PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH M V LGARIT

Dng 1. Phng trnh c bn

a) Phng trnh m c bn c dng:
x
a m
, trong
0, 1 a a >
v m l s cho.
Nu 0 m , th phng trnh
x
a m
v nghim.
Nu 0 m > , th phng trnh
x
a m
c nghim duy nht
log
a
x m
.
b) Phng trnh lgarit c bn c dng:
log
a
x m
, trong m l s cho.
Phng trnh c iu kin xc nh l x > 0 (
0, 1 a a >
).
Vi mi m , phng trnh
log
a
x m
c nghim duy nht
m
x a
.
VD1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
1 1
5 6.5 3.5 52
x x x +
+
2.
1 2 3 1 2
3 3 3 9.5 5 5
x x x x x x + + + + +
+ + + +
3.
1
3 .2 72
x x+

4.
+ + + + +
+ +
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 3 7
4 4 4 1
x x x x x x
5.
+
+ +
2 1 1 1
5.3 7.3 1 6.3 9
x x x x
VD2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. ( )
3
log 2 1 x x +
2. ( ) ( )
2
2 2
log 3 log 6 10 1 0 x x +
3.
( ) ( ) log 15 log 2 5 2 x x + +
4. ( )
1
2
log 2 5
x
x
+

Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
1 2
3 2.3 25
x x +

2.
1 2 2
3.2 2.5 5 2
x x x x +
+ +
3.
2
log 1 log log 2
4 6 2.3
x x x + +

4.
3 1
4 7 16
0
7 4 49
x x
_ _


, ,
5.
2 3
2.5 5 375 0
x x + +
+
6.
5 7
3 2 5 2 32
x x

7.
1 2 2 1
1 1
2.5 .4 .5 4
5 4
x x x x + + + +

8. ( ) ( )
2 1 1 1
3 10 6 4.10 5 10 6
x x x x x + +
+
9. ( ) ( )
5 3
3
log 2 log 2log 2 x x x
10. ( ) ( )
2 2
1
log log 1 4 2
4
x
x x
x

+ +
+
11. 2
log 16 log 7 2
x x

12. ( ) ( )
2
8 8
4
2log 2 log 2 1
3
x x x + +
Dng 2. Phng php a v cng c s
S dng cng thc:
a a

.

( ) 0
log log
a a
b c
b c
b c
>

'

hoc >0
VD1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
2 1 1
5 7 175 35 0
x x x + +
+
2.
2 1 1
1 1
3.4 .9 6.4 .9
3 2
x x x x + + +
+
3.
3 2 3 4 2 1 2 1
.2 2 .2 2
x x x x
x x
+ + +
+ +
4.
( )
2
2 2
1 1
4 2 2 1
x x x x + +
+ +
VD2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
16 64
log 2.log 2 log 2
x x x

2.
2
5 5
5
log log 1
x
x
x
+
3.
2 3 4 20
log log log log x x x x + +
4.
( )
( )
( ) 1 log 2
2 log
1
1 3 log
2
3 x
2
+ + +
+
x x
5. ( )
2
2
9 3
3
1 1
log 5 6 log log 3
2 2
x
x x x

+ +
6.
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
log 3 2 log 7 12 3 log 3 x x x x + + + + + +
VD3. Gii phng trnh sau: ( ) ( ) ( )
8
4 2
2
1 1
log 3 log 1 log 4
2 4
x x x + +
Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
2 3
3 3
1
9 27 81
3
x
x x x

+
_

,
2.
4 2 2 4
log log log log 2 x x +
3.
1 2 1
3.13 13 2 5.2
x x x x + + +
+
4.
( )
2
5
5
1
log 2 3 log
3
x
x x
x

+
+
5. ( ) ( )
2
2
4 4 4
log 1 log 1 log 2 x x x
6. ( ) ( )
2
5 5
log 6 4 2log 4 x x x +
7. ( )
5
1
2log 1 log log
2
x x x
8.
( )
+
2
9 3 3
2log log .log 2 1 1 x x x
9. ( ) ( )
2 3
4 8
2
log 1 2 log 4 log 4 x x x + + + +
Dng 3. Phng php t n ph
VD1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
2 2
2 1 2
4 5.2 6 0
x x x x + +

2.
3 2cos 1 cos
4 7.4 2 0
x x + +

3.
( ) ( ) ( )
26 15 3 2 7 4 3 2 2 3 1
x x x
+ + +
4.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 14
x x
+ +
5.
3 1 5 3
5.2 3.2 7 0
x x
+
6.
3
3 1
8 1
2 6 2 1
2 2
x x
x x
_ _


, ,
7. 27 12 2.8
x x x
+
VD2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
( )
2 1
log 1 log 16
x
x
+
+
2. ( )
+ + log 6.5 25.20 log25
x x
x
3.
2 2
2
log .log (4 ) 12
x
x x
4.
8 2
4 16
log 4 log
log 2 log 8
x x
x x

5. ( ) ( )
1
2 2
log 4 4 .log 4 1 3
x x +
+ +
6. ( ) ( )
4 2 2 4
log log log log 2 x x +
7. ( )
2
25
log 125 .log 1
x
x x
8.
3 3
1
log 3 log log 3 log
2
x
x
x x + + +
9.
( )
3 9
3
4
2 log log 3 1
1 log
x
x
x

10.
( )
2 3
log log 2 x x +
Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. 9 10.3 9 0
x x
+
2.
2 2
4 6.2 8 0
x x
+
3.
2 2 2
15.25 34.15 15.9 0
x x x
+
4.
2 2
sin cos
9 9 10
x x
+
5.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 4
x x
+ +
6.
3
5
log log 3
2
x
x +
7.
8 2
3log log
2 2 5 0
x x
x x

+
8.
1 2
5 5.0, 2 26
x x
+
9. 25 12.2 6, 25.0,16 0
x x x

10.
1 3
3
64 2 12 0
x x
+
+
11.
log log5
25 5 4.
x
x +
12.
1
4 4 3.2
x x x x + +

13.
2 2
sin cos
2 5.2 7
x x
+
14.
2
cos2 cos
4 4 3
x x
+
15.
( ) ( )
4 15 4 15 8
x x
+ +
16.
( ) ( )
cos cos
5
7 4 3 7 4 3
2
x x
+ +
17.
( ) ( )
7 3 5 7 3 5 14.2
x x
x
+ +
18.
( )
2
25 5
log 5 1 log 7
7 0
x
x

19.
3
log 3 .log 1 0
x
x x +
20.
8 2
4 16
log 4 log
log 2 log 8
x x
x x

21. ( )
2 5
1 2log 5 log 2
x
x
+
+ +
22.
2 2
log log 5
5 2. 15
x
x +
23. ( ) ( )
3
log log log log 2 0 x x +
24. ( ) ( )
1
3
log 3 1 .log 3 3 6
x x+

25. 9 8.3 7 0
x x
+
26.
2 1 1
1
.4 21 13.4
2
x x
+
27.
1 1 1
6.9 13.6 6.4 0
x x x
+
28.
3 3 3
25 9 15 0
x x x
+
29. ( )
2
log 9 2 3
x
x
30.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 2
x x
x
+ +
Dng 4. Phng php lgarit
VD. Gii cc phng trnh
1.
4 1 3 2
2 1
5 7
x x + +
_ _

, ,
2.
2
5 .3 1
x x

3.
2
3 .8 6
x
x
x+

Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1.
1 2 1
4.9 3 2
x x +

2.
2
2
2 .3 1, 5
x x x

3.
2 1
1
5 .2 50
x
x
x

+

4.
3
2
3 .2 6
x
x
x+

5.
3 2
2 3
x x

Dng 5. Phng php s dng tnh ng bin v nghch bin ca hm s

VD1. Gii cc phng trnh:
1.
2
2 1 3
x
x
+
2.
3 2
2 8 14
x
x x

+
VD2. Gii cc phng trnh:
1.
2
log 3 x x
2. ( )
2
2 2
l og 1 log 6 2 x x x x +
VD3. Gii cc phng trnh:
1. ( ) 25 2 3 5 2 7 0
x x
x x +
2.
3
8 .2 2 0
x x
x x

+
VD4. Gii phng trnh: ( )
2 3 2
.3 3 12 7 8 19 12
x x
x x x x x + + +
VD5. Gii phng trnh: ( ) 2 3
log 1 log x x +
VD6. Gii phng trnh:
( )
+
+
+
2 1 3 2
2
3
8
2 2
log 4 4 4
x x
x x
Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
2 log 1 4 1 log 1 16 0 x x x x + + + + +
2. 4 9 25
x x x
+
3. ( )
2 2
3.25 3 10 5 3 0
x x
x x

+ +
4. ( ) 9 2 2 .3 2 5 0
x x
x x + +
5.
( )
( )
2
log 6 4 log 2 x x x x + + +
6. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
3 log 2 4 2 log 2 16 x x x x + + + + +