Bi 5

Bt phng trnh m v logarit

1. Bt phng trnh m
l bt phng trnh c dng

a f(x) > a g(x) (hoc a f(x) a g(x) ). (1)

gii (1), ngi ta thng da vo cc php bin i tng ng
sau
a f(x) > a g(x)
f(x) > g(x)

a > 1
a > 1

a f(x) > a g(x)

f(x) < g(x)

0 < a < 1.
0 < a < 1
V d 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
4x2 15x +13

1
> 1 ; b)
< 43x 4 . (1)
a) 2
4
Gii. a) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
x 2 x 6

x x 6 > 0 (x 3)(x + 2) > 0

x (, 2) (3, +).
2

b) (1) 4x 15x + 13 < 4 3x (v 4

2

3x 4

1
=
4

4 x

).

4x 12x + 9 < 0 (2x 3) < 0 x . (v nghim)

2 x

V d 2. Gii bt phng trnh x 5 5

x

x+2

Gii. (2) 5 .(x 5 ) 0 x 5 0

x

(v 5 > 0) 5 x 5.
V d 3. Gii bt phng trnh

a) 7

x x2
8

b)

2
6 x(5x 7,2x +3,9 25 5) 0. (4)

< 71x ( 8 7)x + 6, (3)

a) (3) 7
t

x x2
7 8

x x2
8

< 7.7

( ) + 6 . (5)

2
x x
8

= y . T (5) ta c

(y 7)(y + 1)
<0

y < + 6
y
y

y > 0
y > 0

0 < y < 7. Tr li bin c, ta c

1

0. (2)

x2
< 1 (x 4 + 2 2)(x 4 2 2) < 0
8

(5) x

x (, 4 (,4 2 2 ) (4 + 2 2, + ).

6x =0
x = 6

b) (4) 5x2 7,2x +3,9 25 5 0 x2 7,2x + 1,4 0

x < 6
x < 6.

x = 6

1
x (x 7) 0 x , {6}.

5

x < 6
Ch . n gin trong qu trnh gii, ta c th dng n ph. Chng
hn i vi bt phng trnh
x

f(a ) 0, 0 < a 1,
x

ta t t = a i n h
f(t) 0

t > 0.
V d 4. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
x

1 1
a) 372
3 3
b)

>

3 1 1 2x 1
x

> 1, (6)
. (7)

Gii. a) (6) 372 x x > 1

72 x

t 2 + t 72 < 0
x >0
t = x 0

0 t < 8

0 x < 64.
t = x
b) (7)

1 3x 1 3x + 1
(3x 1)(1 3x 1 )

> 0. (8)

t t= 3 , (8) c dng

t > 0
t > 0

2 4 t
2 t t

3
3
>0
>0

(t 1) 1
(t 1) 1
3

t
3

1
t
<
<
2

>0

2
(t 1)(4 t)

t > 4
t > 0
3

3
1 < 3x <
0 < x < log3

2
T (8)
2

x
4 < 3
log3 4 < x.
V d 5. Gii bt phng trnh

( 2)3x + (4 2)x 2.8x. (9)

2
(9)

3x

t 3 + t 2 0

2
+
2 2 x
2
t =
>0
2
x

(t 1)(t 2 + t + 2) 0
x

2
x

1
2

2
t =
>0
2
2

(v t + t + 2 > 0) x x x (, 0].
Ch : Khi gii bt phng trnh m ta c th logarit ha hai v.
V d 6. Gii cc bt phng trnh

a) 52x 1 < 73x , (10)

b)

4 4

5 5

x 1

>

5(3/ 4)x 1
5

(11)

Gii. a) (10) 2x 1 < (log57)(3 x) (v hai v dng)

(2 + log57)x < 3log 57 + 1.

1 + 3log5 7
.
x<
2 + log5 7
b) (11) (x 1) log5

4 1
4 3
3
+ log5 > x 1
2
5 2
5 4

4 3 1
4 5

x log5 > log5

5 4 2
5 2

4
log5 5
5
x<
.

4 3
2 log5
5 4

V d 7. Tm a bt phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi x,

9x + 2(2a + 1)3x + 4a 2 3 > 0. (12)

x

t t = 3 , (12) c dng
2

f(t) := t + 2(2a + 1)t + 4a 3 > 0. (13)

Bi ton tr thnh : tm a (13) ng vi mi t > 0.
2

Ta c f(t) = (t + 2a + 1) 4(a + 1)
a) a + 1 < 0 ( a < 1), (13) ng vi mi t.
b) a + 1 0, (13) (t + 2a + 1 2 a + 1 )(t + 2a + 1 + 2 a + 1 ) > 0
t < 2a 1 2 a + 1

t > 2a 1 + 2 a + 1
(13) ng vi mi t > 0, cn v l
2a 1 + 2 a + 1 0 2 a + 1 2a + 1 (14)
1

4(a + 1) 4a 2 + 4a + 1
a
2


2a + 1 0
4a 2 3 0

3
.
2

3
p s a (, 1) , +).
2
V d 8. Gii v bin lun
2

a) a 9
2

x+1

b) a 2.4

8a.3 > 0, (15)

x+1

a.2

x+1
x

> 0. (16)

a) (15) a 8a.3 9

x+1

> 0 (a 4.3x )2 25.9x > 0

4.3x a > 5.3x (17)

(4.3x a)2 > (5.3x )2
4.3x a < 5.3x. (18)
3x < a

(19)
3x +2 < a.
+ Vi a = 0, (19) v nghim
x

+ Vi a < 0 (19) 3 < a x < log3(a)

+ Vi a > 0 (19) 3

x+2

< a x < log3a 2.

b) t t = 2 , (16) c dng
8t 2 + 2at a 2 < 0

t > 0
(a t)2 9t 2 > 0
(a 4t)(a + 2t) > 0


t > 0
t > 0

+ Vi a = 0, h v nghim
+ Vi a < 0, h tng ng vi t <

a
2

a
ngha l (16) nghim ng vi mi x , log2
2

+ Vi a > 0, h tng ng vi
0<t<

a
hay x (, log2a 2).
4

V d 9. Vi mi a (a > 0, a 1), gii

a 2x + a x +2 1 1. (20)
t t = a x > 0. Lc (20) c dng
t 2 + a 2 t 1 1 (21

a 2 a 4 + 4 a 2 + a 4 + 4

1.
t
t
2
2

2
4
0 < t < a + a + 4
(v nghim)

2
2
2
t + a t 1 1

a 2 + a 4 + 4

t
= to

2
4

t a + a + 4
a 2 a 4 + 8
t

2
= t1
2

2
2

t + a t 1 1
2
4
a + a + 8

= t2
t

V t2 > to > 0 v t1 < 0 nn

(21) t t2. T
a) Nu 0 < a < 1 th (20) x logat2.

b) Nu a > 1 th (20) x logat2.

V d 10. Gii bt phng trnh
ax

>

1 + a x

a x 1 1 2a x
(22)

ax

vi a > 0, a 1. (22)
1 + a x

a x 1 1 2a x

(a x 2)a x
(a x 1)(a x 2)

>0

>0

a x 2 a x 1 + 1 + a x
(a x 1)(1 2a x )

1 2a x
(a x 1)(a x 2)

> 0 . (23)

t t = a > 0, (23) cho ta

1
1

0<t<
2
<0
2 (24)

(t 1)(t 2)
1 < t < 2
t

a) Vi 0 < a < 1, (24) cho ta

x 1
0 < a < 2 x > loga 2

0 > x > loga 2.

1 < a x < 2
b) Vi a > 1
x < loga 2
(24)
0 < x < loga 2
2. Bt phng trnh logarit
Cc tnh cht sau y ca logarit hay c s dng
g(x) > 0
loga f(x) > loga g(x)

a)
f(x) > g(x)
a > 1
a > 1,

f(x) > 0
loga f(x) > loga g(x)

g(x) > f(x)

b)
0 < a < 1
0 < a < 1,

0 < f(x) < 1

0 < g(x) < 1

c) logf(x) g(x) > 0

f(x) > 1

g(x) > 1,

>0

 0 < f(x) < 1

g(x) > 1
d) logf(x) g(x) < 0
f(x) > 1

0 < g(x) < 1,

V d 1. Gii bt phng trnh
2

a) log5(x x) < 0 (1)

x 1
> 0, (2)
b) log3
x2
x(x 1) > 0
2
Gii. a) (1) 0 < x x < 1 2
x x 1 < 0

x < 0

1 5 1+ 5
x > 1
x
,0 1,

2

2
1 5
1+ 5
2 < x < 2
x 1
1
>1
> 0 x > 2.
x2
x2
V d 2. Gii
b) (2)

x log 1 (x 2 + x + 1) > 0. (3)

5

(3) x log5 (x2 + x + 1) < 0

x > 0
2
x 2 + x > 0
x + x + 1 < 1
x < 1.


x < 0
x < 0
2
x + x + 1 > 1
V d 3. Gii bt phng trnh

a) log3 (3x 1).log 1 (3x +2 9) > 3 (4)

3

b)

7 log2 x 2 + log2 x 4 > 4. (5)

x

Gii. a) t t = log3(3 1). Khi (4) c dng

t(2 t) > 3 t 2 + 2t 3 < 0

3 < t < 1. Do
28 x
(4) 33 < 3x 1 < 3
<3 <4
27

 28
log3 < x < log3 4
27
b) t t = log2 x 2 ta nhn c bt phng trnh
7 t + 2t > 4

7 t > 4 2t

7 t 0

2 < t 7
4 2t < 0

3
< t 2.
4 2t 0

4
7 t 4t 2 16t + 16

Ch . Trong khi gii bt phng trnh logarit, i khi ngi ta dng

cng thc
f(x)g(x) = a g(x)loga f(x) .
V d 4. Gii bt phng trnh

2.x 2 lg(x 1) 1 + (x 1)lg x . (6)

(6) 2.102 lg(x 1)lg x 1 + 10lg(x 1)lgx
t t = 10lg(x 1)lgx , ta c
2t 2 t 1 0
(2t + 1)(t 1) 0

t 1.

t > 0
t > 0
T , (6) 10lg(x 1)lg x 1 lg(x 1)lgx 0
lg(x 1) 0

x 2 hay x [2, +).

lg x 0

lg(x 1) 0
(v h sau v nghim)

lg x 0
V d 5. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

a) log

x2

4x 5 1

(7)
|x 2| 2

b) logx 2x logx (2x3 ). (8)

Gii. a) iu kin c ngha l
x 2 > 0, x 2 1
5

x > , x 2.
4x 5
4
>0

| x 2 |
5

x > 4 ,x 2
x > , x 2
(7)

(9)
4

4x
5

x
4x 5 x | x 2 |
| x 2 |
8

 x > 2
x > 2
2

4x
5
x(x
2)

x 6x + 5 0

(9) 5
5
<x<2
< x < 2
4
4

2
4x 5 x(x 2)
x + 2x 5 0
2 < x 5

x (2, 5] [ 6 1, 2).
6 1 x < 2.
b) iu kin x 1, x > 0. t t = log x2, (8) c dng t + 1

t+3

t + 1 < 0

3 t < 1
t + 3 0

t + 1 0
1 t 1

2
(t + 1) t + 3

x > 1

3 logx 2 1

T (8) 3 logx2 1
0 < x < 1

3 logx 2 1
x 2

1

x 0, 3 [2, + ).
1

2
0<x3

2
V d 6. Gii bt phng trnh

log5 (x 2 4x 11)2 log11 (x 2 4x 11)3

2 5x 3x2

0. (10)

x 2 4x 11 > 0
x (, 2) (2, 2
iu kin
2 5x 3x2 0
15 , +) = D
Vi x D, log11 (x2 4x 11) =

3log5 (x 2 4x 11)
.
log5 11

Do , trn D
3 log5 (x2 4x 11)

(10) 2
(11)
log5 11 2 5x 3x 2

log5 (x 2 4x 11)
2 5x 3x

0 (v 2

3
<0)
log5 11

15 ) (2 +

 log (x2 4x 11) 0

x2 4x 11 1
5

2 5x 3x 2 < 0
3x2 + 5x 2 > 0

log (x2 4x 11) 0
x2 4x 11 1
5

2 5x 3x 2 > 0
3x2 + 5x 2 < 0

x (, 2) [6, + )

x 2, 1
3

x (, 2) (2, 2 15 ) [6, +).
V d 7. Gii cc bt phng trnh
a) x logx +1 (x 1) + (x 1)logx +1 x 2. (12)
Gii : iu kin

x > 0
x 1 > 0

x > 1.

x + 1 > 0
x + 1 1
t x logx +1 (x 1) = t . Khi
1

t > 0, x = t logx +1 (x 1) , logx +1 x =

1
logx +1 t
logx +1 (x 1)

hay logx +1 x = logx 1 t t = (x 1)logx +1 x . T (12) c dng 2t 2

t 1 hay
x logx +1 (x 1) 1 logx +1 (x 1) 0 (v x > 1)
x 1 1 x 2.
Kt lun 1 < x 2.
V d 8. Gii loga(x a) > log 1 (x + 1), (13)
a

y 0 < a 1.
Gii. iu kin x > a. Khi
(13) loga (x a) > loga (x + a) loga (x 2 a 2 ) > 0 . (14)
x 2 a 2 > 1
a) a > 1, khi (14)
x>
x > a

1 + a2

x 2 a 2 < 1
b) 0 < a < 1, lc (14)
a<x<
x > a
10

1 + a2 .

p s : x ( 1 + a 2 , + ) vi a > 1
x (a,

1 + a 2 ) vi 0 < a < 1.

V d 9. Gii bt phng trnh

loga2 x + loga x + 2
> 1 ; 0 < a 1. (15)
loga x 2
iu kin x > 0, log ax 2 0 hay
2

0<xa .
t t = loga x . Khi (15) c dng
t2 + t + 2
t2 + 4
>1
>0 t > 2
t 2
t 2
Tr li bin c
x > a 2

a > 1
t > 2 loga x > 2
0 < x < a 2

0 < a < 1.
x (a 2 , + ) khi a > 1
Kt lun
x (0, a 2 ) khi 0 < a < 1.

11