B GIO DC V O TO

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT
KHOA IN - IN T
B MN IN T
--o0o--

LUN VN TT NGHIP
TI:

IU KHIN T XA QUT BNG

TIA HNG NGOI

Sinh vin thc hin : HUNH NGC DNG

Lp
: 95K
Cn b hng dn : NGUYN PHNG QUANG

THNG 02/2000
B GIO DC V O TO
I HC QUC GIA TP.HCM
TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.HCM

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

C LP - T DO - HNH PHC

KHOA IN - IN T

B MN IN T

NHIM V LUN VN
TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin : HUNH NGC DNG
Lp : 95K
Ngnh : IN - IN T
1. Tn ti:

IU KHIN T XA QUT BNG TIA HNG NGOI

2. Cc s liu ban u
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3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh tnh ton
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4. Cc bn v:
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5. Gio vin hng dn : NGUYN PHNG QUANG
6. Ngy giao nhim v : 13/12/1999
7. Ngy hon thnh
: 28/02/2000

Gio vin hng dn

NGUYN PHNG QUANG

Thng qua b mn
Ngy .......thng ........nm 2000
Ch nhim b mn

BN NHN XT LUN VN TT NGHIP

CA CN B HNG DN
H v tn sinh vin
Lp
Cn b hng dn
TN TI

: HUNH NGC DNG

: 95K
: NGUYN PHNG QUANG
:

IU KHIN T XA QUT BNG TIA HNG NGOI

Ni dung lun vn tt nghip:
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Nhn xt ca cn b hng dn :
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Cn b hng dn

NGUYN PHNG QUANG

BN NHN XT LUN VN TT NGHIP

CA CN B PHN BIN
H v tn sinh vin

: HUNH NGC DNG

Lp
Cn b phn bin
TN TI

: 95K
:
:

IU KHIN T XA QUT BNG TIA HNG NGOI

Ni dung lun vn tt nghip:
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Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:
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Cn b phn bin

L NI U
Ngy nay, vi nhng ng dng ca khoa hc k thut tin tin,
th gii ca chng ta v ang mt ngy thay i, vn minh v hin
i hn. S pht trin ca k thut in t to ra hng lat nhng
thit b vi cc c im ni bt nh s chnh xc cao, tc nhanh,
gn nh l nhng yu t rt cn thit gp phn cho hat ng ca con
ngi t hiu qu cao.
in t ang tr thnh mt ngnh khoa hc a nhim v. in
t p ng c nhng i hi khng ngng t cc lnh vc cng
nng-lm-ng nghip cho n cc nhu cu cn thit trong hat ng i
sng hng ngy.
Mt trong nhng ng dng rt quan trng ca cng ngh in t
l k thut iu khin t xa. N gp phn rt ln trong vic iu
khin cc thit b t xa.
Xut pht t ng dng quan trng trn, em thit k v thi cng
mch iu khin t xa qut bn bng tia hng ngoi.
Ni dung phn lun n gm hai phn:
Phn I: l thuyt.
Phn II: thit k v thi cng.
Do thi gian, ti liu v trnh cn hn ch nn cun lun n
chc chn khng th trnh nhng thiu st. Knh mong s ch dn v
gp ca tt c thy c v cc bn.
Th c ngy 24/2/2000
Sinh vin thc hin
Hunh Ngc Dng

CHNG I
CHNG DN NHP
iu khin t xa l vic iu khin mt m hnh mt khong cch no
m con ngi khng nht thit trc tip n ni t h thng. Khong cch tu
thuc vo tng h thng c mc phc tp khc nhau, chng hn nh iu khin
t xa mt phi thuyn ta cn phi c h thng pht v thu mnh, ngc la, iu
khin mt tr chi in t t xa ta ch cn mt h thng pht v thu y hn
Nhng tng c iu khin c th trn khng gian, di y bin
su hay mt vng xa xi ho lnh no trn mt i cu .
Th gii cng pht trin th lnh vc iu khin cn phi c m rng hn.
Vic ng dng iu khin t xa vo thng tin lin lc mang li nhiu thun li
cho xa hiloi ngi, thng tin c cp nht hn nh s chnh xc v nhanh chng
ca qu trnh iu khin t xa trong o lng t xa.
Ngoi ra iu khin t xa cn c ng dng trong k thut o lng. Trc
y, mun o phng x ca l ht nhn th ht sc kh khn v phc tp nhng
gi y con ngi c th mt ni ht sc an ton no cng c th o c
phng x ca l ht nhn nh vo k thut iu khin t xa. Nh vy, h thng iu
khin t xa hn ch c mc phc tp ca cng vic v m bo an tan cho
con ngi.
Trong sinh hat hng ngy ca con ngi nh nhng tr chi gii tr (robot,
xe iu khin t xa ) cho n nhng ng dng gn gi vi con ngi cng c
ci tin cho ph hp vi vic s dng v t mc tin li nht. iu khin t xa
thm nhp vo vn ny do cho ra nhng loi tivi iu khin t xa, u video,
VCD, CD, n qut bn tt c u c iu khin t xa. Xut pht t nhng
tng trn nn em chn ti iu khin t xa bng tia hng ngoi, nhng v
thi gian qu hn hp, trnh k thut cng nh vn ti chnh cn nhiu hn
ch nn em ch thit k v thi cng mch iu khin t xa qut bng tia hng ngoi.

CHNG II

L THUYT IU KHIN T XA
I. GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN T XA:
H thng iu khin t xa l mt h thng cho php ta iu khin cc thit b
t mt khong cch xa. V d h thng iu khin bng v tuyn, h thng iu
khin t xa bng tia hng ngoi, h thng iu khin t xa bng cp quang dy dn.
S kt cu ca h thng iu khin t xa bao gm:
- Thit b pht: bin i lnh iu khin thnh tin tc tn hiu v pht i.
- ng truyn: a tn hiu iu khin t thit b pht n thit b thu.
- Thit b thu: nhn tn hiu iu khin t ng truyn, qua qu trnh bin i,
bin dch ti hin li lnh iu khin ri a n cc thit b thi hnh.
thit b
pht

ng
truyn

thit b
thu

Nhim v c bn ca h thng iu khin t xa:

- Pht tn hiu iu khin.
- Sn sinh ra xung hoc hnh thnh cc xung cn thit.
- T hp xung thnh m.
- Pht cc t hp m n im chp hnh.
- im chp hnh (thit b thu) sau khi nhn c m phi bin i cc m
nhn c thnh cc lnh iu khin v a n cc thit b, ng thi kim tra
s chnh xc ca m mi nhn.
1. Mt s vn c bn trong h thng iu khin t xa:
Do h thng i khin t xa c nhng ng truyn dn xa nn ta cn phi
nghin cu v kt cu h thng m bo tn hiu c truyn i chnh xc v
nhanh chng theo nhng yu cu sau:
1.1 Kt cu tin tc:
Trong h thng iu khin t xa tin cy truyn dn tin tc c quan h rt
nhiu n kt cu tin tc. Ni dung v kt cu tin tc c hai phn: v lng v v
cht. V lng c cch bin lng iu khin v lng iu khin thnh tng loi
xung g cho ph hp, v nhng xung cn p dng nhng phng php no
hp thnh tin tc, c dung lng ln nht v tc truyn dn nhanh nht .
1.2 V kt cu h thng:
m bo cc yu cu v kt cu tin tc, h thng iu khin t xa c
cc yu cu sau:
- Tc lm vic nhanh.
- Thit b phi an tan tin cy.
- Kt cu phi n gin.
H thng iu khin t xa c hiu qu cao l h thng t tc iu khin
cc i ng thi m bo chnh xc trong phm vi cho php.
2. Cc phng php m ha trong iu khin t xa:
Trong h thng truyn thng tin ri rc hoc truyn thng tin lin tc nhng
c ri rc ha tin tc thng phi c bin i thng qua mt php bin i

thnh s (thng l s nh phn) ri m ha v c pht i t my pht. my

thu, tn hiu phi thng qua cc php bin i ngc li vi cc php bin i
trn: gii m, lin tc ha
S m ha tn hiu iu khin nhm tng tnh hu hiu v tin cy ca h
thg iu khin t xa, ngha l tng tc truyn v kh nng chng nhiu.
Trong iu khin t xa ta thng dng m nh phn tng ng vi h, gm c
hai phn t [0] v [1].
Do yu cu v chnh xc cao trong cc tn hiu iu khin c truyn i
chng nhiu ta dng loi m pht hin v sa sai.
M pht hin v sa sai thuc loi m ng u bao gm cc loi m: m pht
hin sai, m sa sai, m pht hin v sa sai.
Dng sai nhm cu cc m c truyn i ty thuc tnh cht ca knh truyn,
chng c th phn thnh 2 lai:
- Sai c lp: Trong qu trnh truyn, do nhiu tc ng, mt hoc nhiu k hiu
trong cc t hp m c th b sai nhm, nhng nhng sai nhm khng lin
quan nhau.
- Sai tng quan: c gy ra bi nhiu nhiu tng quan, chng hay xy ra
trong tng chm, cm k hiu k cn nhau .
S la chn ca cu trc m chng nhiu phi da trn tnh cht phn b xc
sut sai nhm trong knh truyn.
Hin nay l thuyt m ha pht trin rt nhanh, nhiu loi m pht hin v
sa sai c nghin cu nh: m Hamming, m chu k, m nhiu cp.
3. S khi ca mt h thng iu khin t xa:
S khi my pht
Tn hiu
iu khin

iu ch

Tn hiu
sng
mang

Khuch
i pht

S khi my thu

Khuch
i thu

Gii iu
ch

Khuch
i

Chp
hnh

II. CC PHNG PHP IU CH TN HIU TRONG H THNG

IU KHIN T XA:
Trong k thut iu khin t xa, tn hiu gc khng th truyn i xa c. Do
, thc hin vic truyn tn hiu iu khin t my pht n my thu ta cn phi
iu ch (m ha) tn hiu.

C nhiu phng php iu ch tn hiu. Tuy nhin iu ch tn hiu dng xung

c nhiu u im hn. V y chng ta s dng linh kin k thut s nn ling kin
gn nh, cng sut tiu tn nh, v c tnh chng nhiu cao.
Cc phng php iu ch tn hiu dng xung nh:
- iu ch bin xung (PAM).
- iu ch rng xung (PWM).
- iu ch v tr xung (PPM).
- iu ch m xung (PCM).
1.iu ch bin xung (PAM):
S khi:
Tn hiu iu
ch

Dao ng a hi mt
trng thi bn
B pht xung
H thng iu ch PAM

iu ch bin xung l dng iu ch n gin nht trong cc dng iu ch

xung. Bin ca mi xung c to ra t l vi bin tc thi ca tn hiu iu
ch.
Xung ln nht biu th cho bin dng ca tn hiu ly mu ln nht.

Tn hiu
iu ch

iu ch
bin
xung (PAM)
iu ch
rng
xung (PWM)
iu ch
v tr
xung (PPM)
iu ch
m xung
(PCM)

 Gii thch s khi :

Khi tn hiu iu ch: To ra tn hiu iu ch a vo khi dao ng a
hi .
Dao ng a hi mt trng thi bn: Trn xung vi tn hiu iu ch.
B pht xung: Pht xung vi tn s khng i thc hin vic iu ch tn
hiu iu ch c bin tng gim thay i theo tn hiu iu ch.
2. iu ch rng xung:
Phng php iu ch ny s to ra cc xung c bin khng i, nhng
b rng ca mi xung s thay i tng ng vi bin tc thi ca tn hiu iu
ch, trong cch iu ch ny, xung c rng ln nht biu th phn bin
dng ln nht ca tn hiu iu ch. Xung c rng hp nht biu th phn bin
m nht ca tn hiu iu ch.
Trong iu ch rng xung ,tn hiu cn c ly mu phi c chuyn i
thnh dng xung c rng xung t l vi bin tn hiu ly mu. thc hin
iu ch rng xung,ta c th thc hin theo s khi sau:

Tn hiu iu
ch
So
snh
B pht hm
RAMP
S khi h thng PWM
Trong s khi, tn hiu iu ch c a n khi so snh in p cng
vi tn hiu pht ra t b pht hm RAMP.
3. iu ch v tr xung (PPM):
Vi phng php iu ch v tr xung th cc xung c iu ch c bin v
rng xung khng thay i theo bin ca tn hu iu ch.
Hnh thc n gin ca iu ch v tr xung l qa trnh iu ch rng xung.
iu ch v tr xung c u im l s dng t nng lng hn iu ch rng
xung nhng c nhc im l qu trnh gii iu bin my thu phc tp hn cc
dng iu ch khc.
4. iu ch m xung:
Phng php iu ch m xung c xem l phng php chnh xc v
hiu qu nht trong cc phng php iu ch xung.
Trong iu ch m xung mi mu bin ca tn hiu iu ch c bin
i bng s nh phn s nh phn ny c biu th bng nhm xung, s hin
din ca mt xung biu th bng [1] v s thiu i mt xung biu th bng mc
[0]. Ch c th biu th trn 16 bin khc nhau ca bin tn hiu (m 4 bit),
v vy n khng c chnh xc. chnh xc c th c ci thin bng cch
tng s bit. Mi m n bit c th biu th c 2n mc ring bit ca tn hiu .
Trong phng php iu ch m xung, tn s th c quyt nh bi tn
hiu cao nht trong qu trnh x l, iu ny cho thy rng nu nhng mu th

c ly mc ln hn 2 ln tn s tn hiu th tn s tn hiu mu c phc

h.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t thng thng mu th mc nh nht khong
10 ln so vi tn hiu ln nht. V vy, tn s cng cao th thi gian ly mu cng
nh (mc ly mu cng nhiu) dn n linh kin chuyn mch c tc x l cao.
Ngc li, nu s dng tn s ly mu thp thi gian ly mu cng rng, nhng
chnh xc khng cao. Thng thng ngi ta ch s dng khong 10 ln tn
hiu nh nht.
Kt lun:
im thun li ca phng php iu bin xung l mc d tn hiu AM rt
yu, chng hu nh mt hn trong nhiu n xung quanh, nu phng php iu
ch PPM, PWM, PCM l tn hiu iu ch bng cch tch ra khi ting n. Vi
phng php nh vy, iu ch m xung PCM s cho kt qu tt nht, v n ch
cn quyt nh xung no hin din, xung no khng hin din.
Cc phng php iu ch xung nh PPM, PWM, PAM phn no cng
theo kiu tng t. V cc dng xung ra sau khi iu ch c s thay i v bin
, rng xung, v tr xung theo tn hiu ly mu. i vi phng php bin i
m xung PCM th dng xung ra l dng nh phn ch c 2 mc [0] v [1].
m ha tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s, ng ta chia trc thi gian ra
nhng khong bng nhau v trc bin ra 2n khong cho 1 bit, nu s mc cng
nhiu th thi gian cng nh, chnh xc cng cao. Ta mi thi im ly mu
bin c o, ri ly mc tng ng vi bin v chuyn i dng nh phn.
Kt qu ng ra ta thu c mt chui xung (dng nh phn).
III. IU KHIN T XA DNG TIA HNG NGOI:
1. Khi nim v tia hng ngoi:
Anh sng hng ngoi (tia hng ngoi) l nh sng khng th nhn thy c
bng mt thng, c bc sng khong 0,8 m n 0.9m, tia hng ngoi c vn
tc truyn bng vn tc nh sng.
Tia hng ngoi c th truyn i c nhiu knh tn hiu. N ng dng rng ri
trong cng nghip. Lng thng tin c th t c 3Mbit/s Trong k thut
truyn tin bng si quang dn khng cn cc trm khuch i gia chng, ngi
ta c th truyn mt lc 15000 in thoi hay 12 knh truyn hnh qua mt si t
quang vi ng knh 0,13 mm vi khong cch 10Km n 20 Km. Lng thng
tin c truyn i vi nh sng hng ngoi ln gp nhiu ln so vi sng in t
m ngi ta vn dng.
Tia hng ngoi d b hp th, kh nng xuyn thu km. Trong iu khin t xa
chm tia hng ngoi pht i hp, c hng do khi thu phi ng hng.
2. Ngun pht sng hng ngoi v ph ca n:
Cc ngun sng nhn to thng cha nhiu sng hng ngai. Hnh di
cho ta quang ph ca cc ngun pht sng ny.

IRED :Diode hng ngoi.

LA : Laser bn dn .
LR : n hunh quang.
Q : n thy tinh.
W :Bng n in vi dy tim wolfram.
PT : Phototransistor.
Ph ca mt ngi v phototransistor(PT) cng c trnh by so snh.
n thy ngn gn nh khng pht tia hng ngoi. Ph ca n hunh quang bao
gm cc c tnh ca cc loi khc. Ph ca transistor kh rng. N khng nhy
trong vng nh snh thy c, nhng n cc i nh ph ca LED hng
ngoi.
Sng hng ngoi c nhng c tnh quang hc ging nh nh snh (s hi t
qua thu knh, tiu cc). nh sng v sng hng ngoi khc nhau rt r trong
s xuyn sut qua vt cht. C nhng vt mt ta thy phn chiu sng nhng
i vi tia hng ngoi n l nhng vt phn chiu ti. C nhng vt ta thy n
di mt mu xm c nhng vi nh sng hng ngoi n tr nn trong sut.
iu ny gii thch ti sao LED hng ngoi c hiu sut cao hn so vi LED cho
mu xanh l cy, mu V rng, vt liu bn dn trong sut i vi nh
sng hng ngoi, tia hng ngoi khng b yu i khi n phi vt qua cc lp bn
dn i ra ngoi.
i sng ca LED hng ngoi di n 100000 gi (hn 11 nm), LED hng
ngoi khng pht sng cho li im trong cc thit b kim sot v khng gy s
ch .
3. Linh kin thu sng hng ngoi:
Ngi ta c th dng quang in tr, phototransistor, photodiode thu
sng hng ngoi gn. thu sng hng ngoi trung bnh v xa pht ra t c th
con ngi, vt nng Loi detector vi vt liu Lithiumtitanat hay tm cht do
Polyviny-Lidendifluorid (PVDF). C th con ngi pht tia hng ngoi vi di
sng t 8ms n 10 ms.
3.1 QUANG IN TR:

1. Cu to:
Kt cu ca mt trong cc loi quang in tr c trnh by trong hnh bn
(1a).

Hnh 1a
Trong v cht do c ca s nh sng chiu qua, ngi ta t phm thy
tinh 2, trn c ri cc in cc hnh lc. Khong cch gia cc in cc cha
lp bn dn. Cc in cc dn in v c ni n cc chn cm xuyn qua v.
bo v lp v khi b m t, ngi ta ph ln trn b mt n mt lp sn
trong sut. Ty theo loi quang in tr b mt lm vic ca lp bin thin trong
phm vi t 0,01 n 0,04 cm2 .
Ta la chn quang in tr theo ph bc x ca vt cht. Nhng loi quang
in tr trong cng nghip c ch to bng Sulfit ch (CA) c s dng
ch th nhit ng v tnh trng vt th nung nng nhit tng i thp
(2000C 400 0C ). Do t tuyn ph ca chng (ng 1 hnh 1b) cn cc i
nm trong khu vc gn bc x hng ngai (1,8m n 2,5m).
IF%

2
50

Hnh 1b
c tuyn ph ca quang in tr Sulfit ch.
(
1 bil muyt 2
c tuyn ph ca loi Sulfit
( C5) th3 hin ng 2 hnh 1b gn
m)
nh cng di bc sng vi loi Sulfit Catmi (CK) trong khu vc nh sng trng
thy:
2. Nguyn l lm vic:
0

S nguyn l
Qu trnh lm vic ca mch nh sau:
Khi cha chiu sng mt quang in tr, dng in qua n v mch ngoi nh
nht gi l dng in ti.
Khi chiu sng mt quang in tr vi chiu di bc sng thch hp, in tr
tinh th bn dn gim ng k. Hin tng nay ph thuc vo cht bn dn c
s dng, tp cht, chiu di bc sng.
Gi tr in tr ph thuc nh sng chiu vo, c th thay i t M
n

3. c tuyn:

a. c tuyn Volt- Ampere:

c tuyn V-A tng tuyn tnh v dng in ti cng nh dng in sng.
Dng in ti kh ln (xem c tuyn V-A).
I(mA
Dng in sng l dng qua quang in tr khi c nh sng chiu vo.
)
Dng in ti l dng qua quang in tr khi cha c nh sng chiu vo.
14
T c tuyn V-A ta nhn thy nhy ca quang in tr ph thuc in p
12
t vo n. V th, ngi ta thng s dng sut nhy k0 nh gi quang
10
in tr.
8
6
4
2
0.02

10

15

20

k0 l dng quang in25

trn mt n v quang thng, i vi mt Volt in p
t vo. Sut nhy ca loi quang in tr Sulfit ch nm trong gii hn t 400
n 500 A/ mV. Loi Sulfit bit muyt bng 1000 A/mV. Loi sulfit Catmi nm
trong gii hn 2500 -3000 A/ mV.
Nh sut nhy tch phn cao nh vy, cng nh c ph bc x hng ngoi
rng (ph cc bc x nhit) nn chng c s dng ph bin trong cc b ch th
v b chuyn i nhit.

b. c tuyn nh sng:
Quang in tr c c tuyn nh sng khng tuyn tnh. V th, ch in ca
mch s dng thng
tnh theo th im sng v c tuyn V-A
IF(mA)
6
5
4
3
2
1

c-k1
c k2

0 200
500
1000
1500
E(V)
c.Tiu chun l
chn in
p ngun cung cp cho quang in tr l
phi m bo:
in p trn quang in tr Sulfit ch khi lm vic trong thi gian di thng
gii hn 15V, cn cng sut vi chc W.
nhy tch phn cao cng nh hn ch cng sut ta ra trong quang in
tr, vt qa n s dn ti phn ng khng thun nghch.
nhy tch phn l cng dng in pht sinh khi mt n v quang thng
chiu vo (A/lm).

4. ng dng:
Da vo nguyn l lm vic quang in tr c ng dng vo nhiu lnh
vc k thut sau:
-Phn t pht hin.
-o sng trong quang ph.
-Lm cm bin trong rt nhiu h thng t ng ha.
-Bo v, bo ng
3.2 DIODE QUANG:
1. Cu to:
Diode quang thng c ch to bng gecmani v silic. Hnh 2a trnh by
cu to ca diode quang ch to bng silic ( ,K-1) dng lm b ch th tia ln cn
bc x hng ngoi.

Hnh 2a
2. Nguyn l:

P
N

R
t

P
N

R
t

Hnh 2b
Hnh 2c
Diode quang c th lm vic trong 2 ch :
-Ch bin i quang in.
-Ch ngun quang in.
a. Nguyn l trong ch bin i quang in (hnh 2b)
Lp p c mc vo cc m ca ngun in, lp n mc vi cc dng, phn
cc nghch nn khi cha chiu sng ch c dng in nh b chy qua ng vi
dng in ngc (cn gi l dng in ti). Khi c quang thng dng in qua
mi ni p-n tng ln gi l dng in sng.
Dng tng trong mch gm c dng ti v dng sng, cng chiu lp n gn
tip th dng sng cng ln.
b. Nguyn l lm vic ca diode trong ch ngun pht quang in (pin
mt tr) (H2c)
Khi quang thng, cc in tch trn m ni p-n c gii phng ta ra sc in
ng trn 2 cc ca diode, do , lm xut hin dng in chy trong mch.
Tr s sc in ng xut hin trong ngun pht quang in ph thuc vo loi
ngun pht v tr s ca quang thng.
3. Vi thng s ca diode quang v pin mt tri:

IF (%)
100
50
0

0.5 0.7
( m)

0.8

1.3

Hnh 2d
- Diode quang c th lm vic 2 ch va nu, khi dng lm b bin
quang in ta a vo n mt in p 20V, cc a chn lc nm trong gii hn
0.8m 0,85 m
(Hnh 2d).
- Gii hn nhy ca n trn bc sng = 1,2m
- nhy tch phn k = 4A/lm
- i v diode quang ch ta bng gecmani, nhy ny cao hn 20 mA/lm.
4.ng dng ca diode quang:
- o nh sng.
- Cm bin quang o tc .
- Dng trong thin vn theo di cc ngi sao o khong cch bng quang.
- iu khin t ng trong my chp hnh.
- Diode quang Silic c th lm vic -50 0C +80 0C.
- Diode quang gecmani c th lm vic 50 0C +40 0C.
3.3 TRANSISTOR QUANG:
1.Cu to:
a s
E
B
C

N
P
N

Hnh 3a
Hnh 3a: trnh by s nguyn l ca transistor quang. Ba lp n-p-n to nn 2
tip gip p-n . Mt trong nhng lp ngoi c kch thc nh quang thng c
th chiu vo gia lp nn. Lp nn ny mng a lp hp th lng t
quang n gn tip gip p-n.

C
B
E

Mch tng ng
K hiu
2.Nguyn l:
Trong transistor quang ch c th lm vic ch bin i quang in (c
in p ngoi t vo ). Tr s in p ny khang 3V n 5V.
Xt hnh 3a: Mi ni BC c phn cc ngc lm vic nh mt diode quang.
Khi c quang thng chiu vo n to ra dng in dng lm tc ng transistor,
dn n dng Ic tng ln nhiu ln so vi dng diode quang.
Dng Ic c tnh nh sau:
Ic = ( Ip + Ib )( hfe + 1)
hfe : li DC.
Ip : dng quang in khi c nh sng chiu vo mi ni BC.
Ib : dng cc B khi c phn cc ngoi.
Khi cc B c phn cc bn ngoi. li b thay i v tr khng vo ca
transistor c tnh:
Zin = Rin + hfe
Dng r : Iceo = hfe + Icbo
Icbo : dng r cc BC
li cng cao p ng cng nhanh.
3. c tuyn:
Sau y gii thiu mt th nh tnh ca quang transistor MRD 300.
IF( %)
100

50

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1
( ca
m)transistor MRD 300.
c1.2
tuynph
IF :Dng khi c nh sng chiu vo.

4.ng dng:
Do transistor quang c nhy ln hn diode quang, nn phm vi ng dng
ca n rng ri hn.
1
ng dng trong vic ng ngt mch, iu khin t ng trong cng nghip
Trong nhng mch in cm bin quang cn nhy cao.
in p qui
3.4 LED THU:
nh
1.Cu to:
5V
0.5M

10K

2
3

2.Nguyn l:
Gi s cc iu kin phn cc cho IC hon chnh, khi IC nhn tn hiu
iu khin t diode pht quang, mch khuch i Op-Amp ca IC s bin i
dng in thu c t diode ra in p (in p ny c khuch i). Tn hiu
in p c a n Smith trigger to xung vung, xung ny c nhim v
khch transistor ng ra hat ng, lc ng ra ti chn s 2 ca IC mc thp,
tn hiu ng ra tc ng mc 0, c th c dng iu khin gin tip mt ti
no .
Khi ngn nh sng chiu vo th ngc li transistor khng hat ng dn n
chn s 2 ln mc cao .
IV. S KHI H THNG IU KHIN T XA DNG TIA HNG
NGOI:
1. My pht:
Pht lnh
iu khin

M
ha

iu
ch

Dao ng to
sng mang

Khuch
i

S khi my pht
Gii thch s s khi my pht:
My pht c nhim v to ra lnh iu khin, m ha v pht tn hiu n
my thu, lnh truyn i c iu ch.
Khi pht lnh iu khin:
khi ny c nhim v to ra lnh iu khin t nt nhn (phm iu khin).
Khi mt phm c n tc l mt lnh c to ra . Cc nt n ny c th l
mt nt ( mch iu khin n gin), hay mt ma trn nt ( mch iu khin
chc nng). Ma trn phm c b tr theo ct v hng. Lnh iu khin c a
n b m ha di dng cc bit nh phn tng ng vi tng phm iu khin.
Khi m ha:
truyn cc tn hiu khc nhau n my thu m chng khng ln ln nhau, ta
phi tin hnh m ha cc tn hiu (lnh iu khin). Khi m ha ny c nhim
v bin i cc lnh iu khin thnh cc bit nh phn, hin tng bin i ny
gi l m ha. C nhiu phng php m ha khc nhau:
; iu ch bin xung.
; iu ch v tr xung.
; iu ch rng xung.

; iu ch m xung.
Trong k thut iu khin t xa dng tia hng ngai, phng php iu ch m
xung thng c s dng nhiu hn c, v phng php ny tng i n gin,
d thc hin.
Khi dao ng to sng mang:
Khi ny c nhim v to ra sng mang tn s n nh, sng mang ny s
mang tn hiu iu khin khi truyn ra mi trng.
Khi iu ch:
Khi ny c nhim v kt hp tn hiu iu khin m ha sng mang
a n khi khuch i.
Khi khuch i:
Khuch i tn hiu ln LED pht hng ngoi pht tn hiu ra mi
trng.
LED pht:
bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu hng ngoi pht ra mi trng.
2.My thu:
Khuch
Tch
Gii m
Cht
sng
i

Mch chp
Khuch i
S khi my thu
hnh
Gii thch s khi my thu:
Chc nng ca my thu l thu c tn hiu iu khin t my pht, loi b
sng mang, gii m tn hiu iu khin thnh cc lnh ring bit, t mi lnh s
a n khi chp hnh c th.
LED thu :
Thu tn hiu hng ngoi do my pht truyn ti v bin i thnh tn hiu iu
khin.
Khi khuch i:
C nhim v khuch i tn hiu iu khin ln ln t t, LED thu hng ngoi
qu trnh x l tn hiu c d dng.
Khi tch sng mang :
Khi ny c chc nng trit tiu sng mang, ch gi li tn hiu iu khin nh
tn hiu gi i t my pht.
Khi gii m:
Nhim v ca khi ny l gii m tn hiu iu khin thnh cc lnh iu khin
di dng cc bit nh phn hay cc dng khc a n khi chp hnh c th.
Do nhim v ca khi ny rt quan trng.
Khi cht:
C nhim v gi nguyn trng thi tc ng khi tn hiu iu khin khng cn,
iu ny c ngha l khi pht lnh iu khin ta ch tc ng vo phm n 1 ln,
trng thi mch ch thay i khi ta ch tc ng vo nt khc thc hin iu khin
lnh khc.
Khi khuch i:

Khuch i tn hiu iu khin ln tc ng c vo mch chp hnh.

Khi chp hnh:
C th l role hay mt linh kin iu khin no , y l khi cui cng tc
ng trc tip vo thit b thc hin nhim v iu khin mong mun.
V. IU KHIN T XA DNG SNG V TUYN:
S lc v h thng thu pht v tuyn:
H thng v tuyn l h thng truyn tn hiu t ni ny sang ni khc bng
sng in t. Tn hiu thng tin c truyn i t ni pht c chuyn thnh tn
hiu in. Sau c m ha truyn i; ti ni thu, tn hiu in s c gii
m, ti to li thng tin ban u.
Vic iu ch tn hiu in trong h thng v tuyn, truyn tn hiu l qu trnh
t tn hiu thng tin vo sng mang c tn s cao hn truyn i, ti my thu
tn hiu s loi b thnh phn sng mang, ch nhn v x l ti to li tn hiu
thng tin, y l qu trnh gii m iu ch.
Khi nim v h thng iu khin t xa dng sng v tuyn:
H thng iu khin t xa dng sng v tuyn bao gm my pht v my thu.
My pht c nhim v pht ra lnh iu khin truyn ra mi trng di dng
sng in t mang theo tin tc iu khin. My thu thu tin tc t mi trng, x
l tin tc v a ra lnh iu khin n mch chp hnh. c im ca h thng
ny l phi dng Antena bc x tn hiu i vi my pht, dng Antena thu
tn hiu i vi my thu.
1.S khi my pht:

Antenna

Pht lnh
iu khin

ha

Khuch i
cao tn

iu
ch
Dao ng
S khi my pht
Gii thch s cao
khi:tn
Khi pht lnh iu khin: Dng cc phm pht lnh iu khin theo
phng thc ma trn phm hay tng phm n ring l.
Khi m ha: Bin i sng dao ng in c to ra t bn phm lnh
thnh sng in c tn s c trng cho lnh iu khin tng ng.
Khi dao ng cao tn: To dao ng bn trong my pht, c nhim v lm
sng mang chuyn ch tn hiu iu khin trong khng gian.

 Khi iu ch: Phi hp 2 tn hiu dao ng li vi nhau theo cc phng

php khc nhau, ty theo c im ca h thng thu - pht nh iu ch bin
(AM), iu ch tn s (FM), iu ch pha (PM).
Khi khuch i cao tn: Khuch i bin tn hiu nhm tng cng
cng sut bc x sng in t.

2. S khi my thu:

Khuch
i cao
tn

Dao ng
ni

Trn

Tch
sng

tn

Thit

Gii
m

Lnh
iu
khin

b
S khi my thu
Gii thch s khi my thu:
Khi khuch i cao tn: khuch i bin tn hiu cao tn thu c t
Antena b li nng lng ca sng in t tiu hao khi lan truyn trong mi
trng.
Khidao ng ni: l dao ng cao tn hnh sin bin i nng lng dao
ng mt chiu thnh xoay chiu c tn s yu cu. Khi dao ng ni l dao
ng t kch c tn s n nh cao.
Khi trn tn: bin i tn hiu cao tn thnh tn hiu trung tn chung, vi
tn s ny vic thit k mch cng nh n nh tr nn d dng hn. Khi trn
tn cn c nhim v khuch i bin tn hiu trung tn chung.
Khi tch sng: c nhim v trit tiu sng mang cao tn, phc hi li tn
hiu iu khin.
Khi gii m: nhn bit tn hiu va pht i pht ra lnh tc ng ng
thit b cn iu khin.
Khi lnh iu khin: gm cc mch ng lc, ng ngt ngun cho thit
b, hay iu khin chc nng thit b t trc.
Qua thc nghim cho thy, sng in t c th bc x v lan truyn trong
mi trng th tn s dao ng in thch hp l ln hn 100 kHz. Ngoi ra vn
phi hp tr khng gia cc tn trong my pht, gia antena v tn cng sut
pht l rt quan trng trong vic nng cao khong cch pht sng.
V Antena thu c c tnh cng hng vi tn s pht nn kch thc antena
c quan h cht ch vi bc sng pht. i vi antena Sut (whip anten) chiu di
ca antena xp x vi , , , 3/2 , v l bc sng my pht.
Tm thu-pht ca h thng cn ph thuc vo a hnh, cao ca antena v
nhy ca thit b.
3.Phn knh iu khin t xa bng v tuyn nhiu chc nng:
Phn knh :
iu khin nhiu chc nng ca mt thit b iu khin t xa, my thu
phi s dng ma trn phm, mi phm c iu ch vi mt tn hiu ring bit
(c m ha) khi my thu ti to li tn hiu v thc hin vic iu khin thit

b ng vi chc nng ca phm va pht i. Qu trnh gi l qu trnh phn

knh.
Trong iu khin t xa dng sng v tuyn c nhiu k thut phn knh
nh phn knh theo bin ,phn knh theo tn s, phn knh theo thi gian
nhng thng dng nht l phn knh theo tn s.
iu khin t xa bng v tuyn nhiu chc nng:

B chn
knh

Dao ng
to xung
iu khin

Dao ng
iu ch
cao tn

Khuch i
cao tn
S MY PHT NHIU KNH

Antena

Thu v
khuch
i cao
tn

Tch
sng

B tch
knh 1

iu
khin 1

B tch
knh 2

iu
khin 2

B
iu
tch
khin n
S KHI MY THU
NHIU
knh
n KNH
VI. SO SNH PHNH PHP IU KHIN T XA DNG TIA HNG
NGOI V V TUYN:
A. u v khuyt im ca tng phng php:
1. Phng php iu khin t xa dng sng v tuyn:
a. u im:
- Truyn t tn hiu vi khong cch xa.
- Khng b nh hng nhiu i vi vt cn.
-Tm pht rng nhiu hng khc nhau nn c th iu khin cng mt lc
i vi thit b nhn knh ng thi.

b. Khuyt im:
- Khi pht hay thu u cn c Anten.
- Lm cho khng gian b bo ha, gy nhiu v tyn
- Hay b nh hng nhiu gy mo dng hoc sai tn hiu nn khng iu
khin c.
- trnh nh hng cc tn s pht sng chuyn nghip nn phi tun
theo qui nh ca bu in (theo tiu chun FCC phi pht sng nm trong dy
tn nghip d). Do , vn dn knh theo phng php phn ng th tn s
b gii hn v dy tn ny rt hp, do vy khng th no iu khin c nhiu
knh.
- V tuyn b nhiu nn h thng m ha phc tp hn.
- Tnh kh thi thp v nhiu linh kin, ti liu v thit b o trong iu kin
ngi lm ti.
2 . Phng php iu khin t xa dng tia hng ngoi:
a. u im:
- Khng dy dn.
- Led pht v thu nh, gn d thit k lp t v c tin cy cao.
- p cung cp thp, cng sut tiu tn nh.
- iu khin c nhiu thit b.
- Tnh kh thi cao, linh kin d tm thy v thi cng d.
b. Khuyt im:
- Tm xa b hn ch.
- Dng in cao tc thi.
- Nhiu hng ngi do cc ngun nhit xung quanh ta pht ra, nn gy nh
hng v hn ch tm pht. Do ch dng trong phng, kho hoc ni c nhit
mi trng nh hng thp.
- Hn ch khi b vt cn nn khng th pht xa c.

B. PHN TCH U KHUYT IM:

1Vn tn s sng mang:
Khi cn pht i xa cn phi c sng mang truyn tin tc cn truyn. Vi
phng php v tuyn s dng sng mang tn s kh cao nn kh thi cng. Mc
khc, phng php dng sng v tuyn phi tun theo qui nh ca bu in, cn
phng php dng tia hng ngoi s dng tn s thp d thi cng, khng cn
khung cng hng LC nh sng v tuyn.
2.Vn thu-pht:
Vi phng php dng sng v tuyn khng gn nh, do phi dng antena
pht v thu gy bt tin khi s dng v khong cch iu khin li ph thuc
nhiu vo chiu di ca antena, iu kin mi trng v a hnh. Ngoi ra cn
phi lu n vn phi hp th khng gia cc antena thu v mch khuch i
cng sut pht.
Vi phng php iu khin t xa dng tia hng ngoi th c nhiu u im
hn nh gn nh, khng cn n antena thu-pht, kch thc LED hng ngoi nh
nn d b tr, gi thnh linh kin khng cao lm.
3.Vn cng sut pht:
nng cao khong cch iu khin th phi nng cao cng sut pht, nhy
ca thit b. Trong trng hp iu khin dng sng v tuyn c nhc im l
khuch i cng hng nm tn cng sut gy nn cng knh cho phn pht v
cng sut tiu tn trn mch ln.
Vi phng php iu khin t xa dng tia hng ngoi th tng cng
khong cch pht th ta c th tng s lng led pht hay phn cc cho cc led
chy mnh hn phn tng nhy th khng t ra v n d nh hng t bn
ngoi.
4. Phm vi ng dng:
Hng ngoi c s dng nhiu iu khin thit b sinh hot trong gia nh,
phm vi lm vic hp, khng s dng ngoi nng. Kh nng iu khin ca sng
v tuyn ln hn tia hng ngoi.
5. Kh nng thc thi:
Nhng thit b c nh IC SZ9148, SZ9149 (2248, 2249 tng ng) LED
pht, u thu hng ngoi. Nhng linh kin ca mch thi cng v tuyn nh cc
cun dy lm khung cng hng kh tm v khng c thit b o lng.
6. Kt lun- chn phng n thi cng:
Sau khi so snh phn tch nhng thun li v kh khn c bn, em nhn thy
phng n thi cng mch iu khin t xa dng tia hng ngoi cng c ng
dng nhiu trong cc thit b in chng hn nh iu khin ng ngt 1 tip
im, 2 tip im, Trong phm vi ti ny em quyt nh dng k thut iu
khin t xa bng tia hng ngoi vo vic iu khin tc qut bn, hn gi tt
qut, cng nh iu khin cho qut chy qua li.
CHNGIII

GII THIU MT S MCH NG DNG

1.TAI NGHE HNG NGOI:
Khi s dng tai nghe radio casset, tivi ta lun c cm gic vng vu dy
dn, khng c t do i li, rt bt tin. Sau y l mch ng dng thu, pht

hng ngoi gip cho ta va i li t do trong phng ca mnh va nghe nhc, tin
tc m khng nh hng ti ngi khc.
S mch pht:
J
9

1
V

C 3
2 2 0

1 0

0 n

T 1
B S

1 7 0

P
1 0 0

8 2

T 2
B C

R 1
1 0 0 K

4 7 B

R 3
6 . 8
J 2
0 V

Trong :
D1, D2, D3 : LD271
T1
: BS170
T2
: BS 547B
R1: 100k , R2: 80k , R3 = 6 8
P1: Bin tr 100k .
C1 = 100n, C2 = 220 F, 16V.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch:
Ba LED hng ngoi c cp in vi MOSFET T1. Dng in ny c th
chnh c nh bin tr P1. Tn hiu m thanh n C1 phn mt chiu c gi
li, phn xoay chiu n cc n ca T1 v lm bin iu dng in qua cc led
hng ngoi. Cng nh sng hng ngoi pht i do b bin iu (AM). T2
v R3 hn ch dng in qua mosfet T1 lm hng LED khi cng c in th qu
ln. Dng in b hng ch nh hn 100mA. Transistor BS170 c th lm vic vi
dng in qua cc mng n 500mA v c cng sut tiu tn 730mW, t C2 l t
lc ngun:
S mch thu:
K 1

R 3
5 6 0
C
C 1
4 7

D
P

3
J

1
H

T O

I O

E
2 2

0
P

1 0

B T 1
9 V

R
R 1
4 7 0

K
11

8 2
0 0

T 2
M O

0 K

T E

 Nguyn l hat ng:

Trong mch thu ta c th dng diode BPW41W hay BP140. C 2 diode u
c che chn bi mt mng lc nh sng. Vi in tr 560 , ta c th dng
ng nghe loi 600 , nh th T1 lm vic vi ti 300 . P1 c chnh sao cho
s mo m thanh b nht. R1 l in tr hn ch dng cho LED.
Khi D1 nhn tn hiu t b pht, sau a n tc ng cc cng ca T2, tn
hiu c khuch i loi b sng mang tn hiu m tn ly ra chn D ca
MOSFET T2 ni qua loa (K1)
2.. VI NC IU KHIN T XA BNG TIA HNG NGOI:
Thit b ny cho php ta khi th tay vo vi nc my nc s t ng chy
ra, v khi cho tay vo ta s chn tia hng ngoi, khi rt tay ra sau mt thi gian
ngn vi nc s t ng ngng. Thit b t ng ny thch hp vi cc khch
sn, bnh vin v nhng ni cng cng khc.
S mch pht:
R

1 .

C
1

1
0 0

7G .

1 0

0 p

1 0

*
k

1 1 1 F

0 0
G

1
V

1 k

T 9 0

0 2

G B
6 V

Nguyn l hat ng:

Sau khi ng chuyn mch S, linh kin HG-11F chuyn dng pht hng
ngoi c cp in s lm vic. Linh kin ny s phi hp vi mt s linh kin
khc bn ngoi c th sinh ra mt tn hiu c tn s dao ng 38kHz, qua kch
transistor VT9013 hat ng lm cho led pht tia hng ngoi ra ngoi.
S mch thu
K 1
O U T
R
1

P
3

2
1
. 0

1C
3
1

I C
M
C

Q
D

R
1
S 2 - 4 0 Q 9 V 1T5
2

7
I S
6

1
C
4

R
C
4

3
7

I N

7 8 0 5

G N D

A C
2 2 0 V

1 5 :5 5
Nguyn l hat ng
Khi nhn tia hng ngoi t mch pht LED hat ng, in p ri trn led
nh, khng phn cc cho transistor VT1, VT1 trng thi ngt. Lc , chn
s 2 ca IC1 s mc cao, u ra chn s 3 mc in thp, role k khng ht,
van in t DF ng. Khi dng tay che tia hng ngoi pht ra t GH, bng thu
FTS4091 khng c tn hiu, dng vo Transistor ln lm cho transistor dn bo

ha, in th chn s 2 ca IC1 gim xung mc thp, dn n u ra chn s 3

ln mc in cao, role K ht, tip im thng h K1 ni thng ngun in cho
van in t DF, vi nc c m. Sau khi ra tay xong, vi nc s t ng
ngt.
3. MCH IN IC IU KHIN T XA MI NHT WG0623A:
Hin nay, thit b in trong gia nh ngy cng nhiu, b phn iu khin t
xa (remote) cng ngy cng dng ph bin, con ngi cn c mt b iu khin t
xa vn nng. gii quyt iu ny c th dng vi x l tin tin ca nc ngoi
IC-WG0623A ch to thnh mt b iu khin xa c th thay th cho mi remote
hin c v nh iu khin t xa tt c cc thit b ang dng trong gia nh.
S chn:
1 52
48
44
40 39
1mm 11
6

WG0623
35
32

S chn

13 14
K
Chc nng
26 27
hiu

1,9,37,51,52
2
3

NC
FR
V0

4
5
6
8
7,10,13,14,16
,20,23,33,45,
46,47,48
11

V00
XIN
XOUT
RET
GND
S+

20
27

27

Cha ni
u ra tn hiu iu khin xa
Ngun in bn trong ni
song song vi chn s 4
Ngun in
u vo mch dao ng ni
u ra mch dao ng ni
u vo hn thng phc v
Ni t

Chn ni bn trong, ni song

song vi chn 12
12
S
Chn ni bn trong, ni song
song vi chn 11
15
AMPI u vo khuch i thu
17
u ra khuch a thu
18
VREG in p tham kho a ra
V00
Hin cc b iu khin t xa dng IC s dng trong thit b in gia nh
u c m iu khin t xa c nh, v i tng iu khin t xa hnh thnh tng
i c quan h vi nhau. Nhng c im ln nht ca IC WG0623A l c kh

nng hc, n c th m phng tt c m pht ca LED iu khin t xa bng tia

hng ngoi, v th c th s dng thay cc b iu khin t xa thng dng.
Bn trong caWG0623A ch yu do 3 b phn to thnh:b phn pht m,
b phn thu, CPU v mch u ni ngoi vi. B phn pht m thc hin vic pht
m iu khin t xa; b phn thu thc hin vic thu m iu khin t xa khi hc;
CPU l trng tm ca chip IC. Lc pht m, n c nhim v cung cp cho u ra
ca b phn pht m nhng s liu v tham s t trong b phn nh; lc thu, n
tin hnh phn tch vi m iu khin t xa thu c. Sau n nh trong b
nh tham s sng mang v s liu ca m iu khin t xa nhn c.
Hin ti c th dng WG0623A ch to thnh b iu khin t xa tin tin
nht. B iu khin t xa ny va thch hp s dng bnh thng trong gia nh
cng c th bn km vi cc sn phm nh: VCD, thit b m hng, tivi
4.Mch iu khin t xa bng tia hng ngoi mt nt nhn:
Chng ta c th s dng mt s linh kin r v IC 4047BE to ra mt b
iu khin t xa mt nt nhn ng ct cc thit b trong gia nh. Tm hot
ng ca b thu pht ny rt ln, c th n 10 m.
S chn ca IC 4047BE:
V

d 0d

1 4

E
E

1 3

1 2

N Q

1 1

a o

a 1
2

R T

Q
3

Q N
e xR t / C Re xe ts e t

1 0

e x R t e R x / t C Ee Nx tE a a1 oT

N V1

s s

Chn 1 Cext: kt ni t bn ngoi.

2 Rext : kt ni in tr bn ngoi.
3 R/C : chn kt ni chung gia t v in tr bn ngoi.
4 EAI : chn cho php tn hiu vo (tc ng mc thp).
5 EAO: chn cho php tn hiu vo (tc ng mc cao).
6 T
: chn kch vo t cao xung thp.
7 V ss : chn ni mass.
8 T0 : chn kch vo t thp ln cao.
9 MR : Master Reset.
10
: ng ra (chn dao ng ng ra).
11
: ng ra o.
12
: Reset.
13
: chn dao ng .
14 Voc : chn cp ngun nui.
S mch pht :
Trong
C1= 100F t lc ngun; C2 = 2,2nF
R1= 10k ; Q1: 2SC1815; D1 :led
R2= 56

Mch pht ra tia hng ngoi c tn s khong 10kHz, xung ra dng vung, c
dng trung bnh khong 50mA.
5
4
6
8
1

I C

3
R

0 k

C
2

2
. 2 n

A S T
A S T
- T
2 + T
R E T

2
9

R
R

X
S

0 4

R
1

R 3
4 . 7

1
2

. 2

1
C

Q 1
2 N

5
. 5

M
R

7
. 7 K

C 4
1 0 n

R
1

. 5

R
4

9
. 7
C

/ O

B T 1
9 V

Q ?
2 N

R
1

L
6

C 7
1 U

3
S

. 7

Q
2

S
O

K
C

1
C

Q 2
2 S A

1 0

D 0
L E D

R 6
2 2 0

. 7

R 2
5 6

4
R

C 2
D 1 01 n

S mch thu :
C
1

Trong :
R1 : 12K
;R2 : 1,2M ;R3: 4,7K ;R4 : 1K ;R5 : 1,5M
R6 : 220
;R7 : 4,7K ;R8 : 1,5M ;R9 : 4,7K ;C1 : 100 F
C2 : 10 F ;C3 : 4,7 F ;C4 : 14 F ;C5 : 100 F ;C6 : 4,7 F ;C7 : 1 F
Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4 : 2SC1015
Nguyn l hat ng:
Sau khi nhn nt ON/OFF th mch pht hat ng. Led hng ngoi pht ra
tia hng ngoi. mch thu, led thu tip nhn ri t gii iu ch ly tn hiu
xung 10kHz a n Q1, Q2, Q3 lm cho Q1 khng hat ng c, Q4 hot
ng lm cho role Y1 ht. Ngc li khng nhn nt ON/OFF th rle Y1 khng
ht. T rle Y1 ta c th a n iu khin mt thit b in no .
S pht:
6
. . 9 V

R 2
1 0 K

1 0C K 1

1 0 0
Q

R 3
1 0 K
C

R 4
1 0

R 5
4 7 K

0 0 n
Q
N

2
P

Q
N

3
P

Nguyn l hat ng:

S nguyn l my pht tia hng ngoi trn c bc sng khong
850mm. LD1 l LED pht hng ngoi. B a hi Q1, Q2 pht xung vung c tn
s khong 10kHz kch Q3 hat ng iu ch sng hng ngoi.

 S mch thu:
Tng t nh my thu phn 4, ta ch thay i li cch mc phn Q4
nh sau:

9 V

R 5
4 7 K

2
Q
N

1 0

N
C 3
2 2 0

0 n
D

3
P

C 2
4 7 0 n

Khi c tn hiu hng ngoi Q4 dn bo ha v SCR tt.

ng dng ca mch:
Bo ng khi c k gian.
Khi c k gian i qua khu vc lm che khut tia hng ngoi t mch pht chiu
n mch thu lm cho mch thu mt tn hiu, Q4 mt in p nn tt, cng G ca
SCR lc ny rt dng nn dn v cp ngun ci bo ng.
Rung chung khi c khch n:
Nu h thng dng bo chung khi c khch n th c th b ci h mc SCR
vo chung.
m sn phm trong mt dy chuyn sn xut:
Khi cn m sn phm th SCR c thay bng Transistor C2335 (kha ngun)
cho chung 110V hay 220V hoc H106 (kha ngun) cho chung dng pin. C
mi ln vt chy ngang tm che khut tia hng ngoi l mt ln bo chung.

CHNG IV

THIT K MCH
A. IC LOGIC CMOS:
1.i cng :
CMOS c vit tt t Complementary-Metall-Oxide-Silicon. u tin
CMOS c nghin cu s dng trong k thut hng khng v tr. Vi cc c
tnh nh khng b ph thuc vo li in, min nhiu Ngy nay CMOS c
s dng rng ri trong li in cng nghip, in t, y khoa, k thut xe hi v
c trong k thut my tnh in t.
- CMOS c cc c tnh quan trng:
- Cng sut tiu tn b: 0,25 nW per gate (static)
- in p lm vic t 3V n 15V, max 18V.
- CMOS chng nhiu tt.
- Khang nhit lm vic:
Thng mi: -40 0C n 85 0C
Qun s : -55 0C n 125 0C
- DC fan out > 50.
2.in p:
CMOS c th hat ng t 3V n 5V. Tuy nhin vi in p nh hn 4,5V
thi gian tr s gia tng (vn tc lm vic s chm li), tng tr ra cng cao hn
v ng thi tnh chng nhiu cng gim. Vi nhng in p ln hn 15V cng
c nhng bt li.
- Cng sut tiu tn lc CMOS hat ng cng tng cao.
- Vi nhng xung nhiu t ngun vt qu in p nh thng (20V), to ra
hiu ng SCR-latch-up v lm hng IC nu dng khng c hn ch t bn
ngoi.
3.Thi gian tr:
in p cng cao th CMOS hat ng cng nhanh. Thi gian tr gia tng vi
nhit v ti in dung.
4.Tnh min nhiu :
CMOS chng nhiu rt tt, thng 4,5% in p cp t 2,25V vi in p
5V v 4,5V cho in p 10V. Thi gian tr bin mt sau mt chui cc cng
CMOS, sau mt chui cc cng TTL th c khuch i. V tnh cht c bit
ny CMOS c dng thit k trong cc mch in ca cc thit b cng
nghip phi hat ng trong mt mi trng y nhiu v in t.
Vi in p cp 5V CMOS vn hat ng bnh thng vi s mt n nh ca
in p cp hay in p nhiu n 1V.

5. Giao tip vi TTL:

Vi in p 5V CMOS giao tip thng vi TTL. Tng tr v ca CMOS rt
ln, TTL c th ti v s cng CMOS m khng lm mt fan out trng thi thp.
6. in dung ng ra-vo:
in dung ng vo ca CMOS = 1,5pF n 5pF v in dung ng ra bng
3pF n 7pF.
7.Nhng ch cn thit khi thit k mch vi IC CMOS:
- Tt c cc chn ng vo khng dng nn ni vi t hay in p cp.
- Nhng tn hiu vo thay i mc logic qu chm s lm cho IC CMOS dao
ng v IC b trigger nhiu ln. in p cp cho IC n p km v khng sch d
a n trng hp ny v in p ngng vo ca IC ph thuc vo in p cp.
Vi cc xung ng b c thi gian ln chm IC CMOS cng thng hiu sai.
- C CMOS cng loi c c trng k thut khc nhau.
- Dng ra ca CMOS loi B cho ton di nhit lm vic khong 0,36mA
thc mt cng LS-TTL.
B. CU TO V CHC NNG CA IC:
I. IC HEF 4017B:
Vi mch 4017B l vi mch loi CMOS nn mang cc c im ca h CMOS.
Ngoi ra, s hat ng ca vi mch cn ph thuc vo cc tn hiu vo n.
Nu tn hiu vo c in p khng n nh hay xung ng h c thi gian ln
chm s gy nn s ny ca vi mch, lm tn hiu ng ra khng n nh.
IC 4017B l vi mch c mi u ra, cc u ra ny tun t chuyn ln mc
cao [1] trong khi u ra khc mc thp [0] theo xung nhp CK, cu trc bn
trong ca vi mch l b m vng Johnson t khi ng c.
S chn ca IC 4017B:
I C
1
1 4
C
L
K Q
1 3
E N A Q
Q
1 5
R S T Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0 1

3
2
4
7
1 0
1
5
6
9
1 1
1 2

 S bn trong:
14
CP0
13
CP1

5 Stage Johnson
counter
M
R
15

Mch ra & gii m

Q 59
12

3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11
Trong :
Q0
Q2 Q3
Q4ln
Q5mc
Q6 Q7
Q8 Q9
CP0 : xung ng h vo(kch Q1
t mc
thp
cao).
CP1 : xung ng h vo (kch t mc cao xung mc thp).
MR:Master reset.
Q0 Q9: cc ng ra gii m.
QN5-9 :ng ra nh (ch tc ng mc thp ).
Bng trng thi:

MR
H
L
L
L
L
L
L

CP0
X
H
L
X
H

CPN1
X
L
X
H

H : High stage (Mc cao).

L: Low stage (Mc thp).
X: Bt chp.

Operatoin
Q 0 = Q5 9 = H ; Q 1 Q 9 = L
Count
Count
No change
No change
No change
No change

Gin thi gian

CP1
MR
Q0

CPO
8

2
10

Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q

II. IC 9HEF 4013:

QN5-9
Vi mch 4013 cha 2 Flip-Flop D, n l mt vi mch a nng, chng c cc
chn t trc tip (S0), xa trc tip (CD). D liu c chp nhn Cp mc thp
v c chuyn n ng ra khi c cnh dng ca xung ng h. Khi 2 chn CD
v S0 cng mc cao bt chp d liu vo v xung ng h nh th no, c 2 ng
ra Q v QN u mc cao. IC HEF c 14 chn.
S bn trong:
Q1 QN1
Q2 QN2
1

13

F-F D
6

12

F-F D
3

4 8

SD1 D1 CP1 CD1 D2

SD2
Trong :
D : D liu vo.
Cp : Xung ng h vo.
SD : Chn t.
CD : Chn xa.

11

10

CP2 CD2

 Bng trng thi:

SD
H
L
H
SD
L
L

Ng vo
CD CP D
L
X
X
H
X
X
H
X
X
Ng vo
CD CP
L
L

Ng ra
Q
QN
H
L
L
H
H
H
Ng ra
Qn+1 QNn+1
L
H
H
L

D
L
H

III. IC 4060:
Vi mch 4060 l b m, chia v dao ng, c 14 tng, bn trong mch kt ni
ba b dao ng ( RS , C TC , R TC ) , c 10 ng ra ( Q3 Q9, Q11 Q13). Mch dao
ng c th thit lp bng mch dao ng RC hoc thch anh. Mch dao ng ny
thay th cho xung ng h ti ng vo RS. B m c reset khi chn 12(MR)
mc cao. C 16 chn.
S chn:
R R S R c tC c t
V
D QD 9 Q 7 Q 8 M
1

I C
1
Q

4 0 6 0
4

1Q

Thit lp mch dao ng:

- Mch dao ng RC:

1 Q2

1 Q3

8
5 Q

4 Q

6 Q

3 G

M R
1

R
C

t
C

Cng thc tiu biu tnh tn s dao ng:

fosc= 1/ (2,3x Rt x Ct )
Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi Rt ,Ct , vi Rt < R2 v R2R2 << Rt Rt. Chc
nng ca R2 l gim ti thiu nh hng ca p xuyn qua diode bo v tn s
vo, C2 l t lc gi tr cng cao cng tt. tn s dao ng chnh xc nh mong
mun gi tr Ct phi ln hn C2 , gi tr Rt phi ln hn gi tr in tr m ca
CMOS. Thng thng ngi ta s dng gi tr Rt v Ct l:
Ct >>100pF
10k <= Rt <= 1M

Ngoi ra chng ta c th s dng thch anh:

M

1
3
2

1 0

d
0 K

R 2
2 . 2

X 1
C 1
3 7

C 2
1 0 0 p

Rl : in tr hn dng
IV. IC 74192:
Vi mch 74192 l b m BCD lp trnh c, n c kh nng m ln hoc
m xung. Khi u vo ti (Load-11) c t mc thp (L) th s 4 bit bt k
cc u vo D, C, B, A s c ti v b m. B m c xa v mc thp
khi u vo Clear (chn 11) c t mc cao. Cc u ra mn (Borrow-chn
13) v nh (Carry-chn 12) khi chuyn xung mc thp s ch trn xung di
(under-flow) hoc trn ln trn (Over-flow). Vi mch ny c kh nng m theo
s t trc.
Vi mch hat ng m ln khi chn Count down (chn 4) mc cao, xung
ng h a vo chn Count up (chn 5), mch m ln l m t s t trc
n s ln nht 1001, chn ti load c ti vo chn carry v chn clear c
ni vi mass.
Vi mch hat ng m xung khi chn Count up (5) mc cao, xung ng
h a vo chn Count down (4); mch m xung l m t s t trc n s
thp nht 0000, chn ti c ti vo chn borrow(13). IC c 16 chn.

 S chn:

D
1

o r Cr o a w Lr r oy aP d 2

BL

PD 0 C

I C
1

P
9

7 4 1 9 2

S khi bn trong:

! Q

0C

15

14

8
d C

u Q

13

2 Q

12

3 G

11

10

P0 CL Borrow Carry
Load P2
P1
P3
Q1 Q0 Cd
Cu
1

Count up : m ln.
Count down : m xung.
Caarry :Chn nh.
Borrow :Chn mn.
Clear : Chn xa.
P0 P3: Chn t.
QA,QB,QC,QD:Cc ng ra.
V. IC 4002B:
Vi mch 4002B c cha 2 cng NOR, mi cng c 4 ng vo v mt ng ra.
C 14 chn, v nha kiu cm thng hng.
S chn v s bn trong:
V

D
4

D
1

1 0

5
4
1
3
2
5
4
1
3
2

7
G

D
0
0

Bng trng thi:

Ng vo
C
B
A
0
0
0
0
0
1

Ng ra
Y
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

T bng trng thi ta thy ng ra ln mc cao [1] khi tt c cc ng vo u

mc thp [0].
IC iu khin t xa bng tia hng ngai:
ICSZ 9418, SZ9149, SZ9150 l nhng IC thu pht trong h thng iu khin
t xa bng tia hng ngoi. Trong SZ9148 l mch in IC pht x iu khin
c m ha kiu ma trn. N v mch in IC SZ9149 phi hp vi nhau c th
hon thnh b iu khin xa c 10 chc nng; phi hp v mch in IC SZ 9150
c th hon thnh b iu khin xa c 18 chc nng, c hn 75 lnh c th pht
xa, trong 63 lnh l lnh lin tc, c th c nhiu t hp phm; 12 lnh khng
lin tc, ch c th s dng phm n. T hp nh vy c th dng cho nhiu loi
iu khin xa cho cc thit b in.
VI. MCH IN IC PHT Z9148:
Mch in IC SZ9148 s dng cng ngh CMOS qui m ln ch to l mt
loi linh kin pht xa m ha tia hng ngoi rt thng dng, phm vi in p
ngun in l 2,2V~5,5V. V s dng cng ngh CMOS ch to nn cng sut
tiu hao cc thp, dng in trng thi tnh ch 10 A, n c th s dng nhiu t
hp phm, linh kin bn ngoi rt t, m s ca n thch hp vi nhiu qui m
khc, ch cn ni ngoi linh kin LC hoc b dao ng gm l c th gy ra dao
ng.
S chn:
V
D T Dx oT u t Ce t s o t T d 3e T 2 T 1 K
6

1
G

9 1 4 8

4
N X D TX

TK

8
1K

2K

3K

4K

1.Chc nng ca cc chn dn:

IC SZ9148 s dng 16 chn v nha kiu cm thng hng.
Chn 1: GND l u m ca dng in ni vi t.
Chn 2: XT l u vo ca b phn dao ng bn trong.
Chn 3: XTN l u ra ca b phn dao ng bn trong, bn trong n
khng c in tr phn hi.
S khi bn trong:
TX2
TNX 3

Dao
ng

Phn
Tn

B Gii M
Duy tr / Pht
Sinh Tn Hiu
Khng Lin Tc
K1.4
K2.5
K3.6
K4.7
K5.8
K6.9

Mch in
15 Txout
ng B
u ra

Mch

in
Pht Sinh Tn
Pht Sinh Tn
Phm
Hiu Bit
Hiu Ching
Vo
Chn 4 n chn 9: (k1-k6) l an u vo tn hiu ca bn phm kiu ma trn.
Chn 10 n chn 12: T1 T3 kt hp vi cc chn k1 n k6 c th to thnh 18
10
11
12
13
phm.
T2m s,
T3dng m s truyn
CODE
Chn 13: (code) l uT1vo ca
ti v tip nhn.
Chn 14: (TCST) l u o th, bnh thng khi s dng c th b trng
Chn 15:(Txout ) l u ra tn hiu truyn ti tn hiu 12 bit thnh mt chu k, s
dng sng mang 38kHz iu ch.
Chn 16: (V00) l u dng ca ngun in ni vi in p mt chiu 2,2-5,5
V, in p lm vic bnh thng 3V.
Bn trong IC 9148 do b phn dao ng, b phn tn, b gii m, mch in
u vo ca bn phm, b phn pht m sto thnh. S khi logic bn trong
ca n c trnh by nh hnh 2.

 Tham s ch yu ca SZ9148:
Bng 1 :
Mc Lc

K
iu Nh
hiu kin o nht
th

in
hnh

Ln
nht

n
v

2.2

5.0

1.0

mA

10

2.0

3.0

mc in
cao
mc in
thp
mc in
cao

VIH

tt c
chc
nng
thao tc
phm
thng
khng
ph ti
phm
m
khng
dao
ng
_

VIL

0.5

IIH

VIH = 3V

20

30

60

mc in
thp
dng mc in
Cod in
cao
e
u
mc in
Test
vo
thp
u
dng mc in
ra
in
cao
k14
u
mc in
k3
ra
thp
TXOU dng mc in
in
cao
T
u
mc in
ra
thp
in tr phn hi b dao ng
Cng sut dao ng

IIL

-1.0

1.0

-1.0

1.0

20

30

60

-500

-50

IOH

VIL =
0V
VIH =
3V
VIL =
0V
VOH =
2V
VOL =
3V
VOH = 2V

-0.1

mA

IOL

VOL = 2V

1.0

mA

R
fosc

_
-

_
400

500
455

_
600

K
KHZ

in p ngun in

VDD
IDD

Dng in lm vic
IDS
Dng in trng thi bo ha

u
vo

k14
k5
code
k24
k6

in
p
u
vo
dng
in
u
vo

IIH
IIL
IOH
IOL

 Tham s cc hn ca IC SZ9148:
Bng 2:
Tham s
K hiu
in p ngun in
V00
u vo/ra in p
VIN
Cng sut tn hao
PD
Nhit lm vic
TOPP
Nhit ct gi
TSfg
Dng in u ra (Iout)
IOUT

Gi tr cc hn
6.0
VSS 3v ~ VDD+3V
200
-200~75
-55 ~125
-5

n v
V
V
MW
0
C
0
C
mA

2. Nguyn l hot ng :
Trong IC SZ9148 c cha b o pha CMOS l in tr nh thin cng ni
b dao ng bng thch anh hoc mch in dao ng cng hng. Khi tn s
ca b phn dao ng thit k xc nh l 455kHz, th tn s pht x sng mang
l 38 kHz. Ch khi c thao tc nhn phm mi c th to ra dao ng, v th m
bo cng sut ca n tiu hao thp. N c th thng qua cc chn k1 n k6 v u
ra th t thi gian chn T1 n T3 to ra bn phm 6x3 theo kiu ma trn. Ti t1
su phm c sp xp c th ty chn to thnh 63 trng thi tn hiu lin tc
a ra c trnh by hnh 3:
T1
T3

T2

K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6

(H)

(S1)

(S2)

Hnh 3
Hai hng phm T2 v T3 ch c th s dng phm n, hn na, mi khi
n vo phm mt ln ch c th pht x mt nhm mch xung iu khin xa. Nu
nh cc phm cng hng ng thi c n xung th th t u tin ca n l K 1
> K2 > K3> K4 > K4> K5>K6 . Khng c nhiu phm chc nng trn cng mt
ng K, nu nh ng thi nhn phm th th t u tin ca n l T1 >T2>T3.
Lnh pht ra ca n do m 12 bit to thnh, trong C 1~C3 (code) l m s
ngi dng, c th dng xc nh cc m thc khc nhau, t hp C 1, C2 phi
hp vi mch in IC thu SZ9150; t hp C2, C3 phi hp vi mch in IC thu
SZ9149. Mi loi t hp c 3 trng thi l 01, 10, 11 m khng dng trng thi
00.
Lnh pht ra 12 bit nh bng 3
C1

C2

C3

S1

S2

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

D6
M phm u vo

M ngi dng

M lin tc/khng lin

tc
Cc bit m C1, C2, C3 c thc hin bng vic ni hay khng ni cc chn
T1,T2, T3 vi chn code bng cc diode. Nu ni qua diode th cc C tng ng tr
thnh [1] v [0] khi khng c ni. H, S1, S2 l i din cho m s pht x lin
tc hoc m s pht x khng lin tc. N i ng vi cc phm T1, T2, T3. D1 n
D6 l m s ca s liu pht ra. Phm ca n v s i ng m quan h vi nhau
nh bng 4 s
Bng 4 :

Ph
m
S H S
1
1 1 0
2 1 0
3 1 0
4 1 0
5 1 0
6 1 0
7 0 1
8 0 1
9 0 1
10 0 1
11 0 1
12 0 1
13 0 0
14 0 0
15 0 0
16 0 0
17 0 0
18 0 0

S liu
S D1
2
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

D
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

D D4 D5
3
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0

u ra
D6

Hnh
thc

Lin tc
0
Lin tc
0
Lin tc
0
Lin tc
0
Lin tc
0
Lin tc
1
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
1 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
0 Khng lin tc
1 Khng lin tc

Dng xung pht x ra:

Khi t l chim trng ca mch xung dng hnh sng do mch in SZ9148
pht ra l i din l [0] khi t l chim trng ca mch xung dng l 4/3, i
din cho [1]}. Bt lun l [0] hay [1] khi chng c pht ra mch xung dng
c iu ch trn sng mang 38kHz, t l chim trng ca sng mang l 1/3, nh
vy c li cho vic gim cng sut tiu hao.
c minh ha bi hnh 4:
1a
3a

3a

Bit
0
Bit1

Hnh 4
Vic pht ra ca mi mt chu k theo th t ni tip C 1, C2, C3,H, S1, S2, D1,
D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 c tng chiu di c o 48a, trong a= chu k mt m.
Phng php tnh ca a l: a = (1/fosc) 192s. Khi n phm khng lin tc, u ra m
ch pht ra 2 chu k, khi n phm lin tc, u ra m s pht ra lin tc, gia 2
nhm dng li 280s nh hnh 5a, 5b, 5c trnh by.

Hnh 5
VII. MCH IC THU SZ9149 V SZ9150:
Hai IC ny cng c ch to bng cng ngh CMOS, chng i cp vi IC
pht SZ9148 to thnh mt b IC thu-pht trong iu khin xa bng tia hng
ngoi.
S chn:
D O D S C C o dC e o 1 dS eP 2S1 P S2 P

V
1

1
G

P S5 P

9 1 4 9

4
N R D x Hi n P H 1

3S

8
P H 2 P H3

P H4

D O D S C C o Cd e o 1Sd Pe S 21 P S 2 P S3 P S 4 P S 5 P S 6 P S 7 P

V
2

S
1
G

1 3

9 1 5 0
8

N R D x H i n P H 1 PH 2 P H 3 P H 4 P H 5 P C 6 P C 2 P S 1 P

1 2
1S 0P

 S khi bn trong IC thu SZ9150:

24

Dao ng

B m S Lng

23

B Nh Dch
Hng u Vo

Ghi Mch Xung

u Vo

22
21

Kim Tra
M

B Nh
Dch Hng

Kim Tra S
Liu

Mch in Kha

o Kim
Tra Sai S

Mch Hm Xung
u Vo

FF
3 4

6 7

FF

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

HP1 HP2 HP3 HP4 HP5 HP6 CP2 CP1 SP10 SPSP9 S8 SP7 SP6 SP5 SP4 SP3 SP2

SP1

1.Chc nng cc chn:

IC SZ9149 c 16 chn, IC SZ9150 c 24 chn. C hai u c v nha kiu cm
thng hai hng, hnh dng bn ngoi ca n v chn dn c sp xp nh hnh 6.
- Chn 1: (GND) l u m ca dng in ni t.
- Chn 2: (Rxin) l on u vo ca tn hiu thu; tn hiu sau khi c lc b sng
mang.
- Chn 3 n 8 :HP1 ~HP6 (HP1~HP5) l u ra tn hiu lin tc.
- Chn 9, 10: (CP1, CP2) l u ra tn hiu chu k, tn hiu thu ca u vo tng
ng mt ln, u ra ca n s lt mt ln.
- Chn 11 n 20: SP10 ~SP1 (SP1~SP5) l u ra tn hiu khng lin tc, tn hiu
tip nhn ca u vo tng ng mt ln, mc in cao ca u ra duy tr khong
107ms.
- Chn 21, 22: (code 2, code 1) l u so snh m truyn t tng i chnh xc,
m s thu c v m s nh trc ca mch in ny phi hon ton ging nhau
mi c th thu c.
- Chn 23: (OSC) l u vo dao ng. in tr ghp song song n t v t
in ca u ny gy ra dao ng.
- Chn 24: (VDD) l u dng ca dng in, thng mc in p khong
4,5V~5,5V. Mch in bn trong ca IC thu do b phn dao ng, b m s

cng, b nh dch hng u vo, b phn kim tra s liu, b phn kim tra m,
mch m mch xung u vo, mch in kha c nh, mch in kim tra sai
st, b phn m u vo to thnh. S khi logic ca mch in bn trong
nh hnh7.
Tham s cc hn ca IC thu:
Bng 6
Tham s
K hiu
Gi tr cc hn
n v
in p ngun in
VDD
6
V
in p vo/ra
VIN/VOUT
V
VSS 0.3 VDD +
0.3
Cng sut tn hao
PD
200
mW
Nhit lm vic
TOPR
-20 75
C
Nhit ct gi
TSTG
-55 125
C
Tham s ch yu ca IC thu:
Bng 5:
Tham s
K iu kin o th Nh in Ln n
hiu
nht hnh nht v
in p ngun
VDD Ta = -20 75 C 4.5
5.5
V
Dng in lm
IDD u ra khng ph
1.0 MA
vic
ti
Tn s dao ng FOSC
27
57 KHz
Ta = -20 75 C,VDD4.5 5
.5
Tn s s dng
SOSC
38
KHZ
chun
Bin p ca tn s V
-5
5
%
VDD4.5 5.5
theo in p
fosc
Bin p ca tn s T Ta = -30 75 C -5
5
%
theo nhit
fosc
Dng Mc in IOH
o tt c u
-1.0 MA
in
cao
ra,Voh=4v
u ra Mc in IOL
o tt c u
1.0
MA
thp
ra,Vol=4v
Dng Mc in IIH
u
-1.0
1.0 A
in
cao
Code,VIH=5V
u
vo
in tr ko trn RUP
u code
10
20
40 K
in p ngng
VIN
u RXIN
2.0
2.5
3.0
V
ca mch in
u vo
rng ca di Vhys
RXIN
0.8
V
2. Nguyn l hot ng:

u vo ca tn hiu tip nhn ca mch IC ny do u vo linh kin quang

in m nhn, sau khi qua khuch i, tch sng loi tr sng mang 38kHz,
sau a vo u vo mch in IC, u tin tin hnh chnh hnh i vi tn
hiu u vo, sau li lm cc x l khc. S khi v nguyn l hot ng
mch in u vo ca n nh hnh 8.

Hnh 8
Thi gian o kim tra tn hiu tip nhn ca mch in ny v ng h bo
gi hat ng bn trong u do mch in dao ng m nhn, lc dng ch cn
linh kin RC mc song song n t ti u dao ng OSC ca mch in SZ9149
v SZ9150 l c, nh hnh 9 trnh by.

Hnh 9

Hnh 10

T nguyn l ca SZ9148 c th bit, mi nhm s liu ca tn hiu pht ra

l 12 bit, mi ln pht ra 2 nhm s, khi kim tra tn hiu nhn c, u tin em
tn hiu thu ca nhm 1 gi vo trong b nh dch hng 12 bit, sau tin hnh
so snh tng s ca s liu nhm 2 v nhm 1 nhn c, nu nh ging nhau th
u ra i ng pha s t mc in thp s tng ln mc in cao; nu nh khc
nhau th gy ra tn hiu sai st lp tc lm cho h thng tr v trng thi ban u.
S liu nhn c ca n so snh nh trong hnh 10 trn.
Do trong tn hiu pht ra ca IC pht c C1, C2 v C3 cung cp tn hiu m
s vit cho ngi dng, v vy u tip nhn cn phi c tn hiu m s tng
ng, my khc nhau c m khc nhau cho c s khc bit
IC SZ9148 phi hp vi m ngi dng ca SZ9149 v SZ9150 ln lt c 3
la chn nh bng 7 di y.
Bng 7:
SZ9148 phi hp vi SZ9149
C1
C2
C3
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

SZ9148 phi hp vi SZ9150

C1
C2
C3
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1

u C(code) ni vi t in cho n t l [1]; trc tip ni t l [0].

Trong C1 ca SZ9150 c t [1], 2 s khc khng th t m l [00]. Khi
m ngi dng pht hay thu ph hp th bn trong mch in s gy ra mch xung
kha, kha s liu u vo v lm cho u ra tng t mc in thp ln mc
in cao. Nu m ngi dng khng ph hp, th gy mch xung khng kha, u
vo dng li mc in thp.
Khi m my u vo m ngi dng th nht thit phi a ra mch xung
dng, lm cho h thng tr v ban u. to ra tn hiu ban u ny, nht
nh u C t mc [0] ni vi t in (0,001 ~0,022 F), nh vy th c th
bo m trong khong khc bt my, u C ng thi l mc in thp, lm cho
bn trong mch in to ra mch xung tr v ban u, sau u C ca n dng
li mc in kha.
Nh trc trnh by, u C1, C2 ng thi t [0] l khng c t nht
hai u ny phi ni vi mt t in nh hnh 11 sau:

Hnh 11
Sau khi SZ9149, SZ9150 tin hnh kim tra chnh xc mch xung thu 12
bit, th u ra tng ng to thnh mt mch xung dng rng khang 107ms, l
mch xung n, nh hnh 12 sau:

Hnh 12
Sau khi thu tn hiu lin tc, ng thi vi vic to ra mch xung kha th
1, u vo tng ng to ra mc in cao, cho n khi mch xung kha sau cng
kt thc 160ms th li tr li mc in thp. Khi thao tc nhiu phm cc u HP
tng ng c th song song ng thi a ra cc xung lin tc, l u ra mch
xung lin tc, minh ha nh hnh 13:

Phm n

12bit12bit

12bit 12bit

Tn hiu lin
tc
Thng
kha
u ra duy
tr

160ms

Hnh 13
Nu nh mi khi nhn c tn hiu pht khng lin tc, mc in u CP
tng ng chuyn i mt ln, lai mch xung chu k ny(hai trng thi n nh)
thng dng trong ngun chuyn mch dng cho iu khin thit b in, mch
in lm cm tp m Dng sng hat ng ca n nh hnh 14:

Hnh 14
Phm ca b phn pht xa v m s phm gia u ra ca SZ9150 quan
h vi nhau nh bng 8 sau:
S
phm
1

S liu
K2 K3
0
0

H S1
1 0

S2
0

K1
1

K4
0

K5
0

K6
0

Chc nng

u ra

Tn hiu lin
tc
Tn hiu lin
tc
Tn hiu lin
tc
Tn hiu lin
tc
Tn hiu lin
tc
Tn hiu lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin

HP1
HP2
HP3
HP4
HP5
HP6
SP1
SP2
SP3

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu
khng lin
tc
Tn hiu chu
k
Tn hiu chu
k

SP4
SP5
SP6
SP7
SP8
SP9
SP10
CP1
CP2

C. THIT K MCH:
I. S KHI MCH THU- PHT DNG TIA HNG NGOI:
Nguyn l chung:
Mt Remote controller gm 2 khi: khi pht v khi thu. Khi thu da theo
mi nt nhn chc nng s to ra mt tn hiu iu khin v pht i bi LED hng
ngoi. Cc tn hiu ny c phn bit vi nhau bi s xung c pht i.
A. S KHI MCH PHT:

Bn
Phm

Khi To
Xung n n

Gii Hn
Rng Xung

Khi Dao ng
To Sng Mang

Khi Dao
Chun

Khi
Pht
AND2

AND1

AND3

Gii thch s :
Bn phm:
c t chc di dng ma trn phm, mi phm thc hin mt chc nng
ring. Bt k phm no trn bn phm c nhn u thc hin 2 nhim v: th
nht l to xung kch, kch khi to xung n n hat ng; th hai l to ra m
tng ng l nhng bit nh phn da vo khi gii hn rng xung.
Khi to xung n n:
Khi nhn c xung kch thch mch n n to ra mt xung dng c thi
hng l T. rng T ty thuc vo tr s c th ca linh kin trong mch.
Nhim v chnh ca khi n n trong mch l to ra mt rng xung
dng T duy nht.
TIMER
R

Khi dao ng chun:

Khi ny lun dao ng to ra mt chui xung c chu k l hng s. Cng
AND1 gm hai ng vo, mt ng nhn chui xung ca khi dao ng chun a
n, ng cn li l rng xung T. Nh vy ng ra ca cng AND1 ch cho qua
mt s chu k xung nht nh khi mch n n hot ng.
Dao ng Chun
Khi gii hn rng xung:

Thc cht y l mch m t trc, ch tiu l nhng bit nh phn ty theo

tng phm c th c n vo, m nhng d liu tng ng s c np vo mch
m, thc hin m t trng thi , ta c th s dng mch m ln hoc m
xung. ng ra ca mch m l nhng rng xung tng ng vi phm n
c n vo.
Trn bn phm c bao nhiu phm n th mch m cho ra by nhiu rng
xung.
Hai ng vo cng AND2, mt ng nhn rng xung khc nhau do khi gii
hn rng xung a ti, ng cn li l s chu k n nh(hng s), ty theo
rng xung m cng AND2 cho php xung i qua.
Tnh chnh xc ca mch ph thuc vo khi gii hn rng xung, ch cn sai
lch rng xung l sai lch i tng.
Khi dao ng to sng mang:
V tn hiu iu khin c tn s thp. Khng mnh bc x ra khong
khng gian cn thit n mch thu, do vy phi iu ch n vi sng mang c tn
s cao nng lng pht i. Khi dao ng to sng mang thng c thit
k dao ng vi tn s vi chc kHz tr ln.
u pht:
Tn hiu ca ng ra ca cng AND3 c dng nh nn khng kh nng thc
LED hng ngoi. Do , phi qua mt b khuch i dng v p thch hp thc
LED pht tn hiu hng ngoi.
B. S KHI MCH THU:

u Thu

n n

Nhn Thc Chc

Nng Rafdio
Bottom

Nhn Dng Tn
Hiu iu Khin
Mch Cht

Gii M Chn
Chc Nng

Nhn Chc
Nng ON/OFF

u thu:
Dng photodiode nhn dng hng ngoi, sau i tn hiu hng ngoi
thnh tn hiu in. ng thi vi vic i tn hiu hng ngoi, tn hiu iu khin
cng c tch ra khi tn hiu sng mang, a n v ng dng ca xung iu
khin .
Mch n n:
Mch ny ch hat ng khi c tn hiu thu t mch pht. Tn hiu thu c dng
xung vung, nn cn c mch lc to ra gai nhn kch cho n hat ng. Ng ra
ca khi ny c dng xung vung, xung ny iu khin mch m v mch cht.
Mch nhn dng tn hiu:

Thc cht y l mch m, thc hin m s xung do u thu a n. S

xung m mch m nhn c chnh l tn hiu iu khin c pht i.
Mch cht:
D liu a vo mch cht l d liu t ng ra ca mch m. Sau khi cht d
liu s rt n nh khng chp chn do gip gii m c chnh xc.
Khi gii m chn chc nng :
Nhim v chnh l nhn tn hiu n nh sau khi cht, t gii m chn chc
nng. a ch cng thay i khi mch pht c phm n, v do tng chc nng
cng thay i theo. Cc ng chc nng ca khi ny gm 16 ng ra cha
c s l phn chc nng.
Phn chc nng ON/OFF:
Ty theo yu cu s dng m ta phn thnh chc nng trn. Chc nng
ON/OFF iu khin cc i tng c lp. Chc nng radio bottom iu khin
cc trng thi ph thuc ca cng mt i tng hoc cc thit b lm vic lun
phin nhau.
II. THIT K MCH PHT IU KHIN XA BNG TIA HNG NGOI:
IC s dng trong mch iu khin c nhiu loi, nhng phn ny em chn
cp IC chuyn dng SZ9148 v SZ9150 thi cng mch bi nhng u im ca
chng.
ng dng cp IC SZ9148/SZ9150 thi cng mch thu-pht hng ngoi iu
khin t xa 6 phm nhn v cc thng s sau:
- in p ngun my pht 4V n 5V, in p ngun my thu l 5V n
12V.
- Khong cch pht trong phm vi t 10m n 12m .
- Cc chc nng iu khin ng m ngun ON/OFF.

1. Thit k mch pht:

IC SZ9148 c kh nng to ra t hp 18 phm t ma trn 6x3. Trong c 6
phm lin tc (phm 1 n phm 6) v 12 phm khng lin tc (phm 7 n phm
18). c m t nh sau:
Ma trn phm

Trong H, S1, S2 (tng ng vi T1, T2,T3) l i din cho m s pht x lin

tc(H) hoc khng lin tc (S1, S2).
Theo yu cu ca th iu khin qut ny bao gm cc phm chc nng sau:
iu khin ng ngt mch qut.
iu khin tc (c 3 cp).
iu khin cho qut quay qua li.
iu khin hn gi.
Bi vy ta ch s dng 6 phm nhn khng lin tc t phm 7 n phm 12.
Phm 7: dng iu khin ng ngt mch.
Phm 8: dng iu khin tc thp (1) ca qut .
Phm 9: dng iu khin tc trung bnh (2) ca qut.
Phm 10: dng iu khin tc cao (3) ca qut.
Phm 11: dng iu khin qut quay qua li.
Phm 12: dng hn gi.
M ngi dng C1, C2, C3:
Trong tn hiu pht ra ca mch pht c C1, C2, C3 cung cp tn hiu m s
vit cho ngi dng, v vy u tip nhn cn phi c tn hiu m s tng ng,
my khc nhau c m s khc nhau cho c s khc bit.
Cc bit m C1, C2, C3 c thc hin bng vic ni cc chn T1, T2, T3 tng
ng qua chn code (13) bi cc diode hay khng ni. Nu ni qua diode th bit C
tng ng ln mc [1], khng ni th bit C tng ng mc [0].
Theo yu cu ti s dng 6 chc nng nn em chn IC phi hp IC pht
SZ9148 l IC thu SZ9150 v bit m ngi dng l:

C1

C3
1
1
1
Vy mch thu SZ9150 hai chn code C 1, C2 ta ln lt ni vi 2 t xung
mass.
Tng ng vi IC SZ9148 kt ni T1 vi code thng qua D1 to ra C1
mc [1].
T2 vi code thng qua D2 to C2 mc [1] v T3 vi code thng qua D3
to C3 mc [1].
Nhng trong mch thi cng n gin bt v ph hp vi iu kin ca bn
thn, em ch thi cng mch s dng 4 phm chc nng. Do , em chn IC phi
hp vi IC SZ9148 l IC SZ9149, v chn m ngi dng l:
C1
C2 C3
1
1
0
Vy C2 (13) ca IC SZ9149 ni vi t to ra mc [1], chn C3 (14) ca IC
SZ9149 ni trc tip xung mass to ra mc [0].
Tng ng bn IC pht SZ9148:
- T1 ni vi code qua diode D1 to ra C1=[1].
- T2 ni vi code qua diode D2 to ra C2=[1].
- T3 khng ni nn C3=[0].
B dao ng to tn s sng mang:
Do cu to bn trong ca IC pht SZ 9148 c sn mt cng o dng
phi hp vi cc linh kin bn ngoi bng thch anh hoc mch LC to thnh
mch dao ng.
S ca mch nh sau:
1

C2

2
1
R
Y

T A

C
C

L 1
C

n gin cho vic thit k v tng chnh xc ca tn s, nn chn

thch anh lm mch dao ng.
Chn tn s dao ng:
Tn s sng mang m truyn l tn s thu c do vi mch pht m ha sau
khi tin hnh chia tn 12 i vi tn s dao ng ca b cng hng bng thch
anh c u bn ngoi, cho nn mc n nh v thp ca tn s ny ph
thuc vo cht lng v qui cch ca mch thch anh.
Tn s dao ng ca mch s dng trong b pht x iu khin t xa thng
ly t 400kHz n 500 kHz. Do , tn s sng mang tng ng thng c cc
loi nh: 32kHz, 35kHz, 38kHz v 40kz. Ch lnh m ha thng dng phng
thc pht i bng tn s sng mang; mt mt l nng cao cng sut tr s nh
pht x tn hiu, mt khc l ng dng mch chn tn s ca u thu hng ngoi
lm cho sng tp nhiu lt vo tn trc ca b khuch i theo con ng quang
in c chn b tn s c ch, tng thm sc chng nhiu ca my thu.

 B khuch i:
cng bc x nh sng ra mi trng cng mnh th dng qua led pht
phi ln. Do , tn hiu sau khi c x l s cho qua b khuch i, khuch
i tn hiu ln nh ta mong mun.
B khuch i c th dng nhiu loi, loi dng IC Op-amp, loi dng
transistor. Khi s dng transistor c th dng 1 transistor hay nhiu transistor.
n gin trong khi rp mch v gim chi ph nn chn mch khuch i gi
darlington.
C s nh sau:
V

I b

1
Q

ILED = 1. 2.IB
V em chn Transistor T1 l 2SC1815 ;T2 l 2SA 1015

S NGUYN L MCH PHT

 Nguyn l hat ng ca mch:

T nguyn l ca IC SZ9148 c th bit mi ln mch pht ra 2 nhm s liu,
mi nhm s liu ca tn hiu pht ra l 12 bit, trong c 3 bit m ngi dng
(C1, C2, C3), 6 bit m phm vo (D1 n D6) v 3 bit m lin tc hay khng lin tc
(H, S1, S2). Khi ta nhn bt k mt trong cc phm c th t t 7 n 12 th ti
phm ln mc cao [1], cc phm cn li vn mc thp. Chng hn nh nhn
phm s 9 th chn 6 (K3) ln mc cao v lc ny mch in bn phm np vo l
001000 hay m s ca s liu pht ra D1 ~ D6 l 001000 tng ng nh kt ni
s nguyn l cc phm kt ni vi T2 (ng vi S1) cng ln mc cao, y l cc
phm khng lin tc cn T1 v T3 9ng vi H v S2) vn mc thp, vy m pht
sinh tn hiu lin tc v khng lin tc by gi l 010, hn na nh s mch
kt ni T1 ni qua chn code qua diode D1, T2 ni qua chn code qua diode D2, T3
ni qua chn code qua diode D3. Do , to ra m ngi dng C1, C2, C3 tng
ng l 110. V 3 m: m ngi dng, m lin tc / m khng lin tc v m s
liu c kt hp vi nhau qua cng OR a n mch ng b tn hiu ra kt
hp vi sng mang a ra chn (15) Txout n b khuch i darlington dng 2
transistor NPN v PNP qua diode pht bc x ra m trng. Nh vy nhm lnh
pht tng ng khi nhn phm 9 l:
110 010 001000
Dng sng m t:

2. Thit k mch thu:

B LED thu: lm nhim v nhn tn hiu nh sng t b pht v bin thnh

tn hiu in, a vo mch khuch i tch sng.
B khuch i v tch sng: phc hi li tn hiu gc ln iu khin
cc thnh phn k tip ta s dng b khuch i n gin dng transistor ni E
chung, tn hiu vo t cc B, tn hiu ra ly trn cc C. Tn hiu sau khi khuch
i v lc trit tn s sng mang ta a vo chn Rin (2) ca IC SZ9150.

VCC

IN

OUT
C

Tng ng vi cc phm bn b pht, ta s dng 6 phm khng lin tc th

t t 7 n 12, bn b thu cng s dng 6 ng ra khng lin tc t SP 1 n SP6, tn
hiu ng ra ln lt a ra cc mch cht, cht d liu li iu khin cho rle.
Mch cht:
V C C
R
6

D
C

R
4

Ng vo
S
R

L K
Q

I S

T O LR E

4 0

1 3

Bng trng thi

Ng vo
S
R
LC
K
L
L
L
L
L
L

Ng ra
Ng ra
Q
D
Qn+1
QNn+1
QN
H
L
H
L
L
L
H
L
H
L
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
Nguyn l hat ng:
Bnh thng cha c xung clock th Q=[0] suy ra QN=[1]. Do , d liu ch
sn chn D (data) l [1] hn na theo bng trng thi th ta ni S=[0], R=[1] th
d nhin Q=[0].
Khi ta nhn bt k 1 phm bn phn pht s to ra chui xung tc ng n
phn thu sau khi gii m, phc hi tn hiu tc ng n xung clock (chn 3), lc
ny mch cht hat ng, d liu (data) c np vo ng ra Q thay i trng thi
ln mc [1] th QN=[0] LED sng ch th mch cht hat ng, lc ny th d
liu ch sn chn 5 khng cn mc [1] na m l mc [0] . Khi ta nhn tip
phm trn mt ln na th chn 3 nhn c xung tc ng , tng t d liu
mc [0] c np vo cht Q thay i trng thi tr v mc [0] tng ng QN ln
mc [1], lc ny, d liu ch sn li ln mc [1]. Nu ta tip tc nhn phm th
qa trnh lp li tng t.
B ng ngt dng transistor:
ng ngt cc mch in t, ngi ta dng cc kha m in t. Cc
kha ny c 2 trng thi phn bit, trng thi ng (cn gi l trng thi dn) khi
in tr gia 2 cc ca kha rt nh; v trng thi ngt (cn gi l trng thi tt)
khi in tr ca kha rt ln, coi nh h mch. Vic chuyn i kha t trng thi

ny sang trng thi khc l do tc ng ca tn hiu iu khin ng vo, ng thi

qu trnh chuyn trng thi c thc hin vi mt vn tc nht nh, gi l tc
ng m ca kha.
lm kha in t ta c th dng transistor BJT hoc FET, ty theo in
p phn cc m transitor c th lm vic trng thi tt hoc dn (s dng ch
khuch i hay bo ha). Thng thng ngi ta s dng mch kha dng
transistor BJT mc EC (cc pht chung), bi v n i hi cng sut iu khin
thp.
V C C
S mch tiu biu:
R

Hnh a
IB
VCC/
Rc
Ics

Vce
s

VC
C

VC
E

VBE

Hnh b
Hnh c
VF: in p m.
Ics: dng Ic bo ha.
VCES : in p bo ha.
Mun cho transistor T1 nm trng thi ngt th in p UBE ca chuyn
tip JE phi nh hn in p ngng VF.
VBE< VF
Do phi tha mn iu kin :
VI +ICBO x R < VF
(IBCO :Dng r ) .
Transistor T1 lm vic trng thi dn khi VI tc ng xung dng, lc
ny ty theo dng ng vo IB m transistor dn c th lm vic vng khuch i
hoc vng bo ha.
Trong mch khuch i: chuyn tip JE phn cc thun, chuyn tip Jc phn
cc nghch. Dng IB c gi tr dng v tha mn cc h thc sau.
IC = IB + ICEO
IE = IB + IC

in p cc thu VO = VCE = VCC -ICRC.

( )

in p ng ra ph thuc vo tn hiu iu khin ng vo. Tuy nhin

tng kh nng chng nhiu ca kha chn transistor lm vic vng bo ha (v
d nh im B trn mn hnh b). Trong vng ny VI ln nn dng IB v dng IC
cng ln.
T cng thc( ) do IC ln, suy ra:
VO = VCE rt nh (in p bo ha)
V CES = 0,1V n 0,2V
iu ny tng ng vi tnh trng c 2 chuyn tip JE v JC u phn cc
thun.
Do VCES rt nh nn gi tr IC c xem nh VCC v RC quyt nh.
IC ICS = (VCC VCES)/ RC
IC = VCC /RC
Thit k mch thc t:
T
V

L A

VCC =12v
VI = 5v
VI = IBRB +VBE suy ra: IB = (VI -VBE )/RB
iu kin transistor dn bo ha:
IB ICmax / sat IC sat / sat v sat =20 25
VCC/RB (VCC -VCesat )/( sat Rreley)
sat Rreley RB
Chn = 20
Rreley =400
RB =3,3 K
THIT K MCH HN GI:
Mc ch yu cu: mch hn gi thit k 4 cp hn gi. Cp th nht mch
hn 15 pht, cp th hai mch hn 30 pht, cp th ba hn 60 pht, cp th 4 hn
120 pht.
Mch to xung c chu k 15 pht:
Xung c chu k 15 pht dng lm xung clock cung cp cho mch m
c s t trc (IC 74192) hot ng.
Ta c:
T=15 pht = 900 giy
Suy ra
f = 1/T =1/900 = 0,00111 Hz
Do vy ta cn phi c mt mch dao ng ring, sau cho qua b chia
c c tn s theo yu cu l : f=0,00111Hz.
Mch dao ng c th dng thch anh. B chia th c nhiu loi, c th
dng IC 4020 , IC 4040 hay IC 4060 . . . y em chn IC 4060 bi bn trong

cu trc ca n c sn mt cng NAND v mt cng NOT phi hp vi linh

kin bn ngoi to thnh mch dao ng.
Tnh ton mch dao ng:
Mch dng RC:
4 0 6 0
M

1
3

t
C

Mch kt hp RC bn ngoi IC 4060

V c fosc = 1/ (2,3 Rt Ct )
(1)
IC 4060 c kh nng chia vi s chia nh nht l 24=16, v s chia ln nht
214= 16384.
Tn s yu cu: Fosc /213 = 0,00111 ( HZ )
fosc = 0.00111 213 = 9,1 (HZ )
T cng thc (1) ta c:
1 /(2,3 Rt Ct ) = 9,1 (HZ)
Rt Ct = 1 /(9,1 2,3) = 0,0477
Chn Ct = 104PF = 100 10-9F
Rt =0,0477/100 10-9=477 103 .
Vy gi tr tnh ton c xc nh l:
Ct = 100 nF
Rt = 470K .
iu chnh cho mch c c chu k T chnh xc, ta dng bin tr 500
k .
Chn gi tr t C2 v in tr R2 : khi chn hai gi tr ny phi tha mn cc
iu kin sau: R2 >> Rt
C2 < Ct
Rt Ct > R2C2
Do ta chn C2 = 33pF ; R2 = 1000k
Mch dng thch anh
4 0 6 0
M

4 0 6 0

T A

CL

R
C

Mch kt hp thch anh bn ngoi IC 4060.

Nh tnh ton phn mch RC:
Fosc1 = 9,1 HZ
Nu dng thch anh dao ng 9,1 Hz th rt kh tm trn th trng, nn
dng thm mt IC 4060 na c c tn s ln hn.
fosc1 = fosc2 / 212 =9,1 (HZ) .
fosc2 9,1= 9,1 212 = 37 (KHZ)
Vy ta chn thch anh 37 KHZ v t iu chnh l 24 pF.
Mch to ra s t trc:
Trong mch hn gi ta c s dng IC m t trc s m 74192. to
ra s t trc (tng ng vi cc cp hn gi), s dng IC m 4017B, da
vo tnh cht dch dn ln ca cc ng ra khi c xung clock tc ng vo.

12

CO

15

RST

13
14

ENA
CLK

11
9
6
5
1
10
7
4
2
3

Q9
Q8
Q7
Q6
Q5
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0

P3
P2
P1
P0
1

Den cong NAND

4017

Ngyn tc hat ng ca mch:

Khi ta n nt iu khin hn gi t b pht, th ng ra tng ng(chn SP 5)
b thu a ra mt xung, xung ny lm xung clock tc ng ln chn CP 0 (14clock) ca IC 4017B; lc ny IC 4017 hat ng, ng ra Q1 ca n ln mc cao
(Q0 ca n t mc cao xung mc thp). Nh vy s 0001 (Q4Q3Q2Q1) c a
n lm s t trc cho IC m t trc 74192 (P3P2P1P0), v tng ng cho
cp hn gi 15 pht.
Tip tc nu ta nhn nt iu khin hn gi ln th hai th Q2 ca IC 4017B
t mc thp ln mc cao, ngha l ta c s t trc 0010 tng ng vi cp hn
gi 30 pht. Tng t nu n nt iu khin hn gi ln th ba v bn th ta c s
t trc l 0100 v 1000 tng ng vi cc cp hn gi 60 pht v 120 pht.
Khi ta nhn nt ln th 5 th Q5 ca IC 4017B t mc thp ln mc cao, tc
ng vo chn MR(5) lm mch m 4017B tr li trng thi ban u, ng Q 1 ln
mc cao [1]. Ng ny a qua cng o, mt nhnh qua LED hin th timer,
mt nhnh a n cng AND khng ch phn sau
Lc cha s dng timer ng ra Q0 lun mc cao, qua cng o li xung
mc thp, led hin th timer tt. Khi s dng timer ng ra Q0 mc thp, qua cng
o li ln mc cao, LED hin th timer sng ln bo cho ngi s dng bit l
qut hat ng ch hn gi.
K 1
Nhn nt iu khin hn gi ln sau th qa trnh lp li nh c.
V C C
Mch m c s hn trc:
S mch:
R 1
7 4 0 4
1

1 5

1 3
1 4

E
C

Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
S TQ
Q
N AQ
L KQ

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1 2
1 1
9
6
5
1
1 0
7
4
2
3

2
1 4
1 1
4
5
9
1 0
1
1 5

D
C
B
A

7
4

C L R
L O A D
D N B O
U P C O
Q
Q
Q
Q

1 3
1 2

D
C
B
A

7
6
2
3

2
3
1
4
5

 Nguyn l hot ng:

Tn hiu xung c to ra t b chia IC 4060 chu k T = 15 pht a n
lm xung clock tc ng cho IC m t trc s m 74192. Nh vy c sau 15
pht xung ny tc ng IC m 74192 mt ln.
V ta thit k cho mch m xung nn xung ny a vo chn CP D(4), cn
chn CPU(5) th treo ln mc cao .Khi nhn nt hn gi b pht, th ng ra
tng ng b thu xut hin mt xung tc ng ln IC 4017B. IC 4017B to ra
mt s t trc a n lm s t trc (P3P2P1P0) cho IC m 74192. Khi c
xung clock c chu k T = 15 pht tc ng ti IC m 74192 th vi mch ny s
m xung cho m khi v 0000 ri qua cng NOR bn ng vo ln mc cao v
kt hp vi ng Q0 ca vi mch 4017 lc ny mc thp qua cng o ln mc
cao i qua cng AND v lm cho transistor QH hot ng lm rle ht dn n
mch in qut b ngt.
Chng hn lc ta mun hn 15 pht (n hn gi ln th nht) th c s t
trc l 0001. Sau 15 pht th vi mch 74192 s m v 0000, tc ng lm cho
role ht, mch in qut b ngt. Hn 30 pht (n hn gi ln th hai) th s t
trc tng ln l 0010, sau 15 pht th vi mch 74192 m xung s 0001, sau 15
pht na s m v 0000, tc ng ti role, mch in qut b ngt. Tng t cho
60 pht v 120 pht.

S NGUYN L CA MCH THU

Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch thu:

Khi nhn bt k phm no b phn pht tng ng LED pht c nhim
v bin dng in thnh quang pht x ra mi trng, LED thu nhn tn hiu
bin i t quang thnh in, sau , a qua b khuch i, tch sng loi b
sng mang, ri a ti u vo mch in IC SZ 9150 (chn 2 R IN), u tin IC
tin hnh chnh hnh i vi tn hiu u vo, sau x l cc b phn dao
ng, b m s cng, b nh dch hng u vo, b nh dch hng kim tra s
liu ghi, mch xung u vo, kim tra m, o kim tra sai st cui cng l mch
hm xung u vo m cc ng ra lin tc v khng lin tc.
i vi mch iu khin tc ng c ca qut: khi ta nhn mt trong ba
phm tc phn pht (8,9,10) ,th tn hiu khng lin tc tng ng mch
thu cng a n cc ng ra khng lin tc SP2, SP4, SP4 (chn 19, 18, 17). Khi
nhn c tn hiu sau khi x ly, ng ra s ln mc cao trong khong 107ms, cc
ng ra ny c ni n cc mch cht (IC 4013) gi nguyn mc cao kch
cho trnsistor tng k dn bo ha, c dng qua rle v rle ng mch, qut s
hot ng tc ta mong mun.
i vi mch hn gi:
Khi nhn phm hn gi phn pht, ng ra phn thu tng ng (chn 15) ln
mc cao, sau cho qua b khuch i cho tn hiu ln kch vo chn clock
ca IC 4017B, ng ra Q1 ca IC 4017B thay i trng thi ln mc [1], cng l
tn hiu t cho b m t trc IC 74192 (P 0= [1]), s t l 0001. Sau 15 pht
cc ng ra ca b m s v 0000 (s dng m xung 0001 n 0000, mt xung
c chu k c cho k 15 pht), cc ng ra ny cho qua cng NOR, cc ng vo ca
cng NOR 0000 th ng ra ln mc [1] kch transistor T8 dn bo ha, rle
thng mch, ng tip im ngt h thng. Tng t nhn phm hn gi ln th
hai th sau 30 pht h thng s ngt, nhn ln th ba th sau 60 pht h thng ngt
in, nhn ln th t th sau 120 pht h thng in ngt, nhn ln th nm mch
ht ch hn gi, nhn tip ln na chu k s lp li t u.
i vi mch in iu khin motor lm cho qut quay qua li: khi nhn phm
iu khin motro th ng ra tng ng phn thu (chn 16) ln mc cao cng
trong khong thi gian 107ms qua mch cht tn hiu c cht mc cao kch
transistor T6 dn bo ha, rle thmg mch, ng tip im cp ngun cho motor
hat ng, nu nhn phm mt ln na th tn hiu ng ra (chn 16) ca IC 9150
kch xung clock mch cht, lc ny d liu cht truyn n ng ra s l mc thp,
transitor T6 ngt, role ngng hot ng. Nu nhn tip qu trnh s lp li.
Tng t ng vi nt nhn power, transistor T1 (role A1) ng, ngt
in.

 THIT K CHN TI THI CNG:

Vi ti thit k mch iu khin t xa dng tia hng ngoi chn c
kh nng dng iu khin ng ngt mch c lp, c th dng iu khin
ng ngt mch ca ng c. Do , n gin trong vic thi cng em quyt
nh dng mch iu chnh qut bn.
Hin nay, trn th trng crt nhiu loi qut bn, loi dng vng ngn mch,
loi dng t thng trc Nhng ph bin nht l loi dng t thng trc, s
cc ca ng c dng 2p = 4 hay 2p = 6 . Da trn kt cu y ca qut bn
trn l thuyt em thit k b iu khin qut bn cho c ba b phn: iu chnh
tc , hn gi, v iu chnh motor quay ca qut. Nhng do thi gian c hn v
gim chi ph thi cng em ch thi cng b iu chnh tc ca qut.
Cc phng php iu chnh tc dng trong qut bn thuc mt trong ba
dng sau:
- Dng mch in t thay i in p t vo ng c (thng gp cc
qut bn ni a Nht Bn).
- Dng cun cm (t di chn qut) nh qut Hunter hay Stirling
ca M hoc AC fan ca Nht.
- Dng cn li dng b dy thay i tc (cn gi l b s) t chung
rnh vi dy qun chnh hay dy qun ph iu chnh thay i tc .
Trong dng ny ta c th dng mt trong hai dng mch i tc : mch
i tc hnh L (dy s t chung rnh dy qun ph) v mch i tc hnh T (dy
s t chung rnh dy qun chnh).
Ta c th kho st phng php u dy cho qut bn chi tit hn, khi
dng s i tc hnh T hay hnh L bng cch v cc s vng trn lin kt
cho cc nhm.
Vi qut bn c 2p = 4, pha chnh hay ph c b tr thnh 4 nhm, lin
kt cc nhm theo dng cc tht, v cho hot ng ca qut c tt (t trng
phn b u trong stator khi i tc) mi phn dy s nn chia thnh 4 phn b tr
trong 4 nhm ca pha chnh hay pha ph (ty theo dng mch i tc hnh T hay
hnh L).

S nguyn l mch i tc hnh T

S nguye n l mch i tc hnh L

d theo di, u tin ta v dng lin kt ra 5 u dy cho qut bn (khi
dng mch i tc hnh T) theo s vng trn sau:

S vng trn m t cch u dy cho mch i tc hnh T(2p=4). B

i tc t chung rnh pha chnh ng c c 5 u ra dy 3 cp tc .

S vng trn m t cch u dy cho mch i tc hnh L(2p=4). B

i tc t chung rnh pha ph. ng c c 5 u ra dy, 3 cp tc :

KT LUN
ti iu khin qut t xa bng tia hng ngoi tuy khng l mt ti
mi m v cng khng phi l mt ti ln, nhng qua phn nh c s
vn dng cc kin thc hc mt cch khoa hc, tinh thn lm vic nghim tc,
s tm ti hc hi, nghin cu cc kin thc mi ca em, cng vi s gip v
ch dy tn tnh ca thy NGUYN PHNG QUANG v cc thy c trong
khoa in-in t.
Do thi gian lm lun n c hn nn ti ca em cn c mt s hn ch,
nu c iu kin th t y c th pht trin thm hng thit k mch c nhiu
tnh nng hn, hiu qa hn, ti u hn.
Nhn chung mch c thit k c chnh xc, tnh n nh cao, chng
nhiu tt v c th c ng dng iu khin cc thit b khc trong sinh
hot.
Sau mt thi gian lm lun n. Em rt ra c rt nhiu kinh nghim
cho bn thn, cng l nh vo s ch dy nhit tnh ca cc thy c v s gp
ca cc bn.
Sau cng mt ln na em xin chn thnh by t lng bit n ca mnh i
vi thy NGUYN PHNG QUANG v thy c trong khoa gip em
hon thnh cun lun n ny. Xin cm n s gip ca cc bn gn xa trong
thi gian thc hin n.
TP.H Ch Minh
Thng 02 nm 2000
HUNH NGC DNG

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Tra cu vi mch s CMOS
2. Linh kin quang in t.
Dng Minh Tr
3. K Thut s thc hnh .
Hunh c Thng
4. K thut in t .
Trn Thanh Mai
5. Mt s tp ch in t
Hi v tuyn in t Vit Nam
6. iu khin t xa
Nguyn Cng Hin.
7. My pht v tuyn
Nguyn Vn Ng