Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

Hng dn cho ngi mi bt u tm hiu v rung ng ca my

Ph M - 2009

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

1. Ti sao vic theo di rung ng rt quan trng trong bo tr my?

Theo di rung ng my v s dng cc thng tin m bn thu thp c s tit kim chi ph, ti sao vy? v lm nh th no? Chng ta s i tm hiu vn ny phn 1 ny. Sau khi c phn ny bn s nm c cc vn sau: - Hiu c cm t rung ng ca my (machine vibration). - Nu mt s nguyn nhn ch yu gy rung ng my. - Gii thch l do cn thit phi theo di rung ng my - Tm hiu cch thc tit kim chi ph khi thc hin theo di rung ng my. RUNG NG MY L G? Hu ht trong chng ta u quen thuc vi rung ng hay dao ng, mt vt ang rung ng s di chuyn qua li hay i ti v i lui. Chng ta tng bt gp cc v d v rung ng trong i sng hng ngy: mt qu lc ang dao ng qua li, mt dy n c gy ang rung, mt chic xe ti rung ng khi chy trn a hnh g gh v cc hot ng v a cht gy ra s chn ng ln hay cn gi l ng t. C nhiu cch th nghim thy hay cm nhn mt vt ang rung ng. Chng ta c th chm vo mt vt ang rung v cm nhn s rung ng, chng ta cng c th nhn thy mt vt rung ng ang chuyn ng qua li. Rung ng cng c th to m thanh m tai ta c th nghe thy hay nhit m ta c th cm nhn. Bn th tr i tr li bn chn trn tm thm nh bn bn s thy m thanh v nng bn chn.

TRONG CC NH MY CNG NGHIP C MT KIU RUNG NG M CHNG TA MUN CP N: RUNG NG CA MY (MACHINE VIBRATION) Vy rung ng my l g? n gin l s di chuyn qua li ca my hoc cc b phn my. Tt c cc thnh phn my di chuyn qua li hay dao ng qua li l ang rung ng. Rung ng my c th c nhiu dng khc nhau. Mt thnh phn my c th dao ng mt

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

khong cch ln hoc nh, nhanh hoc chm v c th cm nhn c m thanh v nhit. Rung ng my thng c th c c to ra nh thit k ca my v ty vo mc ch s dng ca my nh sng rung, phu np liu, bng ti, my nh bng, my dm t, v.v. Nhng hu ht, rung ng my l khng mong mun v n thng gy ra nhng h hng cho my. BI VIT NY CH YU NI V THEO DI RUNG NG MY KHNG MONG MUN. Hy xem cc v d v rung ng my khng mong mun.

NGUYN NHN GY RA RUNG NG MY L G? Hu ht cc rung ng my l do mt nhiu nguyn nhn sau: a) C cc lc tc ng lp i lp li b) S lng (looseness) c) S cng hng (a) C cc lc tc ng lp i lp li Hnh nh mt chic thuyn ang neo mt vnh. Sng nh bn mn tu, v nhng cn song di lin tc nh vo mn thuyn, thuyn lc l mnh. Thuyn lc l l mnh l do sng tc ng mt lc lp i lp li nhiu ln vo thuyn.

Hu ht rung ng my l do cc lc lp li ging nh nguyn nhn gy ra lc l mnh cho thuyn. Cc lc m lp li nh th s tc ng ln cc thnh phn ca my v gy cho my rung ng. CC LC LP LI GY RUNG NG CHO MY NY N T U? Hu ht l do: s mt cn bng ng, mt ng tm trc, s mi mn, cc b phn my c dn ng khng hp l. Xem 4 v d v 4 loi lc tc ng lp li:

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn S mt cn bng ng

website: scck.tk

Cc b phn my b mt cn bng ng do cha mt im nng heavy spots dn n khi quay xut hin mt lc tc ng lp li trn my. S mt cn bng ny thng gy ra do mt vt liu phn b khng u, s thay i kch c bulong, s xm thc bn trong, mt cn bng v trng lng, cn bng sai, cnh m t in khng ng u, b gy, b bin dng, n mn hoc cc cnh qut b ng bn.

Mt ng tm trc Cc thnh phn ca my khng ng tm dn n to cc lc tc ng lp li trn my khi quay. S mt ng tm thng do lp rp sai, do sn b t my khng phng, do s dn n nhit, to s xon do xit qu cht v do gn khp ni sai.

S mi mn S mi mn gy ra mt lc lp li trn my bi s c xt ca cc b mt b mi mn. S mi mn ca vng bi, cc bnh rng, dy ai thng do s lp rp khng ng, bi trn km, khuyt tt trong qu trnh sn xut v do qu ti.

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn Cc b phn my c dn ng khng hp l

website: scck.tk

iu ny gy ra mt lc lp li trn my do s cung cp nng lng gin on. V d bm ht khng kh theo tng xung, ng c t trong mt nh la, s gin on tip xc ca chi chuyn mch trong ng c in mt chiu.

(b) S LNG LOOSENESS S LNG ca cc chi tit my gy ra rung ng my. Nu cc cc chi tit my tr nn lng, s rung ng ang ang mc cho php c th tr nn qu mc v khng th kim sot. S LNG c th gy ra rung my quay v c my khng quay. Nguyn nhn thng l do khe h vng bi qu ln, lng bulong mng, s tch ri ca cc chi tit lp ghp, s n mn v s nt ca cc kt cu kim loi.

(c) S CNG HNG Hnh nh mt em b ang nh u t do trn mt ci u m khng c s y ca ai . Nu chng ta quan st gn, chng ta s thy cu b ang u vi mt tc ring. Qua v d, chng ta c th thy rng cu b mt 3 giy mi hon thnh mt chu k u.

Vn tc u ca cu b thc t l mt tnh cht vt l ca h u ca cu b, nhiu nh chnh trng lng ca cu b, l mt c tnh vt l ca cu b. l tc m lc cu b c khuynh hng u qua li khi ang ngi trn chic u . l vn tc u ring (hay t nhin) ca cu b trn ci u ny v ch c mt cch duy nht cu ta c th thay i n l giao thoa vi s u t nhin bng cch t cu ta y bng chn thay i tnh trng, hay tr xt chn cu ta trn mt t hay bng cch khc no . My cng c khuynh hng rung cc vn tc dao ng xc nh. Vn tc dao ng khi mt

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

my c khuynh hng rung c gi l vn tc dao ng ring. Vn tc dao ng ring ca mt my l vn tc rung ng ca cc dao ng t nhin ca my. l vn tc my c rung ng. Mt my duy tr rung ng t do s c khuynh hng rung vn tc ring dao ng t nhin. Hu ht cc my u c t hai vn tc dao ng ring tr ln. V d mt my bao gm 2 nn mng vi cc vn tc dao ng ring khc nhau s c t nht hai vn tc dao ng ring. Ni chung, my cng nhiu thnh phn t hp th cng c nhiu vn tc dao ng ring. By gi xem xt li trng hp cu b ang u. Nu chng ta tc ng lc y lp li vo cu b nhm cho cu ta u qua thi gian cao hn v cao hn na.

Tuy nhin chng ta ch lm cho cu b u ngy mt cao hn nu chng ta y cng vi nhp u. Nu nhp y ca chng ta khng ng, tc l khi cu ta i ln ta li y xung, cu b s khng u nh ta mong mun. t c iu nhp y ca chng ta phi ha cng nhp vn tc dao ng ring ca cu b. V d chng ta y vo thi gian m cu b t n im cao nht, nh th cu b s u nhanh hn v cao hn. iu g s xy ra nu my ca chng ta, b y bi mt lc lp li vi nhp iu trng vi vn tc dao ng ring ca my? My s rung ng ngy mt tng do lc lp li kch thch my rung mt vn tc gn vi vn tc ring. Rung ng my s ngy cng mnh lit v qu mc cho php. Mt my rung ng theo cch thc trn c cho l b cng hng. Mt lc lp li gy ra s cng hng c th nh v c th do xut pht t mt chuyn ng ca mt thnh phn tt ca my. Mt lc lp li nh c th s khng gy mt vn g cho n khi bt u gy ra s cng hng. Tuy nhin s cng hng nn lun trnh khi n gy ra ph hy nhanh chng v khc lit. V d ton b cu s sp do vn tc dao ng ring b kch thch v hi ha vi nhp iu diu binh ca tp lnh. TI SAO PHI THEO DI RUNG NG MY? lm tt cng vic theo di rung ng my v thu c nhiu li ch cho doanh nghip, chng ta phi hiu v tr li cc cu hi trn. Theo di cc c tnh rung ng ca my cho chng ta nm c tnh hnh sc khe ca my. Chng ta c th s dng thng tin ny theo di cc vn h hng c th ang tin trin.

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

Ti sao li ch n tnh trng ca my? Ti sao khng chy my lien tc cho n khi h hng v sa cha? Vn hnh my cho n khi h hng c th chp nhn c nu my dng mt ln, tuy nhin hu ht cc my u khng dng mt ln v gi thnh cao. Nu chng ta theo di lien tc tnh trng my, chng ta c th nhn thy bt c cc vn ang tin trin, v th chng ta c th sa cha khc phc vn khi n vn ang tin trin. Tri li nu chng ta khng theo di my theo pht hin cc rung ng khng mong mun th my s vn hnh ging nh vn hnh cho n khi h hng. Bi v theo di rung ng my tm ra cc rung ng gy h hng tim tang, nn chng ta c th ngn nga cc nhng h hng v tit kim thi gian, tin bc v s h hng. Vy lm cch no? Di y chng ta lit k cc vn ph bin m c th trnh nh vic theo di rung ng my. (a) MY B PH HY NGHIM TRNG Cc rung ng my nu khng c theo di ng mc s dn ph hy my nghim trng, i hi chi ph cao trong sa cha hoc thm tr thay ton b my. Tuy nhin nu tnh trng my c theo di thng xuyn, cc h hng tim tng c th c theo di v khc phc sm, khi cng vic sa cha s n gin hn, nhanh hn v r hn. (b) MY TIU TH NNG LNG MC CAO Mt my ang rung th tiu th nng lng cao hn, v d nh ti cao hn th tiu th in ln hn. Chng ta c th ti thiu vn ny bng cch theo di v bo dng my thng xuyn. (c) MY KHNG SN SNG Bi v my khng c theo di th ging nh vn hnh cho n khi h hng, th lc my s thng xuyn phi ngng t ngt, khng c k hoch sn xut. (d) CHM TR TRONG VIC GIAO HNG Bi v my khng c theo di th ging nh vn hnh cho n khi h hng, th lc my s thng xuyn phi ngng t ngt, khng c k hoch lm mt sn phm hoc chm ra sn phm, thi gian giao hng s b nh hng. (e) TR SN PHM MT CNG ON SN XUT Bi v my khng c theo di th ging nh vn hnh cho n khi h hng, th lc my s thng xuyn phi ngng t ngt, khng c k hoch mt cng on no , lm sn phm b tr. (f) BO TR KHNG CN THIT My ang chy tt m tin hnh sa cha hoc thay mi chi tit khi vn cn tt s dn n lng ph. trnh iu cn phi theo di tnh trng my thng xuyn v ch sa cha khi cn thit. (g) CHT LNG SN PHM KM My ang chy c th c nhng h hng m khng nh hng lm ti chc nng bnh thng ca my ca my, nu khng c pht hin sm th h hng ny c th lm gim cht lng sn phm. y l mt trng hp nguy him. Nu my c theo di thng xuyn th t khi dn ti tnh trng ny. (h) LM XU HNH NH CA CNG TY Bi v my khng c theo di th ging nh vn hnh cho n khi h hng, th lc my s thng xuyn phi ngng t ngt, khng c k hoch lm mt sn phm hoc chm ra sn phm, thi gian giao hng s b nh hng, lm mt lng tin ca khch hng. (i) TNG RI RO V SC KHE CHO CON NGI V khi my rung cao s gy ra ting n v lc mnh lm ngi cng nhn mt i s thoi mi v cm thy khng khe to ra sn phm cho cng ty. V khi s ngng my t ngt khng k hoch lm ngi cng nhn khng c vic lm v lm ph sn k hoch sn xut.

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

2. Rung ng my c m t nh th no?
phn tch chnh xc tnh trng my, u tin bn phi m t chnh xc cc trng thi hay cc triu chng ca my. Lm sao c th m t chnh xc cc trng thi rung ng? S phn tch rung ng m t tnh trng ca mt my nh th no? Phn ny chng ta s trnh by cc phng php c bn m t rung ng my. Sau khi c phn ny chng ta s: - Bit hai phng php quan trng nht m t rung ng my. - Tm hiu cc thut ng bin - Tm hiu cc thut ng tn s - Tm hiu biu ph tn s (spectrum) v tn hiu dng sng (waveform) l g? Rung ng my c m t nh th no? Bng cch xem, cm nhn v lng nghe rung ng my, c lc chng ta c th xc nh c mnh ca rung ng mt cch tng i. Chng ta c th quan st cc loi rung ng my xut hin rt mnh hoc ng ch hoc khng ng k. Chng ta cng c th chm vo v tr vng bi ang rung v cm nhn sc nng hoc nghe thy ting n, v t kt lun rng c vn vi vng bi. Tuy nhin vic m t rung ng chung chung nh th l khng chnh xc v ph thuc vo s nh gi ch quan ca mi ngi. C th ngi ny cho l mnh qu ngi khc li cho l c th chp nhn c. S m t bng li ni thng khng m bo tin cy. phn tch chnh xc mt rung ng, n cn thit phi m t s rung ng theo mt cch thc nht qun v m bo tin cy. S phn tch rung ng da trn s m t bng con s hn l s m t bng li ni, gip cho vic phn tch v truyn t c chnh xc.

C hai con s quan trng nht m t rung ng my l bin (amplitude) v tn s (frequency). Bin m t mc rung ng v tn s m t tc dao ng ca rung ng. C bin v tn s rung ng cung cp c s cho vic xc nh nguyn nhn gc r ca rung ng. Bin l g? (Amplitude?) Bin rung ng l ln ca s rung ng. Mt my vi bin rung ng ln th s c mt chuyn ng dao ng mnh, nhanh v ln. Nu bin cng ln th chuyn ng ny cng ln hoc ng sut gy ra bi my cng ln v kh nng dn n h hng my cng ln. V th m bin cho thy mc khc lit ca rung ng. Ni chung, mc hay bin ca rung ng cn lin h ti:

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn (a) khong chuyn ng rung ng (b) tc ca chuyn ng (c) lc kt hp vi chuyn ng

website: scck.tk

Nhng trong hu ht cc trng hp, tc v bin vn tc (velocity amplitude)ca my cho thng tin hu ch v tnh trng ca my. Vy vn tc l g? N n gin l tc c o theo mt chiu xc nh. Xem hnh:

Bin vn tc c th biu din theo cc thut ng nh peak value (gi tr nh) hoc RMS (root-mean-square value gi tr hiu dng). Bin vn tc ti a hay nh (peak) ca mt my ang rung ng n gin l gi tr tc rung ng maximum (peak) c c ca my trong mt chu k thi gian. Xem hnh:

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

Tri ngc vi bin vn tc ti a, bin vn tc RMS ca rung ng my cho chng ta bit nng lng rung ng ca my. Nng lng rung ng cng cao, bin RMS cng ln. Cm t root-mean-square thng vit tt l rms v nn nh rng bin rms lun lun thp hn bin ti a hay bin nh (peak amplitude). Lm sao quyt nh chn n v bin nh hay bin rms s dng? N ch l vn mang tnh c nhn. Tuy nhin ch nu chn mt n v no th phi s dng ging nhau ga cc ln o c th thc hin so snh cc s o. Hai n v bin vn tc c s dng ph bin l inches/second (in/s) v millimeters/second (mm/s). Tn s l g? (Frequency?) Khi mt thnh phn ca my ang rung ng n s lp li cc chu k chuyn ng. Ph thuc vo lc gy ra s rung ng, thnh phn ca my s dao ng nhanh hay chm. tc m mt thnh phn ca my dao ng c gi l tn s dao ng hay tn s rung ng. Tn s rung ng cng nhanh th dao ng cng nhanh. Bn c th xc nh tn s ca mt thnh phn ang rung ng bng cch m s chu k dao ng sau mi giy. V d, mt thnh phn i qua 5 chu k trong 1 giy c ngha l n ang rung ng mt tn s 5 chu k/giy (5cps). Nh hnh v di y, mt chu k tn hiu, n gin l hon thnh mt on th m m t tn hiu.

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

Ging nh nhp mch ca con ngi hay tn s cho thy tnh trng mch kch thch ca con ngi hay tnh trng sc khe tng qut, tc rung ng hay tn s ca mt thnh phn rung ng ca my rt hu ch v cho thy c tnh trng ca my. Tn s cng vi bin , lun lun c biu din vi cng mt n v. Thng n v ca tn s l cps (cycles per second), Hz v cpm (cycles per minute): 1Hz = 1 cps = 60 cpm Th no l mt biu dng sng (Waveform)? Biu hin th cc tn hiu in ca mt qu tim ang p ca mt ngi (biu in tim hay in tm electrocardiogram ECG) rt hiu qu trong vic phn tch tnh trng sc khe qu tim ca con ngi. Vi cch lm tng t nh vy, biu hin th rung ng ca l cng c hu ch phn tch s rung ng t nhin ca my. Chng ta c th tm thy cc manh mi v nguyn nhn v mc ca rung ng trong biu biu din rung ng. S biu din ny thng s dng phn tch rung ng c gi l waveform (biu dng sng). Mt waveform l mt s biu din mang tnh ha v mc rung ng thay i theo thi gian. Hnh di y cho v d v mt biu waveform vn tc. Mt biu waveform vn tc n gin l mt th cho thy vn tc ca mt thnh phn ang rung ng thay i theo thi gian.

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

Nhng thng tin m mt waveform cho bit, ph thuc vo thi khong v phn gii ca mt waveform. Thi khong ca mt waveform l tng chu k thi gian qua i m c th bit c t mt waveform. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt vi giy l . phn gii ca mt waveform l mt s o mc chi tit trong waveform v c xc nh bng s im d liu m t hnh dng ca mt waveform. Nu cng nhiu im th biu waveform cng chi tit. Th no l mt spectrum (biu dng ph)? Mt loi biu din khc thng c s dng ph bin trong phn tch rung ng l biu spectrum. Mt spectrum l mt biu biu din cc tn s mt thnh phn my ang rung ng cng vi cc bin mi tn s . Hnh di y l mt v d v mt spectrum vn tc.

Nhng ti sao mt thnh phn my duy nht m li c ng thi rung ng nhiu hn mt

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

tn s. Tr li nm trong thc t rng, s rung ng my, khc vi s chuyn ng dao ng n gin ca mt qu lc, n khng ch c mt chuyn ng rung ng n gin m thng thng n bao gm nhiu chuyn ng rung ng xy ra ng thi. Ly v d, spectrum vn tc ca mt gi thng cho thy rng vng bi ang rung ng khng ch mt tn s m nhiu tn s khc nhau. S rung ng mt vi tn s c th l do chuyn ng ca cc chi tit trong vng bi, ngoi ra cn cc tn s khc l do s tc ng ca cc rng ca bnh rng hoc c cc tn s khc l do s quay trn ca cnh qut lm mt motor. Mt spectrum cho thy cc tn s m xy ra s rung ng nn n l cng c phn tch rung ng rt hu ch. Bng vic phn tch cc tn s ring ca mt thnh phn my ang rung ng cng nh cc bin tng ng vi mi tn s , v chng ta c th tm ra c s lin h vi nguyn nhn gy ra rung ng v tnh trng ca my. Ngc li, mt waveform li khng cho thy mt cch r rng cc tn s m xy ra s rung ng. Thay vo , mt waveform li ch biu din gi tr tng th overall. Cho nn s khng d dng khi chn on h hng bng biu waveform.

Cho nn ngoi tr c mt vi trng hp c bit, cc spectrum ng vai tr l cng c quan trng cho vic phn tch rung ng my. Cc thng tin m mt spectrum cha ng ph thuc vo gi tr Fmax (tn s maximum) v phn gii (resolution) ca spectrum . Fmax l gii hn tn s ca mt spectrum c th biu din. Gi tr Fmax ny bao nhiu ph thuc vo tc vn hnh ca my. Tc vn hnh cng cao th Fmax cng phi cao. phn gii ca mt spectrum l mt s o mc chi tit ca spectrum, v c xc nh bi s ng ph m t hnh dng ca biu spectrum. Cng nhiu ng ph th mc chi tit ca spectrum cng cao.

3. Rung ng my c o nh th no?
Trong phn trc, chng ta nhn ra mt cng c phn tch rung ng rt quan trng l spectrum (biu dang ph). Khi chng ta o rung ng my chng ta thng o cc spectrum rung ng, khi m spectrum ca mt thnh phn rung ng ni cho chng ta bit mt s lin h vi tnh trng my cng nh nguyn nhn gy ra rung ng. Ni mt cch t nhin, spectrum ng vai tr sng cn, v nhng thng tin c gi tr v t c chnh xc. Nhng iu g cn phi ch m bo cc s o c chnh xc?

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

Cch o nn c thc hin nh th no v nn o cho nhng my no? Trong phn ny chng ta s i tr li cho cc cu hi ny. Sau khi c phn ny, chng ta s c th: (a) Nhn ra nhng my no cn phi theo di rung ng (b) Tm hiu cc cm bin o rung ng c gn nh th no (c) Xc nh c cn ci t cc thng s o no (d) Cch ly s o mt cch c h thng NHNG MY NO CN PHI THEO DI RUNG NG Khi quyt nh my no cn theo di, cc my thit yu critical nn c u tin so vi cc my khc. Cng ging nh theo di sc khe ca con ngi. L khng ng nu ta thng xuyn theo di sc khe ca mt ngi hon ton khe mnh m li khng ch n ngi thc s cn thit. p dng tng t vi vic theo di tnh trng ca cc my mc. Ni chung, vic la chn cc my thit yu cn c theo di da trn cc quy tc c bn sau y trnh s tn km khng cn thit: (a) Cc my i hi vic sa cha kh khn, lu di v tn km khi b h hng. (b) Cc my thit yu i vi vic to ra sn phm v s vn hnh chung ca c nh my. (c) Nhng my m c tn sut h hng cao. (d) Nhng my m ang c nh gi v tin cy. (e) Nhng my m nh hng ti an ton sc khe con ngi v mi trng sng. CC THIT B O LM VIC NH TH NO? Trc khi ly s o rung ng, bn phi gn mt cm bin m c th theo di rung ng ca my c o. C nhiu loi cm bin o rung ng khc nhau. Tuy nhin loi gia tc k accelerometer thng c s dng nht v c nhiu u im hn cc loi khc. Gia tc k l mt cm bin m to ra mt tn hiu in m t l vi s gia tc ca thnh phn rung ng. Vy gia tc ca mt thnh phn rung ng l g? N l mt s o v lng thay i ca vn tc ca thnh phn rung ng. Tn hiu gia tc c to ra bi gia tc k gn trn thit b o rung ng v ln lt chuyn i tn hiu thnh mt tn hiu vn tc. Ph thuc vo s la chn ca ngi s dng, tn hiu c th biu din thnh biu dng sng vn tc (waveform vn tc) hay mt biu ph vn tc (spectrum vn tc). Mt spectrum vn tc c chuyn i t biu waveform vn tc bng mt cng thc ton hc gi l Fast Fourier Transform hay FFT (gi l chuyn i Fourier). S di y gii thch n gin cch thu thp d liu rung ng.

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

CM BIN GIA TC K C GN NH TH NO? Hu ht cc my u c cc c cu quay. Moto, bm, my nn, qut, bng ti, hp s, tt c u lin quan n cc c cu chuyn ng quay v thng s xuyn s dng trong cc my. Hu ht cc c cu quay u c ton b trng lng ca cc b phn quay v chu cc lc t hp ca chuyn ng quay v rung ng. Ni chung, mt lng ln lc c bi . V cng khng ngc nhin h hng lun xy ra ti v y l ni xut hin v pht trin cc hin tng h hng. V vy cc s o rung ng thng c ly v tr ca my, vi cm bin gia tc gn ti hoc gn v tr cc . Khi kt lun v tnh trng my, ph thuc vo chnh xc ca s o, cch chng ta ly s o phi ch cn thn. V nn nh rng, cch chng ta gn cm bin o rung ng ph thuc rt nhiu ti chnh xc ca php o. Vy gn cm bin gia tc nh th no m bo chnh xc ca s o v s an ton. Sau y l vi hng dn: (a) Gn cng gn vi v tr cng tt

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

(b) Gn u o gia tc phi m bo vng chc

(c) m bo gn ng chiu

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

(d) Ch gn cng mt u o gia tc cho cng mt v tr o

(e) V tr gn ca my c o phi m bo vng chc

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

website: scck.tk

(f) Thao tc s dng cn thn trnh lm h hng u o v dy cp kt ni

(g) Ngi o phi m bo an ton khi o

CCH CI T THNG S O Cc thng s o l g?

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Cc thng s o l xc nh chi tit cch thc hin ly s o. Bng vic xc nh cc thng s o, chng ta xc nh cch m d liu c thu thp v c x l trc khi hin th cho chng ta xem. Trc khi ly mt s o rung ng chng ta cn xc nh cc thng s no c s dng. Cc thng s ca s o rung ng c th c ging vi nhng chi tit ci g v bng cch no m mt bc s phi xc nh trc khi tin hnh kim tra sc khe. By gi chng ta s xem cc thng s o c ci t nh th no khi chng ta o mt spectrum. Mt vi gi tr thng s o v chng c ngha nh th no? Cc thng s c s dng o cc spectrum rung ng c th chia ra 4 loi, c th l cc thng s o xc nh: (a) Vic thu thp d liu bng cch no? (b) Bao nhiu d liu v thi gian bao lu cho vic thu thp d liu? (c) D liu c x l bng cch no? (d) D liu c hin th nh th no? (a) Vic thu thp d liu bng cch no? Cc thng s m xc nh cch thu thp d liu l trigger type v cc thng s c lp danh sch trc trong sensor setup. Trigger type l thng s m ni ln cch thit b bt u o. Nu ci t ch free run, thit b s ly s o lin tc, nu ci t ch single, ch mt s o cho mt ln o c ly.Thng thng ci t trong thit b l free run. Thng s trong ch sensor setup cho bit loi cm bin gia tc no c s dng o. Nu loi cm bin gia tc ICP c s dng trong thit b. Drive curent cn c m v nhy sensitivity ca cm bin gia tc phi ph hp vi card trong thit b. Settling time l thi gian cn thit cm bin v thit b nhn ra nhau trc khi tin hnh o. Bn cng c th s dng ci t gi tr settling time mc nh ca my (m thay i cng vi gi tr Fmax) bo m s o chnh xc.

(b) Bao nhiu d liu v thi gian bao lu cho vic thu thp d liu? Cc thng s m xc nh bao nhiu d liu v thi gian bao lu cho vic thu thp d liu? l thng s Fmax, spectral line v Overlap percentage. Trong phn 2 chng ta lu rng Fmax cng cao th gii hn tn s trong spectrum cng ln v lng thng tin thu c trong spectrum cng nhiu hn. V vy nu gi tr Fmax cao, d liu s hin th ln biu c tn s rung ng cao. c th thu thp thng tin lin quan n cc tn s rung ng cao, tn s o hay tc thu d liu cng cn phi cao, v do tc o s cng nhanh ln. Tn s Fmax cao khng to ra thm nhiu d liu phi thu thp m ch to ra khong tn s rng hn. C cng nhiu spectral line cho mt spectrum, th s c c nhiu thng tin hn. iu ny

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c ngha l, c cng nhiu spectral line, th c nhiu d liu cn phi thu thp, to thm nhiu thng tin hn (cht lng d liu cao hn)v v th vic thu thp s o s lu hn. (ging nh bc nh s c phn gii cng cao th cng nt). Gi tr Fmax nn s dng l bao nhiu? Tc vn hnh ca my cng cao, th cc tn s rung ng ca n cng s cao theo v Fmax cng phi cao bt c cc tn s rung ng ny cc tn s cao . Rung ng khng bao gm cc phn t cnh hay vu quay nh rng ca bnh rng, cc cnh dn hng ca qut, bm v cc phn t ln (bi), gi tr Fmax bng 10 ln tc quay thng l bt tt c cc thng tin quan trng. V d, nu tc quay l 10 000 vng/pht, th gi tr Fmax l 100 000 cpm (100kcpm) l . i vi rung ng bao gm cc phn t cnh hay vu nh bnh rng, qut, bm v vng bi, gi tr Fmax bng 3 ln s phn t cnh hay vu nhn vi tc quay l bt tt c cc thng tin quan trng. V d, cp bnh rng c bnh rng dn c 12 rng quay 10000 vng/pht, gi tr Fmax s l 3x12x10 000=360 000 cpm (360 kcpm) l . (cpm: chu k/pht). Nu gi tr Fmax yu cu rt ln th phn gii ca spectrum s thp i, v cc thng tin cc tn s rung ng thp s b mt. V th cng cn ly mt s s o c gi tr Fmax thp cng vi cc s o c gi tr Fmax cao. Nn s dng phn gii bao nhiu? Trong hu ht trng hp phn gii 400 l (400 spectral lines). Tuy nhin, nu gi tr Fmax cng cao th cc line ny s phi tri ra mt di tn s ln, to ra khong gap ln gia cc line. V vy gi tr Fmax cng ln, s ng ph (spectral lines) cng ln tng chi tit ca biu rung ng dng ph v trnh mt thng tin. Tuy nhin cng nn ch rng nu tng s phn gii ny thi gian ly s o s lu hn, thit b s tn nhiu b nh lu tr. V vy, mt gi tr Fmax cao hay s ng ph ln ch c s dng khi no cn thit.

Nn s dng d liu chng lp overlap bao nhiu? D liu chng lp overlapping data l mt cch s dng li phn trm ca waveform o c trc tnh ton mt spectrum mi. Phn trm chng lp overlap percentage cng cao, d liu thu thp mi to mt spectrum cng t v v vy biu dng ph spectrum s hin th nhanh hn. Gi tr chng lp overlap 50% l l tng cho hu ht trng hp. (c) D liu c x l nh th no

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Cc thng s m xc nh cch m d liu c x l l 3 thng s Average type, Number of average v window type. Tng tng bn phi o chnh xc b rng ca trang giy ca cun sch. Do b rng ca mi trang c th thay i mt cht, bn c th o khng ch mt trang m nhiu trang v sau ly gi tr trung bnh. Tng t nh vy, khi o rung ng s c nhiu spectrum c o v sau o ly trung bnh c mt spectrum trung bnh. Mt spectrum trung bnh biu din cch thc rung ng tt hn khi m php x l trung bnh lm ti thiu cc nh hng ca cc thay i ngu nhin hay cc xung nhiu thng c trong rung ng my. Thng s Average type xc nh bao nhiu spectrum c ly trung bnh. Gi tr trung bnh tuyn tnh Linear c ngh cho hu ht cc trng hp. Gi tr trung bnh s m exponential thng c s dng ch khi cch thc rung ng thay i ng k theo thi gian. Thng s Number of average xc nh s cc spectrum lin nhau s dng tnh trung bnh, cc spectrum s dng cng ln, cc xung nhiu s gim v cc spectrum s biu din chnh xc hn. Tuy nhin, nu Number of average cng ln th d liu cn thu thp cng nhiu, v v th s mt thi gian c c biu spectrum trung bnh. Number of average bng 4 l cho hu ht cc trng hp. D liu c thu thp khng c s dng trc tip to ra mt spectrum m thng c sa cha trc phc v cho yu cu no ca qu trnh x l FFT (Fast Fourier Transform l qu trnh chuyn i d liu thnh mt biu spectrum). D liu thng c sa cha bi php tnh nhn ca mt ca s hiu chnh. iu ny ngn nga cc ng ph khng b nhe hay r sang ci khc. Window type l thng s m xc nh loi ca s no c s dng. Hanning window thng c s dng. Nu ca s ch nht c s dng, d liu s khng c sa cha mt cch hiu qu.

(d) D liu c hin th nh th no?

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Thng s m xc nh cch thc m spectrum c hin th c k ra vi Display unit. xc nh c cch spectrum biu din, t l chia ca spectrum cn c xc nh. T l chia ca spectrum xc nh cch chi tit ca cc spectrum c th c thy d dng v c xc nh bng thng s Amplitude scale t l bin , vdB reference, log range v Velocity max. Trong hu ht trng hp, Amplitude scale c th l tuyn tnh Linear. Nu s dng mt t l bin tuyn tnh th cc thng s vdB reference, log range l khng quan trng (v v th khng cn ci t). Ni chung, bn nn set thng s Velocity max thnh automatic cho php thit b t ng la chn mt thng s t l bin l tng m cho php cc peak ca cc spectrum r rng hn.

xc nh cch m spectrum hin th, cn xc nh loi bin c s dng. phn trc chng ta xc nh c 2 loi bin l bin nh peakv bin hiu dng rms. Nu s dng bin nh hay bin 0-peak, th spectrum s biu din tc ti a t c bi thnh phn rung ng cc tn s rung ng khc nhau. Mt khc, nu s dng bin hiu dng rms, thay vo s biu din mt lng nng lng rung ng cc tn s khc nhau. i vi cc spectrum rung ng, bin nh mt tn s ring chnh xc l cn bc hai ca 2 ln (1,4 ln) bin hiu dng rms tn s . V vy loi bin no c s dng l khng tht s quan trng khi m c th thc hin chuyn i n v nhanh chng. (i vi spectrum, bin nh bng cn bc hai ca 2 bin hiu dng rms. Mi quan h ny khng c gi tr i vi biu dng sng waveform).

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Chng ti ngh cc bn nn s dng cng loi bin cho cc im o trnh s hiu sai. Mt s chuyn i t bin rms sang bin nh gy ra s gia tng ca bin rung ng m c th c l gii sai nh l s h hng ca my. Mt khc, mt s chuyn i t bin nh sang bin hiu dng rms c th che du i mt s gia tng thc ca bin rung ng. Tm li, n v ca bin v tn s s dng trong spectrum cng cn phi xc nh. n v no c s dng, tht s l vn la chn ca c nhn, hoc thng thng hn l theo vng a l. Nam M, n v vn tc thng s dng (cho t l vn tc tuyn tnh) l in/s, v n v tn s s dng ph bin l kcpm (kilocycles per minute). Cc vng khc ca th gii dng n v vn tc v tn s ln lt l mm/s v Hz. Xem mi quan h gia cc n v di y:

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Nhiu my phn tch rung ng thch n v vn tc logarit l vdB (volt dexiben). hnh trn chng ta lm trn chuyn i in/s 0-peak, mm/s rms thnh 18 (t s ng l 17,96). D LIU C THU THP NH TH NO? Khi xung quanh cc my c nhiu ri ro v khng thun li, phn tch rung ng thng c thc hin cch xa my. thc hin iu ny, s o thng c ghi li bng thit b, sau truyn ti vn phng c phn tch mi trng yn tnh v an ton. vn phng, d liu c th truyn ti my tnh phn tch su hn. Trong hu ht cc nh my, c nhiu my thit yu cn c theo di. Hn na, c th phn tch trit , mi my cn c theo di nhiu im o. Mi im o cn theo di vi cc chiu lp gia tc k (cm bin gia tc) khc nhau v i khi cng s dng cc thng s o khc nhau. V th, trong mi lot thu thp d liu, mt lng ln s o c thc hin. trnh s di chuyn lp i lp li gia vn phng v ni t my, tin hnh o cho tt c cc my trc khi a v vn phng phn tch.

Bin son: K s Nguyn Thanh Sn

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iu quan trng khi thu thp d liu l m bo o chnh xc v c h thng. Khi bn c phng php t chc hp l cho vic thu thp d liu th s trnh c s nhm ln cc spectrum ca cc my v trnh dn n cc kt lun sai. trnh nhm ln, bn phi o mt v tr duy nht trn my bng cch nh du v tr o v khi o phi m bo ng chiu t u o. a s cc my, vic thu thp d liu mi thng mt ln. i vi my quan trng, cn phi thu thp mi tun, cn nhng my t quan trng th mi thng mt ln. Tuy nhin, chng ti khuyn bn nn tun theo mt thi biu v sau iu chnh li ph hp theo kinh nghim. Bn cng cn lu kim tra dung lng pin v b nh thit b o cho hon thnh mt tour thu thp d liu. Hu ht cc vn rung ng c theo di trong khi my ang chy n nh v v th cch thc rung ng cng n nh. Nu my va mi khi ng, hay tc ca my va mi thay i th bn cn chc chn my thi gian chy vn tc n nh trc khi thu thp d liu. Khi hon thnh mt tour thu thp d liu, bn nn truyn d liu vo my tnh cng vi phn mm tin ch c cung cp cng vi thit b thu thp rung ng v bn c th xa d liu trong my gii phng b nh my phc v cho tour thu thp thp d liu khc.