PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

A.PHNG TRNH M
VN 1: Cc phng php gii phng trnh m.
I.Cng thc ly tha v cn thc.

.
.
.
. .
m n m n
m n m n
m
n m
n
n n n
n m n m
m n m n
a a a
a a a
a a
a b a b
a a
a a
+

=
=
=
=
=
=

II. Cc phng php gii phng trnh m.
1) a v dng c bn.
( )
0
(0 1)
( ) log
f x
a
b
a b a
f x b
>

= < =

=

2)Phng php a v cng c s.
Bin i phng trnh v dng :
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 1
g x
f x a
f x g x
a
=

< =

Nu c s a khng ph thuc x ( a=a(x))
( )
( ) ( )
0
( ) ( )
( ( ) 1)( ( ) ( )) 0
g x f x
a x
a x a x
a x f x g x
>

=

=

3)Phng php dng n s ph.
t t=
( ) f x
a chn c s a thch hp
iu kin t >0
Bin i phng trnh m v phng trnh bc 2 , bc3 theo t
Gii phng trnh ny v chn nghim t >0
Gii tip suy ra x
4)Phng phng php a v phng trnh tch.
-Nhm cc s hng ri t tha s chung suy ra phng trnh tch
5)Phng php ly logarit thch hp 2 v.
Dng
( ) ( )
0 1
0 1
f x g x
a
a b
b
| < = |
=
|
< =
\ .

Ly logarit c s a 2 v
( ).log ( ) log
( ) ( ).log
a a
a
f x a g x b
f x g x b
=
=


PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

6)Phng php dng tnh n iu.
Bin i phng trnh v dng f(x)=g(x)
Trong f(x) v g(x) l 2 hm s n iu
on nhn 1 nghim x=
0
x
Suy ra phng thnh c nghim duy nht x=
0
x
III.Mt s v d.
VD1:Gii phng trnh
0,5
1
(0, 2)
5.(0, 04)
5
x
x

=

Gii:
1
1
1
2
1
2
1 1
2( 1)
2 2
2 3
5 1
(1) 5.
25
5
5 5.5
5 5
2 3
3
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x


+

+
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
= +
=

VD2: Gii phng trnh:

( )
2
2
2 4
4
2 5. 2 6 0
x x
x x
+
+
=
Gii:
iu kin
2
4 0 2 x x > s hoc 2 x >
( ) ( )
2
2
2 4
4
(1) 2 5. 2 2 6 0
x x
x x
+
+
=
t t=
2
4
( 2)
x x +
. iu kin t>0

2
4
5
6
3
2
2
t
t t
t
=

2
4
2 2
2 2
3
( ai)
2
t=4 ( 2) 4
4 4 4 4
0 4
4 16 8
4
5
2
x x
t lo
x x x x
x
x x x
x
x
+

=
=
+ = =
s

= +

PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

S:
5
2
x =
VD3.Gii phng trnh
8.3 3.2 24 6
x x x
+ = + (1)
Gii:
(1) 8.(3 3) 2 (3 3) (3 3)(2 8) 0
3 3 1
2 8 3
x x x x x
x
x
x
x
= =
= =

= =

S: x=1;x=3
VD4.Gii phng trnh

2
4 2
3 5
x x
= (1)
Gii:
Ly logarit c s 3 hai v

2 2
3 3 3
2
3
( 4) log 3 2 .log 5 4 2 log 5
2 log 5 4 0
x x x x
x x
= =
=

2
3 3
2
3 3
log 5 log 5 4
log 5 log 5 4
x
x

= + +

= +

VD5.Gii phng trnh

3 7
2
5 5
x
x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

Gii:
Ta thy x=1 l mt nghimca phng trnh
t
3 7
( )
5 5
x
f x
| |
= +
|
\ .
l hm s gim trn R
( ) 2
x
g x = l hm s tng trn R
M f(1)=g(1)
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x=1
VD6. Gii phng trnh:

1 1 1
2 3 5 2 3 5
x x x x x x
+ + = + +
Gii:
t
1
( ) 2 3 5
x x x
f x

= + + l hm s tng trn R

1 1
( ) 2 3 5
x x x
g x

= + + l hm s gim trn R
M
1 1
2 2
f g
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
nn phng trnh c nghim x=
1
2


PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

VD7 Gii phng trnh:

2 2
3.25 (3 10).5 3 0(1)
x x
x x

+ + =
Gii :
t t=
2
5
x
(t>0)
(1)
2
3 (3 10) 3 0(2) t x t x + + =
1
3
3
t
t x

Vi
2
5
5
1 1 1
5 2 log
3 3 3
2 log 3
x
t x
x

= = =
=
Vi
2
3 5 3 (3)
x
t x x

= =
(3) c 1 nghim x=2
t
2
( ) 5
x
f x

= l hm s tng trn R
( ) 3 g x x = l hm s gim trn R
Vy (3) c nghim duy nht x=2
Vy (1) c nghim : x=2 ;
5
2 log 3 x =
IV.Mt s bi tp:
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
1 4 2
4 2 2 16
x x x + + +
+ = +
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:
( )
1
2
log 9 5.3 4
x x+
+ =
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 4
x x
+ + =
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh:
2 1 2
4 .3 3 2 .3 2 6
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + = + +
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh:
1 1 1
9 6 4 0
x x x
+ =


VN 2: Tm m phng trnh m c nghim, c nghim duy nht.
I. Tm m phng trnh m:
F(x,m)=0 (1) c nghim xeD.
Cch gii:
-t n ph: t:=q(t), tm iu kin cho n ph t.
-Chuyn iu kin xeD thnh iu kin teT.
-Bin i phng trnh (1) thnh phng trnh bc 2 theo t f(t,m)=0 (2).
*Cch 1.
-Bin i (2) tng ng vi f(t)=m (2) vi t eT.
-Tnh f(t), lp bng bin thin.
- (1) c nghim xeD khi v ch khi (2) c nghim teT iu ny cng tng ng
vi ng thng y=m c im chung vi th y=f(t)
-Da vo bng bin thin tm iu kin ca m.

PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

*Cch 2.
-Ta c (1) f(t,m)=0 (2) (bc 2 theo t)
- (1) c nghim xeD khi v ch khi (2) c nghim teT
Tc l (2) c 1 trong 2 nghim thuc T hoc c hai nghim u thuc T.
II. Tm m phng trnh c nghim duy nht
*Cch 1.
iu kin cn.
-Gi s phng trnh c nghim x
0
. Da vo tnh i xng, hm s chn, gi tr
tuyt i phng trnh c nghim x
1
.
-T phng trnh c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi x
0
=x
1
.
-Thay vo phng trnh tm gi tr m.
iu kin .
-Thay gi tr m va tm c vo phng trnh.
-Gii phng trnh v chn m sao cho tha mn iu kin phng trnh c nghim
duy nht.
T a ra kt lun cc gi tr m tha mn.
*Cch 2.
-Bng cch t n ph t=q(x) a phng trnh cho v dng f(t)=m.
-t y=f(t) vi teT
-Tnh f(t), lp bng bin thin trn T.
-T phng trnh (2) c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi ng thng y=m ch
c duy nht mt im chung vi th y=f(t).
-Da vo bng bin thin c c gi tr m cn tm.
III.Mt s v d :
VD1: nh m phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 4 2 3 2 3 0 1
x x
m m m + + + = c nghim
Gii:
t: t=2
x
(t>0)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 1 2 3 3 0
2 6 3
2 1 6 3
6 3
2 0
2 1
m t m t m
mt m m t t
m t t t t
t t
m t
t t
+ + + =
+ + = +
+ + = +
+
= >
+ +

t ( ) ( )
2
2
6 3
0
2 1
t t
f t t
t t
+
= >
+ +

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
4 8 12
2 1
1
0 4 8 12 0
3
t t
f t
t t
t
f t t t
t
+ +
' =
+ +
=
' = + + =

=

PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

Bng bin thin:


(1) c nghim ( ) 2 x R e c nghim t>0 ng thng y=m c im
chung vi th ( ) y f x = .
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c:
3
3
2
m < s
S:
3
3
2
m < s
V d 2: Cho phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 16 2 1 4 1 0 1
x x
x m m + + + + =
Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim tri du.
Gii:
t: ( ) 4 0
x
t t = > phng trnh (1) tr thnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 1 1 0 2 f t m t m t m = + + + + =
Phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim tri du
1 2
0
1 2 1 2
0 4 4 4 1
x x
x x t t < < < < < <
(2) c nghim t
1
, t
2
tha 0 < t
1
< 1 < t
2

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
. 1 0
. 0 0
3 4 3 0
3 1 0
3
3
4
3
1
3
4
1
a f
a f
m m
m m
m
m
m
m
<

>

+ + <

+ + >

< <

< <

<

>


Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim tri du khi: .
3
1
4
m < <
V d 3: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht: ( )
1
1
3 2 1
2
x
m

=
Gii:
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi:

PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
2
2
3 2 0
3
1 1
1 2 1 log
3 2 3 2
1 log 3 2
1 log 3 2
x
m m
x
m m
x m
x m

> >
= =

=

= +

Phng trnh c nghim duy nht
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
1 log 3 2 1 log 3 2
log 3 2 0 3 2 1 1
m m
m m m
= +
= = =

IV.Mt s bi tp:
Bi 1: Tm m phng trnh( ) ( ) 4 9 2 2 3 1 0
x x
m m m + = c nghim.
Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh .2 2 5 0
x x
m

+ = c 1 nghim duy nht.
Bi 3: nh m phng trnh:
( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 2 2
tgx tgx
m + + =
C ng 2 nghim trong ,
2 2
t t | |

|
\ .

Bi 4:Tm k phng trnh ( ) ( )
1
1 4 3 2 .2 3 1 0
x x
k k k

+ + + =
c 2 nghim tri du.
Bi 5:Gii v bin lun phng trnh .3 .3 8
x x
m m

+ =

B.PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
VN 1: Cc phng php gii phng trnh logarit.
I.Dng c bn:
( )
log
log 0, 1
log , ; ; 0
a
N
a
x x
a
x N x a a a
a x x a x x
= = > =
= = >

Cng thc i c s:
log
log log log log
log
a
a a b b
a
x
x b x x
b
= =
1
log
log
x
a
a
x
= ;
log log
b b
c a
a c =
3
1
log log
3
log log
a
a
a
a
x x
x x
o
o
o
o
=
=

II.Cc phng php gii phng trnh logarit.
1.Phng php a v cng c s
-Bin i phng trnh v dng:

PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
log log 0 1
0
0
a a
f x g x a
f x
g x
f x g x
= < =
>

>

2.Phng php t n ph:
-Chn n s ph thch hp, bin i phng trnh cho thnh mt phng trnh i s.
3.Phng php a v dng phng trnh tch:
-Nhm cc s hng, t tha s chung suy ra phng trnh tch.
4.Phng php dng tnh n iu.
-Suy on 1 nghim c bit v chng minh nghim duy nht.
5.Dng:
( ) ( )
0 1
log log
0 1
m
a b
a
f x a g x
b
< = | |
= =
|
< =
\ .

-Suy on nghim x
0
v chng minh nghim duy nht.
-Nghim duy nht x
0
tha:
( )
( )
0
0
m
n
f x a
g x a
=

6.Dng phng php i lp.

A B
A m
A m
B m
B m
=
=
>

=

7.Dng:
( )
( )
( )
( ) log log
a x a x
f x g x =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
1
0
a x
a x
f x
f x g x
>

>

III.Mt s v d:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( )( )
4
2
1 1
log 3 log 4 1
2 4
x x + +
Gii:
K:
0
1
x
x
>

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
2
1 1
1 log 3 . .8log 1 log 4
4 2
log 3 1 log 4
3 1 4 2
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ + =
=
+ =


PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

- Nu 0< x <1 :

- Nu x>1


S: 3; 3 2 3 x x = = +
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
( )
1 2
1 1
4 lg 2 lg x x
+ =
+

Gii:
K:
4
0
0
lg 4 10
lg 2 1
100
x
x
x x
x
x

>
>

= =


=

t: ( ) lg 4 2 t x t t = = . =
( )
( ) ( )( )
2
2
1 2
1 1
4 2
2 2 4 4 2
10 8 4 2
3 2 0
1
2
t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t
t
t
+ =
+
+ + = +
= +
+ =
=

- 1 lg 1 10 t x x = = =
-
2
2 lg 2 10 100 t x x = = = =

S: x=10; x=100
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
( )
( )
3 2
log log 1 1 x x + +

PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

Gii: iu kin: 0 x >
t:
2
log 3
t
t x x = =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 log 1 3
2 1 3
1 3
1 2
2 2
t
t
t
t
t
t = +
= +
| |
| |
+ =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

Nhn xt: t=2 l nghim ca (2)
V tri l hm s gim.
V phi l hm s hng.
Nn phng trnh c 1 nghim duy nht l
2
3
2 log 2 3 9 t x x = = = =
S: x=9
IV.Mt s bi tp:
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
log 1 log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x x x + + + + = + + + +
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:
4
2 1
2
log 1
2 1
x
x
x

+
=
+

Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 3
log 2 9 9 log 4 12 9 4 0
x x
x x x x

+ + + =
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh: ( )
9
log 1 lg 0
2
x
x + =
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2 2
3
1
log 3 1 2 log 1
log 2
x
x x
+
+ = + +
VN 2: nh m phng trnh logarit c nghim, c nghim duy nht:
I.Tm m phng trnh: ( ) ( ) , 0 1 F x m = c nghim x D e
-t n s ph: log
a
t x = thch hp.
-Chuyn iu kin x D t T e e
-Bin i (1) thnh phng trnh bc 2 theo t. Bin i phng trnh ny v dng:
( ) ( ) 2 f t m =
-Tnh ( ), f t t T ' e . Lp bng bin thin
- (1) c nghim trn D (2) c nghim trn T.
-Da vo bng bin thin iu kin ca m
II. nh m phng trnh logarit c nghim duy nht:
Cho phng trnh ( cha logarit )
( ) ( ) , 0 1 F x m =
-t: ( ) t p x =
-Tm iu kin ca t T e
-Bin i phng trnh (1) v dng:
( ) ( ) 2 f t m =

PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

-Tnh ( ) f t ' vi t T e
-Lp bng bin thin trn T
-Phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht
(2) c nghim duy nht trn T.
-Da vo bng bin thin k ca m.
- Cch khc:
Phng trnh (1) (2) l phng trnh bc hai vi x o >
(1) c nghim duy nht ( ) 2 c 1 nghim kp
1 2
2
b
x x
a
o = = > hoc c 2 nghim
1 2
x x o < <
0
2
b
a
o
=

>

hoc ( ) af 0 o s
III.Mt s v d:
V d 1: Tm m phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
lg 2 lg 1 0 1 x mx x + = c nghim.
Gii:
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 lg 2 lg 1 x mx x + =
( )
2
2
1 0
2 1
1
1
2
2
x
x mx x
x
x x
m
x
>

+ =

>

+
=

t: ( ) ( )
2
1
1
2
x x
f x x
x
+
= >
( )
2
2
2 2
0
4
x
f x
x
+
' = < v x>1
Bng bin thin:


PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT

(1) c nghim khi v ch khi (2) c nghim x>1
1
2
m <
V d 2: Tm m phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2 2
1 log 4 2 1 log 4 2 0 1 m x m x m + + + =
C 2 nghim x
1,
x
2
tha mn: 4 < x
1
< x
2
< 6
Gii:
t:
( )
1
2
log 4 t x =
iu kin:
( )
1 1
2 2
4 6 0 4 2
log 4 log 2 1
x x
t x
< < < <
= > =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 . 2 1 . 2 0 2 f t m t m t m = + + + =
(1) c 2 nghim tha mn :
1 2
4 6 x x < < <
( ) 2 c 2 nghim
1 2
, t t tha
1 2
1 t t < <
( ) ( )( )
0 9 0
af 1 0 1 4 2 0
4 1
1 0 0
2 2 2
1
1
1
2
1
1 2
1
4
m m
S m
m
m m
m m
m m


A > A = >

> + >




+ > >

< v >

< v >

< v >

Vy:
1
1
2
m m < v >
IV.Mt s bi tp
Bi 1: Tm m phng trnh
( )
2
2 1
2
4 log log 0 x x m + =
c nghim thuc khong ( ) 0,1
Bi 2: Gii v bin lun phng trnh theo m
( )
3 3 3
2log log 1 log 0 x x m =
Bi 3: Tm m phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
2 2
lg lg 3 0 x mx x + = c nghim.
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh:
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
2 2
log 5 6 log 3 1 1
m
mx mx x x
+
+ =
Tm cc gi tr ca x nghim ng phng trnh (1) vi mi 0 m>
Bi 5: Vi gi tr no ca a th phng trnh:
( )
2
log
log
a
x
a a x
a
+ + =
C nghim duy nht.