LI NI U

Trong nhng nm gn y, m hnh ha tr thnh phng php rt

hiu qu trong nghin cu khoa hc, trong thc t sn xut cng nh trong
phc v ging dy v hc tp. Trn th trng th gii cng xut hin rt
nhiu phn mm Thit k - M phng mch in t cng sut. C th k ra cc
phn mm nh : PSPICE, TINA, MATLAB, SIMSEN, SUCCES, PSIM Cc
phn mm ny chnh l cng c gip cc k s, cc nh sn xut ti u ha cng
vic ca mnh, t to ra nhng sn phm in t chnh xc, ng tin cy v gi
thnh thp.
nhiu trng i Hc v Cao ng vic m phng mch in t
cn nhiu kh khn v thiu v trang thit b thc hnh. Nhiu thit b m
phng c, s lng module t nn khng p ng c ht cc nhu cu v
ging dy v hc tp.
p ng v nhu cu thc tin t ra chng em la chn ti tt
nghip Khai thc phn mm PSIM - m phng mch in t cng
sut. Vi nhng mc tiu sau:
- Gii thiu v phn mm v ng dng ca phn mm PSIM
- Gip sinh vin s dng phn mm ny hiu r hn l thuyt hc.
- Phc v cho mc ch nghin cu, hc tp nng cao trnh ca
bn thn.
n c trnh by thnh 5 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v mt s phn mm m phng mch in t
cng sut.
Chng 2: Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM.
Chng 3: Tng quan v l in v l in tr.
Chng 4: Thit k mch lc v mch iu khin l in tr.
Chng 5: Kt lun v xut.
Trong qu trnh lm n, vi s tm ti v nghin cu ca bn thn,
c bit l s gip rt nhit tnh ca c gio Nguyn Th ip chng em
hon thnh n ny. Tuy nhin do thi gian nghin cu cn hn ch,
nn n ny ca chng em khng trnh khi nhng thiu xt. Em rt mong
Li ni u
nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c v cc bn n ca
chng em hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!


2
Chng 1. Tng quan v mt s phn mm m phng mch in t
Chng 1
Tng quan v mt s phn mm m phng mch in t
1.1. Matlab/Simulink
y l phn mm c ph cp mc ton cu. Hin nay nc
ta, Matlab cng kh quen thuc trong lnh vc iu khin v t ng ha.
Tuy nhin t phin bn 5.3 ca matlab mi cho php thm nhp vo lnh vc
in t cng sut (power electronic). y l phn mm b sung ca mc
power system blockset nm trong phn simulink. Trong a ra m hnh
cc phn t bn dn l: tiristo, diot, GTO, MOSFET v ideal switch. Tt c
cc phn t ny u c m phng nh mt mch gm in tr mc ni
tip in cm khi trng thi dn dng in, cn khi khng dn dng th
tng ng t mch (tng tr bng v hn), ngoi ra lun c mch RC u
song song. Bng cch ghp tng hnh theo mt s c th no , c th
thit lp mt th vin cc mch in t cng sut theo mun (th d nh
mch chnh lu cu hoc mch bm xung,)
Phn mm m phng bng Simulink rt thun li khi cn phn tch v
kho st kha cnh h thng, nht l vi h thng kn, mch in t
cng sut ch l mt khi ca h thng. Trong simulink, cc van c m
phng hoc nh mt kho l tng, hoc nh mt in tr hai trng thi.
Nh vy, phn t bn dn m phng khng phn nh chnh xc c tnh
Vn-ampe ca chng na song iu khng nh hng n bn cht ca h
thng c nghin cu, mt khc li gim c ng k thi gian tnh my.
Lu rng trong simulink, cc xung iu khin cho cc van l tn hiu mc
logic 0/1, khng phi l in p iu khin hay dng iu khin cho van nn
khng cn ch v phng din cch ly gia lc v iu khin.
1.2. Phn mm TINA (Toolkit for Interative Netword Analysis)
y l phn mm chuyn dng cho phn tch mch in, mch in t
dng tng t v xung s mch in t cng sut do hng designsoft a ra
th trng. TINA c thanh cng c c trng l cc phn t m phng mch,
c chia lm 8 chc nng chnh : phn t c bn (basic components), o
lng (meters), nhm ngun (sources), linh kin bn dn (semiconductors),
mch cng (gate), mch lt flip-flop (flip-flop), mch logic (logic IC).. i


3
Chng 1. Tng quan v mt s phn mm m phng mch in t
vi mch phn tch in t cng sut th hay dng nht 4 nhm u, trong
c trng chnh th hin nhm ngun v nhm c phn t bn dn. Nhng
nhm quan trng hn c l m hnh cc linh kin bn dn:diot, transitors,
tiristo, triac, diac.
im khc bit ca cc m phng trong TINA so vi m hnh cng
loi trong MATLAB l chng c xy dng theo bn cht hot ng vt l
bn dn th hin bng cc phng trnh vi nhiu tham s c trng, do
m hnh m phng rt st c tnh Vn-ampe thc ca chng loi . V vy
a vo mch mt bng bn dn c th cn phi bit kh nhiu tham s
ca n, iu ny khng phi lc no cng bit c. d dng cho ngi
s dng, th vin ca TINA c sn hng trm loi bng thng dng trn th
trng vi cc tham s chun do nh ch to cung cp.
1.3. Phn mm PSPICE (Power Simulation Program with
Intergrated Circuit Emphases)
PSPICE l phn mm m phng mch in -in t trng i hc
tng hp California Berkeley sng to ra. Hin nay PSPICE c xem l
mt trong nhng phn mm m phng mch in-in t mnh v ph bin
trn th gii. C th ni rng trong lnh vc m phng mch in t PSPICE
cng thng dng nh MATLAB trong m phng h thng t ng. Phn
mm ny cho php ngi dng thit lp m hnh phn t ca mnh theo nh
hng nghin cu ring, m ra kh nng rng ln cho cc chuyn gia trong
lnh vc in t cng sut. y l sn phm mi nht, nhm tng hp cc
giai on thit k ch to mch in t: xy dng mch nguyn l, m
phng, chuyn mch nguyn l mch sang mch in, sang my lm mch
in...
Th vin ca PSPICE rt ln, ln n hng chc nghn linh kin in
t, bng bn dn, vi mch IC ca rt nhiu hng trn th gii, v vy rt
thun li khi thit k hay kho st mch s dng cc linh kin c sn trong
th vin v xy dng cc m hnh ring, t thit lp th vin ring phc v
mc ch ca mnh.
Ging nh TINA, trong PSPICE c sn rt nhiu loi ngun in
ngi kho st s dng (ngun in p, dng in mt chiu, ngun in
hnh sin, dng sng theo hm m, ngun tn hiu iu ch tn s) v 4 ngun
ph thuc c bn. Ngoi ra cn c cng tc in t c iu khin bng


4
Chng 1. Tng quan v mt s phn mm m phng mch in t
in p hoc bng dng in. Cc phn tch chnh l c tnh truyn t, c
tnh tn s, im lm vic mt chiu, c tnh ng. Trong m phng mch
in t cng sut quan trng nht l phn tch ng (transient analysis).
Trong PSPICE ch phn tch ny thng tn thi gian tnh ca PC, khi
mch phc tp hoc thi gian kho st ln, dung lng ca file d liu ny
c th ln n hng trm MB. V vy khi chng trnh ang chy ta c th
tm dng chng trnh theo di v kim tra s b nu thy khng t th
ngt hn chng trnh sa i..
1.4. Phn mm PSIM (Power electronics simulation software)
PSIM l phn mm mch do hng LAB-VOLT (Hoa K) - Mt trong
cc nh sn xut cc thit b dy hc ni ting vit v a ra th trng. y
l phn mm khng ch mnh trong hc tp, ging dy m cn l ti liu c
bn cho cc k s khi nghin cu, phn tch, khai thc mch in t cng
sut, cc mch iu khin tng t v s, cng nh trong h truyn ng
xoay chiu (AC), mt chiu (DC).
PSIM chy trong mi trng Microsoft Windows 98/NT/2000/XP vi
yu cu b nh RAM ti thiu l 32 MB. Chng trnh thit k mch ca
PSIM l mt chng trnh c tnh tng tc cao gia giao din ca cc th
mc v phn mm son tho mch in vi ngi s dng. Cc phn t ca
mch c cha trong menu Elements. Cc phn t c chia thnh bn
nhm l: Phn t mch cng sut (Power), phn t mch iu khin
(Control), phn t ngun (Sources) v cc phn t khc (Others). Th vin
trong PSIM bao gm hai phn: Th vin hnh nh (PSIMimage.lib) v th
vin danh sch (PSIMLIB). Th vin danh sch khng th sa i c,
nhng th vin hnh nh c th sa i hoc to lp mt th vin hnh nh
ring cho ngi s dng.
Nhn chung, PSIM c nh gi l mt phn mm d s dng, trc quan,
dung lng nh v kh mnh trong lnh vc in t cng sut. PSIM c u im
m phng c lp mch lc v cc khi iu khin c xy dng sn, ta ch
vic lp ghp. V vy, chng em la chn ti n l: Khai thc phn mm
PSIM m phng mch in t cng sut.


5
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
Chng 2
Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
2.1. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
2.1.1. Khi nim chung
PSIM bao gm 3 chng trnh:
Hnh 2.1. Qu trnh m phng trn PSIM
PSIM Schematic: chng trnh thit k mch
PSIM Simulator : chng trnh m phng.
PSIM VIEW : chng trnh hin th th sau khi m phng .
PSIM biu din mt mch in trn 4 khi:
Hnh 2.2. Biu din mt mch in trn PSIM
- Power circuit: mch ng lc.
- Control circuit: mch iu khin.
- Sensors: h cm bin.


Power circuit
Switch
controllers
Sensors
Control circuit
SIMVIEW
PSIM schematic
PSIM simulator
6
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
- Switch controllers: b iu khin chuyn mch.
Mch ng lc bao gm cc van bn dn cng sut, cc phn t RLC,
my bin p lc v cun cm san bng.
Mch iu khin s c biu din bng cc s khi, bao gm c
cc phn t trong min S, min Z, cc phn t logic (v d nh cc cng
logic,flip-flop) v cc phn t phi tuyn (v d b chia). Cc phn t cm
bin s o cc gi tr in p, dng in trong mch lc a cc tn hiu
o ny v mch iu khin. Sau mch iu khin s cho cc tn hiu n
b iu khin chuyn mch iu khin qu trnh ng ct cc van bn dn
trong mch lc.
2.1.2. Khi ng chng trnh
Khi khi ng chng trnh th PSIM Schematic s chy u tin, cc bn
vo File --> New, giao din nh sau:
Hnh 2.3. Giao din ca chng trnh PSIM
Thanh chun (Standard) gm: File, Edit, View, Subcircuit, Element,
Simulate, Option, Window, Help. Mi thao tc trong PSIM u c th thc
hin c t thanh chun ny.
Thanh cng c gm: New, Save, Open...V cc lnh thng dng nh
Wire (ni dy), Zoom, Run Simulation (chy m phng)...
Thanh di cng l cc linh kin thng dng nh in tr, cun cm,
t in, diode, thyristor,
2.1.3. Biu din tham s cc phn t
Cc tham s mi phn t, b phn ca mch c i thoi trn ba
ca s ca PSIM bao gm :


Menu
toolbar
Circuit
window
Element
toolbar
7
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
- Cc tham s (Parameters).
- Cc thng tin khc (Orther Info).
- Mu sc (Color).
Hnh 2.4. Ca s trao i tham s trn PSIM
Ca s Parameters c s dng trong qu trnh m phng, cn ca s
Orther Info khng s dng cho m phng m ch dnh cho ngi s dng,
cc thng tin ny s c hin ra trong mc View/Element List.V d nh
cc thng s loi thit b, tn nh sn xut, s sn xutCn ca s Color
xc nh mu sc cho tng phn t.
Trn ca s Parameters, cc tham s c a vo di dng cc s
thp phn hoc dng biu thc ton hc. V d mt in tr c th c biu
din di cc dng sau:
12.5 ; 12.5 k ; 12.5 Ohm ; 12.5 kOhm ; 25/2 Ohm.
Cc lu tha sau s dng cc ch ci th hin :
G : 10
9
M : 10
6
K : 10
3
m : 10
3
u : 10
6
n : 10
9

p : 10
12
Cc hm ton hc sau c s dng:
+ php cng
- php tr
* php nhn
/ php chia
^ hm m
SQRT hm cn bc hai
SIN hm sin
COS hm cos
TAN hm tang
LOG hm logarit c s t nhin


8
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
2.2. Mt s phn t mch lc
2.2.1. in tr, in cm v in dung (RLC)
Vi PSIM, cc phn t R, L, C ri rc hay mt nhnh RLC u c th c
m t vi cc iu kin u c xc nh (dng in trn L, in p trn C).
Ngoi ra mch ba pha i xng, nhnh RLC cng c m t vi cc iu kin u
c xc nh bng 0 bng cc k hiu R3, RL3, RC3 v RLC3.
Hnh 2.5. k hiu phn t RLC mt pha v ba pha
2.2.2. Cc kho chuyn mch
C hai dng c bn ca kho ng ct trong PSIM : mt l theo kiu kho
gm hai trng thi (ng v m kho), hai l theo kiu ba trng thi (ng, m v
lm vic trong ch khuych i tuyn tnh).
Kho hai trng thi bao gm : it (DIODE), iac (DIAC), tiristor (THY),
triac (TRIAC), GTO, tranzito cng sut theo kiu npn (NPN) hoc pnp (PNP),
IGBT, MOSFET knh n (MOSFET_n) v knh p (MOSFET_p), v kha hai chiu
(SSWI). Cc phn t ny c m t nh cc kho l tng, ngha l trng thi
ng (cho dng chy qua) kho c ga tr ni tr bng 10

, cn trng thi m
(khng c dng) s c gi tr 1M.
Hnh 2.6. k hiu diot, diac v thyristor trong PSIM
Kho ba trng thi bao gm hai loi tranzito pnp (PNP_1) v npn (NPN_1).
Hnh 2.7. k hiu tranzito ba trng thi


9
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
2.2.3. Khi iu khin Gating block
Khi ny ch c ni vi cc iu khin ca cc kho in t hai trng thi
k trn v c xc nh tnh cht trc tip ca block Gating.
M t mt Gating block:
Hnh 2.8. K hiu ca Gating block.
Frequency: tn s lm vic khi ni vi cc kho in t.
Number of points: s ln tc ng trong mt chu k.
Switching points: Gc tc ng trong mt chu k.
2.2.4. My bin p
C cc loi nh : My bin p l tng, my bin p mt pha v ba pha vi
cc kiu u dy.
Trn Psim cc loi my bin p mt pha sau y c s dng :
- Mt cun dy s cp v mt cun dy th cp (TF_1F/TF_1F_1)
- Mt cun dy s cp v hai cun dy th cp (TF_1F_3W)
- Hai cun dy s cp v hai cun dy th cp (TF_1F_4W)
- Mt cun dy s cp v bn cun dy th cp (TF_1F_5W)
- Mt cun dy s cp v su cun dy th cp (TF_1F_7W)
Hnh 2.9. k hiu cc loi my bin p mt pha
Trn Psim c cc loi my bin p ba pha tr sau :
- My bin p 3 pha 2 cun dy c cc u dy ra ca u v cui cun
dy (TF_3F)
- My bin p 3 pha ni Y/Y v Y/ (TF_3YY/TF_3YD)


10
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
- My bin p 3 pha 3 cun dy ni Y/Y/ v Y/ /
(TF_3YYD/TF_3YDD)
Hnh 2.10. k
hiu cc loi
bin p ba
pha
2.2.5. Cc
mun ca
b bin i mt pha v ba pha
Cc mun b bin i mt pha bao gm cu chnh lu mt pha bng
it v tiristo c biu din nh sau :
Hnh 2.11. Mun chnh lu cu mt pha
Cc mun ca b bin i ba pha bao gm : chnh lu cu ba pha
it BDIODE3, chnh lu cu ba pha tiristo BTHY3, chnh lu tia ba pha
tiristo BTHY3H :
Hnh 2.12. Mun chnh lu cu ba pha
2.3. Mt s phn t mch iu khin
2.3.1. Khi hm truyn
Khi hm truyn c biu din bng t s ca hai a thc ca t s v mu
s nh sau :
G(s) = k
A s A s A s A
B s B s B s B
n
n
n
n
0
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
2
2
...
...
+ + + +
+ + + +


11
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
C hai dng ca khi hm truyn trn PSIM : loi th nht cho cc gi tr
khng ban u ( TFCTN), loi th hai cho cc tham s vo ban u(TFCTN1).
Bao gm cc khi nh : khi t l, khi tch phn, khi vi phn, khi tch
phn - t l v khi lc.
Hnh 2.13. K hiu khi t l
Hnh 2.14. K hiu khi tch phn
Hnh 2.15. K hiu khi t l - tch phn
2.3.2. Cc khi tnh ton
Bao gm cc khi nh khi cng, khi nhn v chia, khi hm cn bc hai,
m, lu tha, logarit , khi hm tnh gi tr hiu dng RMS, khi hm tr tuyt i
v du, khi hm lng gic v khi bin i Fourier nhanh FFT.
Hnh 2.16. K hiu cc khi cng
Hnh 2.17. K hiu cc khi nhn v chia
Hnh 2.18. K hiu cc khi hm cn, m, lu tha v logarit
2.3.3. Cc khi hm khc
2.3.3.1. Khi so snh
Tn hiu ra ca khi so snh s c gi tr dng khi tn hiu vo cc (+)
c gi tr ln hn cc (-), s c tn hiu ra bng 0 khi tn hiu cc (+) nh hn.
Khi gi tr vo hai cc bng nhau th tn hiu ra lun gi gi tr thi im .



12
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
Hnh 2.19. K hiu khi so snh
2.3.3.2. Khi hn ch
Tn hiu ra ca khi hn ch s bng gi tr tn hiu vo khi tn hiu
cha vt qu gi tr gii hn, cn khi tn hiu vo vt qu tn hiu gii
hn th tn hiu ra s mc hn ch cao nht hoc thp nht.
Hnh 2.20. K hiu khi hn ch
2.3.3.3. Khi xung hnh thang v xung ch nht
Hai khi, khi xung hnh thang (LKUP_TZ) v khi xung hnh ch
nht (LKUP_SQ).
Hnh 2.21. K hiu xung hnh thang v xung ch nht
2.3.3.4. Khi tr thi gian (time delay block)
Khi ny s to tr mt khong thi gian ca dng sng u vo, v d
nh chng c s dng vo m hnh ca phn t truyn sng c tr hay
phn t logic. m t khi tr thi gian ch cn xc nh thi gian tr tnh
theo giy (s).
Hnh 2.22. K hiu khi tr thi gian.
2.3.4. Cc phn t logic
2.3.4.1. Cng logic
l cc cng logic : cng AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND v NOR.
Hnh 2.23. k hiu cc cng logic
2.3.4.2. Khi chuyn i A/D v D/A


13
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
y l cc khi chuyn i tng t/s (analog/digital) v ngc li,
vi 2 loi tn hiu s 8 bit v 10 bit.
Hnh 2.24. k hiu cc khi chuyn i A/D v D/A
2.4. Cc phn t khc
2.4.1. Cc dng ngun
2.4.1.1. Ngun mt chiu DC
Cc dng ngun mt chiu c k hiu (_GND) l loi c ni t, k
hiu (V) l dng ngun p, k hiu (I) l ngun dng.
Hnh 2.25. K hiu cc ngun DC
2.4.1.2. Ngun hnh Sin
Ngun hnh sin cng bao gm hai loi ngun dng v p,c k hiu
hnh 2.25. i vi ngun mt pha v ngun in p sin ba pha i xng ni
(Y) c k hiu nh hnh 2.26, vi pha A c k hiu du chm trn ngun.
Hnh 2.26. K hiu ngun hnh sin mt pha ngun hnh sin ba pha
2.4.1.3. Ngun sng ch nht
C 2 loi ngun sng ch nht : ngun p (VSQU) v ngun dng
(ISQU) c k hiu nh hnh 2.27.


14
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
Hnh 2.27. K hiu ngun sng ch nht
2.4.1.4. Cm bin in p/dng in
Cc cm bin s o gi tr in p v dng in trong mch ng lc
s dng trong mch iu khin. Cm bin dng s c ni tr l 1

.
Hnh 2.28. K hiu cc cm bin in p v dng in
2.4.2. B iu khin chuyn mch
2.4.2.1. B iu khin kho ng ct (on-off switch controller)
B iu khin nh mt giao din gia tn hiu iu khin v kho
ng ct mch lc : tn hiu u vo ca khi l 0 hoc 1 t mch iu khin
s a n cc iu khin ca kho ng lc.
Hnh 2.29. k hiu ca b on-off switch controller.
2.4.2.2.B iu khin gc m

B iu khin dng iu khin gc m ca tiristor, k hiu vo ca

b iu khin bao gm : gc

, tn hiu ng b v tn hiu cho php

(enable/disable signal). Qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu ng b t 0 n 1 s
cung cp thi im ng b gc 0
0
. Cn gc m

c xc nh t tn
hiu tc thi, alpha c tnh theo .
Hnh 2.30. k hiu ca b alpha controller.
M t:
Frequency: tn s tc ng ca b, Hz.
Pulse width: rng xung iu khin, .
2.4.3. Mch ph (Subcircuit)
Cc bc thao tc mt mch ph nh sau:
- New subcircuit: Thit lp mt mch ph mi.
- Load subcircuit: Ti xung mt mch ph c, mch ph
ny s hin th trn mn hnh nh mt khi.


15
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
- Edit subcircuit: Son tho kch thc tn file ca mch ph.
- Set size: Ci t ln ca mch ph.
- Place port: t v tr cng kt ni gia mch chnh vi
mch ph.
- Display port: Hin th cng kt ni ca mch ph.
- Edit default variable list: Son tho danh sch cc thng s mc
nh trn mch ph.
- Edit image: Son tho hnh nh ca mch ph.
- Display subcircuit name: Hin th tn ca mch ph.
- Show subcircuit ports: Hin th tn cng ca mch ph trong
mch chnh.
- Hide subcircuit ports: khng cho hin th tn cng ca mch ph
trong mch chnh.
- Subcircuit list: Danh sch tn file ca mch chnh v mch
ph.
- One page up: Quay tr li mch chnh, khi mch ph s
c lu t ng.
- Top page: Nhy t mch ph (mc thp) ln mch
chnh (mc cao) cho php s dng d dng
khi c chiu mch ph.
2.4.3.1. Ta mch ph trong mch chnh
Cc bc to mt mch ph c tn file mach-phu.sch trong mch chnh c
a ch mach-chinh.sch nh sau:
- To mach-chinh.sch.
- Trong mach-chinh.sch chn menu subcircuit chn new
subcircuit.
- Mt khi vung s xut hin trn mn hnh to mch ph.
2.4.3.2. kt ni mch ph trong mch chnh
Khi mch ph c thit lp cng vi cc cng kt ni ca n
xc nh, cn ni mch ph vo mch chnh theo cc bc sau:
- Trong mch chnh cc im ni ca khi mch ph s xut hin cc vi cc
vng trn rng.
- Chn khi mch ph v chn Show subcircuit ports trb menu Subcircuit
hin th tn cng c xc nh phn trn.
- Dng dy ni vo cc im ni tng ng.


16
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
2.5. Cc bc tin hnh m phng mch in t cng sut
tin hnh kho st mt mch in t cng sut, cn tin hnh cc bc
sau :
1. Xc nh m hnh cc phn t bn dn cn c thit lp mch cn kho
st, nht l cc van bn dn cng sut.
2. Thit lp s nguyn l ca mch cn nghin cu. Thng thng gm
hai phn: s mch lc v s mch iu khin.
3. Chuyn i t s nguyn l sang chng trnh m hnh ho theo ngn
ng chuyn dng ca phn mm.
4. Vo cc tham s s v s liu kho st.
5. Tin hnh kho st, thng chia thnh hai bc:
a) Chy th chng trnh vi ch quen thuc m kt qu bit trc
kim tra chnh xc ca m hnh.
b) Khi m hnh t tin cy, tin hnh nghin cu vi cc ch cn kho
st theo yu cu t ra.
2.6. V d m phng
2.6.1. Thit k mch in
Thit k mch bm p mt chiu s dng hai khi iu khin cho IGBT:
Gating block hoc switch controller vi tn s ng ct ca bm l 5 kHz.
2.6.2. Ci t tham s cho cc phn t ca mch lc
ci t cc tham s vo mt phn t, trc tin ta nhy kp chut tri vo
phn t , trn mn hnh xut hin ca s i thoi ngi s dng c th a
tham s vo.
Hnh 2.31. Thit k mch bm p mt chiu
2.6.3. Ci t tham s cc phn t ca mch iu khin


17
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
* Mch iu khin dng Gating block :
- Tn khi iu khin : Go
- Tn s lm vic : 5000 Hz
- S ln tc ng trong mt chu k : 2
- Gc tc ng trong mt chu k : 180
o
Hnh 2.32. Hp thoi m t khi Gating block
*. Mch iu khin dng switch controller :
Tn hiu vo ca khi ny l tn hiu so snh COMP, so snh hai tn hiu :
ngun mt chiu VDC v ngun xung tam gic VTR1.
Hnh 2.33. hp thoi tham s cc phn t mch iu khin dng switch controller
2.6.4. Chy m phng
Sau khi thit k mch, m t v ci t cc tham s cho tt c cc phn t
trong mch, ta tin hnh m phng mch bng cch n nt chut tri ln k hiu
khi ng m phng (Run Psim) trn thanh cng c ca ca s mch thit k. khi
Psim s khi ng v chy chng trnh m phng mch (Psim simulator).


18
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
Trn mn hnh s xut hin ca s la chn cc ng cong m phng hin th
(hnh 2.34): ca s bn tri l cc ng cong hin th, ca s bn phi l ng
cong cn hin th. Trong cc ng cong I (L1) v V1 l cho mch bn tri
(hnh 2.31) cn I (L2) v V2 l cho mch hnh bn phi.
Hnh 2.34. Ca s la chn hin th cc ng cong kt qu
Hnh 2.35. ng cong kt qu m phng I(L1) V1 vi f=5000 Hz.
Hnh 2.35 l ng cong kt qu m phng I (L1) v V1 trong min thi gian.Vi
cc tham s ging ht nhau ca mch bn phi (hnh 2.31) so vi mch bn tri th
kt qu ng cong I(L2) v V2 s ging I(L1) v V1.


19
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
nghin cu nh hng ca tn s ng ct mch bm p mt chiu ny ta cho
tham s f bin thin.Gi s ta thay i tn s b ngun sng tam gic VTR1 l 1000
Hz, vi cc bc Run Psim v Run simulator, ta c ng cong ca I (L2) v V2.
Hnh 2.36. ng cong kt qu m phng I(L2) v V2 vi f=1000 hz v L2=0.001 H
Nhn xt :
So snh kt qu ca hnh 2.35 v 2.36 vi cng mt t l trn trc y, hin th
trong cng mt khong thi gian trc X, ta thy :
- tn s 5000 Hz th sau khong 2ms, in p v dng in u ra gn nh
c gi tr mt chiu phng n nh (V1 = 50 V; I(L1) = 10 A).
- Trong khi vi tn s 1000 Hz th in p v dng in ra ca bm c
gi tr mt chiu dao ng vi bin ln vi tn s 1000 Hz. ci thin
dng sng u ra tn s ny ta tng gi tr cun khng san bng. Hnh 2.37
l dng ng cong kt qu ca I (L2) v V2 khi L2 = 0.01 tn s 1000 hz
(cc phn t khc gi nguyn tham s).


20
Chng 2. Gii thiu v phn mm PSIM
Hnh 2.37. ng cong kt qu m phng I (L2) v V2 vi f=1000 hz ; L2 = 0.01 H
Trn y l gii thiu s lc v s dng PSIM m phng in t cng sut.
lm r hn u im ca phn mm PSIM, chng ti s thit k b iu
khin cho l in tr vi thng s:
Dt = 300
0
500
0

P max = 50 kW
P = 3 kW
Ngun 50 Hz ; 3 pha 380 V.


21
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in
Chng 3
Tng quan v l in
3.1. Gii thiu chung v l in
3.1.1.nh ngha
L in l mt thit b in bin in nng thnh nhit nng dng trong cc
qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau nh nung hay nu luyn cc vt liu, cc kim loi v
cc hp kim khc nhau ,v.v..
- L in c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc k thut:
+ Sn xut thp cht lng cao
+ Sn xut cc hp kim phe-r
+ Nhit luyn v ho nhit luyn
+ Nung cc vt phm trc khi cn, rn p, ko si
- Trong cc lnh vc cng nghip khc:
+ Trong cng nghip nh v thc phm, l in c dng sy, m
vt phm v chun b thc phm
+ Trong cc lnh vc khc, l in c dng sn xut cc vt phm
thu tinh, gm s, cc loi vt liu chu la
L in khng nhng c mt trong cc ngnh cng nghip m ngy
cng c dng ph bin trong i sng sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi
mt cch phong ph : bp in, ni cm in, bnh un nc in, thit b
nung nn, sy in
3.1.2. u im ca l in so vi cc l s dng nhin liu
L in so vi cc l s dng nhin liu c nhng u im sau:
+ C kh nng to c nhit cao
+ m bo tc nung ln v nng sut cao
+ m bo nung u v chnh xc do d iu chnh ch in v nhit

+ C kh nng c kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh cht d nguyn liu

v vn chuyn vt phm
+ m bo iu kin lao ng hp v sinh, iu kin thao tc tt, thit
b gn nh
3.1.3. Nhc im ca l in
- Nng lng in t
- Yu cu c trnh cao khi s dng .
3.2. Gii thiu v l in tr


22
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in
3.2.1. Nguyn l lm vic ca l in tr
L in tr lm vic da trn c s khi c mt dng in chy qua mt dy
dn hoc mt vt dn th s to ra mt nhit lng theo nh lut Jun-Lenx :
Q=I
2
RT
Q - Lng nhit tnh bng Jun ( J )
I - Dng in tnh bng Ampe ( A )
R - in tr tnh bng m
T - Thi gian tnh bng giy ( s )
T cng thc trn ta thy in tr R c th ng vai tr:
- Vt nung : Trng hp ny gi l nung trc tip
- Dy nung :Khi dy nung c nung nng n s truyn nhit cho vt
nung bng bc x, i lu, dn nhit hoc phc hp. Trng hp ny
gi l nung gin tip .
Trng hp th nht t gp v n ch dng nung nhng vt c hnh
dng n gin ( ch nht, vung, trn )
Trng hp th hai thng gp nhiu trong thc t cng nghip.Cho
nn ni n l in tr khng th khng cp n vt liu lm dy nung,
b phn pht nhit ca l.
3.2.2. Yu cu i vi vt liu lm dy nung
- C bn c kh cao, khng b bin dng nhit cao.
- C in tr sut ln.
- H s nhit in tr nh.
- D gia cng, d hn, hoc d p khun.
3.2.3. Cu to l in tr
L in tr gm 3 phn chnh : v l, lp lt, dy nung.
3.2.3.1. V l
V l in tr l mt khung cng vng, ch yu chu ti trng trong qu
trnh lm vic ca l. Mt khc v l cng dng gi lp cch nhit ri v m
bo s kn hon ton hoc tng i ca l. Khung v l cn cng vng chu
c ti trng ca lp lt, ph ti l v cc c cu c kh gn trn v l. C cc loi
v l nh v l trn, v l ch nht
3.2.3.2. Lp lt
Gm hai phn l vt liu chu la v cch nhit.
Phn vt liu chu la c th xy bng gch tiu chun hay gch hnh c
bit tu theo hnh dng v kch thc cho ca bung l. Phn vt liu chu la


23
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in
cn m bo cc yu cu nh: Chu c nhit lm vic cc i ca l, c
bn tt, m bo kh nng gn dy nung bn v chc chn
Phn cch nhit thng nm gia v l v phn vt liu chu la. Mc ch
ch yu ca phn ny l gim tn tht nhit. Ring i vi y, phn cch nhit
i hi phi c bn c hc nht nh. Phn cch nhit c th xy bng gch cch
nhit hoc c in y bng bt cch nhit.
3.2.3.3. Dy nung
Theo c tnh ca vt liu lm dy nung, ngi ta chia dy nung lm hai
loi : dy nung kim loi v dy nung phi kim loi. Trong cng nghip, cc l in
tr dng ph bin l dy nung kim loi.
Hnh 3.1. l ging
Thng thng trong thc t, ngi ta hay s dng b iu chnh xung p
xoay chiu ba pha iu khin nhit ca cc l in tr.
3.3. Phng php iu khin l in tr bng mch iu p xoay chiu
ba pha
Trong thc t ta hay ngui ta hay s dng b iu chnh xung p ba pha iu
khin nhit ca cc l in tr. Nu b bin i xung p ba pha c ghp t ba
b bin i mt pha v c dy trung tnh th dng qua mi pha s khng ph thuc
vo dng ca cc pha khc.


24
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in
Hnh 3.2. B bin i xung p c dy trung tnh v khng dy trung tnh.
Khi phn tch hot ng ca s ta cn xc nh r xem trong cc giai
on s c bao nhiu van dn v nh cc quy lut di y ta c th c c biu
thc in p ca tng giai on, t mi tin hnh tnh ton. Di y l cc quy
lut dn dng ca van trong mch iu p xoay chiu ba pha:
- Nu mi pha c mt van dn th ton b in p ba pha ngun u ni
ra ti.
- Nu ch hai pha c van dn th mt pha ngun b ngt ra khi ti, do
din p a ra ti bng in p 2 pha c van dn.
- Khng th c trng hp ch c mt pha dn dng.
Ta xt hot ng ca mch iu p xoay chiu ba pha dng su thyristor u
song song ngc, ti thun tr u hnh sao trn v dng th quan h gia cng
sut ti v gc

:
Cng sut ti l : P = 3.R.I
2
. Trong I l tr s hiu dng ca dng in
ti. Dng in ny bin thin theo quy lut dn dng ca van nh sau :
- Nu mi pha c mt van dn ( hay ton mch c ba van dn ) :
i =
R
U
dm
3
sin(+

)
(3.1)
- Nu ch c hai van dn ( hay ton mch c hai van dn ) :
i =
R
U
dm
2
sin(+

)
(3.2)
trong :
U
dm
l bin in p dy.


25
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in

l gc lch pha gia in p v dng in giai on ang xt.

Tu thuc vo gc iu khin m cc giai on c ba van dn hoc hai van
dn cng thay i theo.Ta thy c ba khong iu khin chnh:
3.3.1. Khong van dn ng vi

= 0

60
0
Trong phm vi ny s c cc giai on ba van v hai van dn xen k nhau
nh th sau y :
Hnh 3.3.
0
30 , th in p pha A ca ti gc dn thyristor ( )
0
180
Da vo th ta c th xc nh c biu thc lin quan gia cng sut ra
ti P v gc iu khin

:
P = 3.I
2
.R = 3
R
2
U
a
(3.3)
Trong
U
a
l tr hiu dng ca in p ti pha a.
Trong trng hp ang xt ta c :
( )

,
_

2 sin .
4
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
a
U
d U U
a

(3.4)

3.3.2. Khong van dn ng vi

= 60
0

90
0

,
_

+

2 sin .
4
3
2
3
1
3
2
a
U
R
P
26
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in
Trong phm vi ny lun ch c cc giai on hai van dn. Ta c th in
p ra :
Hnh 3.4.
0
75 , gc dn van khng i v bng
0
120
Da vo th ta c th xc inh c biu thc lin quan gia cng sut ra
ti P v gc iu khin

:
P = 3.I
2
.R = 3
R
2
Ua
=
R
3
.

2
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
a
a
d U
2
6
2
sin .
2
6

=
R
U
2
3
[

2 cos
8
3 3
2 sin
8
9
2
1
+ + ] (3.5)
3.3.3. Khong van dn ng vi

= 90
0

150
0



27
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in
Hnh 3.5.
0
105 , van dn hai on (
) 150
, xen gia l on ngh khng c van
no dn di ( ) 90
0
.
Trong phm vi ny ch c cc giai on hai van dn hoc khng c van no
dn xen k nhau. Ta c th in p ra ( nh hnh v ).
Da vo th ta c th xc nh c biu thc lin quan gia cng sut ra
ti P v gc iu khin

:
P = 3.I
2
.R = 3.
R
2
Ua
=

d U
R
2
6
sin . .
2
6
.
2
.
3

,
_

= 1
]
1

+
+

8
2 sin 3 2 cos 3 3
2
3
4
5 3
2
R
U
(3.6)
Theo ba biu thc (3.4), (3.5), (3.6) v cho cc gi tr

khc nhau, ly P

= 0 l 100% ta c bng cc gi tr v th biu din quan h gia cng sut ra

ti P v gc iu khin

:


28
Chng 3. Tng quan v l in
Bng 3.1. Cc gi tr biu din quan h gia cng sut ra ti P v gc iu khin

Hnh 3.6. th quan h gia cng sut ra ti P v gc iu khin

Nhn xt : Cng sut a ra ti l ln nht khi gc iu khin

= 0 nhng
vi

= 30 th cng sut ra ti cng xp x khi

= 0.
Trong mch iu p xoay chiu ba pha su thyristor u song song ngc ti thun
tr u tam gic, dng in p tng pha cng nh vy. Tuy nhin, do ti u tam
gic nn khi mch c ba van dn th in p ri trn in tr ti l in p dy, khi
mch c hai van dn th in p ri trn in tr ti gia hai dy l in p dy
cn in p ri trn hai in tr cn li bng mt na in p dy.

P%

P%
0
15
30
45
60
100
99
95
86
70
75
90
105
120
135
150
50
29.3
13.6
4.3
0.5
0
29
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Chng 4
Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
4.1. Thit k tnh ton mch lc
4.1.1. Tnh chn van bn dn
Trong mch iu p xoay chiu ba pha dng cho l in, ta s dng mch
iu p xoay chiu ba pha su thyristor u song ngc, ti thun tr u sao.
Cc biu thc th hin quan h gia cng sut ra ti P v gc iu khin

: cng
thc (3.4), (3.5), (3.6).
Hnh 4.1. B bin i xung p khng c dy trung tnh

Cng sut nh mc ca l in l dm
P
= 40 (kw)
Tn hao ca l in l P 3 (kw)
Trong thc t, l in c th coi l h tiu dng in loi mt, ngha l ngun
cung cp cho l in l n nh. Tuy nhin, m bo hiu qu cng nh s an
ton trong hot ng ca l in, ta s chn mt lng cng sut d tr cho l in
phng trng hp in p ngun v mt l do no b st p. Ngoi ra, trong
qu trnh hot ng ca mnh, l in cng chu thm mt s tn tht khc nh tn
tht trn cc van bn dn, tn tht trn ng dy Nhng do khng ng k so
vi tng tn tht v nhit ca l nn ta c th b qua nn ta chn cng sut cc i
ca l l :
50
max
P P
(kw). Ta c :


30
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
) ( 444 , 1
10 . 50 . 2
380
2
2
3
2
max
2
2
max

P
U
R
R
U
P
dm
t
t
dm
(4.1)
Ta xc nh c dy in tr ca l c gi tr l 1,444 ( ).
T hot ng ca mch iu p xoay chiu vi cc gin n in p trn ta
xc nh c in p ngc ln nht trn mi van :
t U U
d nv
sin 2
537 380 . 2 2
max

d ng
U U
(V) (4.2)
chn gi tr ca in p ngc ln nht trn van, ta s chn thm h s d
tr in p k u = 1,6 2
Ta chn: k u =1,6. T Ung = k u .U max ng =1,6 . 537 = 860 (V)
I max tb =
2
1

sin
2
0
max

I

I max tb =
R
U
f
2
max
[-cos

-(-cos 0)]
I max tb =
. 444 , 1
2 . 220
= 68,6 (A) (4.3)
Chn iu kin lm vic ca van l c cnh tn nhit v din tch tn
nhit. Nh vy ta chn k i = 2,1 =>
144 6 , 68 . 1 , 2 .
max

tb i tb
I k I
(A)
Ta c Unv v I tb ta chn 6 thyristor loi SC150C80 c cc thng s :
n
U
dm
I
pik
I
g
I
g
U
r
I
dt du dt di
cm
t
800
(V)
150
(A)
2800
(A)
0,1
(A)
3
(V)
15
(mA)
200
(V/
s
)
180
(A/
s
)
80 (
s
)
Bng 4.1. Thng s ca thyristor.
4.1.2. Tnh ton bo v van bn dn
trnh hin tng qu dng, qu p trn van c th gy nn hng van ta
phi c nhng bin php thch hp bo v van. Bin php bo v van thng
dng nht l mc mch R, C song song van bo v qu p v mc ni tip cun
khng bo ho hn ch tc tng dng.
4.1.2.1. Bo v qu dng
Do ti ca l in l ti thun tr nn khi van c tn hiu iu khin m th
dng qua van s tng t ngt vi tc tng dng rt ln s gy hng van. V vy,
ngi ta cn phi mc vo trc van mt cun dy hn ch tc tng dng.


31
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Cun dy c dng l mt cun khng bo ho c c tnh l: Khi dng qua
cun khng n nh th in cm ca cun khng hu nh bng khng v lc ny
cun dy dn in nh mt dy dn bnh thng.
Ta c mch nh hnh v:
Hnh 4.2. Mch bo v qu dng ca Thyristor
tnh ton gi tr ca cun khng ta xt qu trnh qu trong mch:
U f = i.R + L.
dt
di
(4.4)
Ta thy rng, tc tng dng ln nht l:
dt
di
max =
L
U
f
(4.5)
m bo an ton cho van ta phi chn L sao cho
dt
di
max phi nh hn
tc tng dng chu c ca van, hay l:
max
dt
di
< 180 (A/
s
)

180
f
U
=
180
2 . 220
= 1,728
H
(4.6)
Ta chn cun khng bo ho c gi tr l 1,73
H
, loi li khng kh v in
cm nh.
4.1.2.2. Bo v qu p
Sau khi tnh ton bo v chng tc tng dng, ta tnh ton bo v qu p
cho van. Ngi ta chia ra hai loi nguyn nhn gy nn qu p:
+) Nguyn nhn ni ti
L do s tch t in tch trong cc lp bn dn. khi kho van thyristor bng
in p ngc, cc in tch ni trn i ngc li hnh trnh, to ra dng in
ngc trong thi gian rt ngn. S bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy
nn sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm, vn lun lun c ca ng
dy ngun dn n cc thyristor. V vy, gia ant v catt ca thyristor xut hin
qu in p.
+) Nguyn nhn bn ngoi
Nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xy ra ngu nhin nh khi ng ct khng
ti mt my bin p trn ng dy, khi c sm st..
bo v qu in p do tch t in tch chuyn mch gy ra nn ngi ta
dng mch RC u song song vi thyristor nh sau:


32
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.3. Mch RC bo v qu in p ca Thyristor
Thng s ca R, C ph thuc vo mc qu in p c th xy ra, tc bin
thin ca dng in chuyn mch, in cm trn ng dyVic tnh ton thng
s ca mch R, C rt phc tp, i hi nhiu thi gian.
Tuy nhin trong thc t, khi tnh ton thit k bo v van th rt kh c th c
y tt c cc ng cong c tnh cn thit nn ngi ta thng chn gi tr ca
R, C theo kinh nghim : R = 20 100 ( ) ; C = 0,4 1 (
F
).
Vi dng qua van nh, ta chn gi tr R ln. Vi dng qua van ln, ta chn
gi tr R nh. Theo tnh ton, dng qua van bng 68,6 (A) khng phi l ln nn ta
chn gi tr R, C nh sau:
R = 100 ; C = 0,47
F
Ngoi ra, trong mch lc cng cn c thm cc thit b bo v ngn mch, qu ti
nh aptomat, cu ch mi pha v cu ch trc mi van tng cao tnh an
ton cho mch.
Ta c mch nh sau:
Hnh 4.4. Mch bo v van thyristor
4.2. Thit k v tnh ton mch iu khin
4.2.1. Nguyn tc iu khin


33
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Trong thc t thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin: thng ng tuyn
tnh v thng ng arccos thc hin iu chnh v tr xung trong na chu k
dng ca in p t trn thyristor.
4.2.1.1. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh
Theo nguyn tc ny, ngi tai dng hai in p :
- in p ng b, k hiu l u s , ng b vi in p t trn ant
catt ca thyristor, thng t vo u o ca khu so snh.
- in p iu khin, k hiu l u cm (in p mt chiu c th iu
chnh c bin ), thng t vo u khng o ca khu so snh.
By gi, hiu in th u vo ca khu so snh l :
u d = u cm - u s
Mi khi u cm = u s th khu so snh lt trng thi, ta nhn c sn xung
ca in p u ra ca khu so snh. Sn xung ny, thng qua a hi mt trng
thi n nh, to ra mt xung iu khin.
Nh vy, bng cch lm bin i u cm , ngi ta c th iu chnh c thi
im xut hin xung ra, tc l iu chnh c gc

.
Gia

v u cm c quan h sau :
sm
cm
U
u
.
.
Ngi ta ly U max . cm = Usm
Hnh 4.5. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng.tuyn tnh
Gia

v cm
U
c quan h sau :
sm
cm
U
U
.
Ly U max cm = Usm .
4.2.1.2. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng arccos
Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p :


34
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
- in p ng b u S , vt trc u
AK
= U
t
m
sin
ca tiristo mt gc
bng
2

: u
t U
m S
cos
.
- in p iu khin u cm l in p mt chiu, c th iu chnh c bin
theo 2 chiu (dng v m).
Nu t u S vo cng o v u cm vo cng khng o ca khu so snh th
khi cm S
u u
, ta s nhn c mt xung rt mnh u ra ca khu so snh khi
khu ny lt trng thi :
U cm m
u cos

Do
m
cm
U
u
arccos
+ Khi m cm
U u
th 0
+ Khi
0
cm
u
th
2

+ Khi m cm
U u
th

Nh vy, khi iu chnh u cm t tr m cm
U u +
n tr m cm
U u
, ta c th
iu chnh c gc

t 0 n

.
Hnh 4.6. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng arccos
Trong n chn nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh iu khin l
in tr.
4.2.2. Mch iu khin


35
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.7. S mch iu khin
Tn hiu in p cung cp cho mch ng lc chnh lu c a n mch ng
pha. u ra ca mch ng pha c cc in p thng l dng hnh sin, cng tn s
v c th lch pha mt gc xc nh so vi in p ngun, gi l in p ng pha.
Cc in p ng pha c a vo mch pht in p rng ca. u ra ca in p
rng ca c a vo u vo ca khu so snh. Ti cn c mt tn hiu khc l
in p phn hi tng ng vi nhit ca l. Tn hiu u ra khi so snh l
cc xung xut hin vi chu k bng chu k U rc . Xung rng ca c hai sn trong
c mt sn ti |U rc |=|Udk | th u ra khi xut hin mt xung in p, sn
l sn s dng. Vy c th thay i thi im xut hin xung u ra khi so
snh bng cch thay i Udk khi gi nguyn dng ca Urc . Nhng trong a s cc
trng hp tn hiu ra t khi so snh cha yu cu cn thit, ngi ta cn thc
hin vic khuch i, sa xungCc nhim v ny c thc hin gi l mch to
xung. u ra khi to xung ta s c chui xung iu khin Thyristor c yu
cu v cng sut, dc, diThi im bt u xut hin cc xung hon ton
trng vi thi im xut hin xung trn u ra khi so snh. Khi so snh xc nh
gc iu khin

. Thay i Udk c th iu chnh c v tr xung iu khin tc

l iu chnh c gc

.
4.2.2.1. Khu ng pha
Hnh 4.8. S khu ng pha
Chn in p xoay chiu ng pha : U
1
= 9 (V).


ng Pha U
So
snh
To dng
xung
Khuch
i xung
U
Pht
xung
36
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
in tr R
1
hn ch dng in i vo khuych i thut ton A
1
, thng chn
R
1
sao cho dng vo khuych i thut ton I v < 1 mA.
Do : R
1

v
I
U
1
=
3
10 . 1
9

= 9 (k ). Chn R
1
= 10 (k ).
- Gin in p:
Hnh 4.9. Gin in p khu ng pha
4.2.2.2. Khu to in p rng ca
Hnh 4.10. S khu to in p rng ca
Phn in p dng ca U
2
qua it D
1
, vo mch tch phn R
2
C
1
, to
in p rng ca.


37
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Phn in p m ca U
2
lm m thng tranzito Tr
1
, lc ny t C
1
phng
in nhanh qua tranzitor Tr
1
, in p ra U3 =U 1 C =0. Trn u ra ca A
2
ta c
chui in p rng ca.
in p ta c hnh thnh do s np ca t C
1
. Mt khc bo m
in p ta c trong na chu k in p li l tuyn tnh th hng s thi gian t
np c T
r
= R
2
.C
1
= 0,001 (s)
Chn t C
1
= 0,1 (
F
) th in tr R
2
=
1
C
T
r
=
6
10 . 1 , 0
001 , 0

= 100 (k )
Chn tranzito T
1
loi A564 c cc thng s sau :
Dng ln nht colect c th chu : I max C = 100 (mA)
H s khuych i :

= 250
Dng cc i ca baz : I
1 B
=

1 C
I
=
250
100
= 0,4 (A)
in tr R3 hn ch dng in i vo baz ca tranzito T
1
c chn
nh sau :
R
3

1
max .
B
N
I
U

3
10 . 4 , 0
15

= 37,5 (k )
Chn R 3 = 38 (k ).
- Gin in p:
Hnh 4.11. Gin in p khu to in p rng ca
4.2.2.3. Khu so snh


38
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.12. S khu so snh
in p U3 c so snh vi in p iu khin U dk ti u vo A3 . Tng
i s (U3 +Udk ) quyt nh du in p u ra ca khuch i thut ton A 3 . Khi
U3 = Udk , khuch i thut ton s lt trng thi v U
4
s i du. Ta thu c
in p u ra A3 l chui xung hnh ch nht.
- Gin in p:
Hnh 4.13. Gin in p khu so snh
4.2.2.4. Khu to xung chm


39
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.14. S khu to xung chm
gim cng sut cho tng khuych i v tng s lng xung kch m,
nhm m bo thyristor m mt cch chc chn, ta dng mt b pht xung chm
cho cc thyristor. Chm xung thu c s a ti cng AND cng vi tn hiu nhn
t khu so snh. Tn hiu u ra s c a ti khu khuych i xung.
Chn IC loi TL084 do hng Texas Instruments ch to, cc IC ny c khuych i
thut ton vi cc thng s nh sau :
in p ngun nui : Vcc = t 18 V ; chn Vcc = t15 V.
Hiu in th gia hai u vo : t30 V.
Cng sut tiu th : P = 0,68 W.
Tc bin thin in p cho php :
dt
du
= 13 V/
s
.
Mch to chm xung c tn s : f = 20 kHz, hay chu k ca xung chm :
T =
f
1
= 50 (
s
)
Ta c : T = 2R 6 .C
2
.ln(1 + 2
5
4
R
R
)
Chn R
4
= R5 = 33 k th T = 2,2.R 6 .C
2
= 50 (
s
)
Nn : R 6 .C
2
=
2 , 2
50
= 22,8
Chn t C
2
= 0,1 (
F
) c in p U = 16 (V) => R 6 = 0,228 (k )
thun tin cho vic iu chnh khi lp mch, ta chn R 6 l bin tr 0,2 k .
- Tn hiu u ra khu pht xung chm :


40
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.15. Gin in p khu to xung chm
4.2.2.5. Chn cng AND
Hnh 4.16. S phi hp to xung chm
Chn IC4081 h CMOS c 4 cng AND vi cc thng s :
Ngun nui : 3 15 V ; chn Vcc = 15 V.
Cng sut tiu th : P = 2,5 nW/ 1 cng.
Dng lm vic : I lv < 1 mA
in p ng vi mc logic 1 l 2 4,5 V.
- Tn hiu in p ra :


41
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.17. Gin tn hiu in p ra
4.2.2.6. Khu khuych i v bin p xung
Hnh 4.18. S khu khuch i v bin p xung.
nng cao h s khuych i v cng sut ca xung ra, ta dng mch
khuych i ni kp hai Tranzito theo kiu s Darlington. Thng chn Tranzito


42
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
T 3 r c cng sut ln tho mn vi cng sut ca xung ra, cn Tranzito T
2 r
c
nhim v khuych i dng.
H s khuych i ca mch (

) tnh theo cng thc :

. .
3 2

, 3

l h s khuych i ca tranzito T
2 r
v T 3 r .

l hiu sut thng ly xp x 0,7.

Tn hiu vo U5 l mt tn hiu logic. Khi tn hiu mc 1 th Tranzito
m bo ho, tn hiu mc 0 Tranzito kho li. in tr R8 , R 9 hn ch dng,
it D3 hn ch qu in p trn cc cc colect, emit ca Tranzito T 3 r . V xung
iu khin c rng b, m thi gian m thng ca Tranzito di, lm cho cng
sut to nhit d ca Tranzito ln v kch thc dy qun s cp bin p ln.
gim nh cng sut to nhit ca Tranzito v kch thc dy qun s cp bin p
xung, ta ni thm t C3 . Khi , Tranzito ch m cho dng in chy qua trong
khong thi gian t np, nn dng hiu dng s nh hn nhiu ln.
in tr R7 dng hn ch dng in a vo baz ca tranzito T
2 r
.
- Gin in p:
Hnh 4.19. Gin in p khu khuch i v bin p xung.
* Tnh ton mch iu khin v tng khuch i bin p xung
Mch iu khin c tnh xut pht t yu cu v xung m Thyristor. Cc
thng s c bn tnh mch iu khin:


43
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
n
U
dm
I
pik
I
g
I
g
U
r
I
dt du dt di
cm
t
800
(V)
150
(A)
2800
(A)
0,1
(A)
3
(V)
15
(mA)
200
(V/
s
)
180
(A/
s
)
80 (
s
)
* Tnh bin p xung
Chn vt liu lm li st Ferit HM. Li c dng hnh xuyn, lm vic trn
mt phn c tnh t ho c B = 0,3T ; H = 30 (A/m) khng c k h khng
kh.
+ T s bin p xung chn m = 3.
+ in p th cp my bin p xung : U
2
= Udk = 3 (V)
+ in p t ln cun s cp my bin p xung : U
1
= m.U
2
= 3.3= 9 (V)
+ Dng in th cp my bin p xung : I
2
= I dk = 0,1 (A)
+ Dng in s cp my bin p xung : I
1
=
m
I
2
=
3
1 , 0
= 0,033 (A)
+ t thm trung bnh tng i ca li st :

TB
=
H
B

.
0

=
6
10 . 25 , 1
3 , 0

= 8.10
3
(H/m)
Vi 0

= 1,25.10
6
(H/m) l t thm ca khng kh.
+ Th tch li thp cn c : V = Q.l =
2
1 1 0
. . . . .
B
I U S t
x x tb

V =
2
6 6 3
3 , 0
033 , 0 . 9 . 15 , 0 . 10 . 67 , 1 . 10 . 25 , 1 . 10 . 8

V = 0,834.10
6
(m
3
) = 0,834 (cm
3
)
Chn mch t c th tch V = 1,4 (cm
3
). Vi th tch , ta c cc kch
thc mch t nh sau :
a = 4,5 mm ; b = 6 mm ; Q = 27 mm
2
; d = 12 mm ; D = 21 mm.
Chiu di trung bnh mch t l = 5,2 cm.
+ S vng dy s cp my bin p xung :
Theo nh lut cm ng in t c :
U
1
= W
1
.Q
dt
dB
= W
1
.Q.
x
t
B
W
1
=
Q B
t U
x
.
.
1

=
6
6
10 . 27 . 3 , 0
10 . 167 . 9

= 186 (vng)
+ S vng dy th cp : W
2
=
m
W
1
=
3
186
= 62 (vng)


44
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
+ Tit din dy qun s cp : S
1
=
1
1
J
I
=
6
10 . 3 , 33
3
= 0,0056 (mm
2
)
Chn mt dng in J
1
= 6 (A/mm
2
)
+ ng knh dy qun s cp : d
1
=

1
4S
=

0056 , 0 . 4
= 0,084 (mm)
Chn d = 0,1 (mm)
+ Tit din dy qun th cp : S
2
=
2
2
J
I
=
4
1 , 0
= 0,025 (mm
2
)
Chn mt dng in J
2
= 4 (mm
2
)
+ ng knh dy qun th cp : d
2
=

2
4S
=

025 , 0 . 4
= 0,178 (mm)
Chn dy c ng knh d
2
= 0,18 (mm).
+ Kim tra h s lp y :
Kld =

,
_

+
+
4
W . W .
2
2 2 1 1
d
S S

=
d
W . W .
2
2
2 1
2
1
d d +
=
2
2 2
12
62 . 18 , 0 186 . 1 , 0 +
= 0,03
Nh vy ca s din tch cn thit.
* Chn t C3 , R7 :
Chn R7 tho mn iu kin : R7
3 B
I
U
=
3
10 . 66 , 0
5 , 4

= 6,757 (k )
Chn R7 = 6,8 k .
Chn C 3 .R7 = t x = 167
s
, t C 3 =
7
R
t
x
=
3
10 . 8 , 6
167

= 0,024 (
F
)
Chn Tranzito T 3 loi 2SC9111 c cc thng s :
Tranzito loi NPN, vt liu bn dn l Si.
Dng ln nht colecto c th chu : I max C = 500 mA
H s khuch i

= 50.
Dng lm vic ca colect : I 3 C = I
1
= 33,3 mA
Dng lm vic ca baz l : I 3 B =

3 C
I
=
50
3 , 33
= 0,66 mA
Vi loi thyristor chn c cng sut iu khin nh (Udk = 3 V, I dk = 0,1 A),
nn dng colect baz ca tranzito T 3 kh nh. Trong trng hp ny ta c th
khng cn tranzito T
2
m vn c cng sut iu khin tranzito
Chn ngun cp cho my bin p xung : E = t 15 V. Vi ngun E = 15 V, ta phi
mc thm in tr R8 ni tip vi cc Emit ca T 3 :


45
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
R8 =
1
1
I
U E
=
3
10 . 3 , 33
9 15

180 ( )
Chn R 9 = 10 k
Tt c cc it trong mch iu khin u dng loi 1N4009 c cc thng s :
Dng in nh mc : I dm = 10 mA
in p ngc ln nht : U N = 25 V
in p cho it m thng : Um = 1 V
4.2.2.7. Khu phn hi
- S o nhit trong l ly tn hiu ra l in p Udk :
Hnh 4.20. S o nhit t l in tr
Trong s trn :
Ta dng cp nhit in Platin Platin Ri o lu di vi nhit l 1000 n 1200
0
C.
R13 , R
14
, R15 l in tr Manganin.
R
12
l in tr thay i theo nhit c lm bng Cu hoc Ni.
0
0
C cu c tnh ton cn bng, lc ny E t = 0. Khi nhit mi
trng thay i, cu mt cn bng. Lc ny gi tr ca R
12
cng thay i lm xut
hin trn hai u A, B mt in p U .
Mt khc, nhit thay i nn hai u nhit k xut hin mt in p t
E

sao cho t
E
= U . V vy mV k vn ch 0 V.
in p o c trn mV k l nh nn ta phi khuych i in p.
- Khu khuych i in p phn hi :


46
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.20. S khuch i in p phn hi
Udk = -E t .R17 /R16 . Chn R16 = 1 k ; R17 = 40 k ; R18 = 1 k .
4.3. S nguyn l mt knh iu khin


47
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
4.4. Gin in p mt knh


H

n
h

4
.
2
1
.

S

n
g
u
y

n

l

t

k

n
h

u

k
h
i

n
48
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
Hnh 4.22. Gin in p mt knh iu khin


49
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
4.5. S mch lc v mch iu khin l in tr
Hnh 4.23. S mch lc, mch iu khin l in tr.


50
Chng 4. Thit k tnh ton mch lc v mch iu khin
4.6. Gin in p ba pha
Hnh 4.24. th in p pha A vi

= 45
0
Hnh 4.25. th in p pha A vi

= 75
0


51
Chng 5. Kt lun v xut
Chng 5
Kt lun v xut
Trong qu trnh lm n chng em thc hin cc cng vic sau :
- Tm hiu cc phn mm m phng mch in t cng sut (Matlab,
PSPICE, TINA, PSIM).
- S dng thnh tho phn mm m phng PSIM.
- Tm hiu cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca l in v l in tr.
- Gii thiu phng php iu khin l in tr bng mch iu p
xoay chiu ba pha.
- Thit k mch lc v mch iu khin l in tr.
- M phng mch iu khin l in tr bng phn mm PSIM.
Tuy nhin, do thi gian c hn nn chng em cha th hon thnh phn cng
ca mch iu khin ny v mt s kt qu m phng ch mang tnh tng i so
vi l thuyt hc.
V vy, sau khi hon thnh n ny chng em s tip tc nghin cu v
hon thin ti ny. Mc ch ca chng em l pht trin ti ny ng dng vo
ging dy v hc tp, t gip sinh vin nm bt v hiu r hn trong vic m
phng mch in t cng sut.


52
Ti liu tham kho
Ti liu tham kho
[1] L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng, Trn Vn Thnh
in t cng sut, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2005.
[2] Nguyn Bnh
in t cng sut, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2001.
[3] V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi, Trn Trng Minh
in t cng sut, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2002.
[4] Phm Quc Hi, Dng Vn Ngh
Phn tch v gii mch in t cng sut, NXB Khoa hc v K thut , 2002.
[5] V Quang Hi, Nguyn Vn Cht, Nguyn Th Lin Anh
Trang b in - in t : My cng nghip dng chung, NXB Gio dc, 2007.


53
Ti liu tham kho
MC LC


54