhng chi dui
mt dt . Cc l xut hin cng
mt lc vi hoa, l nh c 2- 4 cm
hnh t im hay t ri xoan, mp l c
rng. Hoa mu t m sm c khi
t r ng pha ln xanh da t r i , c 5
cnh hoa hnh t im, c mi t hom.
Cy t r hoa t rong cc t hng 3- 4 v t hng 8. Hoa violet n rt t t khi
t r ng nhng noi c bng mt mt phn v dt c m d cao. Cy cn
nhit d mt ban dm d t r hoa. Violet pht t rin bng nhng cnh b lan
v bng hat ( t ht ra c 2 loai hoa : loai hoa c 5 cnh, n vo ma xun,
v loai hoa khp kn = cleist ogamous, khng c cnh hoa nhung cha hat t u
t hu phn) .
C khong t rn 600 chng violet , t rong d c :
Chng ' The Czar ' cho hoa mu t m sm; chng ' Baronne Alice de
rot hschild' cho hoa mu t m- xanh v chng ' Madame Armandine Pages' lai
cho violet . . mu hng ! ( Tai Hoa Ky c ring mt Hi nhung ngui yu hoa
Violet , c mt websit e ring : www. sweet violet s. com )
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Hoa violet cha mt hn hop t inh du d bc hoi, sc t loai
ant hocyanine, cht nhy, cc pept ids macrocyclic goi chung l cyclot ides
( t rong d c vodo M, vodo N. . )
L v t on t hn cha saponins, glycosides nhu violarut in, cc acid hu
co, met hylsalicylat e
Duoc t nh :
Violet d duoc xem l mt vi t huc t t hi C hy lap : Hippocrat es d
dng violet d t ri nhc du, du c quay cung do. . say r uou, mt m, bun
b, uu t u, sung t c nguc. Pliny cho r ng violet gip d ng, bi b bp t hit
t im, v gii t r su t c gin. Ngui rp dng violet t r i t o bn, sung yt
hu, mt ng, yu gan. .
Nhng phuong t hc s dung t rong dn gian ngy nay cng ph hop vi
t ruyn t hng xua : Cc saponins v cht nhy t rong hoa khin violet l
phuong t huc rt t t t ri ho, nga t rong c, ho g v ho t c nguc . Si- r
violet l t huc t ri ho cho t r em r t t t . C t h dng violet lm t huc sc
ming, t r i dau hong v sung chn rng. Cht nhy t rong hoa gip lm diu
bao t , rut . Sir c t h dng lm t huc nhun t rung cho t r em. c t nh'
lm mt ' ca hoa khin hoa c t h dng t rong cc t r ung hop nng st ,
sung dau. . nht l cc salicylat es gip t ri dau v sung r t cng hiu.
Khoa Homeopat hy dng Viola odorat a d t ri cc chng ho kh t h, co
git t c nguc, ho g v cc bnh v h hp lin h dn u lo, phin mun.
V. odorat a cng dng d t ri nhc du vi cm gic dau nng noi t rn, dau
pha t rn chn my v chong vng. . t r i phong t hp v dau t rong xuong
ct .
Khoa Aromat herapy dng Violet cho nhng ngui r ut r, e t hen, d cm
xc, chm ha dng vi dm dng do bn t nh e- l, nht nht . . Tinh du
violet gip mang lai t u t in, khin d ha dng khng so mt bn nng, gip
ci m. .
Nghin cu t ai H Uppsala, Thuy in ghi nhn cc cyclot ides t rch
duoc t Viola arvensis v Viola odor at a c nhng t c dung dit duoc t bo
u- buu dc :
Cc cyclot ides duoc dt t n l var v A, varv F v cycloviolacin 02 c kh
nng dit 10 dng t bo ung t hu noi ngui. . Cyclot ides t uong di c hoat
t nh sinh hoc kh bn, nn dang duoc t h nghim d c t h dng lm t huc
t r i mt s loai ung t hu ( Molecular Cancer Therapy S 1- 2002)
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
Hoa Violet r t t hom, c vi ngot , nn c t h dng. . lm keo, hay by
t hm vo cc mn salad. Hoa, kt t inh t rong dung, duoc bn t ai cc t im
bnh bn u chu. Ngoi ra cng c Violet kt t rong chocolat . Cng c t h
ngm hoa v l t rong nuc lanh, t ao t hm huong vi cho nuc gii kht .
Trn t hi t rung c bn cc loai t r violet , bnh pudding c nhi hoa, c rem
, mt t ri cy c violet . .
C t h t u pha ch mt s t hnh phm nhu sau :
- Nuc ngm hoa : Ngm 1 t ha ca ph cy t n vun t rong 1/ 2 cup
nuc. Luoc b b.
- Nuc sc : un si 1 t ha canh cy t n vun t rong 1/ 2 cup nuc, nn
ngm bt cy t rong nuc vi gi t ruc khi dun.
- Sirop violet : 1 qt . Nuc dun si t rn mt luong t uong duong hoa
d nhi cht . Ngm t rong 10 t ing, Luoc b xc. un nuc ly duoc
la nh, r i t hm mt dot hoa mi. Ngm nhu t ruc. . Tip t uc lm 2- 3
dot . . Sau cng dun nng nuc t hu duoc, d ngui v t hm mt ong
dn khi c si- r t hch hop.
Ti liu s dung :
The I llust rat ed Encyclopedia of Herbs ( Sar ah Bunney)
Whole Foods Companion ( D. Onst ad)
The Herb Book ( John Lust )
MNG CU XI M
Mt t r i cy hu dn g
: : : DS Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Gi a dnh Na hay Mng cu c mt s cy cho qu n kh ngon v c
t hm cc duoc t nh kh dc bit . . . Cc cy dng ch gm Na, Mng cu
xim, Bnh bt . . . v ngay t ai Hoa Ky cn c nhng cy lai t ao d cho nhng
loai qu, khng gp duoc t ai Vit Nam nhu At emoya. .
Mng cu xim l mt t ri cy nhit di r t t hng dung t rong vng Nam
My v ng n ( West I ndies) . y cng l mt t rong nhng cy du t in
duoc dua t My chu v luc dia Cuu Th- gi i, v mng cu xim sau d
duoc t r ng rng ri sut t khu vuc ng- Nam Tr ung Hoa sang dn c v
nhng vng bnh nguyn t ai ng v Ty Phi chu. .
Tn ca cy c l c ngun gc t t ing Ha lan Zuurzac, cng duoc goi
t rong vng Ant illes ( t huc Ha lan) v t ai I ndonesia. Tn M lai durian
Belanda cng c nhng chi t it t h vi : danh t Belanda ( c nghia l ngui
Ha lan) duoc dng t ai M lai d ch nhng g t ngoai quc, t hung t Ha
lan dua dn M, v v ngoi da ca mng cu sn si. C v c gai. . nn
duoc cho l t huc nhm su ring ( ! )
Tn khoa hoc, t n t hng t hung v c t nh t huc vt :
- Tn khoa hoc : Annona mur icat a t huc ho t huc vt Annonaceae.
Annona, pht xut t t n t ai Hait i, anon, nghia l t hu- hoach ca nm
muricat a c nghia l mt bn ngoi sn ln, c nhng mi nhon.
- Cc t n t hng t hung : Soursop ( Anh- My) , Guanabana, Graviola,
Brazilian Paw Paw, Corossolier ( Php) , Guanavana, Durian benggala Nangka
londa. .
- Mng cu xim t huc loai t iu mc, c t h cao 6- 8 m. V t hn c
nhiu l nh mu nu. L hnh t ri xoan, t hun
t hnh ngon gio, moc so le. L c mi t hom.
Phin l c 7- 9 cp gn phu. Hoa moc don dc
t hn hay nhnh gi; hoa c 3 l di nh mu
xanh, 3 cnh hoa mu xanh- vng, v 3 cnh
t rong mu vng. Nhi v nhuy hoa t ao t hnh 1
khi t rn. Qu t huc loai qu mong kp, ln,
hnh t rng phnh di 20- 25 cm, mu xanh luc
hay vng- xanh, khi chn qu mc s di sang
vng. Qu c t h kt t ai nhiu vi t r khc nhau
t rn t hn, cnh hay nhnh con, v c t h cn
nng dn 5kg ( 15 lb) . V rt mng, bn ngoi c
nhng nt ph t hnh nhng mi nh nhon hay
cong, cha nhiu hat mu den. Qu t hung duoc
t hu hi lc cn xanh, cng v n ngon nht v
lc 4- 5 ngy sau khi hi, lc d qu t r t hnh
mm va d d khi nhn nhe ngn t ay vo s c
mt vt lm. Phn t hit ca qu mu t r ng chia t hnh nhiu khi cha hat
nh. Mng cu xim duoc t rng nhiu t ai nhng t nh pha Nam Vit Nam.
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
100 gram phn t hit ca qu, b hat , cha :
Calories
Cht dam
Cht bo
Cht so
Calcium
St
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Pot assium
Sodium
Bet a- Carot ene ( A)
Thiamine ( B1)
Riboflavine
Niacin
Pant ot henic acid
Pyridoxine
Vit amin C
53- 61.3
1 g
0.97 g
0.79 g
10. 3 mg
0. 64 mg
21 mg
27. 7mg
287 mg
14 mg
2 I U
0. 110 mg
0. 050 mg
1. 280 mg
0. 253 mg
0. 059 mg
29. 6 mg
L Annona muricat a cha cc Acet ogeni ns loai monot et rahydr ofurane
nhu Annopent ocins A, B v C; Cis v Trans- annomuricin- D- ones( 4, 5) ,
Muricor eacin, Muricohexocin. . ngoi ra cn c t annins, cht nhua resin. .
Qu cha cc alkaloids loai isoquinoleine nhu : annonaine, nornuciferine
v asimilobine .
Hat cha khong 0.05 % alcaloids t rong d 2 cht chnh l muricin v
mur icinin. Nghin cu t ai H Bc Kinh ( 2001) ghi nhn hat c cha cc
acet ogenins : Muricat enol, Gigant et rocin- A, - B, Annomont acin, Gigant e
t ronenin. . Tr ong hat cn c cc hn hop N- fat t y acyl t rypt amines, mt lect in
c i luc manh vi glucose/ mannose; cc galact omannans. .
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
Mng cu xim duoc dng lm t huc phm t ai nhiu noi t rn t h gii.
Tn soursop , cho t hy qu c t h c vi chua, t uy nhin d chua t hay di, t y
ging, c ging kh ngot d n sng duoc, c ging phi n chung vi dung.
Qu cha nhiu nuc, nn . . t hung dng d ung hon l n ! Nhu t ai Ba t y
c mn Champola , t ai Puert o Rico c mn Carat o l nhng t hc ung t heo
kiu nuc sinh t Vit Nam : mng cu xay chung vi sa, nuc.. ( t ai
Philippines, cn pha t hm mu xanh, d nhu sinh t pha si- r Vit Nam)
Mng cu xim ( l, r v hat ) duoc dng lm t huc t ai r t nhiu noi t rn
t h- gii, nht l t ai nhng quc gia Nam My :
- Tai Peru, t rong vng ni Andes, l mng cu duoc dng lm t huc t ri
cm, x mi; hat nghin nt lm t huc t r su bo; t rong vng Amazon, v
cy v l dng t ri t iu dung, lm diu dau, chng co git . .
- Tai Guyana: l v v cy, nu t hnh t r duoc gip t r i dau v b t im.
- Tai Bat y, t rong vng Amazon : l nu t hnh t r t ri bnh gan; du p
t l v qu cn non, t rn vi du olive lm t huc t hoa bn ngoi t r i t hp
khp, dau sung gn ct .
- Tai Jamaica, Hait i v West I ndies : qu hay nuc p t qu dng t r i
nng st , gip sinh sa v t r i t iu chy; v t hn cy v l dng t ri dau nhc,
chng co- git , ho, suyn. .
- Tai n d, cy duoc goi t heo t ing Tamilnadu l mullu- chit t a : Qu
dng chng scorbut ; hat gy nn ma v lm se da.
- Tai Vit Nam, hat duoc dng nhu hat Na, nghin nt t rong nuc, ly
nuc gt du d t ri ch r n. Mt phuong t huc Nam kh ph bin d t ri huyt
p cao l dng v qu hay l Mng cu xim, sc chung vi R nhu v rau
cn t hnh nuc ung ( b b) mi ngy.
Duoc t nh ca Mng cu xim :
Cc nh khoa hoc d nghin cu v duoc t nh ca Mng cu xim t
1940 v ly t rch duoc nhiu hoat cht . Mt s cc nhgin cu so khi duoc
cng b t rong khong t hi gian 1940 dn 1962 ghi nhn v t hn v l mng
cu xim c nhng t c dung lm ha huyt p, chng co- git , lm gin n
mach mu, t hu gin co t ron khi t h t rn t h vt . n 1991, t c dung ha
huyt p ca l mng cu xim d duoc t i xc nhn. Cc nghin cu sau d
d chng minh duoc l dich chit t l, v t hn, r , chi v hat mng cu
xim c nhng t c dung khng sinh chng lai mt s vi khun gy bnh, v
v cy c kh nng chng nm. .
Hoat t nh ca cc acet ogenins :
Trong mt chuong t rnh nghin cu v duoc t ho ca Nat ional Cancer
I nst it ut e vo nm 1976, l v chi ca mng cu xim duoc ghi nhn l c
hoat t nh dit cc t bo ca mt s loai ung t hu. Hoat t nh ny duoc cho l
do nhm hop cht , dt t n l annonaceou s acet ogeni ns.
- Cc nghin cu v acet ogenins cho t hy nhng cht ny c kh nng c
ch rt manh Hn hop phc t ap I ( Complex I ) t rong cc h t hng chuyn
vn elect ron noi t y t h ( mit ichondr ia) k c ca t bo ung t hu : cc cy ca
gia dnh Anonna c cha nhiu loai acet ogenins hoat t nh rt manh, mt s
c t c dung dit t bo u- buu nng d EC50 rt t hp, ngay 10- 9
microgram/ mL.
Trung H Purdue l noi c nhiu nghin cu nht v hoat t nh ca gia
dnh Annona, v gi hng chuc bn quyn v acet ogenins, v cng b kh
nhiu t h nghim lm sng v t c dung ca acet ogenins t rn ung t hu, dit
buu ung dc :
- Mt nghin cu nm 1998 ghi nhn mt loai acet ogenin t rch t Mng
cu xim c t c dung chon lua, dit duoc t bo ung t hu rut gi loai
adenocarcinoma, t c dung ny manh gp 10 ngn ln adriamycin.
- Theo cc kt qu nghin cu t ai Pur due t h : cc acet ogenins t
annonaceae, l nhng acid bo c dy carbon di t 32- 34, phi hop vi mt
don vi 2- propanol t ai C- 2 d t ao t hnh mt vng lact one. Acet ogenins c
nhng hoat t nh sinh hoc nhu chng u- buu, kch ng min nhim, dit su
bo, chng prot ozoa, di t gi un sn v khng sinh. Acet ogenins l nhng cht
c ch rt manh NADH : Ubiqui none oxidoreduct ase, vn l mt enzym cn
bn cn t hit cho compl ex I da dn phn ng phosphor yl- oxid ha trong
mi t ochondria. Acet ogenins t c dung t r uc t ip vo cc vi t r ubiquinone-
cat alyt ic nm t rong compl ex I v ngay vo men glucose dehydrogenase ca
vi t rng. Acet ogenins cng c ch men ubiquinone- kt vi NADH oxidase, ch
c noi mng plasma ca t bo ung t hu . ( Recent Advances in Annonaceous
Acet ogenins- Purdue Universit y - 1997)
- Cc acet ogenins : Muricoreacin v Muricohexocin c nhng hoat t nh
dit bo kh manh t rn 6 loai t bo ung t hu nhu Ung t hu prost at e loai
adenocarcinoma ( PC- 3) , Ung t hu l lch loai car cinoma ( PACA- 2) ( H
Pur due, West LaFayet t e, I N- t rong Phyt ochemist ry S 49- 1998)
- Mt acet ogenin khc : Bullat acin c kh nng dit duoc cc t bo ung
t hu d khng duoc nhiu t huc dng t rong ha- cht t r i liu, do hoat t nh
ngn chn su ch t ao Adenosine t riphosphat e ( ATP) cn t hit cho hoat dng
ca t bo ung t hu ( Cancer Let t er June 1997)
- Cc acet ogenins t rch t l : Annomut acin, cng cc hop cht loai
annonacin- A- one c hoat t nh dit duoc t bo ung t hu phi dng A- 549
( Jour nal of Nat ural Product s S Thng 9- 1995)
Cc duoc t nh khc :
- Cc alkaloid : annonaine, nornuciferine v asimilobine t rch duoc t
qu c t c dung an t hn v t r i dau : Hoat t nh ny do kh nng c ch su
ni kt ca [ 3H] r auwolscine vo cc t hu t h 5- HT1A nm t rong phn yn
ca no b. ( Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology S 49- 1997) .
- Dich chit t qu bng et hanol c t c dung c ch duoc siu vi t rng
Herpes Simplex ( HSV- 1) nng d 1mg/ ml ( Jour nal of Et hnophar macology
S 61- 1998) .
- Cc dich chit bng hexane, et hyl acet at e v met hanol t qu du c
nhng hoat t nh dit duoc k sinh t rng Leishmania braziliensis v
L. panamensis ( t c dung ny cn manh hon c cht Glucant ime dng lm t iu
chun di chiu) . Ngoi ra cc acet ogenins c lp duoc annonacein,
annonacin A v annomuricin A c cc hoat tnh gy dc hai cho cc t bo
ung t hu dng U- 937 ( Fit ot herapia S 71- 2000) .
- Th nghim t ai H Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio- AL, Ba
Ty ghi nhn dich chit t l bng et hanol c kh nng dit duoc nhuyn t h
(c- s) loi Biomphalaria glabrat a nng d LD50 = 8. 75 ppm, v c t hm
dc dim l dit duoc cc t u khi t r ng ca sn ( Phyt omedicine S 8- 2001) .
- Mt lect in loai glycopr ot eine cha 8% car bohydrat e, ly t rch t hat c
hoat t nh kt t u hng huyt cu ca ngui, ngng, ngua v g, dng t hi c
ch duoc su t ng t r ung ca cc nm v mc loai Fusarium oxysoporum,
Fusarium solani v Collet ot richum musae ( Journal of Prot ein Chemist ry S
22- 2003)
Mng cu xim v bnh Parkinson :
Tai vng West I ndies t huc Php, nht l Guadaloupe c t nh t rang xy
ra bt t hung v con s cc bnh nhn bi bnh Par kinson, loai khng- levo
dopa : nhng bnh nhn ny du t iu t hu mt luong cao, v t rong mt t hi
gian lu di Soursop hay Mng cu xim ( A.mur icat a) .
- Nhng nghin cu so khi t rong nm 1999 ( cng b t rn t ap ch
Lancet S 354, ngy 23 t hng 10 nm 1999) t rn 87 bnh nhn dua dn kt
lun l rt c t h c su lin h gia dng nhiu mng cu xim, vn c cha
cc alkaloids loai benzylt et rahydroi soquinoleine dc hai v t hn kinh. Nhm
bnh nhn c nhng t riu chng Parkinson khng chuyn bit ( at ipycal) ,
gm 30 ngui dng kh nhiu mng cu t rong cch n ung hng ngy. .
- Nghin cu su rng hon vo nm 2002, cng t ai Guadeloupe, nhm
vo nhm bnh nhn Parkinson ( at ypical) cho t hy khi t ch ring cc t bo
t hn kinh ( neuron) loai mesencephalic dopaminergicv cy t rong mi t r ung
c cha dich chit t on phn r mng cu xim, hoc cha cc hoat cht c
lp nhu coreximinine, ret iculine , c cc kt qu nhu sau :
Sau 24 gi t ip xc : 50% cc t bo t hn kinh cy bi suy t hoi nng
d 18 microg/ ml dich chit t on phn; 4. 3 microg/ ml coreximine v 100
microg/ ml ret iculine.
Nghin cu ny dua dn kt lun l nhng alkaloids t rch t Mng cu
xim c t h c t c dung diu hop chc nng cng su t hay di d sinh t n ca
cc t bo t hn kinh dopaminergic t rong cc t h nghim in vit ro; v rt c
t h c nhng lin h t c hai gia vic dng mng cu xim luong cao v
lin t uc vi nhng suy t hoi v t bo t hn kinh. Do d bnh nhn Parkinson,
do yu t an t on .. nn t rnh n mng cu xim ! ( Movement Disor ders S
17- 2002) .
c t nh v Liu luong :
Theo t i liu ca Herbal Secret s of t he Rain For est :
- Liu t ri liu ca l ( cng cha luong acet rogenins kh cao, so vi r
v hat ) l 2- 3 gram chia lm 3- 4 ln/ ngy. Trn t hi t rung Hoa Ky c mt s
ch phm , mang t n Graviola , dui cc dang vin nang ( capsule) v t huc
t inct ure.
- Khng nn dng cc ch phm lm t L, r v hat Mng cu xim (
phn t hit ca qu khng bi han ch) t rong cc t r ung hop :
- C t hai : do hoat t nh gy co t ht t cung khi t h t rn chut . .
- Huyt p cao : L, R v Hat c t c dung gy ha huyt p, c ch t im,
ngui dng t huc t ri p huyt cn bn vi BS diu t ri.
- Khi dng lu di cc ch phm Gr aviola c t h gy cc ri loan v vi
sinh vt t rong dung rut .
- Mt s t rung hop bi i ma, bun nn khi dng Graviola, t rong t r ung
hop ny nn gim bt liu s dung.
- Khng nn dng Graviola chung vi CoEnzyme Q 10 ( mt t rong nhng
co ch hoat dng ca acet ogenins l ngn chn su cung cp ATP cho t bo
ung t hu, v CoEnzym Q. 10 l mt cht cung cp ATP), ung chung s lm
gim cng hiu ca c 2 loai.
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion ( D. Onst ad)
- The Oxford Companion t o Food ( A. Davidson)
- Medicinal Plant s of I ndia ( Jain & DeFil ipps)
- Herbal Secret s of t he Rain Forest ( Leslie Taylor)
- Cc t i liu ca PubMed.
- Cc t i liu ca Rain-t ree.com/ graviola ht m.
- T din Cy Thuc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
Gi t r | di nh dun g v duqc t nh
ca
MNG CT
: : : DS Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
(Tranh ve cua Dr. M.J. Dij kman )
Mng cut , mt t ri cy nhit di d duoc gii t iu- t hu u- My dnh gi l
mt t rong nhng t ri cy ngon nht , Jacobus Bont ius d goi mng cut l
Hong hu ca cc loai t ri cy ( Queen of fruit s) , m nu c dip gp duoc
qu t uoi t h hy t h ngay, dng chn ch. . Bn canh g t ri dinh dung cao,
Mng cut cn l mt ngun cung cp duoc liu d t ri bnh kh dc do,
nhng nghin cu mi d nhm vo kh nng t r i ung t hu ca cy. .
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t hng t hung :
Garcinia mangost ana t huc ho t huc vt Clusiaceae ( Gut t ifereae)
- Cc t n goi khc : Mangost een ( Anh- My) , Mangoust an ( Php) , Son
t rc t ( Trung Hoa) , Mangkhut ( Thi lan)
Ging Garcinia duoc dt t n d ghi nh nh t huc vt hoc Laur ence
Garcia, ngui d suu t p cc mu cy c v sng t ai n d vo t h k 18.
Mangost ana v t n Anh ng mangost een du pht xut t t n M lai ca cy
: mangust an.
c t nh t huc vt :
Mng cut c ngun gc t M lai v I ndonesia, duoc t rng t hng chuc
t h k , cy d duoc Thuyn t rung Cook m t kh chi t it t nm 1770, v
duoc dua dn Sri Lanka vo nm 1800 , duoc t rng t ai Anh t rong cc nh
king ( gr een house) t 1855, sau d dua dn West I ndi es t gia t h k 19.
y l mt loai cy di hi diu kin t h nhung kht khe cn kh hu nng
v m, cy t ng t r ung rt chm, sau 2- 3 nm cy ch cao dn du gi, ch
bt du cho qu sau 10- 15 nm. . Cy d duoc cc nh t r uyn gio du nhp
vo Nam Vit Nam t lu, t r ng nhiu nht t ai Li t hiu, Th du mt . . ( Vit
Nam d c lc l noi c nhng vun mng cut ln nht t h gii, vi nhng
vun rng hng chuc mu, c hng ngn cy, mi cy cho duoc t 700 dn
900 qu. Cy hin duoc t rng nhiu t ai Thi lan, Kampuchea, Myanmar ( Min
din) , Sri Lanka v Philippines. .
Hin c khong 100 loi khc nhau duoc nui t r ng.
Mng cut t huc loai cy t o, t rung bnh 7- 12 m nhung c t h cao dn 20-
25 m, t hn c v mu nu- den xm, c nhua ( r esin) mu vng. L dy v
cng, bng, moc di, mt t rn ca l c mu xm hon mt dui, hnh t hun
di 15- 25 cm, r ng 6- 11 cm, cung di 1. 2- 2. 5 cm. Hoa da t nh t hung l
hoa ci v hoa lung t nh. Hoa moc don dc hay t ng di . Hoa loai lung
t nh mu t rng hay hng nhat , c 4 l di v 4 cnh hoa, c 16- 17 nhi v
bu non c 5- 8 . Qu hnh cu t rn , dung knh chng 4- 7 cm, c mang
di hoa cn t n t ai; v qu mu d nu, dai v xp. Qu cha 5- 8 hat :
quanh hat c lp o boc mu t rng c vi ngot , t hom v kh ngon. .
Cy t r hoa vo t hng 2- 5, ra qu t rong cc t hng 5- 8. .
( ging Garcinia cn gm mt s cy t uong cn, da s moc t rong vng
ng- n= West I ndies, t rong d c t h k Garcinia cambogia hay Ba,
Garcinia cowa cung cp qu Cowa- Mangost een ln hon v c kha mu vng
apricot , vi chua; Garcinia indica hay Cocum= Conca cho qu chua, o hat
mu t m, dng lm gim, hat p ly du. . )
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc ( qu t uoi) cha
Calories
Cht dam
Cht bo
Cht carbohydrat es
Cht so
Calcium
St
Phosphorus
Thiamine ( B1)
Vit amin C
60 - 63
0. 5 - 0. 60 g
0. 1 - 0. 60 g
10 - 14.7 g
5. 0 - 5. 10 g
0. 01 - 8 mg
0. 20- 0. 80 mg
0. 02- 12. 0 mg
0. 03 mg
1 - 2 mg
( ngoi ra cn c Pot assium, Niacin. . . )
Qu mng cut t hung duoc n t uoi, kha quanh qu, b di t heo dung
kha, d n cc mi t rng, b ht t rong, c vi ngot , mong nuc. Tai do
Sulu c ging mng cut vi hoi chua, duoc dng lm mt t rn vi dung t h.
Tai M Lai, qu chua chn hn duoc dng lm mt halwa manggis
Mng cut r t mau hu, c t h gi 2- 3 ngy nhit d bnh t hung,
khong 1 t un t rong t lanh nhung khng t h gi t rong t dng lanh
( freezer)
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Thnh phn ha hoc t hay di t y t heo b phn :
- L cha nhiu xant hones loai di v t ri hydr oxy- met hoxy (met hyl,
but yl. . )
- G t hn c maclurin, 1,3,6,7- t et rahydroxy xant hone v xant hone-
glucosides. .
- V qu : c chrysant hemin, t annins ( 7- 13 %) , cc hop cht dng loai
xant hones nhu mangost in ( gm c 3- isomangost in, 3- isomangost in
hydrat e, 1- iso mangost in, alpha v bet a mangost in, gamma- mangost in,
nor- mangost in.. ) , garcinones A, B, C; kolanone; cc xant hones nhu BR-
xant hone- A, - B. .
- o hat : calabaxant hone, demet hyl calabaxant hone, mangost in. .
- Nhua : cha xant hones c nhng hoat t nh khng sinh, chng sung v
khng nm, dc bit l mt hop cht loai biphenyl geranylat ed ( Nat ural
Pr oduct s Thng 4- 2005)
Duoc t nh :
1- Y duoc dn gian :
- Tai Thi Lan : V mng cut kh duoc dng d t ri t iu chy, cha
vt t huong. t ri t iu chy, v kh duoc nu vi nuc vi, cht ly nuc d
ung. .
- Tai Vit Nam : V qu duoc sc dng ung d t ri t iu chy, kit ly
; Nuc sc duoc dng d ra v sinh phu n. .
- Tai n d : Cy duoc goi l mangust an, v d t ri t iu chy. . L nu
d xc ming, t r i l t rong ming. .
2- Cc nghin cu duoc hoc v Mng cut : ( t heo Thai Medicinal Plant s)
- Tc dung c nn H t hn kinh t rung uong : Mangost in, mt hop
cht loai xant hone v cc cht chuyn ha t ao ra nhung phn ng c ch
t hn kinh t rung uong gy cc t riu chng nhu sup mi mt ( pt osis) , diu dau,
gim hoat dng ca t hn kinh vn dng, t ng cung hoat t nh gy ng v
gy m ca pent obarbit al. .
- Tc dung t rn H Tim mach : Mangost in- 3, 6- di- O- glucoside t ao ra
cc hiu ng r rt t rn h Tim- mach ca ch v ch : Gy kch t hch co t im,
tng huyt p noi t h vt t h nghim. C hai t c dung ny du bi c ch mt
phn bi propranolol. .
- Tc dung chng sung, vim : Mangost in, 1- isomanfost in v
mangos t in t riacet at e c nhng hoat t nh chng sung khi dng chch qua
mng phc m hay khi cho ung noi chut bi gy ph chn bng
car rageenan, hay bng cy cuc bng gn dui da. . Cc cht ny khng c
hiu ng n dinh mng t bo. . Cc hoat t nh chng vim ny duoc gii t hch
l do c ch hoat dng ca men I KK ( inhibit or kappaB kinase) do d ngn
duoc su chuyn m ( t ranscript ion) gen COX- 2 v gy gim bi t it PGE( 2) l
t c nhn chnh t rong t in t rnh gy sung. ( Molecular Pharmacology Thng 9-
2004) . Gamma- mangost in, mt xant hone loai t et raoxygenat ed diprenylat ed,
c hoat t nh c ch t uong t ranh hoat dng ca c COX- 1 ln COX- 2 liu
I C50= 0. 8 v 2 micro M ( Biochemist ry Pharmacology Thng 1/ 2002)
- Tc dung chng ung lot bao t : Mangost in c hoat t nh chng
ung lot khi t h t rn chut .
- Hoat t nh khng sinh : C nhiu nghin cu ghi nhn kh nng
khng sinh ca v mng cut ..Cc vi khun t h nghim t huc nhm gy kit
ly nhu Shigella dysent eriae, Sh. Flexneri, Sh. Sonnei v Sh. Boydii. . hoc
t huc nhm gy t iu chy nhu Escherichia coli, St rept ococcus feacalis, Vibr yo
cholerae. .
Hn hop t h 5 loai xant hones, t rch t v mng cut ( mangost in, bet a-
mangost in, gamma- mangost in, gar t anin v 8- deoxygart anin) c t c dung c
ch su t ng t rung ca S. aur eus.
Mangost in c ch S. aur eus ( c chng bnh t hung ln chng khng
penicillin nng d t i t hiu ( MI C= Minimal inhibit ory concent rat ion l 7.8
mg/ ml..
Alpha, bet a- mangost in v Garcinone B c t c dung c ch su t ng t r ung
ca Mycobact erium t uberculosis nng d MI C= 6. 25 mcg/ ml
Dich chit v mng cut bng et hanol c t im nng c ch duoc prot ease
ca HI V- 1. Hoat t nh ny duoc xc dinh l do mangost in ( I C50= 5. 12 + / -
0. 41 microM) v gamma- mangost in ( I C50= 4. 81 + / - 0. 32 microM) ( Plant a
Medica Thng 8- 1996)
- Hoat t nh khng nm : Mangost in khng duoc Trichophyt on ment a
gr ophyt es, Microsporum gypseum v Epidermophyt on floccosum nng d 1
mg/ ml nhung khng t c dung t rn Candida albicans. . Nghin cu t ai Trung
t m Nghin cu Nng nghip Madras ( n d) ghi nhn xant hones t rch t v
mng cut c hoat t nh chng cc loai nm gy bnh Fusar ium oxysporum
vasinfect um, Alt ernaria t enuis v Dreschler a oryzae.
- Tc dung dit c : Dich chit bng nuc v mng cut cho t hy c
t c dung dit c r phi ( Tilapia = Oreochr omis nilot icus) nng d 1, 000
ppm.
- Hoat t nh chng ung t hu :
C kh nhiu nghin cu v t c dung ca cc xant hone t rch t v
mng cut t rn cc t bo ung t hu :
- Nghin cu t ai Vet erans General Hospit al, i Bc ( Trung Hoa
Dn quc) ghi nhn Garcinone E, mt cht chuyn ha xant hone t rch t v
mng cut c hoat t nh dit bo t r n t bo ung t hu gan loai hepat ocellular
car cinomas, ung t hu rut v ung t hu phi ( Plant a Medica S 11- 2002) .
- Nghin cu t ai B mn Sinh hoc v Duoc Phn t t ai H Duoc
Tohoku ( Nht ) ghi nhn cc xant hones t rong v mng cut mt s hoat t nh
gy apopt osis ( t in t rnh t bo duoc m ha d t u hy dit ) t rn cc t bo
ung t hu loai pheochr omocyt oma noi chut : Alpha- mangost in duoc cho l c
kh nng c ch duoc men Ca( 2+ ) - ATPase l men gy ra apopt osis qua cc
l t rnh noi mi t ochondria ( Journal of Pharmacology Sciences ( Thng 5/ 2004)
- Nghin cu t ai B Mn Vi t rng Hoc, H Duoc Khoa, Vin H
Mahidol ( Bangkok- ThaiLan) cho t hy dich chit v mng cut bng met hanol
c hoat t nh kh manh ngn chn duoc su pht t rin, c t im luc oxy- ha
manh, v gy apopt osis noi t bo ung t hu v ca ngui ( loai SKBR3)
( Jour mnal of Et hnopharmacology Thng 1/ 2004)
- Nghin cu t ai Trung Y Khoa, H Ryukyus ( Okinawa- Nht ) cho
t hy alpha- mangost in t h c t im luc c ch duoc su t ng t r ung, pht t rin
ca cc t bo ung t hu rut loai preneoplast ic noi chut t h nghim ( Asian
Pacific Journal of Cancer Thng 10/ 2004)
- Nghin cu t ai Vin Ky t hut Sinh hoc Gifu ( Nht ) ghi nhn cc
xant hone t rch t v mng cut , nht l alpha- mangost in, c t c dung c ch
duoc su t ng t r ung ca t bo ung t hu mu noi ngui ( dng t bo ung t hu
HL60) . Liu c ch hon t on l 10 microM ( Jour nal of Nat ural Product s
Thng 8/ 2003)
Ti liu s dung :
- Thai Medicinal Plant s ( Norman Farnswort h & Nunt havan Buniapra
phat sara) .
- T din Cy t huc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
- Whol e Foods Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
- The Oxford Compani on t o Food ( Alain Davidson)
Mo l ng, Mo t am t h..
nhng cy r au gi a v j vi nhng dpc t nh . . t h vj. .
: : : DS Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Mo t rn , Mo t am t h v Mo leo l nhng cy rau. . khng t h t hiu
di vi gii t hch nhu. . t hit cy. Gi i nhu t hung khng phn
bi t l mo v ' Mo no cng . . l mo' , nhung t ht ra c dn 3 loai mo
hoi t uy cng gia dnh t huc vt Rubiacea nhung hoi khc nhau
mt vi dc t nh t huc vt v t r i li u. Mo lng cn duoc goi l Mo
t am t h , t rong khi d Mo t rn cn c bit danh l Cy ' t hi dit ' v
Mo leo dang duoc nghin cu v mt s duoc t nh dc bit . .
c t nh t huc vt ca cc loai mo :
Mo t am t h :
Mo t am t h hay Mo lng, Paederia lanugi nosa, l mt loai dy leo rt
manh , mi hng. Nhnh t rn c lng. L t o hnh t im; mt dui ng d c
lng min. Cung l di 3- 6 cm. Hoa moc t hnh cum, hnh chy nch l
hay ngon. L hoa t r ng, ming t m. .
Mo t am t h duoc t r ng lm gia vi khp noi t ai Vit Nam.
Mo t r n :
Mo t rn hay Thi dit , Paederia foet ida, dy leo bng t hn cun. L
mng moc di, hnh bu duc ln c 5cm x 2. 5 cm, nhon chp, t rn
gc, khng lng . Hoa mu t m nhat hay t m xm, khng cung, moc
t hnh chy di dn 35cm nch l hay ngon. Qu dep mu d hay den.
Ton dy khi v c mi r t t hi. R hnh t ru.
Cy moc hoang, cng duoc t rng lm gia vi v t huc t ai nhiu noi
Vit Nam, n d, ng Nam ..
Mo l eo : ( Chi ck en- dung cr eeper )
Mo leo, Paederia scandens, cng l loai dy leo, sng nhiu nm, di
3- 5 m, c mi t hi. L khng lng , mu xanh luc, cung di 1- 2 cm,
phin l ln 5- 11 cm x 3- 7 cm, gc l t rn. Chy hoa moc nch l hay
ngon. Hoa c di nh, ng t rng t o mu t m. Cnh hoa nhn mu vng
ng. . Qu t rn mu vng cha 2 nhn dep mu den . Cy duoc dng lm
t huc t ai Trung Hoa vi t n K t h dng.
Duoc hoc Ayurveda ( n d) dng chung 2 loai P. foet ida v P.
scandens .
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Cc nh nghin cu n d v Bangladesh nghin cu kh nhiu v
t hnh phn ha hoc v duoc t nh ca Paederia foet ida :
1. Ti nh du : Mi t hi ca cy duoc cho l do Met hyl
mercapt an. Tinh du t rch t chi, l v hoa cha phn chnh l
Linalool, chung vi alpha- t erpineol v geraniol. L v chi cng cn
cha Hent riacont ane, hent ri acont anol v ceryl alcohol, 2, 3-
di hydrobenzo furan, benzofuran v cc hop cht cha sulphur nhu
di met hylsulphide v dimet hyl t ri sulfi de.
2. Gl ucosi ds loai I ridoid nhu Asperuloside, Paederoside,
Scandoside. .
3. Tr i t er penoi ds v Saponi ns nhu Ur soli c acid,
Epi friedelinol, fri edelin. L v chi cha Sit ost erol , St igmast erol v
Campestrol .
4. Qui nones : Embellin.
5. Cc al k al oi ds : Alpha- Paederi ne v Bet a- Paederine.
6. Cc aci d bo : L cha hn hop acid bo gm cc acid
capric, lauri c, myrist ic, arachidic v palmit i c. .
7. L cha nhiu Car ot ene ( 3.6 mg/ 100g l v Vit amin C
( 100 mg/ 100)
8. Thnh phn pr ot ei n t rong l ( 44.6%) : Argini ne 4.9 ;
Hi st idine 2. 1 ; Lysine 3. 8 ; Tyrosi ne 5. 1 ; Trypt ophan 1. 9 ;
Phenylalanine 6. 8 ; Cyst ine 1. 4 ; Met hionine 2. 1 ; Threonine 4. 3. .
Cc nh nghin cu Vit Nam ( ng ngoc Quang, Nguyn xun
Dng) d phi hop vi cc nh nghin cu Nht ( T. Hashimot o, M
Tanaka. . ) t ai ai hoc Tokushima Bunri xc dinh duoc cng t hc ca 4 cht
glucosides loai iridoid t rong cy paederia scandens, t hm vo vi 5 cht d
duoc bit t t ruc ( paederoside, asperuloside, paederosidic acid,
asperulosidic acid v geniposide. . ) ( Phyt ochemist r y July- 2002)
c t nh duoc hoc :
Hoqt t nh chng sung ( k hng vi m) :
Dung dich t rch bng et hanol 50% l P. foet ida ( sau khi d loai cht
bo) cho t hy c hoat t nh chng sung t rong mt s cc t h nghim t rn
chut bi gy sung ph bng carrageenan, hist amin v dext ran. Hoat t nh
ny t y t huc vo liu luong s dung v t ng manh khi dng bng cch
t im qua mng phc- t oan. Trong t h nghim noi chut bi gy sung mng
phi bng carrageenan, dung dich t rch c t c dung lm gim khi luong
cht t it ra t mng phi v ngn chn su di chuyn ca cc bach cu v
vi t r bi sung. C su ci t hin t rong t in t rnh t ng hop cc khng t h
( Fit ot era pia S 65- 1994) . Nghin cu khc ( Journal of
Et hnopharmacology June 1994) ghi nhn phn t rch bng but anol t l c
t c dung chng sung r t r, t ao ra mt su c ch r r t t rn hin t uong
tao t hnh cc m t bo c hat noi chut bi cy cc cuc bng gn. Dung
dich t rch ny cng lm gim hoat dng ca aspart at e t ransaminase noi
gan ( nhung khng xy ra noi huyt t hanh) . Tc dung c ch su gia t ng
nng d ca cc oromucoid t rong mu cho t hy P. foet ida c t h c kh
nng chng phong t hp khp.
Tc dng Chng t hp khp :
Trch t inh Paederia foet ida d duoc t h nghim v t c dung t rn cc
vt l kiu sung xuong khp gy ra noi khp xuong du gi ca t h bng
ananase : kt qu ghi nhn c su t hay di t rong t in t rnh suy t hoi ca
sun noi khp gy ra bi ananase. Nghin cu' in vit ro' dng xuong phi g
t r i bng ananase cho t hy t rch t inh P. foet ida ( liu 10 mg/ ml mi t r ung)
gip ci t hin su t ng t r ung ca xuong nui t rong mi t r ung ny.
( I ndi an Journal of Medical Resear ch S 57- 1969) .
Hoqt t nh chng Gi un sn :
Dung dich t rch bng nuc, khi cho ung, c t c dung r t hu hiu
chng lai cc loi giun- sn St rongyloides, Trichost rongylus, v
Haemonchus. . Tc dung yu hon t rn cc loi Bunost omum v Monezia. .
khi cho dng cho b , ung lin t ip t rong 2 ngy. .( I ndian Vet eri nary
Jour nal S 47- 1970) .
Hoqt t nh bo v Gan :
Dung dich t rch bng met hanol cho t hy c t c dung bo v gan t uong
di nhe ( I ndian Journal of Nat ural Product s S 9- 1993) .
Kh nng Chng co- gi qt ( ant i spasmodi c) , Chng Ung t hu
Dung dich t rch et hanol 50% c t c dung chng co git noi rut ca bo
t h nghim. Dung dich ny cng c ch duoc su pht t rin ca cc t bo
ung t hu loai car cinoma noi ng t huc- qun. .
Glycoside loai I ridoid : Paederoside c kh nng c ch su khi hoat
ca siu vi t rng Epst ein- Barr, ngn chn duoc su khi dng ca cc buu
ung t hu ( Cancer let t er Apr 1996) .
c t nh :
Li u LD50 ca dung dich t rch t l bng et hanol 50% duoc xc dinh l
1200 mg/ kg noi chut ( I ndian Journal of Experiment al Biology S 6- 1968) .
Phn t an t rong nuc duo xem l an t on t i mc 2g/ kg, dng ung hay
chch qua mng phc t oan, noi chut .
Mo Tam t h t r ong Y- duoc dn gian :
Y- duqc hc dn gi an Vi t Nam dng Mo t am t h v Mo t r n
( khng phn bit ) d t ri mt s bnh nhu :
Kit ly : di t iu ra mu, phn c cht nhy.. hay di t iu t ht t hung :
t iu chy phn ln nhn. . Ly l mo t am t h hay mo t rn ( 30 gram) , l
tuoi, t hi nhuyn, t r n vi 1 lng d t rng g ( b lng t r ng) , t ri mng
t rn l chui, gi lai r i lt t hm mt ln l chui, dt t rn cho, rang hoc
nung cho chn ( khng dng m) t heo kiu dc t rng. n mi ngy 2 ln
t rong 3 ngy lin t ip. .
Tri gi un kim v gi un da : Dng l mo t am t h t uoi gi nt , n sng
hay vt ly nuc ung, n hoc ung vo sng sm t rong 3 ngy lin t ip.
t ri giun kim, ly khong 30 gram l t uoi, gi nt t rong 50 ml nuc, vt
b b, dng nuc ct d bom vo hu mn t ruc khi ng, gi khong 20
pht .
Tri sung t ai, chy nuc vng : Dng l mo t uoi, nung r i nht vo t ai.
Tri t hiu sa : Ly l mo t uoi, nhi vi bt gao np, t hem t nuc,
nhi r i hp nng dp ln hai v, 1 gi sau cho con b.
Mo l eo t r ong ng Y c t r uyn :
ng Y c t ruyn dng Paederia scandens lm t huc, dt t n l K t h
dng ( Chi- shih- t eng) , do mi hi nhu phn g ca cy. Cy duoc ghi
chp t rong Chih wu ming shih t u cao, duoc cho l c vi ngot , t nh bnh vi
nhng t c dung : gii t r dc, khu phong loi t hp, kh nhit , t n hn v
t n dm. . nn duoc dng t rong cc bnh cm lanh, ho, t iu chy do
phong- t hp, nhit t cc t huc phm khng t iu, kit ly
Tai Vn Nam, l K t h dng dng t r i phong t hp, gip t ng kh nng
sinh sn, t ri t lit .
Mo t am t h t r on g Duqc hc Ayur veda :
Theo Duoc hoc n d, P. foet ida ( t n Hindi l peet hlaha, gandhali ; t n
Phan l prasarani ) duoc dng d t ri t hp khp. L, duoc gi nt , dp vo
bung d t ri dy hoi v t r i ung lot do herpes. R dng t huc gy nn, dich
p t r dng t r i sung l lch, dau t c nguc v sung gan. Qu nga su
rng.
Theo Duoc hoc Ayurveda t h cy c t c dung gip cn bng ' vat a'
Ti liu s dung :
Orient al Mat eria Medica ( Hong- Yen Hsu)
T din Cy t huc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
Maj or Herbs of Ayurveda ( E. Williamson)
Medicinal Plant s of I ndia ( SK Jain & R. DeFilipps)
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J.Duke & Ed Ayensu)
NGI HOA VNG
hay
THANH HAO :
ngun duqc l i u mi d t r j St Rt
::: DS Trn Vi t Hung :::
Mt t rong nhng cy c t huc loai l xanh, cho hoa rt dep duoc
ua chung t ai Hoa Ky t rong nhng nm gn dy l cy Sweet Annie :
cy pht tri n manh tai nhng vng dt hoang dn mc duoc xem
l. . loi cy dai ( weed) cn nh b. . L kh duoc dng t rang t r t ai
Hoa Ky: t hung xp t rong nhng t rng hoa t uoi v kh. .d t rung
by. . Ton cy lai l mt vi t huc t rong ng Y c t ruyn t ai Trung
Hoa : THANH HAO ( Qing- hao) v Qing- hao ngy nay d t r t hnh
mt ngun duoc li u dy ha hen t rong vic diu t ri bnh st rt . .
I - L|ch s v qc t nh t hc v qt :
Gia dnh Art emisia, t huc Ho t huc vt Composit ae ( Ast eraceae) gm
khong 300 loi cy c, bui hng nin, lung nin hay luu nin moc t u
nhin t rong nhng vng kh ca Bc Bn cu. Nam My ch c vi loi, cn
Nam Phi. . ch c mt loi duy nht . Linnaeus d dt t n cho cy l
Art emisia annua t 1753. Tn Art emisia duoc cho l d ghi nh nh nghin
cu Y hoc v Thuc vt Art emisia, phu nhn ca Mausolus, ngui cai t ri
vng Caria ( 350- 353 BC) , v Art emisia l t n t Art emis, N t hn Hy lap
cai qun i sng hoang d ( t uong ng vi Diana, t rong t hn t hoai La M)
, em gi song sinh ca Apollo; cn annua l d ch cy t huc loai hng
nin ( annual) . . Art emisia dn Hoa Ky c l do. . di lac t rn nhng chuyn
t huong t huyn. .
Tai Trung Hoa, vic s dung Qing- hao d duoc ghi chp t rong t p sch
Ng t hp nhi bnh phuong, t m duoc t rong nhng c m t hi Hn ( 168
BC) , dng lm t huc cha bnh Tri. . Sch t huc Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang ca
Danh Y Ge- hong ( Cp Hng ?) nm 340 l sch t huc du t in dng Qing-
hao d t ri st rt . . Cy sau d cng duoc chp t rong Bn t ho Cuong muc
ca L t hi Trn. .
THANH HAO, ngoi t n Sweet Annie, cn duoc goi t ai Hoa Ky dui
nhng t n nhu Sweet sagewor t , Annual wormwood, Sweet wormwood. .
THANH HAO c ngun gc t vng ng Nam u chu qua Tr ung Hoa,
Nht , Siberia, Korea, n d v Ty . . Cy sau d t hch ng vi vng Trung
v Nam u, moc hoang dai t ai Trung Hoa, nhung t rong khong 20 nm
gn dy d duoc nui t r ng. . ngay c t ai Hoa Ky ( t rong nhng t iu bang
nhu Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri v Kansas. )
THANH HAO t huc loai cy t ho moc hng nm, c mi t hom, cao dn
1m, t hn c rnh. L c phin xoan, kp 2- 3 ln, c t h di dn 10 cm.
Cc l t hp v l gia t huc loai 3 ln kp, l cao ch 1- 2 ln kp. Hoa
hnh ng nh, mu vng- xanh : hoa pha ngoi l hoa ci; pha t rong
lung t nh, ln c 1. 5 cm dung knh. Cy t r hoa vo t hng 6- 11, ra qu
vo t hng 10- 3.
I I - Thnh phn ha hoc :
THANH HAO, cng nhu nhng cy khc t rong loi Art emisia cha t rong
t hnh phn mt s cc t inh du d bc hoi ( chng t r ng t ai Trung Hoa
cha khong 4.0 %, t rong khi d chng t ai Vit Nam cha 1.4 %) .
- Thnh phn t inh du :
* Chng Trung Hoa : cha phn chnh l monot erpenes nhu
ar t emisia ket one ( 64 %) , ar t emisia alcohol ( 8 %) , myrcene ( 5 %) ,
alpha- guaiene ( 5 %) v camphor.
* Chng Vit Nam cha nhiu monot er penes v sesquit erpenes nhu
camphor ( 22 %) , germacrene D ( 18 %) , bet a- caryophyllene ( 6 %) ,
t rans- bet a- farnesene ( 4 %) v cineol ( 3%) .
Cht t c dung chnh ca cy l Art emisinin , t huc loai sesqui t erpene
lac t one c nhm hoat t nh peroxyde : chng Trung Hoa cha t 0. 01- 0. 5
% ar t emisinin. Ar t emi si ni n ( cn goi l quinghaosu, ar t eannuin,
huanghuahaosu, QHS ) k hng t m t hy duqc t r ong cc l oi ar t emi si a
k hc, ngopi t r Ar t emi si a l ancea ( Journal of Nat ural Pr oduct s S 47-
1984 v s 54- 1991) . Art emisinin khng t rch bng nuc hay et hanol,
nhung duoc t rch t rong phn ha t an bng dung mi hu co nhit d si
t hp.
- Cc sesquit erpenes khc dng ch nhu Art enannuic acid,
Art eannuin B, Trans- pinocarveol, Bet a- Selinene. . .
- THANH HAO cng cha cc flavonoids t rong d c 2 cht flavonols c
t c dung dc bi t : Chrysosplenol- D v Chrysosplenet in. , ngoi ra cn c
cc flavones c nhm met hoxy nhu Cast icin, Art emet in, Cirsilineol
I I I - c t nh Duoc hoc :
A- Hot t nh chng St rt :
THANH HAO (qing-hao), t on cy Art emisia annua, d duoc ghi chnh t huc t rong Duoc
din Trung Quc 1985, v d duoc nhiu nh nghin cuu t rn t h gii ch t rong vo kha
nang t ri st rt cua cy. Trong nhung t hap nin 70 v 80, Trung Hoa d t ap t rung nghin cuu
v Qing-hao : ly t rch duoc Art emisinin vo 1972, Art emisinin sau d duoc t ng hop tai Thuy
si, Trung Hoa v Hoa Ky, nhung gi t hnh cao hon l t rch tu cy. Art emisinin d duoc nghin
cuu , ngoi Trung Hoa, t ai Vin Nghin cuu Walt er Reed ( Luc Qun Hoa Ky), t ai UNDP/ World
Bank/ WHO (Chuong t rnh Nghin cuu Bnh Nhit di). .v nhiu noi khc t rn gii nhu Php,
uc.. v ca Vit Nam
Art emisinin cho t hay c t c dung uc ch su tng hop prot ein noi k sinh t rng
Plasmodium falciparum lc chng dang t rong hng huyt cau (Biochem.Pharmacol S 32-
1983). Hoat t nh chng st rt , in-vit ro cua Art emisinin t rn P.falciparum duoc ghi nhan l
tuong duong noi cc chung k sinh t rng chua hoac d khng- chloroquin. Khi chch dui da
cho chut bi nhim Plasmodium berghei, art emisinin c t c dung gy huy hoai cc co phan v
nhn cua k sinh t rng (Ann Trop.Med Parasit ol S 79-1985). Noi khi bi nhim Plasmodium
inue, art emisin gy ra su ph t ruong t y t h cua k sinh t rng.
Khi so snh vi mef l oqui ne t rong vi c diu t rj cc bnh nhn bj nhi m
P.f al ci parum d khng chl oroqui n: art emi si ni n c t c dng nhanh hon v c ch
mnh hon t rn s t rung t hnh ca k si nh t rng (Lancet Aug 8,1982).
Trong mt t hu nghim t rn 527 bnh nhn nhim P. falciparum, khi cho chch I M nhu
dich art emisinin t rong dau, k sinh t rng bi dit va bin mat rat nhanh, t l t i xuat hin rat
t hap. Tuy nhin , t rong t hu nghim khc noi 738 bnh nhn nhim P. vivax, t huc vin dit
k sinh t rng nhanh nhat v dung dich I M t ao t l t i hin t hap nhat . im dng ch nhat ,
l noi 141 bnh nhn bi st rt t ai no (cerebral malaria) : 131 nguoi lnh bnh khi cho dng
art emisinin I M hay dua qua duong mui.Trong cc t ruong hop st rt no, art emisinin loai k
sinh t rng khi mu nhanh hon l chloroquine v quinine . Khng t hay nhung phan ung phu
noi t at ca 2089 bnh nhn dng art emisinin (Tropical Disease Bullet in S-1980).
v phuong din duoc-luc hoc : Art emisinin duoc hap thu kh nhanh sau khi ung (
khoang 45 pht ), nhung khng hon t on, t l sinh kha dung so vi chch I M l 32 %. Thi
gian t rong mu, khi dng ung , t rung bnh l 3.4 gio so vi 10.6 gio khi dng I M.
t i uu ha vic diu t ri st rt , Art emisinin d duoc t hu phi hop vi cc t huc t ri st
rt khc :
- Noi loi gam nham bi nhim P. berghei : t hu nghim in vivo ghi nhan Art emisinin:
- - cng luc vi mefloquine, t et racycline v spiramycin.
- - t ang cuong hoat t nh cua primaquine
- - cng t hm t c dung vi chloroquine.
- - di khng cc hoat t nh cua dapsone, sulfadiazine, pyrimet hamine,sulfadoxine v
Fansidar.
- Cc t hu nghim in vit ro t rn P. falciparum cho t hay art emisinin cng luc vi
mefloquine,t et racycline, nhung lai di khng vi chloroquine v pyrimet hamine.
Nt dac dim dng ch khc l su dung t rch t inh A.annua t hay v Art emisinin t inh
khit li c t c dng di t P. f al ci parum mnh hon hoac c t h dng Art emisinin phi hop
vi cc flavones cua cy.. (Plant a medica S 55-1989).Vin nang chua Art emisia annua cho
t hay c hoat t nh gap 3.5 lan so vi Art emisinin t ron vic t ru k sinh t rng noi ch.(J Parasit ol
Parasit Dis S 10-1992)
Cc nghin cuu t ai Anh d giai t hich co ch t c dng cua Art emisinin:
- Art emisinin phan ung vi hemin, v vi su hin din cua mng t bo hng cau..dua
dn su oxy ha prot ein t hiols : V k sinh t rng st rt c nhiu hemin..nn art emisinin c t h
t c dng chuyn bit vo k sinh t rng. Co ch t c dng c le gm 2 giai doan : Giai doan
t hu nhat , khi dng, sat t rong co t h k sinh t rng xc t c su phn cat cau peroxide ni bo
v t ao ra cc gc t u-do; giai doan 2, c phan ung alkyl-ha, cc gc t u do chuyn ha t u
art emisinin t ao cc ni covalent vi prot ein cua k sinh t rng (Trans Royal Soc Trop Med
Hygiene S 88-1994.
- Rat nhiu nghin cuu v t hu nghim lm sng v Art emisinin d duoc t huc hin t ai
Thi Lan (1994, t rn 1000 bnh nhn), Vit Nam (1993 t rn 600 bnh nhn ; 1994 t rn 450
bnh nhn..) dua dn kt luan l liu t i uu t huc ung, duoc xc dinh l 50 mg
art emisinin/ kg , dng lin t uc t rong 3 ngy. Art emisinin c hoat t nh dac bit t rong cc t ruong
hop st rt cap tnh; v khng c t c dung ngua bnh.
B- Tc dng chng cc K si nh t rng v vi t rng khc :
Art emisinin cn c kha nang dit cc k sinh t rng khc nhu:
- Giun mc Schist osoma j aponicum , t hu noi chut v th .
- K sinh t rng Clonorchis sinensis, noi chut
- Art emisinin uc ch su tang t rung cua k sinh t rng t rong cc mi t ruong nui cay
Pneumocyst is carinii.
- Art emisinin v cc chat chuyn ha cho t hay c hoat t nh chng lai k sinh t rng
Leishmania maj or , in vit ro v in vivo. Cc hop chat ny hoat dng ca hai dang ung v
chch (Parasit ology S 7-1993)
- Nng d Art emisinin ti t hiu d uc ch su tang t rung cua cc vi t rng Gram duong
(St aphylococcus aureus,St rept ococcus faecalis) v cc vi t rng Gram m (Klebsiella
,Ent erobact er, Shigella dysent eriae, E. coli) duoc xc dinh l cao hon 32 microgram/ mL.
- Nghin cuu t ai H Colorado St ate Universit y, Fort Collins nam 2002 ghi nhan cc
flavonols Chrysosplenol D v Chrysoplenet in c hoat tnh t ang cuong t c dung cua Berberine
v Norfloxacin chng lai cc chung St aphyloccoccus aureus d khng nhiu t ru sinh khc
(Plant a Medica S 68-Dec 2002)
C- Nhng hot t nh Mi n nhi m :
- Art emisinin gia t ang hoat dng t huc bo nhung lai uc ch su bin di t bo lympho.
Liu t hap kch ung hoat dng cua h min nhim nhung liu cao lai c t c dung uc ch hoat
dng v d nn chuc nang cua tuy sng.
- Art emisinin v 2 chat chuyn ha t ng hop khc cho thay c hoat t nh uc ch r rt cc
dp ung t h dich noi chut , nhung khng lm t hay di dp ung qu man loai t r hon di vi
mit ogens. Art emisinin cung c hoat t nh uc ch min nhim loai c t nh chon lua, do d c
t h c kha nang t ri duoc bnh lupus (syst emic lupus eryt hemat osus) .(I nt er national Journal
of I mmunology S 385-1990) : Trong nhung nghin cuu diu t ri Lupus (SLE) lu di , kt qua
ghi nhan liu dng 0.3 g art esiminin mi ngy (tuong ung vi 50 gram cy tuoi) dua dn kt
qua t huyn giam r rt sau 50 ngy dng t huc.
- Art esiminin lm t ang t hm dp ung min nhim loai do t bo T lympho lm t rung gian
, noi chut bnh t huong, dng t hoi gia t ang su t i t ao min nhim noi chut duoc ghp t u
sng
D- Tc dng chng Ung t hu :
Chat chuyn ha, bn t ng hop t u Art emisinin, Art esunat e (ART) (cn goi l art esunic
acid, dihydroqinghaosu hemisuccinat e, ngoi t c dung dit duoc cc k sinh t rng P.
falciparum v P. vivax, d duoc nghin cuu t ai uc v kha nang dit t bo t rn 55 loai t
bo ung t hu t rong Chuong Trnh Pht t rin Tri liu ca Vin Ung Thu Quc Gia Hoa Ky. Kt
qua cho t hay ART c hoat tnh manh nhat dit duoc cc t bao leukemia v t bo ung t hu
rut gi , hoat t nh t uong di yu vi cc t bo ung t hu phi v t rung bnh vi cc t bo
ung t hu melanoma, ung t hu v, bung t rung, t uyn nhip h..im dac bit quan t rong l
khi so snh v dc t nh, ART t uong di t dc hai hon cc t c nhn ha hoc dang duoc su
dung , v van c t c dung t rn cc t bo CEM leukemia da khng doxorubicin, vincristin,
met hot rexat e.. (I nt ernational Journal of Oncology S 18 (April )2001 .
I V- THANH HAO t rong ng Y c t r uyn :
THANH HAO (Qing-hao) , (Nhat duoc goi l Seiko)d duoc dng t u lu doI t rong ng Y
c t ruyn : Duoc liu l t on cy duoc t hu hi vo ma h t ruc khi t r hoa, Cy duoc t rng
hay moc hoang t ai cc vng H Bac, Son ng, Phc kin..
Qing hao c vi dang, tnh hn t c dng vo cc kinh mach t huc Than, Can v Bng
Quang, v duoc cho l c nhung dac t nh:
- Thanh Nhit , giai t hu : t ri cc chung st nhe, nhuc dau, chong vng v t uc
nguc; t huong duoc phi hop vi dau vn (bach bin dau= bian dou, Dilichoris Lablab) v
bt t alc= hoat t hach d t ri st khng d m hi (nhu t rn).
- Tru chung, t rit nguoc : t ri cc chung st do suy huyt hay du chung cua st ,
nhat l st ban dm, lanh ban sng..khng m hi .
- Luong Huyt , Chi huyt : t ri ni man d, chay mu mui do Nhit noi Huyt : dng
chung vi Bit gip (mu ra) v Sinh dia d gip t hanh nhit tai nhung b phan t huc
m.
Ti liu s dung:
Herbal Emissaries ( S. Fost er & Yue Chongxi)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( D. Bensky)
Nat ural Medicines Comprehensive Dat abase ( Pharmacist s let t er) .
Medicinal Plant s of China ( J. Duke & E.Ayensu)
T din Cy t huc Vit Nam ( V vn Chi)
Clinical Applicat ions of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs ( K. Bone)
PubMed : www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov
The Merck I ndex ( 12t h Edit ion) .
NG GAI
mt cy r au 't hom' dpc bi t
: : : Ds Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
C kh nhiu loai rau `t hom' duoc nguoi Vit goi dui tn Ng. Ngoai t ru nhung t n chung
duoc nhiu nguoi chap nhan nhu Ng t y, Ng t a, nhung t n khc t hay di t y tung dia phuong
: Ng gai cn duoc goi l Mi gai, mi t au.. Ng om c noi chi goi l Rau om..
Cng vi nhiu loai rau `t hom' nhu Rau ram, Hng qu, Hng chanh, Mo t am t h..Ng gai
cung t heo chn nguoi Vit ty nan dn Hoa K v gp phan vo nhung nt dac t h cua ngh
t huat an ung da dang t rn dat My..nhat l t rong nhung t Ph, t canh chua..
Ng gai, Eryngium foet idum, t huc ho t huc vat Apiaceae, duoc goi tai min Bac Vit Nam
dui t n Mi t u, mi gai..Tai Trung Hoa, rau c t n Thch Nguyn t uy (Ci-yan sui), Duong
Nguyn t uy (Yang yan sui) v Son Nguyn t uy (Shan yan sui). Tai Thi Lan ,rau t n l pak chee
farang (cy ng ngoai quc) . Tai Hoa Ky, rau c kh nhiu t n, t u t n gc tai Trung My nhu
Culant ro ( dung nham vi cilant ro), St inkweed dn t n t uong hnh nhat l Saw leaf herb . Tn t ai
Php : Chardon et oile (st ar t histle) hay Chardon t oile..fet ide , tai uc : St inkdist el..Tai Mexico,
rau c nhung t n Culant ro de burro, Culant ro de coyot e.
Ng gai t huc loai cy t hn t hao moc t hang dung, luong nin. R hnh t hoi; t hn c kha,
cao 20-40 cm, ton cy c mi kh hang. L moc tai gc, hnh mui mc t hun di, nhan, ln co
10-20 cm x 2-3.5 cm. L khng c cung, mp kha vi nhiu rang cua c gai. L t rn t hn, cng
ln cng nh dan, c nhiu rang cua hon v gai sac hon. Hoa moc t hnh cum re lm ba, ri chia
t hnh xim. Hoa khng cung, cnh hoa mu t rang-xanh. Qua nh co 2 mm, det .
Ng gai c ngun gc tu Trung My : Gia dnh Eryngium c khoang 50 loi, gm dn 187
ging t rong d Ng gai c mi..c t h gy kh chiu vi mt s nguoi, nn t huong bi xp vo loai
cy dai. Cy chiu duoc kh hau lanh, c t h t rng bang gieo hat , t hoi gian nay mam c t h ko
di, cy t hch hop vi dat am, t hong khng bi ng..
Thnh phn ha hoc :
1- Thnh phn di nh dung :
100 gram l ng gai chua :
- Calories.............................31
- Chat dam ..........................1.24 g
- Chat bo.. ..........................0.20 g
- Cc khong chat :
- Calcium ........................49 mg
- Magnesium....................17 mg
- Phosphorus....................50 mg
- Pot assium....................414 mg
- Cc Vit amins : B1 (0.010 mg); B2 (0.032mg); B6 (0.047 mg); Vit amin C (120 mg).
2- Hot cht :
Hoat chat chnh t rong Ng gai l nhung t inh dau d bay hoi (0.02-0.04%) t rong d c cc
Pyranocoumadins, cc monot erpenes glycosides loai cyclohexanol, cc aldehyd nhu 2,4,5-
t rimet hylbenzaldehyde, decanal, furfural.. Ngoi ra cn c alpha-pinene, p-cymene; cc acid huu
co nhu benzoic acid, capric acid.. ; cc flavonoids.
Nhm hoat chat t hu nh mi duoc nghin cuut rong phan t rch bang hexane l nhm
t erpenic chua alpha-cholest erol, brassicast erol, campe st erol, st igmast erol (phan chnh, chim
dn 95%), clerost erol, bet a-sit o st erol, delt a 5-aveast erol..
Trong R c cc Saponins loai t rit erpene, cc est ers cua caffeic acid...
Duoc t nh v Cng dung :
- Ng gai duoc dn qu min ng Nam Hoa Ky t rng gan cua ra vo v cho rang mi
hang cua cy dui duoc ran.
- Nguoi Vit , Trung My dng lm gia vi, t ang huong vi cho cc mn an nhu Ph, Canh chua
, Sofrit o (M). Khc vi ng t y v ng t a, t huong mat mi khi kh, ng gai kh van giu duoc
mi hang.
ng Y c t ruyn :
Theo ng Y, Ng gai c vi cay, hoi dang; t nh am, tc dung vo cc kinh mach t huc t huc
Ph vi cc t nh cch `So Phong, t hanh Nhit', Kin t y, Hnh Kh, Tiu t hung.
- t ri cam mao, dau nguc, ho v t re em ln si : Dng 10-15 gram l ng gai, sac
t rong nuc am v ung.
- t ri an khng t iu, an mat ngon : Ung 15 gram nuc sac l ng gai, hoac an l
tuoi t rn vi dau m. C t h dng vi Cam t hao nam d gip d t iu.
- Tri sung dau t ng : xay 15 gram l, lay nuc ct, t rn vi ruou t rang v ung.
ap phan b t rn vt t huong.
- Phu nu dng phi hop vi B kt d t ao mi t hom khi gi dau.
Nhng nghin cu mi v Ng gai :
- R ng gai c kha nang t ri cc chung sung bng quang, san t han v sung duong t iu.
Cch dng : R phoi kh, t n t hnh bt , lm t hnh t r duoc; dng 1 t ha c ph bt r, t rong
30-40 ml nuc, dun si, ung mi ngy 2-3 lan. Tc dung ny duoc xem l do nhung est er cua
caffeic acid nhu chlorogenic acid t rong r.
- Tc dng chng sung vi m cp t nh v ki nh ni n : Nghin cuu t ai Khoa Duoc ai
hoc Universidad de Sevilla (Ty Ban Nha) ghi nhan kha nang chng sung cua phan t rch bang
hexane tu l ng gai t rn chut : t ai bi gy sung ph bang 12-0-t et radecanoylphorbol acet at e
(TPA) . Tc dung chng sung manh hon st igmast erol v t uong di hiu nghim t rn cc chung
sung d t ai ch (Phyt ot herapy Research S 13-1999)
Ti liu s dung :
- Duke's Phyt ochemical and Et hnobot anical Dat abases.
- Exot ic Herbs (Carol Seville)
- Veget able as medicine (Chang Cao-liang & Li Bao-zhen)
- Cy t huc quanh t a (L Qu Nguu & Tran Huu uc)
- Medicinal Plant s of East and SE Asia (MI T Press)
OI
Gi tr dinh dng
v
c tnh ca I
' i chua n duqc sao gi i gi
Tr ch ngui qun t gi i m ch o t hng'
( Ca dao)
::: DS Trn Vi t Hung :::
Ngui Vit min Nam Vit Nam, nht l nhng ngui sinh sng t rong
vng Chu t h sng Cu Long hoc qua lai nhng bn ph My Thun, Cn
Tho. . khng t h no qun ni mt t ri cy t hn yu : d l t ri i. . nht l
i x li, mi t hom vi ngot dc bit rt t ht . . Vi dn nhu ch cn vi lt
i hay xoi chm vi mm ruc. . l d di bay vi xi d. .
i cng t heo chn ngui Vit t rn buc dung t ha huong, nhung i t ai
Hoa Ky ( t uy i c ngun gc t ai Chu My) lai khng hn l nhng t ri i
ngy xua. .
Tn khoa hc v cc t n t hng t huong :
- Tn khoa hoc : Psidium guaj ava t huc ho t huc vat Myrt aceae
- Cc t n t hng t huong : Guava (Anh-My); Goyave (Php) ; Guayabana (M); Goiaba
(Brazil)
Tn Psidium do ting Hy lap psidion = qua luu d m ta qua c nhiu hat nh ging nhu
qua cy luu. Guaj ava pht xuat t u t n goi t ai Hait i 'guaya vu' v t n Anh ngu cung t u d m
ra.
Ljch s v c t nh t hc vt :
Oi duoc xem l c ngun gc tai Peru v Brazil (hin van l noi t rng nhiu i nhat t h
gii), sau d t r t hnh cy t huong mai quan t rong t ai Hawaii, c, An d, Mexico v cc nuc
ng Nam . Tai My, i duoc t rng nhiu nhat tai cc Tiu bang Florida v California..
Oi d duoc t huan ha t ai Peru tu hng ngn nam t ruc (c t h tu nam 800 t ruc Ty
Lich). Cc khai quat khao c tai cc c m d t m t hay hat i t n t ru chung vi hat dau, bap
v bau b. Tai vng Amazon, i duoc chim v khi mang hat di khap noi, t ao nhung rung i, c
nhung bui cao dn 20m (t rong khi i t rng, chi muc 10 m cao)
Nguoi u chu bit dn i khi ho dat chn dn Hait i v dng ngay t n goi cua dn Hait i
d chi t ri cy ngon ngot ny. Cc t huy t hu Ty ban Nha v B do Nha da dem cy khi khap
noi..Oi c le chi dn Hawaii vo dau t h k 18 v sau d dn cc hai dao t rong Thi Bnh
Duong..
C khoang 100 loi psidium, moc t hnh bui hay t iu mc. Loi duoc t rng rng rai nhat
l P. guaj ava. Ngoi ra loi P. guineense (Oi Brazil) duoc cho lai tao vi P. guaj ava d cho loi
i c kha nang chiu dung t hoi tit lanh, cho t ri t uy nh nhung lai nhiu hon.Mt s loi dng
ch nhu P.lit t orale var.lit torale (yellow st rawberry guava) cho t ri t uong di ln, ngo, vng ;
loi P.lit t orale var. longipes (red st rawberry guava) cho t ri mu d tm, c vi du t y..
Psidium guaj ava (guava, yellow guava, apple guava) t huc loai cy t rung bnh cao 5-
10m. Thn c v nhan, mng, khi gi bong tung mang, mu nu d. Cnh khi non hnh
vung c nhiu lng mm, khi gi hnh t ru v nhan. L moc di, hnh t ri xoan hay t hun, di
chung 15 cm rng 3-6 cm, pha gc c t h t hay hoi trn, gn l ni r mat dui v phu
mt lp lng min. Cung l ngan chung 3-5 mm. Hoa mau t rang, duong knh chung 2.5 cm,
c nhiu nhi, c t h moc don dc hay t u 2-3 hoa t hnh cum nch l. Hoa n vo dau ma
h. Qua mong, hnh cau hay dang qua l, di dn 10 cm, chua rat nhiu hat nh. i hoa cn
tn tai t rn qua. Cy bat dau cho qua sau 2 nam t ui.
Nt s chung duoc t rng t ai Hoa Ky nhu :
- 'Beaumont ' : gc t u Oahu (Hawaii) qua t rn, t o, t hit mu hng nhat , vi hoi chua.
- ' Red I ndian', gc t u Florida-1945 : qua vng nhat , rat t hom, t hit hng nhat kh ngot .
Nt s chung khc, duoc dua t u cc nuc nhit di vo Hoa Ky nhu :
- Hong Kong Pink': Tri co t rung bnh, t hit mu hng nhat .
- I ndonesian Seedless' Tri t o, nhiu nuc, t hit t rang, chac kh ngon, t ht , c le l Oi
x li tai Vit Nam.
Psidium lit t orale var. longipes = P. cat t leianum (purple st rawberry guava, moc cao chung
7m, t hn c v min v lng; L t rn. Hoa t rang moc don dc. Qua nh chung 2.5- 4 cm, lc
non mu d nhat sau d chuyn dan sang d-t m v den khi chn han, c mi rat t hom, t hit
t rang, vi vua chua vua ngot nhu du t y. Loi lai tao 'lucidum' cho t ri mu vng.
Ngoi nhung ging Oi t rng lay qua an, lm mut hay nuc giai kht cn c nhung ging
dac bit t rng lm cy canh nhu Oi t u hay Oi ln Psidium pumila, cung c ngun gc t u
Trung My, t huc loai t iu mc, cao 2-4 m nhung t huong lm cho nh lai d t rng t rong chau
canh. Thn mm, d un, v t hn mng, bong t ung mang. Cnh phn nhnh di, manh. L
nh, t hun di mu xanh bng, mm; mp l nhan nheo nhu gon sng; gn l ni r. Cung
l t uy ngan nhung lm l ru. Hoa nh mu t rang, moc don dc nch l, c 5 cnh t rng
mm v d rung, rat nhiu nhi. Qua hnh cau, him gap.
Thnh phn di nh dung ca qu :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
- Calories 36- 50
- Cht dam 0. 9- 1. 0 g
- Cht bo 0. 1- 0. 5 g
- Cht so 2. 8- 5. 5 g
- Calcium 9. 1- 17 mg
- St 0. 30- 0. 70 mg
- Magnesium 10- 25 mg
- Phosphorus 17. 8 - 30 mg
- Pot assium 284 mg
- Sodium 3 mg
- Km 0. 230 mg
-ng 0. 103 mg
- Manganese 0. 144 mg
- Bet a Carot ene ( A) 200- 792 I U
- Thiamine ( B1) 0. 046 mg
- Riboflavine ( B2) 0. 03- 0. 04 mg
- Niacin 0. 6- 1. 068 mg
- Pant ot henic acid 0. 150 mg
- Pyr idoxine 0. 143 mg
- Ascorbic acid ( C) 100- 500 mg
Qua i duoc xem nhu mt t ri cy b duong, ngun cung cap cc vit amin A v C (t y
ging 100 gram c t h cho dn 1 gram Vit amin C), da s vit amin t ap t rung t rong phan t hit
st vi lp v mng bn ngoi qua. Oi duoc dng an sng hay ch tao t hnh bnh nho
(cust ard), kem v nuc giai kht, t hach j elly. Tai vng Chu My Lat in c mn t rng ming
t hng dung Cascos de guayaba lm bang t ri i, b di, b rut , nau chn t rn chung vi
cream cheese.
Thnh phn ha hc :
Ty b phan, t hnh phan ha hoc c t h t hay di :
1- L chua:
- Tanins (7-10%) gm gallot annins, ellagic acid v cc chat chuyn ha, cc t annins c
t h t huy giai duoc.
- Tinh dau (0.31%) t rong d c aromadendrene, bet a-bisabolene, caryophyllene,
nerolidiol, selinene, dl limonene, cc alcohol t hom..
- Cc acid huu co nhu mast inic acid, oleanolic acid, oxalic acid, guaij a volic acid,
guaj anoic acid, crat egolic acid, psidiolic acid..ursolic acid
- St erols nhu bet a-sitost erol..
- Flavonoids nhu Quercet in
( t rong l non v bp c khoang 7-10% t anins loai pyrogallic v 3% nhua).
2- Hoa chua ellagic acid, guaij averin, leucocyanidin, oleic acid, quercet in
3- Qu (ngoi t hnh phan dinh duong, cn c)
- Cc duong huu co (7%) nhu Fruct ose, glucose, galact ose, sucrose..
- Cc t inh dau t ao mi t hom t huc cc nhm aldehyd v alcohol nhu et hyl acet at e,
but yrat e, humulene, myrcene, pinene..cinnamic acid
- Cc acid huu co
- Cc sac t loai chlorophyll, ant hocyanidin
- Pect ins, pect in met hylest erase
4- R v V t hn c arj unolic acid, gallic acid, leucocyanidin, quercet in..
Cc nghi n cu khoa hc v duc hc :
a s cc nghin cuu khoa hoc v duoc hoc duoc t huc hin t ai cc Vin khao cuu, cc
ai hoc tai Nam My. Tai Chu, Thi Lan l quc gia ch t rong nhiu nhat v duoc t nh cua
Oi.
- Tc dng t rj t i u chy:
Tc dung t ri t iu chay cua l i d duoc cng nhan t rong nhiu nghin cuu lm sng,
duoc hoc. L i duoc chnh t huc ghi t rong Duoc din Ha Lan, dng lm t huc t ri tiu chay :
Trong mt nghin cuu lm sng v t c dung t ri t iu chay noi 62 t re em bi tiu chay,
sung rut do siu vi (rot aviral ent erit is), t hoi gian lnh bnh ghi nhan l 3 ngy (87.1%), rt
ngan t uong di r rt so vi nhm di chung (Zhongguo Zhong Xi Jie He Za Zhi S 20-2000).
Nghin cuu khc tai H Universade Feral do Rio de Janeiro (Ba Ty) ghi nhan liu nuc
chit t u l i 8 microgram/ ml c hot tnh chng lai simian rot avirus gy tiu chay (82.2%)
(Journal of Et hnopharmacology S 99-2005)
Nt nghin cuu , m di , t huc hin tai Thi Lan , dng bt l i so snh vi t et racycline
d t ri 122 nguoi t iu chay (64 nam, 58 nu) t ui 16-55. Liu dng cho bt l i v t et racycline
l 500 mg, mi 6 gio t rong 3 ngy. Kt qua tuong duong cho ca 2 nhm dng bt l i v
t et racycline (Thu nghim T-t est c kt qua t uong duong) (Thai Medicinal Plant s t rang 206)
Trn PubMed c lit k kh nhiu nghin cuu v t c dung t ri t iu chay cua l i..
- Tc dng t rj bnh duong rut :
Oi cn c mt s dac tnh duoc hoc gip b xung cho tc dung t ri t iu chay. Cc
flavonoids loai quercetin t rong l c hoat t nh t rn su bi t it acetylcholine t rong rut (t heo
kiu morphine), kch t hch co t ron rut. Hoat tnh ny do t c dng cua quercet in ngan chan
cc ions Calcium v uc ch cc enzyme lin h dn su tng hop prost aglandins.. gip giam
nhung con dau bung do co t ron cua rut co t hat . Ngoi ra l i cn t c dng vo su t i-hap
t hu nuc noi rut . Cc lectins t rong l i c t h gan vo E. coli (vi khuan t huong gy ra tiu
chay), ngan chan vi khuan hap t hu vo vch t rong cua rut v do d ngan ngua duoc su
nhim t rng rut .
- Tc dng khng si nh, khng si u vi v di t nm gy bnh :
Hoat t nh khng vi t rng cua l i duoc lit k t rong Fit ot erapia S 73-2002.
Cc t rch t inh t u l v v t hn c t c dung st t rng (in vit ro) t rn cc vi khuan
nhu St aphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, Clost ridium v
Pseudomonas..
Dich chit tu l bang nuc mui 1: 40 c t c dung dit trng t rn
St aphylococcus aureus .
Nuc p t uoi t u l nng d 66% c hoat t nh dit siu vi Tobacco mosaic.
Nuc t rch tu l ngan chan duoc su tang t rung cua cc nam Trichophyt on
rubrum, T. ment agrophyt es v Microsporum gypseum..
Nt nghin cuu t ai University of Pet ra, Amman (Jordanie) ghi nhan t c dung ngan chan
su pht t rin cc mun t rung c gy ra bi cc vi khuan loai Propionibact erium acnes. Hoat
t nh duoc so snh vi dau t rm (t ea t ree oil), doxycycline v clindamycin..v dng phuong
php do vng uc ch bang dia tam hoat chat (disk diffusion met hod). Vng uc ch cua dich
chit l i duoc xc dinh l 15.8-17.6 mm (khng P. acnes) v 11.3-15.7 mm (khng S.
aureus).. Tuy khng bang cc t huc t ru sinh doxycycline v clindamycin nhung c t h huu
dung t rong cc t ruong hop bi mun t rung c v khng dng duoc khng sinh (American
Journal of Chinese Medicine S 33-2005)
- Tc dng t rn H Ti m Mch :
Nghin cuu t ai H Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao Crist ovao (Ba Ty) ghi nhan
dich chit t u l i c nhiu hoat t nh t rn h Tim mach v c t h huu dung d t ri cc t ruong
hop Tim loan nhip (Brazilian Journal of Medecne & Biological Reseach S 36-2003). L i c
t c dung 'khng oxyha c loi cho tim, bao v tim, v cai t hin cc chuc nang cua t im. Trong
2 t hu nghim, khng chon t ruc di t uong, t ai Vin Nghin cuu Tim Mach, ghi nhan vic
dng mi ngy 450 gram i t uoi t rong 12 t uan lin tuc, gip ha huyt p t rung bnh l 8
dim. giam duoc muc d cholest erol 9%, giam t riglycerides duoc 8% v t ang HDL duoc 8%.
Hoat t nh duoc cho l do Oi chua nhiu pot assium v nhiu chat so c t h t an duoc (t uy
nhin s luong i can an hang ngy ln t i 450-900 gram v can an lin t uc..nn kh c t h
t heo dui vic t ri liu ! )
- Tc dng H duong t rong mu :
Nghin cuu t ai Korea Research I nst it ut e of Bioscience and Biot echno logy, Daej eon (Nam
Triu Tin) ghi nhan hoat t nh uc ch men prot ein t yrosine phosphat ase 1B (PTP1B) cua dich
chit l i. Hoat tnh ny cho t hay nuc l i c t c dung t ri t iu duong loai 2 (khi t hu t rn
chut loai Lepr(db), liu 10 mg/ kg gy ha glucose t rong mu kh r rt ) (Journal of
Et hnopharmacology S 96-2005).
Trong mt nghin cuu t ai Taiwan t rn chut , nuc p tu qua tuoi chch qua mng phc
t oan vi liu 1.0g/ kg gip lm ha duong t rong mu t ao ra bi alloxan. Hoat t nh ha duong
ny khng ko di v yu hon chlorpropamide , met formin rat nhiu nhung an i t uoi cung c
t h huu ch cho nguoi t iu duong (American Journal of Chinese Medicine S 11-1983)
Nghin cuu t ai H Put ra, Malaysia t rn chut v t c dung lm ha glucose t rong mu cua
qua i : 40 chut duc duoc chia t hnh 4 nhm t rong d c cc nhm : di chung khng
bnh, di chung bi gy t iu duong, nhm dng nuc i v nhm t ri bang glibenclamide. Thu
nghim ko di t rong 5 t uan. 3 nhm chut bi gy t iu duong bang st rept ozot ocin. Trong t hoi
gian t hu nghim, cc nhm di chung chi duoc cho an bnh t huong; nhm bnh t iu duong
dng i duoc cho an t hm mi ngy 0.517 g i, nhm tiu dung dng glibenclamide 5mg/
kg mi ngy. Kt qua cho t hay c su giam ha nng d glucose t rong mu noi chut dng i
tu cc t uan 3 (12.3%), t uan 4 (24.79%) v t uan 5 (7.9%) so vi nhm di chung. So snh
vi nhm dng t huc glibenclamide, t c dng t rung bnh tuong di khc bit t uan 4
(p= 0.029), nng d glucose t rong mu t hay di 25.88 %
Cc t c gia kt luan : Oi t uoi , chua luong cao cc chat so (ha t an v khng ha t an) c
t h gip ha t iu duong mt cch an t on.. (Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nut rition S 13
(Suppl)-2004)
Cc phuong t hc s dng t rong dn gi an :
Cc t hnh phan cua cy i nhu l, r, v t hn duoc su dung kh ph bin lm t huc tai
nhiu noi t rn t h gii, k ca Vit Nam.
- Ti Vi t Nam : Theo Y hoc dn gian, Oi c vi cht , hoi ngot, t nh bnh. Cc phan dng
lm t huc gm l, v t hn , t hu hi v phoi nang cho kh, cat giu d dng khi can.Thuong
dng 15-30 gram l dui dang t huc sac. Oi c t c dung t hu lim (lm san da), cam t iu
chay, chng sung t ay v cam mu; Oi duoc dng d t ri cc chung dau bung, t iu chay do
t iu ha yu, sung rut , kit ly do nhim t rng (c t h dng l d phoi kh, t n t hnh bt
hay sac l t uoi lay nuc ung). Oi cn duoc dng t ri chan t huong, ngua ngoi da (gi nhuyn
l t uoi, dap ln vt t huong). Mt phuong t huc t ri zona( gii an) l lay 100 g l bp non, t rn
vi 10 g phn chua, 1 g mui, gia nt chung, t hem nuc vua du t hnh khi nho, t hoa
ngoi.
- Ti n d : Theo Y hoc Ayurvedic, Oi hay Amrud, (t ing Phan= Mansala) : V cnh
dng t ri t iu chay, dau bung, dau bao tu; L d t ri ho v l t rong ming. Qua, sau khi b ht,
c t c dung nhuan t ruong.
- Ti Trung Hoa : Y hoc c t ruyn khng xem Oi l vi t huc, nhung t y dia phuong,
vic dng i t ri bnh cung kh ph bin. Oi duoc goi l Phan t hach luu.(Fan Shi liu) hay Phan
do(Fan-t ao) (Phan= t u ngoai quc dn)
* L i duoc xem l c t nh bnh, vi ngot ; dng d ngua kit ly, t ri t iu chay bang
cch dun 50 g l t uoi t rong 250 ml nuc dn si, ung t rong ngy chia lm nhiu lan. Khi
bi t huong, nhai vi l i t uoi, dap d cam mu.
* Qua i duoc xem l c t nh am, vi ngot; dng t ri t iu chay, t iu duong v t ri
t ri t iu duong : xay 90 g i t uoi bang blender, lay nuc ct , ung ngy 3 lan
t ruc bua an.
t ri Tri : un 500 g t ri t uoi vi 1 lt nuc, dn khi c dac, t hoa v rua bi t ri
mi ngy 2-3 lan. C t h dng phuong t huc ny d t ri ngua ngoi da.
- Ti Thi Lan : Oi hay Farang, Chumpo cung duoc dng d t ri t iu chay (Bp l non
duoc sao dn vo, ri sac lay nuc ung, Qua non cat t hnh lt , nau lay nuc ung). Ngoi
ra l duoc dng d che bt mi ruou, t ri sung loi, vt thuong lu lnh..
- Ti cc quc gi a Trung v Nam M nhu Brazil, Peru, Cuba.. Th dn da dng nuc
sac tu l hay v t hn d t ri t iu chay, xc ming t ri dau c hong v diu ha kinh nguyt . L
tuoi dng nhai khi chay mu noi chn rang, hoi t h kh chiu. L cn dng nau lay nuc gip
v sinh phu khoa, t ri huyt t rang v gip lm san chac vch b phan sinh duc sau khi sanh
n. Hoa nghin nt , dap t ri dau mat, chi nang..
Ghi ch :
Tai cc Cho Thuc pham Hoa Ky c bn nhung t ri cy, cung goi l Guava, hnh dang rat
ging vi Oi, cung ln co 2.5-7.5 cm duong knh, cn goi l Pineapple guava hay Feij oas. Tri
ny khng lin h dn nhm Oi, t uy cng gia dnh t huc vat Myrt aceae.
Cy Feij oa, t n khoa hoc Feij oa sellowiana cho qua, khc vi i ch t hit nho nhu
t hach (xu-xoa), khng cung chac nn phai an bang cch xc bang mung. Feij oa cung pht
xuat t u Nam My v dac bit l cung nhu Kiwi, pht t rin t t nhat t ai Tn Ty Lan. Feij oa duoc
t rng nhiu t ai California v t uy chua nhiu Vit amin C, Feij oa khng c cc t nh chat t ri liu
nhu Oi.
Ti l i u s dng :
The Oxford Companion t o Food (Alan Davidson)
Fruit s as Medioine (Dai Yin-Fang & Liu Cheng-j un)
Uncommon Fruit s & Veget ables (Elizabet h Schneider)
Encyclopedia of Herbs (Deni Brown)
Thuc Nam Trn at My (Tap 2)
Tu din Cy Thuc Vit Nam (V van Chi)
Thai Medicinal Plant s (Farnswort h & Bunyapraphat sara)
Tropical Plant Dat abase (Rain-Tree Nut rit ion Co)
C RI NG
Con ch khc dng khc ngi
B oi di cho mua t i . .dng Ring
: : : Ds Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Tuy cng ho t huc vt Zingiberaceae nhu Gng v Ngh, nhung Ring
t duoc bit dn v phuong di n duoc hoc m ch ni t ing t rong vai t r gia
vi. . cho mn n ' Mc t n. . v cho mn Nem Tr ca mi n Trung. .
Tai Thi Lan, Ring t hung duoc n sng v t rn t rong rau vi t n
Krachai, Kra. . , st mng ngm t rong nuc, t hm dung d lm mn gii
kht Khing. Ngui I ndonesia t hch dng Ring hon ( t n l Kencur hay
Lengkuas) , ho t hay cho Gng t rong nhiu mn n dn t c.
Tng Alpinia c khong 200 loi, duoc cho l c ngun gc t ai v c
chu. Ring t huc ( A. officinarum) chim vi t r kh quan t r ong t rong vic
dng lm cy t huc, d duoc dng t r ong cc nn duoc hoc c t ruyn n
d ( Auyrvedic) , Trung Hoa t t hi xa xua ( 500 nm t r uc Ty lich) , v u
chu t t hi Trung c. Nh t hm him Mar co Polo d ghi chp v Ring,
cho r ng cy d duoc t rng t t h k 13 t ai Java. Ring np ( A. galanga) ,
c t uy ln hon nhung lai t cay hon, t hung dng lm gia vi ( Nhm Ring
dng khc hn vi loai Galingal u chu = Sweet Galingale = Cyperus
longus , r chm c mi t hom ca hoa violet , dng t rong ky ngh huong
liu) .
Tinh du Alpinia galanga cn duoc dng lm cht phu gia t rong ky
ngh Nuc gii kht , Ruou nhu Chart r euse. Nu hoa v hoa dng lm t huc
phm Dich chit duoc t hm vo cc loai ruou c nng d alcohol t hp. . d
tao cm gic. . r uou manh hon.
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t hung goi :
- Alpi nia officinarum = Lesser Galangal
Cc t n t hng t hung : Cat arrh Root , Chinese Ginger, Siamese
Ginger, Thai Ginger, Chinese Root , Colic Root , Gargaut , I ndia Root .
Galangt wur zelst ock ( c) , Cao luong khuong, Romdeng ( Cambodia)
Lenkuas ( M lai)
- Alpi nia Galanga = Great er Galangal
Cc t n khc : ai
luong khuong
c
t nh
t hu
c
vt
:
-
Rin
g
t hu
c
( Alpi
nia officinarum)
Cy t huc loai t hn t ho, luu nin, moc t hng cao 1- 1. 5 m. Thn r
moc b ngang, hnh t ru mu d nu ln chng 1- 2 cm dung knh, di 3- 6
cm, chia t hnh nhiu dt khng du nhau, ph nhiu vy. L khng
cung, c be t hun di, hnh mc ln dn 40 cm, moc t hnh 2 dy. Hoa
mu t rng dang hoa lan, t p hop t hnh chm t hua ngon, cnh mi t o c
vn d. Qu hnh cu c lng. Cy t r hoa vo t hng 5.
- Ring np ( Alpinia galanga)
Cy t huc loai t ho, cao 1- 2 m. Thn c 5- 7 mm, t hn r t o 2- 3 cm c
mi t hom. L hnh mi gio nhon, t ht lai noi gc, di 30- 40 cm, rng 7- 8
cm, khng c lng. Chy hoa di 15- 30 cm, rng 8- 10 cm, nhiu hoa.
Chy c lng nhung v nhnh nhiu, st nhau. Cung hoa moc dng, c
lng. Hoa mu t r ng, c vach hng, di 20- 25 mm; t rng hoa c ng ngn
Cnh hoa hnh gio t , di 10- 15 mm; cnh mi hnh gii xoan nguoc ,
phin mi chia 2 t hy chp. Qu mong, hnh cu hay hnh t rng di
12mm x 6 mm, mu d nu cha 3- 5 hat . .
- Mt s loi Ring khc :
Ring t u ( Alpinia chinensis) = Hoa son khuong. Loi dc bit
tai Nam Trung Hoa, Lo v Vit Nam. Cy cao khong 1m.
Ring m ( Alpinia zerumbet ) = ai t ho khu, cn goi l Ring
dep Se nuc, t hung t r ng lm cy cnh v cho hoa rt dep,
mu vng c soc d.
Thnh
phn ha hoc :
- Alpinia officinarum : cha
- Tinh du d bc hoi : gm cineole, eugenol, pinene, met hyl
cinnamat e, camphor; hop cht chnh l nhng sesquit erpenes
hydrocar bon, sesquit erpene alcohol. ; cc hop cht hept one
- Cc diarylhept anoids : dang hn hop duoc goi chung l galangol, bao
gm nhng cht c vi cay.
- Gingerole : hop cht cay loai phenyl alkanones. .
- Tanins ; Cc hop cht loai phenylpr opanoids
- Flavonoids nhu Galangin, Galangin- 3- met hylet her, Kaempferide,
Kaempferol- 4- met hylt her.
- St erols nhu bet a- sit ost erol
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gr am c Ring ( Alpinia galanga) cha :
- Calories 362
- Cht dam 7. 1 g
- Cht bo 2. 8 g
- Carbohydrat es t ng cng 83 g
- Calcium 220 mg
- Phosphorus 178 mg
- St 14. 9 mg
- Bet a- carot ene ( A) 10, 780 microgram
- Thiamine 0.35 mg
- Riboflavin 0.14 mg
- Niacin 7.09 mg
- Vit amin C 184 mg
Duoc t nh v cc nghin cu khoa hoc :
Kommission E ca c ghi nhn Gng duoc chp t hun lm t huc t ri
kh t iu v gip kch t hch t hm n, liu dng dui dang t huc ruou l 2- 4
gr am v dui dang bt R kh l 2- 4 gram.
- Hoat t nh chng nn ma ;
Nghin cu t ai H Meij i Pharmaceut ical ( Khoa Duoc liu) - Tokyo ghi
nhn Ring ( A. officinarum) c cha 8 hop cht c kh nng t r i i ma khi
t h t rn g con bi gy nn i bng sulfat e dng. ( Journal of Nat ural
Pr oduct s S 65- 2002) .
- Tc dung nga ung t hu :
Nghin cu t ai Trung Duoc, H Kangwon Nat ional Universit y, Chun
chon ( Nam Hn) ghi nhn cc flavonoids t rong Ring nht l Galangin c
nhng hoat t nh chng- oxyha v t hu nht cc gc t u do gy t c hai cho
t bo, do d c t h t c dng t r n su hoat dng ca cc h t hng phn
ha t v nga t c hai ca cc cht gy ung t hu. ( Mut at ions Research S
488- 2001) . Hoat t nh chng oxyha cng duoc t h nghim t rn h t hng
tu oxyha met hyl linoleat e.
Cc dit erpene t rong A. galanga c t c dung chng u- buu khi t h t rn
chut ( Plant a Medica S 54- 1988)
- Tc dung lm ha Cholest erol v ha t riglyceride :
C Ring ( A. officinar um) cha cc flavonoids nhu 3- met hylet her-
galangin v cc hept anone c hoat t nh c ch lipase t uy t ang gy ha
cholest erol v lipid t rong mu. Nghin cu t ai H Kyung Hee , Seoul ( Nam
Hn) ghi nhn cht Hydr oxy-Phenyl- Hept anone ( HPH) t rong Ring c ch
lipase t uy t ang nng d I C50 = 1. 5 mg/ ml. HPH gip ha t riglyceride
t rong mu noi chut bi gy cao m t rong mu bng du bp v cng lm
ha cholest erol noi chut bi gy m cao bng Trit on WR- 1339 ( Biol ogical &
Pharmaceut ical Bullet in S 27- 2004)
- Hoat t nh khng vim :
Cht diarylhept anoid t rong Ring c hoat t nh khng vim khi t h t rn
cc t bo dng dai t huc bo RAW 264. 7 ca chut v t rn t bo don
hach mu ngoai vi ca ngui. Co ch chng vim ny do t c dung c ch
su t it lipopolysacchar ides, c ch cc kinase kch khi mit ogen. ( Journal
of Pharmacology and Experiment al Therapies S 305- 2003)
- Hoat t nh khng sinh :
Dich chit t R c A.officinarum c hoat t nh khng sinh in vit ro, c
ch su t ng t rung ca cc vi khun ant hrax, St rept ococcus hemolyt icus,
v nhiu chng St aphylococcus, Corynebact erium dipht eriae ( Chinese
Herbal Medicine Mat er ia Medica- D. Bensky) .
Hop cht acet oxychavicol acet at e, t rch t A. galanga c hoat t nh
khng nm( Plant a Medica S 51- 1985)
C Ri ng t rong Duoc hoc ng Phuong :
Ngoi vai t r dng lm gia vi, Ring cn duoc duoc dng lm t huc t ai
nhiu quc gia chu :
1- Trung Hoa :
Duoc hoc c t ruyn Trung Hoa phn bit 2 loai ring t hnh 2 vi t huc
khc nhau :
- Cao luong khuong ( Kao- lian- chiang) l r c Alpinia officinarum.
Vi t huc d duoc ghi t rong Danh Y Bi t luc, v t hung dng nhng c
d t r ng t 4- 6 nm, t hu hoach vo cui ma h.
( Goi l Cao- luong khuong= Gng Cao luong, v cy duoc ghi nhn du
t in t ai Kaolianchun t rong vng ng Bc Moumingshien ( Qung ng)
Cao luong khuong duoc xem l c vi cay, t nh nng, t c dng vo cc
kinh mach t huc Ty v Vi; c t c dung n t rung, t n hn, hnh kh ch
t hng gip lm m vng t rung t iu, gim cc cm gic dau, nht l cc
con dau bung, dau bao t dua dn i ma, nc cuc v nhng chng t iu
chy do lanh bung.
- t ri dau bung gy nn ma : Ring duoc dng chung vi Gng v
Qu.
- t ri dau bung do cm lanh : Ring dng chung vi Huong phu ( C
c) .
- t ri nc cuc : Ring dng vi ng sm ( Codonopsis Pilosulae) v
Phuc linh ( Por ia cocos) .
- Hng du khu ( Hon- dou- kou) l qu ca Alpinia Galanga, phoi kh
Vi t huc c t c dung t uong t u nhu ring t uoi, vi cay, t nh nng; nhung
cn di t hm vo kinh mach t huc Ph, gip lm t iu hn Kh xm nhp
vo bao t , gip t ng cung t iu ha v b dung Ty- Vi, t r i t iu chy, o
chua v i nguoc.
2- n d :
Ring duoc dng t lu di t rong Duoc hoc c t ruyn n d :
- Alpinia officinar um : Tn Hindi l Kulinj an, duoc dng lm t huc gy
hung phn, kin vi v t ro t iu ha.
- Alpinia galanga : Tn Hindi l kulanj an hay barakulanj an ; t ing
Phan sugandhvach, dng lm t huc gy hung phn, t rng duong ( kch
duc) , t r i phong t hp khp xuong, bnh dung h hp v lm t huc b kch
t hch t iu ha, gip gy t rung- t in.
3- Vit Nam :
Tai Vit Nam, nhiu loai Ring d duoc s dung t rong cc phuong
php t r i liu bng t huc Nam :
- Alpinia galanga hay Ring np, r ing m l loi chnh t hung dng
lm gia vi, lm t huc gip manh t y- vi, t r uc phong t , cha cc chng n
khng t iu, dy bung, nn ma, t iu chy.
- Alpinia officinarum hay Ring t huc, t uy cng dng lm gia vi nhung
t t hom hon ring np. Ring t huc t hung duoc dng d t ri cc chng dau
vng t huong vi, nn ma( dng chung vi Gng v Bn ha) , km t iu
ha; t r i cc chng dau, lot bao t ( dung chung vi C c) . Nuc p t uoi
duoc dng t hoa t ri lang ben.
Ghi ch : Trong t ng Alpinia cn c cc cy ch t r = Alpinia
oxyphylla , v cy Tho khu = Alpinia kat sumadai t uy t rong nhm cy
Ring, nhung duoc s dung khc hn v phuong din t ri liu. Xin xem bi
vit ring v cc cy ny. .
Ti liu s dung :
- Medicinal Plant s of China ( Duke & Ayensu)
- Medicinal Plant s of I ndia ( SJ Kain & Rober t DeFil ipps)
- Encyclopedia of Herbs ( Deni Bown)
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Mat eria Medica ( Dan Bensky)
- Pr ofessionals Handbook of Complement ary & Alt ernat ive Medicine
( Char les W. Fet row)
Roi hay Mn :
mt tri cy kh dc bit
________________________
___________________________
_____________________________
::: Ds Tr n Vi t Hung :::
Nan, nu goi t heo t ing Min Nam hay Roi, goi t heo min Bac Vit Nam l mt t ri cy
nhit di, c nhiu dac t nh kh t h vi.
Nhm Man ny t huc gia dnh t huc vat Myrt aceae, t heo sch vo My t h nn goi chung dui
t n goi t ai An d / M lai l j ambu. Cy c ngun gc tu ng Nam hay luc dia An cho qua c
hnh dang nhu t o nhung..an lai khc han.
Nhng cy dng ch gm :
Cy Roi ( L, Mn
b do ) : Syzygium
j ambos . y l cy duoc
cho l man 'chnh t hng' ;
t n Anh-My l Rose apple,
Malabar plum. M :
Pomarrosa. Cy t huc loai
t hn mc, cao t rung bnh
10-12m. L hnh mui gio,
t hon hep noi gc, t hon di
v manh pha dau, ln
co 13-20 cm x 3-5 cm,
cung ngan. Hoa kh ln
mu t rang hay xanh nhat ,
moc t hnh chm ngon.
Qua mong, gan nhu hnh
cau, c khi dang qua l,
duong knh 30 cm, xp, da ngoi vng nhat , hng, bng nhu t hoa sp v dnh t heo mt di hoa
xanh. Qua t uy t nuc nhung t hoang mi t hom hoa hng, t rong c 1-2 hat mu xm. Hat roi
nn khi lac hat nghe nhung t ing luc cuc bn t rong. Cy phn b t rong cc vng An-M,
I ndonesia, rat ph bin t ai Nam Vit Nam
Cy Roi d ( Mn huong
t u) : Syzygium
samarangense. Tn Anh-My
Java rose apple, Samarang
rose apple. M : Mammey
Pomorrosa Cy t hn mc cao
5-15 m nhnh khi cn non hoi
vung. Phin l ln hnh t hun
bau duc co 10-25 cm x 6-12
cm, cung di 4-8 mm. Hoa
moc t hnh ng 5-30 hoa o
ngon hay nch l d rung. Hoa
mu vng t rang , duong knh
3-4 cm, di hoa c ng di 1.5
cm, cnh hoa chung 10-15
mm. Qua mong mu d , c
khi t rang, xanh.. c dang
chung p nguoc di 3-6 cm
t rong c chua 1-4 hat mu nu. Loai qua mu d c vi ngot hon, da rat mng, t hit t rang v
xp..Gc t u Java (I ndonesia) Cy duoc t rng rat ph bin t ai ng Nam k ca Vit Nam, v
ngy nay t ai Nam v Trung My.
Ging man d duoc goi l
Champoo t ai Thi lan.
Cy diu d : Sygygium
malaccense Tn Anh-My : Malay
rose apple Cy t hn mc nh 4-10
m. L hnh ngon gio, t hun, nhon
sac gc v dau, ln 13-30 cm x
4-10 cm. L kh di, xanh nhat ,
mat t rn hoi bng. Cung di 4-10
mm. Hoa khng cung, mu hng d, moc t hnh xim 2-8 hoa. Qua ln co qua l, mu d xam
hnh t rung nguoc co 8cm x 5-6 cm mang t hy cua dai hoa cn t n lai. V qua bng , c khi c
soc t rang, nhiu nuc kh ngot . Hat to, t rn.
Cy moc hoang t ai cc dao vng Thi bnh Duong t u t hoi xa xua, v giu vai t r quan t rong
t rong Truyn t huyt t n gio Fij i, nguoi Hawai dng t hn cy d tac t uong t han. Hoa duoc dnh
d t Nu Than Pele cai t ri cc ni lua. Gc tu bn dao M lai, nay duoc t rng nhiu tai An, Nam
Trung Hoa, Hawai.(t n dia phuong l ohia ai0
Cy roi nuc hay Mn nuc : Sygygium aqueum . Tn Anh-My Wat ery rose apple hay
Wat er apple : Qua c dang chung khng du, phnh to hon pha dy, mu t hay di t u t rang dn
hng nhat , t hit dn mong nuc v kh t hom ngot, t rong chua nhiu ht . Pht xuat tu vng Nam
An d, cy rat ph bin t ai Ma lai. Tai I ndonesia ging man ny duoc ch tao t hnh si-s mang
t n Roej ak.
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
Mqn b do Mqn diu d
- Calories 56 n/ a
- Cht dam 0. 5 - 0. 7 g 0. 5 - 0. 7 g
- Cht bo 0. 2 - 0. 3 g 0. 1 - 0. 2 g
- Cht so 1. 1 - 1. 9 g 0. 6 - 0. 8 g
- Calcium 29. 0 - 45. 2 mg 5. 6 - 5. 9 mg
- St 0. 45 - 1. 2 mg 0. 2 - 0. 82 mg
- ng vt 0. 6 ppm
- Magnesium 4 mg n/ a
- Phosphorus 50 mg
- Sodium 34. 1 mg
- Bet a- carot ene
( A)
123 - 235 I U 3 - 10 I U
- Thiamine ( B1) 0. 01 - 0. 19 mg 15 - 39 mcg
- Riboflavine 0. 028 - 0. 050 mg 20 - 39 mcg
- Niacin 0. 521 - 0. 80 mg 0. 21 - 0. 40 mg
- Ascor bic Acid 3 - 37 mg 6. 5 - 17. 0 mg
- L S. j ambos chua t inh dau d bay hoi t rong c dl-alpha pinen (27%) v l-limonene
(24%), v mt s monot erpen khc; t anins, oleoresin.
- R v Hat S. j ambos chua alcaloid j ambosin v acid hydrocyanic.
Nhng nghin cu khoa hoc v Mn :
Nghin cuu t ai Khoa Duoc liu ai hoc Louvain Bi ghi nhan Dich chit tu V cy Man b
do (S. j ambos) c t c dung khng sinh : Dich chit bang nuc v bang acet one c kha
nang uc ch cc vi khuan St aphylococcus aureus, Yersinia ent erocolit ica, v cc vi-khuan
st aphyloccocus phan ung m vi coagulase. Hoat t nh ny duoc cho l do hm luong
t annins kh cao t rong v cy (77% khi t rch bang nuc v 83 % khi t rch bang acet one).
(Journal of Et hnopharmacology S 71-2000).
Nghin cuu t ai H I nt er American Universit y of Puert o Rico , San Juan ghi nhan dich
chit bang et hanol t u l man B do c kha nang uc ch su tang t rung cua
Mycobact erium smegmatis nng d 50 mcg ( dng dich chit 12%) (Puert o Rico Healt h
Sciences Journal S 17-1998).
Nan iu (S. malaccense) c chua mt s hoat chat loai flavan-3-ol, cc t annins loai
cat echin, v cc flavonol rhamnosides nhu mearn sit rin, myricit rin v quercit rin. Cc
flavan c t c dung chng sung do uc ch cc cyclo-oxygenase-1 . Tc dung uc ch ny
c t h so snh vi indomet hacin ( I C50 cua dich chit tu man l 3.3 dn 138 micro M, so
vi I C50 cua indomet hacin l 1.1 microM) (Plant a Medica S 64 -1998).
L Man huong t u (S. samarangense) chua alpha v bet a-carot ene lupeol, bet ulin, acid
epi-bet ulinic v mt s hoat chat loai dimet hyl chalcone v dimet hylflavanone, cc st erols
nhu bet a-sit ost erol, bet a-D-sit ost erylglucoside. Bet ulin v dimet hyldihydrochalcone c
hoat t nh uc ch men prolyl endopeptidase. (Vin Ha hoc-H Philippines Quezon Cit y -
Nat urforsch S 59-2004)
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
Ti Trung Hoa : Man b do hay Pu-t ao, Shui pu-t ao duoc xem l c tnh 'am', qua c tnh
t hanh-huyt v t hu-lim.
- t ri Nac cuc khng ngung : n lin t uc 30-60 gram man (b ht ), ngung chung 2
t ing, ri t ip tuc an.
- t ri Yu phi, ho v Phong t xm nhap : Dng 60 gram qua tuoi, hap chn vi 15
gram duong (t hm 200 ml nuc), b ht, nghin nt v an ngy 2-3 lan.
- t ri au bao tu v t iu chay do sung rut : Dng 60 gram qua, nghin nt ca ht .
Chung dn chn. n mi ngy 3 lan.
- t ri Tri, Chay mu : Dng 60 gram qua (phan t hit ), 30 gram ht . Rang ht dn khi
vng. Thm phan qua, t hm nuc vua xap v nau lua nh. Ung ngy 2 lan : sng v
ti.
- t ri Tiu duong : Dng 30 gram ht , sao dn vng ri t n t hnh bt . Nau nh lua
dn chn t rong nuc..Ung sng v t i.
- t ri Vt t huong chay mu : Dng hat rang dn khi bn ngoi t hnh t han nhung
bn t rong van cn mu vng-nu. Tn t hnh bt v rac t rn vt t huong.
Ti I ndonesi a : L S. j ambos duoc dng d t ri t iu chay, kit ly , nng st.
Ti Vi t Nam : L duoc dng sac d chua nhung bnh duong h hap.
Ti n d : Man S. j ambos duoc goi l Gulabj am. L nau lay nuc t ri dau mat, Qua dng
chua dau gan. V lm t huc t hu lim
Ti liu su dung
- Fruit s as Medicine (Dai Yin-fang & Liu Cheng-j un)
- Medicinal Plant s of I ndia (J. Cain)
- The Food Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
- The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
Su r i ng..
t r i cy m mi vj gy nhi u. . t r anh l u pn. .
: : : Ds Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Sau ring l mt t ri cy nhit di vi mt mi huong dac bit gy nhiu bn ci khng nhung
cho nguoi Ty Phuong m cn l van d gy nhuc dau cho Chnh quyn t ai mt s quc gia
nhu..Singapore..
Sau ring l mt t rong nhung..cy sng lu doi nhat t ai cc khu rung nhit di ng Nam ,
nhat l t ai Borneo v nhung dao t huc Quan dao M lai. Qua pht t rin day du c t h ln t u
bang mt qua bui dn mt qua bng d choi bng-chuyn, c t h t rn hay bau duc, nang t rn
5 pounds..
Ngay t ai cc nuc ng Nam ..cho dn Philippines..nhung nguoi ua t hch Sau ring d c
nhung nhan xt rat t ri nguoc nhau v qua ny..
Tai M lai, Thi lan, I ndonesia v Philippines ,Sau ring duoc cho l c t nh kch duc
(aphrodisiac) (Tuc ngu Ma lai c cu : Khi t ri sau ring rt xung..t h s rong duoc vn ln=
when t he durians fall, t he sarong rise) Qua sau ring duoc ua chung dn muc nguoi no..s
huu duoc mt cy sau ring..l du sng sut doi !v lm chu cy sau ring cung l ni kh v se
phai ngu dui gc cy d canh chung..d khng bi mat t rm qua ? Khoang cui t hap nin 20,
Cng t y Durian Fruit Product s of New York Cit y d dua ra t hi t ruong san pham 'Dur-I ndia' , nhu
l mt loai t huc pham bi b suc khe. San pham dung t rong chai v bn 9 d la mt l 12, du
dng cho 3 t hng..Cc vin ny duoc ghi t rong cng t huc l chua Sau ring v mt duoc t hao
t huc nhm Allium tu An d, cng vi luong kh cao Vit amin E. Cng t y quang co l t hnh
pham 'cung cap nang luong c dong..t t nhat t h gii, gip co t h hoat dng khng bit mt ,
t inh t han sang khoi..dau c sng sut ..' nhung t hnh pham.. khng bn duoc ! v sau d bin
khi t hi t ruong.
Singapore l quc gia c nhung luat l rat khat khe v Sau ring : cam ch t rn t axi, xe but,
t rn ph. Cng t y hng khng Singapore se tich t hu sau ring nu hnh khch..mang t heo, bat
k t rong hnh l sch t ay hay gui t heo phi co. Trong cc duong xe din ngam c t reo nhung
bang ve qua sau ring vi dau hiu vng t rn gach cho..nghia l cam mang t heo..ging nhu
cam t huc l, cam khac nh..Tuy nhin, t ai Nh hng Four Seasons giua t hnh-ph, c mt khu
vuc ring dat t n l Durian House..chi bn sau ring v cc san pham t u sau ring nhu bnh, sua
sc, kem, bnh t rung t hu nhn sau ring, keo...v ca m sau ring!
HongKong, noi m an sau ring l biu t uong cho su giau sang, sau ring t rng ni dia khng
du cung cap nn mi ma sau ring Hng hng khng Cat hay Pacific phai ch hng t ram t an t u
Bangkok v HongKong. Tai Bac Kinh..gi sau ring ln dn ..50 USD mt qua.
Nam 1966, mt cng t y Thi Lan d dua ra t hi t ruong..mt loai condom (! ) c mi sau ring..
Chnh phu Thi khng t hch sng kin (! ) ny v lay l do san pham lm mat uy tn gy hai cho
ngnh t rng t ia nn d cam san xuat !
Tn Khoa hc v cc t n t hng t huong :
Durio zibet hinus t huc ho t huc vat Bombacaceae.
'Duri' danh tu M lai c nghia l coc nhon, d chi v ngoi cua qua c nhiu gai cung nhu
nhung cy coc nh. 'Zibet hinus' , nghia l c mi kh ngui, hi nhu mi.. chn.
Tn Anh ngu : Durian.
Tn Kampuchea : Tu-ren ; Thi Lan : Turian (Vua cua cc loai qua); I ndonesia : Ambet an,
Dooren..
c t nh t hc vt :
Sau ring t huc loai cy t hn g ln, cao 15-20 m, c khi dn 30 m. L don moc so-le. Phin
day hnh t hun di, dau nhon t rn mat c
nhiu lng vay, mat dui mu vng. Hoa
moc t hnh chm t hn c nu t rn, cnh
hoa mau t rang, nhiu nhi.Hoa n ban dm
c mi t hom Sau ring t hu phan nho doi.
Qua loai nang m c vch, bn ngoi v c
gai nhon. Qua c t h cn nang t rn 2 kg (5
pounds), t u rung khi chn t i (do d rat nguy
him khi di t rong vuon sau ring khi ma
qua chn). Qua sau ring t hay di rat nhanh
t rong giai doan chn, c t h ln men kh
nhanh chi 2 ngy sau khi chn mi. Qua chn
nut t hnh 5-7 ngan, mi ngan chua tu 1 dn
7 ht . Ht mu vng, t o bao quanh c lp
o (t huong goi l com) mm mu vng nhat hay t rang, c huong vi dac bit. Cy t r hoa vo
t hng 3-4 (t ai Vit Nam, cy t r hoa khoang t hng 12), kt qua t rong cc t hng 4-5. C khi phai
cho dn 15 nam..cy mi cho qua.
Hin nay Sau ring duoc nhn ging bang nhiu cch nhu t hp mat , t hp cnh, ghp cy v
chit cy. Thp l phuong php duoc p dung nhiu nhat t ai Vit Nam. Cy t hp c t h cho qua
sau 3-5 nam, v mi cy c t h cho t u 50-70 qua.
Sau ring ni t ing nhat t h gii duoc cho l t rng tai Thi lan (Thi
lan hin l nuc dung hng dau t h gii v t rng v xuat cang Sau ring,
chung Mornt hong duoc xem l chung t t nhat c t h lm dng lanh d
xuat cang) Tai Thi cn c mt chung dac bit ..khng c mi !
Sau ring duoc dua vo Vit Nam tu Thi Lan v duoc t rng dau t in
t rong vng Tn qui (Bin Ha). Min Nam Vit Nam c nhiu vng dat rat
t hch hop d t rng Sau ring. Cc t inh min ng nhu Bnh long, Phuc
Long, Li Thiu v min Ty nhu Sc Trang, Bn Tre du t rng duoc sau
ring.. v c nhung loai Sau ring ni t ing nhu Sau ring 'ng T' (Long
Thnh), Sau ring 'kh qua' (My Tho), Sau ring Ci mon (ht lp)
Mi huong dac bit cua sau ring d duoc so snh vi nhiu t hu mi
nhu mi chn hi, mi cng rnh, mi..t hi cua..i(! ) hay mi hnh..t hi,
mi ph mt ..qu han !
Nguoi I ndonesia cho rang ngui mi sau ring nhiu qu se khng t t
cho suc khoe, nn cam khng cho mang sau ring t rn cc phuong t in chuyn ch cng cng..
Thnh phn di nh dung :
100 gram phan an duoc (com) b ht, chua :
- Calories 144
- Chat dam 2.5- 2.8 g
- Chat bo 3.1- 3.9 g
- Chat so 1.7 g
- Calcium 7.6- 9.0 mg
- Sat 0.73-1.0 mg
- Phosphorus 37.8- 44.0 mg
- Pot assium 601-1810 mg
- Sodium 15 mg
- Bet a-carot ene (A) 20-30 I U
- Thiamine (B1) 0.240-0.352 mg
- Riboflavine (B2) 0.200 mg
- Niacin (B3) 0.683- 0.700 mg
- Ascorbic acid 23.9-25 mg
Xt v phuong din dinh duong, Sau ring c t h duoc xem nhu l mt t ri cy b duong
chua nhiu carbohydrat es (gm nhiu duong huu co nhu sucrose, fruct ose, galact ose..) nn
cung cap nhiu nang luong. Tuy luong chat bo kh cao nhung t huc loai chat bo t t. Sau ring
khng phai l t huc pham..t t cho nguoi mun giu khng t ang cn..
Vi phuong t hc s dng :
ng Y dng v Sau ring lm t huc . Vi t huc duoc xem l c vi dang, tnh am c t c dung
t iu t huc, lim hn, n ph v chi khi. V sau ring sao den c t nh cam mu.
- Tai Philippines : Sau ring duoc dng rat nhiu t rong ky ngh bnh keo, lm mut ,
keo loai nougat. Ring tai Davao c mn ni ting Kem Sau ring-Magnolia. Sau ring cn xanh
c t h nau an nhu rau, v c t h nau chn ri lm bnh, nhung mat di phan ln mi v vi.
- Tai M lai : Sau ring duoc up duong hoac up mui d giu lu. Ht duoc nau chn
hay nung an t hay diu hay dau phng. Mn t empoyak l sau ring d ln men bang vi khuan
Lact obacillus plant arum, L.brevis.. ; Mn lempog l sau ring ngo duong an vi com; mn boder
l sau ring x nh t rn mui, hnh t y v dam..
- Tai I ndonesia : Dn vng Bat ak an cnh hoa t hay rau, dn dao Moluccas dng v
phoi kh d hun c..
- Tai Vit Nam : Sau ring l loai qua duoc xem l ngon v b. Hat duoc rang, nung,
vi t han hay luc an nhu hat mt . V sau ring dng chua dy bung, an khng t iu; v kh c
t h dng dt xng t ru mui. L v r d t ri cam nng, sung gan vng da.
Ti l i u s dng :
- Phyt ochemical and Et hnobot anical Dat abases (Jim Duke)
- The Oxford Companion t o Food (Alain Davidson)
- Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onst ad)
- St range Food (Michael freeman)
- Tu din Cy Thuc Vit Nam (V van Chi)
Mu t m...HOA SI M
' Ngy x ua nng yu hoa si m t m
o nng mu t m hoa si m..'
( Hu Loan)
::: Ds Tr n Vi t Hung :::
Cy Sim, Rhodomyrt us t oment osus, t huc ho t huc vt Myrt aceae duoc
goi t ai Anh My l Ceylon Hill Cherry, Hill gooseberr y, Downy Myrt le. . ngoi ra
cn c nhng t n khc nhu Nanking Cherry, Mongolian cherry . . Tai Trung
Hoa sim duoc goi l o kim nang ( Tao- j in- niang) . Sim moc hoang t ai cc
vng di t r oc t ai cc khu vuc ni non hay dng bng.
Tn goi Downy Myrt le ( Downy Cherry) do lng min ph l, dot non v
. . di khi c qu vo ma h.
Cy Sim c ngun gc t ai Trung , nhung sau d d duoc t hun ha t ai
Nht , Triu Tin v r i dn cc vng pha Ty Trung Hoa, dn t n Turkest an
( Nga s) . Cy t hch hop vi kh hu mt lanh, dt kh cn. .
Sim duoc dua vo Bc My nm 1882, v duoc ua t hch ngay vo giai
doan du nhp, nhung dn gia t h k 20, t h hu nhu bi qun lng. .
Cy t huc loai t iu mc, c t h moc t hnh bui, cao 1- 3m. L moc di c
phin dy, mp l nguyn, phin l c 3 gn, mt dui c lng min. Hoa moc
don dc hay t ng nhm 3 chic nch l. Hoa mu hng t m. Qu mong
mu t m xm, dung knh c 12mm, cha nhiu hat . Cy ra hoa vo cc
t hng 4- 5 v ra qu t rong cc t hng 8- 9. i hoa nhiu khi cn dnh lai vi
qu.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Ton cy cha Bet ulin v Lupeol; v t hn cha 19% t anin.
Qu Sim cha : ( 100 gram )
- Nuc 85 %
- Cht dam : 0. 6 g
- Cht bo : 0. 2 g
- Carbohydrat es : 10. 7 g
- Cht so : 5. 6 g
- Cc khong cht :
* Calcium ( 40 mg) ,
* Phosphor us ( 15 mg) ,
* St ( 0. 9 mg) .
- Cc vit amins :
* A ( 74 I U) , Thiamine ( 0. 07 mg) ,
* Riboflavin ( 0.04 mg) ,
* Niacin ( 0. 3 mg)
- Cc acid v dung hu co.
Duoc t nh v cch s dung :
R, l v qu Sim duoc dng lm duoc liu t rong Y hoc c t ruyn Vit
Nam v Tr ung Hoa.
Tai Trung Hoa : Cy duoc ghi chp t rong Bn t ho cuong muc t hnh 2 vi
t huc : qu l o kim nang ( Tao- chin- niang) hay Son nim t ( shan- nien-
t zu) cn r l Son nim cn.
Sim duoc xem l c vi ngot / cht , t nh bnh .
* R : c t c dung ' khu phong, hoat lac' , t hu lim v ch t ; duoc dng
d t ri sung bao t cp t nh, n khng t iu, sung gan, dau nhc do phong
t hp. .
* L : c t c dung t hu lim, ch t ; cng dng d t ri sung bao t , n
khng t iu, dng dp ngoi d t ri xut huyt .
* Qu : c t c dung b huyt , dng t ri t hiu mu khi c t hai, suy nhuoc
sau con bnh, an t hai.
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
t r j t hi u mu , mpt t i , mi l pnh, t ay chn l pnh, hay chong
vng, chng mpt : Dng 15 gram qu kh, 15 gram long nhn nhuc, 30
gr am dung phn. Nu la nh dn chn. n 1 hay 2 ln mi ngy, .
Gi p mau hi phc sau con bnh : Dng 30 gram qu kh, 30 gram
t hit heo nac v 2- 3 qu t o t u. Thm nuc, nu dn chn. n mi ngy.
Tr j dau hay l ot bao t , sung r ut v k i t l y : Dng 60 gram qu
kh, t hm nuc, hp dn chn nh v cht ly nuc. Ung mi ngy 1- 2
cups, bui sng khi t hc dy, v khi di ng. . Ung t rong 20 ngy.
Tr j t i u chy noi t r em : Sao dn chy den 30 gr am qu kh. un nh
la t rong nuc dn chn. Ung ngy 3 ln.
Xut t i nh, t ai , Chong vng v mt ng : Dng 60 gram qu kh,
mt qu tr ng, 30 gram dung vng, v luong va d ruou t rng ( vodka hay
sake) . Hm nh la dn chn. Ung ht mt ln t ruc khi di ng.
Cch ch t po pu Nhn t u ( Dou Ren w i ne) : Ly 500 gram qu kh
ngm t rong 1 lit ruou t rng ( hay vodka, sake) t rong 10 ngy, mi ngy lc ,
t r n mt ln. . c t h dng lm ruou khai vi.
Ti liu s dung :
- Medicinal Plant s of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)
- Fruit s as Medicine ( Dai Yin- fang & Liu Cheng- j un)
Su Ho
cy r au. . nn dng. .
: : : Ds Tr n Vi t Hung : : :
Su ho hay Kohlrabi l mt cy rau. . la t rong gia dnh cc cy c ci
Brassica. Mt s cy c ci t uy cng c t hn phnh t hnh c dng nui gia
sc nhu loai Neapolit an Borecole nhung khng cy no c c pht t rin t on
ven d c hnh dang bin di khc hn so vi cc cy cng ho. Su ho, c
ngun gc t vng quanh ia Trung Hi, duoc t rng kh ph bin t ai ng
u ( Hungary, Lin s c) , c, Bc Php, , o. . v t ai Do t hi, Trung
Hoa. . v nhng nuc n di. Cy t t hng dung t ai chu ngoai t r vng Bc
v n d, Kashmir, Nepal. .
Trong sch v c, ngay t Th k t h nht , Pliny d ghi chp mt loai c
' Corint hian t urnip' moc ni t rn mt dt , nhung sau d ng khng m t g
t hm. . Nhng ghi chp du t in dng t in cy cho t hy Su ho duoc t rng t ai
Php t t h k 14. . r i sau d duoc dua sang c ri sang
Cy duoc du nhp vo Vit Nam vo cui t h k 19 v duoc t rng t ai
nhng vng cao min Bc, t ai lat , Lm dng ( min Nam) , cy t hch hop
vi nhit d 12- 22 d C.
Tn khoa hoc v nhng t n goi :
Brassi ca oleracea gongylodes caul orapa hay ngn hon B.caulorapa, t huc
ho t huc vt Br assicaceae.
Tn la- t inh Br assica do t ing Celt ic : ' bresic' ; oleraceae d ch mt cy
rau t rng t rong vun c t h dng dun nu. Ch gongyl odes nghia l t rn hay
phnh t o ln; t rong khi d caul orapa l c ci ( t urnip) c ngon. Tn Anh ng
Kohlrabi do t ch la t inh ' caulis' = c ngon v ' rapa' = t urnip.
Tn goi t ai Php : Chou- Raves, t ai c : Knollkohl, t ai : Cavolo rapa.
c t nh t huc vt :
Su- ho t huc loai cy t ho lung nin, c t hn phnh t hnh c hnh cu
(dung knh t 5- 10 cm) hay cu dep, t hn- c mu xanh t a hay xanh nhat
moc cao hon mt dt khong vi cm t ao ra mt khi mm. L c phin hnh
t hun nhu t rng, phng mu xanh luc dm : mp l don sng, x t hy
phn gc, c cung di. Hoa moc t hnh cum ngon t hn. Qu cha nhiu
hat nh c gc canh.
Su ho t hung duoc t hu hoach khi cn non, c khi cn mm v khi gi c
ha so ( do cc b mach ha g kh nhanh) , n khng ngon, vi t r t hnh
nhat .
Vi ging t hng dung :
Gi ng Su ho t r ng= Whit e Kohlrabi ( Chou- rave Blanc) : L ngn, c
30- 40 cm, c cong dy nhu ngn t ay, c xanh nhat hay t rng dung knh
khong12- 20 cm. Cy cn 4 t hng mi duoc t hu hoach ( 6- 7 t hng l pht
t rin hon t on) . Khi l rung d lai t rn c nhng vt nhu vt t heo.
Gi ng Su ho t m = Purple Kohlrabi ( Chou- rave violet ) , khc vi ging
t r ng ch c, cong l v gn l du mu t m.
Gi ng Vi enna Kohl r abi ( Chou- rave Blanc ht if de Vienne) : y l
ging ngn ngy ( 2 t hng) , rt t l v l r t ngn c 15- 20 cm, cong mng.
Gi ng Gi gan t e ( Giant Wint er) : y l ging su ho dc bit , gc t
Tip khc, duoc chon d ci t hin t hm t ai Hoa Ky (do E. Meader New
Hampshire) . Cy cho c rt t o, dung knh t rn 25 cm, bnh t hung nng
t rn 10 pounds. C su ho gi k luc t h gii nng dn 62 pounds ( cn c
l) . Su ho Gigant e c t hm dc dim l phn t hit vn gi duoc d dn,
t r ng v mm d t hu hoach t r khi c d t uong di gi. Cc nuc ng u
dng su ho ny d lm mn sauerkraut .
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc cha :
C Tuoi C Nu Chn
- Calories 27 29
- Cht dam 1.70 g 1.80 g
- Cht bo 0.10 g 0.11g
- Cht so 1.00 g 1.10 g
- Calcium 24 mg 25 mg
- St 0. 40 mg 0. 40 mg
- Magnesium 19 mg 19 mg
-
Phosphorus
46 mg 45 mg
- Pot assium 350 mg 340 mg
- Sodium 20 mg 21 mg
- Bet a
Car ot ene ( A)
36 I U 35 I U
- Thiamine 0. 050 mg 0. 040 mg
- Riboflavine
( B2)
0. 020 mg 0. 020 mg
- Niacin ( B3) 0. 400 mg 0. 390 mg
- Pant ot henic
acid ( B5)
0. 165 mg n/ a
- Pyridoxine
( B6)
0. 150 mg
- Ascorbic
acid
62. 0 mg 54 mg
L su ho cng dng lm rau cha : nuc (82%) , cht dam ( 1. 9 %) ,
cht bo ( 0. 9 %) , cht so ( 2. 2%) .
Xt v phuong din dinh dung, Su ho l mt ngun cung cp kh t t
v Vit amin C ( vi nhng kh nng gip co t h chng d bnh, b dung v
gip hp t hu calcium) . Su ho cng l ngun cung cp Pot assium v Vit amin
B6. Theo khoa Dinh dung t r i liu t h Su- ho l mt t huc phm r t t t d
t hanh loc mu v t hn, gip nui dung da, loai cc cht dc khi co t h,
dng t hi b dung cho xuong, h t iu ha, v cc hach t rong co t h.
Hat Su ho c cha mt prot ein c t c dung c ch t rypsin, t uong t u nhu
napsin. Prot ein ny cha nhng acid- amin xp dt t heo nhng t rnh t u da
dang, chua duoc xc dinh r r t .
Hat Su ho cha Glucoraphanine mt t in cht ca Sulforaphane, v
nhng hop cht phc t ap khc nhu 4- hydr oxyglucobr assicin, glucosi nolat es,
acid bo loai erucic acid. . ( PubMed PMI D 14969551) .
Cng nhu cc cy rau t rong gia- dnh Brassica, Su ho cha nhm hop
cht dit hiolt hiones, c nhng t c dung chng ung t hu, chng oxy- ha; v
nhng indoles c kh nng bo v chng ung t hu v, ung t hu rut gi , v
sulphur c t hm hoat t nh khng sinh v khng siu vi t rng. ( xin doc ' Duoc
t nh ca nhng cy Rau ci' t rong Y- T Nguyt San)
Duoc t nh v cch dng :
Tai Trung Hoa, Su ho duoc goi dui cc t n qiu j ing gan lan, hay j ie lan
t ou. . Su ho duoc xem l c vi ngot / cay, t nh mt ; t c dung vo cc kinh
mach t huc Ty v Vi. V c c t c dung ha dm Thn c t c dung t iu vim,
gim dau. L v hat c t c dung t iu t huc.
Su ho t hung duqc dng d t r j ung l ot bao- t , ung l ot t
t r n g, n k hng t i u, n mt ngon : Lt v mt c su ho, t hi t hnh
ming mng, nh, d t rong bu t hy t inh; t hm mt ong va d d ngm
t rong 2 ngy dn khi su ho t r t hnh mm v ngm d mt . n hng ngy
( nhai nh) .
Tpi Vi t Nam, Su ho cng duqc dng nhu Ci bp d t r j bjnh sung
v l ot t t r ng : c t h p t uoi ly nuc ct ung hay dng chung vi l
sng di ( mi t h 30 gr am) , gi nt , vt ly nuc ung. .
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion ( Dianne Onst ad)
- Uncommon Fruit s & Veget ables ( Elizabet h Schneider)
- Veget ables as medicine ( Chang Chao- liang)
- Chinese Veget ables ( Ger i Harr ingt on)
- Medicinal Plant s of China ( J. Duke)
SU- SU -
Cy r au b| b qu n ?
::: DS Trn Vi t Hung :::
Trong s cc cy rau..Su-su c le l cy rau t uy kh t hng dung nhung lai rat t nguoi ch dn
cc dac t nh dinh duong v t ri liu cua cy..
Su-su hay Chayot e duoc xp vo cc cy nhm bau-b (squash), c ngun gc t ai Mexico, Brazil
(?) v vng Trung My (t n pht xuat tu t ing Axt ec Nahualt : `chayot l)..
Cy c le duoc dua sang t rng t ai dao Reunion t u 1836 v t u dy du nhap vo cc nuc min
Nam Chu u ( Cy duoc dua dn Algeria vo giua t h k 19 v sau d dn Php, d duoc goi l
christ ophene hay brionne) v sau d sang cc vng nhit di nhu An d, I ndonesia,
NewZealand..Tai Vit Nam, su-su duoc t rng t ai cc vng c kh hau mt nhu lat , Tam dao,
nhung noi c nhit d t hch hop 10-12 d C.
Tai Hoa Ky, su-su duoc t rng nhiu nhat cc t iu bang Louisiana, Florida, t uy nhin da s su-
su bn t rn t hi t ruong duoc dua dn t u Cost a Rica v Puert o Rico (Theo USDA khoang 38 t riu
pounds su-su duoc dua vo My nam 1996, t ang t u 20 triu nam 1990..v 5 t riu nam 1980..)
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n t hung goi :
Sechium edule t huc ho t huc vat Cucurbit aceae.
Tn t huong goi : Cust ard marrow, Choco, Veget able pear, Mango squash, Mirlit on (t ai Louisiana),
Christ ophine (t ai Trinidad), Pepinello, Sousous, Chocho, Chuchu..Pear apple, Veget able pear.
Tai vng pha Nam nuc , su-su c t n l cocuzza a cent anaia (cy bau b gia tang hng 100
lan, c le d chi kha nang sinh si nay n cua cy)
c t nh t huc vt :
Su-su t huc loai dy leo sng lu nam c t h cao 1-1.5 m, r phnh ra t hnh cu. Cy c l t o,
bng, hnh chn vit chia lm 5 t hy, c t ua cun chia lm 3-5 nhnh. Hoa nh, mu vng, don
t nh moc cng gc. Hoa duc moc t hnh chy, hoa ci moc don dc noi nch l. Hoa duoc cc
nh t rng t ia xp vo loai cho mat rat ngot . Qua mng t hit hnh t ri l c canh li v san si, v
ngoi c mu t hay di t u kem nhat t rang dn xanh luc dam, t rong chua 1 hat ln , co 0.25-0.50
cm hnh cau, hat c t h moc mam bn t rong qua chn. Qua tu hoa ci c da lng v duoc ua
t hch hon so vi qua t u hoa duc c nhung gai nh. Qua non v nh , khng can lt v, c vi
ngon hon qua gi v ln (cng gi vi cng nhat di, v can lt v khi su dung). Qua t rung bnh
nang t u 200 dn 450 gram. Cy su-su cho nang suat kh cao : mt cy c t h cho hng t ram
qua.
(c t i liu cho rang su-su gai v su-su t ron l do 2 ging khc nhau)
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
Qu t uoi Qu nu chn
- Calories 24 24
- Cht dam 0.90 g 0.62 g
- Cht bo 0.30 g 0.48 g
- Cht so 0.70 g 0.58 g
- Calcium 19 mg 13 mg
- St 0. 40 mg 0. 22 mg
- Magnesium 14 mg 12 mg
- Phosphorus 26 mg 29 mg
- Pot assium 150 mg 173 mg
- Sodium 4 mg 1mg
- Bet a- Carot ene ( A)
56 I U 47 I U
- Thiamine ( B1) 0. 030 mg 0. 026 mg
- Riboflavin ( B2) 0. 040 mg 0. 040 mg
- Niacin 0. 500 mg 0. 420 mg
- Pant ot henic acid 0. 483 mg 0. 408 mg
- Ascorbic acid 11 mg 8 mg
v phuong din dinh duong : Su-su cung cap t calories, t hch hop cho nguoi tiu duong, bo
ph. Su-su cung chua t sodium v nhiu pot assium, nhiu chat so (100 gram cung cap khoang
15 gram chat so dinh duong) nn t hch hop cho nguoi cao huyt p, t o bn.
Nhng nghin cu v duoc t nh ca Su- su :
- Nghin cuu t ai H West I ndies, Kingston (Jamaica) ghi nhan cc dich chit t u v ngoi v t u
phan t hit cua qua su-su khi chch cho chut d bi gy m, t ao ra mt t c dung ha huyt p
(khoang 23 mm Hg), v khng gy anh hung t rn nhip t im. Hoat tnh ha huyt p c le khng
do anh huong t rn cc bap t hit co t im (West I ndian Medical Journal S 49-2000)
- Dich chit Su-su c hoat t nh uc ch kh manh kha nang gy bin chung cua 2-amino-3-
met hyl-imidazol[ 4,5-f] quinoline t rn vi khuan Salmonella t yphimurium TA 98. Hoat tnh ny gip
nhung nguoi an su-su c t hm kha nang ngua vi loai ung t hu..(Food Chemist ry and Toxicology
S 39-2001).
- Nghin cuu t ai BV S. Giuseppe, Milano () ghi nhan ch pham Bionormalizer ( ch tao do ln
men du du, su-su v pennset um purpureum) c kha nang cai t hin d nht , d t ham loc cua
mu noi nhung nguoi nghin ruou. Cc hoat t nh ny gip bnh nhn nghin ruou mau phuc hi
duoc cc chuc nang huyt -hoc (Hepat ogast roen t erology S 48-2001)
Vi phuong t hc s dung :
- Su-su, khi mua v nn su dung cng sm cng tt v t n t ru t rong t u lanh, qua se t hay di sau
1 t uan, t ao ra mt vi mc mat ngon. Thit cua qua mu xanh nhat c d dn v vi duoc xem l
pha t rn giua dua leo, zucchini v su-ho. Su-su non c vi ngot hon v can lt v t ruc khi dun
nau. Khi lt v nn lt dui vi nuc dang chay d t rnh c t h bi ngua do nhua cua qua)
- C t h dng dot non, l lm rau.
- Ht su-su , c t h an duoc sau khi nau chn, c vi tuong t u nhu dau ngu (dau lima) pha t rn
vi hanh nhn.
- R cu kh ln v sp c khi nang dn 10 kg, c vi nhu khoai mi.
- L su-su duoc xem l c t c dung `t hanh nhit , t iu thung' nn c t h dng d t ri mun nhot ,
lm `mt ' co t h.
- Tai vng Nam Trung Hoa, su-su duoc goi l Phat -t hu qua do hnh dang cua qua ging nhu mt
bn t ay nam lai c nhung vt li ln nhu nam dam. Nguoi Hoa hay dng su-su nau vi t hit heo
lm canh dinh-duong gip t ri nhung t ruong hop suy nhuoc, co t h mat suc.
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion (Diane Onst ad)
- Uncommon Fruits & Veget ables (E. Schneider)
- The Oxford Companion to Foods (Alain Davidson)
- Prevent ion Magazine's Nut rit ion Advisor.
- The Visual Food Encyclopedia (Quebec/ Amerique)
To
To Tu
Ti Ty
Wasabi
Gia vi khng t h t hiu
t rong mn SUSHI
::: DS Trn Vit Hng :::
Ngui Vit Nam t ai Hoa Ky, nu ua t hch mn n Nht , chc s phi bit
dn mt gia vi dc do khng t h t hiu, goi l Wasabi, t hung duoc don km
t heo mn Sushi, khi ngi s cm t hy ngay mt ln hoi cay, xc t hng ln
mi, gy chy nuc mt rn r ua.
Vi ngui ngoai quc n mn Nht , wasabi l mt t hnh phn duong
nhin phi c t rong sushi v nu sushi hay sashimi m khng c. . wasabi t h
l mt chuyn. . khng t h chp nhn duoc. . t heo nhu khng c t chili t rong
mn t uong- t ! !
Sn phm wasabi dang duoc by bn t ai cc Cho t huc phm Hoa Ky, da
s l nhng hn hop ch bin ' nhi lai' bt chuc t heo mn wasabi t ruyn
t hng t ai Nht ( ch t ao bng cch nghin ci wasabi, t rng t ai Nht ) . Nu
doc ky nhn hiu in t rn cc hp t hic ' Wasabi powder' hay cc ng cha
' Prepared wasabi' t h s t hy nguyn liu chnh d ch t ao cc sn phm ny
l horse radish v mu xanh ca sn phm l do phm mu t ao ra. . v di
nhin dy khng phi l ' Wasabi xin'
Tn khoa hoc v cc t n goi khc :
Eut rema wasabi hay Wasabi j aponica t huc ho t huc vt Brassicaceae
Cc t n khc : Wasabia, Japanese horseradish. Mount ain hollyhock
Namida ( Nuc mt ) ( Nht )
c t nh t huc vt :
Wasabi t huc loai cy lung nin, t hn moc t hng dng cao 20-
40 cm, r t hnh chm, moc lan. L hnh t hn hay hnh t ri t im ln
dn 15cm, mt trn xanh bng, c cung di mu luc hay t m- t a,
moc t dy t hn. Hoa c 4 cnh mu t rng moc t hnh chm nh.
Qu t huc loai nang di v hep, t r ong cha vi hat ln.
R c c t h hoi cong, c r t nhiu r phu nh, c v mu nu
nhat hay xanh nhat , c nhng mt nh t rn t on t hn. Sau khi cao
ht v s d l phn t hit mu xanh luc nhat
R c duoc t hu hoach vo ma Xun hay ma Thu, khong 2 nm sau
khi t r ng, c t h dng t uoi, hay phoi kh ri t n t hnh bt ( R c t uoi duoc
cao hay lm t hnh khi nho d n t rong cc mn c sng, L v hoa duoc
t hu hoach lc hoa bt du n : dng n t uoi hay mui chua lm t hnh mn
wasabi- zuke. ( Khi cao c wasabi t uoi, khong 20 cht men duoc phng t hch
, khi dng cc phn ng ha hoc d t ao ra cc huong vi dc bit )
Theo t ruyn t hng Nht , wasabi duoc t rng t ai cc vng dt ven sui hay
b si doc cc ging sng nuc t rong vt t ai cc t hung lng vng ni cao
t rong ni dia Nht , nhung t ai Nht ngy nay dt cn dt hon c vng. . nn
din t ch canh t c wasabi cng ngy cng bi t hu hep, khng t ng t 1945
t rong khi d nhu cu wasabi lai gia t ng t heo d pht t rin ca mn n Nht
di khp t h gii, nht l qua My v u chu. Gi wasabi t ng khin cc nh
sn xut phi t m moi cch d t hay wasabi bng horseradish. . chc chn l
phm cht km hn ! (Gi bn nm 1999, mt hp wasabi t uoi nng 1 pound,
d cho 30 phn n, gi di t Nht l 52. 95 d la US, chua k ph t n dng
gi v gi di)
Mt s noi t rn t h gii d t m cch t r ng wasabi d cung cp cho nhu
cu ca Nht , da s du t ht bai. . v hin nay ch Oregon ( Hoa Ky) . . l noi d
t r ng duoc. . wasabi.
Tai Florence ( Oregon) , wasabi duoc t rng t rong cc t r ai s dung mi
t r ung nhn t ao ( hydroponic) , t ao cc diu kin t h- nhung t uong t u nhu t ai
Nht . Cy khng t rng t hat , nhung do nhn ging v- t nh ( cloned) t rong
cc ng t h nghim t ai mt s Trung Tm Sinh hoc California v Seat t le.
Cy ging duoc chuyn v Florence, t rong nh king c h t hngkim sot
nhit d v phun suong, diu ha d m hon t on t u dng. Mi nm khong
100 ngn cy ' mi' duoc sn xut t heo quy t rnh khp kn ny.
Trai nui t r ng Wasabi t ai Florence duoc bo v cn t hn bng h t hng
hng ro cao 8 foot v h t hng bo dng canh gi.
Sau 5 nm nghin cu v t h nghim, dot t hu hoach t huong mi du
t in d dat duoc kt qu t t vo nm 1997, chng minh duoc l wasabi. . c
t h t rng duoc. . ngoi ni dia Nht . . t r i hn vi su khng dinh ca cc Nh
t r ng t a Nht , qu quyt l. . ' khng t h c wasabi. . ngoi dt Nht ' !
Nm 1994, d c ngui mun vo t rai bng cch. . leo ro v bi nhn vin
an ninh bt gi ( t ay leo ro ny mang t heo my quay kim v cc t hit bi din
t rt t i t n d do v ghi chp.. v l nhn vin ca mt s qun ngoai
quc. . khng duoc nu t n. . ) , mt ln khc, 4 ngui t rn mt chic limousine
li nhanh vo t r ai, 3 ngui ha knh xe xung, quay phim t ht le v chun
nhanh. . dy l nhng ngui Nht !
Nm t h Wasabi :
Wasabi t uoi c vi khc hn vi loai wasabi lm bng horseradish ( dung
t rong ng hay loai bt phi ' t i t ao' t ruc khi n !
Khi t ri mng 2 loai wasabi va k, t rn mt lt mng c ahi t una sng,
ri chm vo ' x du' ( soy sauce) . . ngui n s t hy c 2 loai wasabi du dua
dn mt muc t iu l c mt ln hoi cay. . xc ln mi. . nhung t rn t huc
t. . bng 2 li khc nhau :
Wasabi ' dm' ( t hay bng horseradish) .. c v ging nhu bt du mt cuc
'dua xe' : Al- hp! Hoi xc nhanh ln mi v c v nhu t am lai mt cht . .
gai vi gic cn c t hi gian d ly lai cm gic. .
Nguoc lai, Wasabi ' xin' , cao nh v cn d t 10- 15 pht ch cho d cay
v vi nng pht t rin d. . xc vo mi t t , t ng dn dn cuc dim ( nhu
nghe mt bi nhac crescendo) . Vi cay nng sau d nhat dn d lai mt huong
vi dc bit . . v cc gai vi gic khng bi nh hung nn vn cm nhn duoc vi
ngon ca c. .
Trong t r ung hop l n qu liu wasabi, bi hoi cay gy ho hay sc dn
tc nghen, nn bt du t h bng ming, t rnh ht vo t heo dung mi d hoi
cay khng xm nhp phi, v nn dng 1- 2 hp nuc ngot d gip gim vi
cay.
Cc nghin cu v duoc t nh ca Wasabi :
Ngay t t h k t h 10, ngui Nht d ghi chp v Wasabi t rong cc sch
y- duoc v cho rng wasabi c t h t ri duoc cc chng ng dc v t huc phm
v dng wasabi nhu mt phuong t huc gii dc.
Ngy nay, da s cc nghin cu v wasabi duoc t huc hin t ai Nht
Kh nng chng ngung t t i u cu v chng ung t hu :
Nghin cu t ai H Nagoya ( Nht ) nm 2000 ghi nhn 6- Met hylsulfinyl
hexyl- isot hiocyant e ( MS- I TC) c lp duoc t Wasabi c hoat t nh manh
chng ngung t u t iu cu ( in vit ro) . y l mt khm ph bt ng khi
t h nghim mt s rau c v kh nng kch hoat men glut at hione S-
t ransfe rase t rn t bo RL 34 : MS- I TC kch khi r t manh GST v
duoc cho l c vai t r quan t rong chng t iu cu v chng ung t hu do
phn ng vi nhm sulfhydr yl ( RSH) ( Biofact ors S 13- 2000) .
Nghin cu khc t ai H Shizuoka ( Nht ) ghi nhn MS- I TC gy ra t in
t rnh apopt osis noi dng t bo ung t hu mu noi ngui U937 v t bo
ung t hu bao t noi ngui dng MKN45 ( Phyt ochemist ry S 62- 2003) .
Nghin cu t ai H Kanazawa Gakuin ( Nht ) ghi nhn MS- I TC c ch
duoc su t ng t r ung ca nhiu loai t bo ung t hu nht l ung t hu v
v ung t hu loai melanoma, nng d s dung t uong di t hp : nng
d t rung bnh cn t hit d c ch duoc 50% s t bo nui cy l 3. 9
microM. c dim ny khin MS- I TC rt c t rin vong d dng t r i ung
t hu. ( Cancer Det ect and Pr event ion S 29- 2005)
Cht desulfosinigrin ly t r ch t bt v t r t uoi wasabi c t c dung
lm gim duoc nguy co bi mt s ung t hu nhu rut ( t h t rn t bo
HCT- 116) , v ( t bo MCF- 7) , phi ( NCI H460) ( Nut rit ion Cancer S
48- 2004) .
Cc hop cht linolenoyloleyl- 3- bet a- galact osylglycerol ( 1) v 1, 2-
dipalmi t oyl- 3- bet a- galact osylglycerol ( 2) t rch duoc t wasabi cho
t hy c hoat t nh c ch men COX- 1 nng d 250 microg/ mL ( cht
1 c ch 42% v cht 2: 47%) . Ngoi ra cht 2 , nng d 60 microg/
mL, c ch duoc su t ng t r ung ca c t bo ung t hu rut ( 28%) ,
phi ( 17%) , bao t ( 44%) ( Nghin cu ca Michigan St at e Universit y
t rong Journal of Agricult ural Food Chemist ry S 9- 2005)
Nghin cu t ai H Y khoa Hyogo ( Nht ) ghi nhn wasabi c kh nng
c ch duoc cc t in t rnh ung t hu bao t gy ra bi N- met hyl- N'-
nit rogua nidine ( t h noi chut ) ( Nut rit ion Cancer S 16- 1991) .
Hopt t nh k hng si nh :
Nghin cu t ai I wat e Biot echnology Resear ch Cent er ( Nht ) : Mt hop
cht loai pr ot ein, t am goi l Wj AMP- 1, t r ch duoc t l wasabi c hoat
t nh khng sinh v khng nm. Khu vuc C- t n cng ca pr ot ein ny c
t rnh t u acid amin gn ging vi hevein ( t rch t cy cao- su Hevea
br asiliansis) . Mt hop cht loai Wj AMP- 1 - recombinant dang duoc t h
nghim d chng nm gy bnh v siu vi ( pot at o virus X) t ai Nht
( Plant Cell Physiology S 44- 2003) .
Hai loai phyt oalexins t rch t wasabi : Wasalexin A v B c hoat t nh
chng nm blackleg ( Lept oshaeria maculans) , nm Phoma lingam ( H
Saskat chewan- Canada) .
Nghin cu t ai H Kangnung ( Nam Hn) ghi nhn cc allyl isot hiocya
nat e t rong r , l v dot wasabi ( t l t rong r l 1. 18 %, t r ong dot l
0. 41% v t rong l: 0. 38%) c hoat t nh chng Helicobact er pylori cc
chng NCTC 11637, YS 27 v YS 50. L wasabi c hoat t nh st t rng
manh nht , nng d c ch t i t hiu ( MI C) l 1. 01- 1. 35 mg l kh/ ml
di vi c 3 chng Helicobact er; hoat t nh ca r t hp hon, phi dng
2. 09- 4. 17 mg/ ml. Tuy nng d allylt hiocyanat e t rong l t hp hon l
t rong r nhung t c dung st t rng lai manh hon, do d c t h t rong l
cn c t hm cc hoat cht khng sinh khc ( I nt ernat ional Journal of
Food Microbio logy S 94- 2004) .
Hopt t nh gi i dc t hc phm :
Allyl isot hiocynat e c nhng t c dung c ch su t ng t r ung ca cc vi
khun gy ng dc t huc phm v nm gy bnh. L v r wasabi du
c hoat t nh loai peroxidase, oxy ha v t hu nht cc superoxyde.
Hoat t nh chng bin chng ( t ao ung t hu) duoc ghi nhn kh manh
t rn 2- amino- 3, 8- dimet hylimidazo[ 4, 5- f] quinoxaline ( mt cht gy
bin chng v t ao ung t hu gp t rong c, t hit nung) . 3 cht gii dc
d duoc c lp, t rong d cht chnh l ( - ) - ( R) - 7-
met hylsulfinylhept yl isot hiocyanat e ( Biofact ors S 13- 2000)
Ti liu s dung :
Encyclopedia of Herbs ( Deni Br own)
The Oregonian Food Day ( March 18, 1999)
Herbs ( Lesley Br emness- Eyewit ness & Handbooks)
Japanese Cooking ( Emi Kazuno)
On Food and Cooking ( Harold McGee)

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