- 1 -

PHNG TRNH V T



PHN 1: PHNG PHP T N PH (1 n)

A KIN THC TRNG TM:
I Cc iu kin v tnh cht c bn :
1.
1
A
c ngha khi 0. A= 2.
1
A or
A
| |
|
\ .
c ngha khi 0 ( 0). A or A > >
3.
2
A A = 4. . . AB A B = nu A , B > 0
II Phng trnh cha cn thc n gin:
1. Dng 1:
2
0 B
A B
A B
>
=

=

2. Dng 2:
0 ( B 0) A or
A B
A B
> >
=

=

3. Dng 3: A B C + = (PP: t iu kin, sau bnh phng 2 v, a v dng 1)


B BI TP:

I Dng 1: ( ) ( ) 0 af x b f x c + + = (*)
Phng php:
Trc ht ta t iu kin: ( ) 0 f x >
- B1: t ( ), t f x = tm min gi tr ca t.
- B2: ta suy ra
2
( ), t f x = PT (*) tr thnh:
2
0 at bt c + + =
- B3: gii PT trn ta tm c gi tr ca t (nh so snh vi min gi tr ca t)
- B4: sau khi tm c t, ta gii PT ( ) ... t f x x = =


VD1: Gii phng trnh:
2 2
2 3 11 3 4 x x x x + + = + (1)
(v biu thc trong cn lun c ngha nn khi t iu kin)
Ta c:

2 2
(1) 3 11 2 3 11 15 0 x x x x + + + =
Ta t:
2
3 11, 0 t x x t = + > th PT (1) tr thnh:

2
3
2 15 0
5 ( )
t
t t
t l
=
+ =

=

Vi 3 t =

2
2
3 11 3
3 2 0
2
1
x x
x x
x
x
+ =
+ =
=

Vy PT cho c 2 nghim: 1; 2. x x = =
- 2 -
VD2: Gii phng trnh:
2 2
3 21 18 2 7 7 2 x x x x + + + + + = (2)
iu kin:
2
7 7 0 x x + + >
Ta c:

2 2
(1) 3( 7 7) 2 7 7 5 0 x x x x + + + + + =
Ta t:
2
7 7, 0 t x x t = + + > th PT (2) tr thnh:

2
1
3 2 5 0
5
( )
3
t
t t
t l
=

+ =

Vi 1 t =

2
2
7 7 1
7 6 0
x x
x x
+ + =
+ + =


6
1
x
x
=

(tha iu kin)
Vy PT cho c 2 nghim: 6; 1. x x = =

BT tng t: Gii phng trnh:
2
( 4)( 1) 3 5 2 6 x x x x + + + + =
(p s: 7; 2). x x = =


II Dng 2: ( )( ) a cx b cx d a cx b cx e + + + + = (vi 0) d = (*)
Phng php:
Trc ht ta t iu kin:
0
0
a cx
b cx
+ >

>

- B1: t , t a cx b cx = + + ri tm min gi tr ca t (da vo
)
2( ) a b t a b + s s +
- B2: bnh phng 2 v, ta c:

2
2
2 ( )( ) ( )( )
2
t a b
t a b a cx b cx a cx b cx

= + + + + =
Thay vo PT (*) ta c:
2 2
( ) 2 2 0
2
d
t t a b e dt t e da db + = + =
- B3: gii PT trn ta tm c gi tr ca t (nh so snh vi min gi tr ca t)
- B4: sau khi tm c t, ta gii PT , ... t a cx b cx x = + + =


VD: Gii phng trnh:
2
1 4 3 4 5 x x x x + + + + + = (1)
K: 1 4 x s s
Ta thy:
2
3 4 ( 1)(4 ) x x x x + + = + nn t:
1 4 t x x = + + , vi 5 10 t s s

2 2
5 2 3 4 t x x = + + +

2
5
(1) 5
2
t
t

+ =

2
5 ( )
2 15 0
3
t l
t t
t
=
+ =

=

Vi 3 1 4 3 t x x = + + =
Gii PT trn ta c 2 nghim: 0; 3. x x = =
- 3 -
BT tng t:
a) Gii phng trnh:
2
4 4 2 12 2 16 x x x x + + = + (p s: 5). x =
b) Gii phng trnh: 3 6 3 2 (3 )(6 ) x x x x + + = + + (p s: 3; 6). x x = =


III Dng 3:
( )
| |
( ) ( ) 2 ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 m f x g x n f x g x n f x g x q + + + = (*)
Phng php:
Trc ht ta t iu kin:
( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
g x
>

>

- B1: t ( ) ( ), t f x g x = ri tm min gi tr ca t.
- B2: bnh phng 2 v, ta c:

2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ). ( ) 2 ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) t f x g x f x g x f x g x t f x g x = + =
Thay vo PT (*) ta c:
( ) | |
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 mt n t f x g x n f x g x q + + + + =

2
0 nt mt q + + =
- B3: gii PT trn ta tm c gi tr ca t (nh so snh vi min gi tr ca t)
- B4: sau khi tm c t, ta gii PT ( ) ( ), ... t f x g x x = =



VD: Gii phng trnh: 2 3 1 3 2 (2 3)( 1) 16 x x x x x + + + = + + + (1)
K: 1 x >
t 2 3 1 t x x = + + + (k: 0) t >

2
3 2 (2 3)( 1) 4 t x x x = + + + +
Thay vo PT (1) ta c:

2
4 16 t t =

2
20 0
4 ( )
5
t t
t l
t
=
=

Vi 5 2 3 1 5 t x x = + + + =

2 2
2
2 3 1 2 (2 3)( 1) 25
21 3 2 (2 3)( 1)
1 7
441 126 9 8 20 12
1 7
146 429 0
1 7
3
143
3
x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
+ + + + + + =
= + +
s s

+ = + +

s s

+ =

s s

=

=

=

Vy PT trn c nghim: 3. x =

BT tng t: Gii phng trnh:
2
3 2 6 2 4 4 10 3 x x x x + + = (H KB 2011)
(HD: t 2 2 2 t x x = + , p s: 6/ 5). x =
- 4 -
IV Dng 4:
2
( ) ax bx c mx n px q + + = + + (vi 0) p = (*)
Phng php:
Trc ht ta t iu kin: 0 px q + >

- B1: t , t px q = + (k: 0) t > c 2 hng gii quyt:

Cch 1: a PT cho v PT bc 4 theo t.
- B2: bnh phng 2 v ta c:
2
2
t q
t px q x
p

= + = . Thay
2
, x x vo PT (*) ta c
PT bc 4 theo t.
- B3: Sau khi tm c t, ta gii PT: , ... t px q x = + =


Cch 2: a PT cho v PT ng cp bc 2 theo , . x t
- B2: bnh phng 2 v ta c:
2
2
t q
t px q x
p

= + = . Thay x vo PT (*) ta c:
( )
2
2
. .
t q
ax b c mx n t
p

+ + = +
Thu gn li ta c PT dng:
2 2
1 2 3
0 a x a xt a t + + = (PT ng cp bc 2 theo , ). x t
Ta t: , t kx = ta c:
2 2 2 2
1 2 3
0 a x a kx a k x + + =

( )
2 2
1 2 3
0 x a a k a k + + = (thng l 0). x =
- B3: gii PT trn ta tm c k, sau t tm c x da vo h PT:
2
t px q
t kx
= +

VD1: Gii phng trnh:
2
12 1 36 x x x + + + = (1) (trng hp 0) m =
K: 1 x >
t 1, 0 t x t = + >

2
1 x t = PT (1) tr thnh:
4 2
3 2
12 36 0
( 2)( 2 3 18) 0
3 ( )
2
t t t
t t t t
t l
t
+ =
+ + + =
=

Vi 2 1 3 3 t x x = + = =
Vy PT cho c nghim 3. x =








- 5 -
VD2: Gii phng trnh:
2
2 3 2 3 2 x x x x + = (2) (trng hp 0) m =
K:
2
3
x >

Cch 1: a v PT bc 4 theo t.

t 3 2, 0 t x t = >

2
2
3
t
x
+
= PT (2) tr thnh:

2
2 2
2
2 2
2 ( 2) 2 .
3 3
t t
t t
| | + +
+ + =
|
\ .

4 3 2
3 2
2 3 6 8 0
1
( 1)(2 2 8) 0
2
t t t t
t
t t t t
t
+ =
=
=

=

+ Vi 1 3 2 1 1 t x x = = = (tha k)
+ Vi 2 3 2 2 2 t x x = = = (tha k)

Vy PT cho c nghim 1; 2. x x = =


Cch 2: a v PT ng cp bc 2 theo , . t x
(2)
2
2 (3 2) 3 2 x x x x =
t 3 2, 0 t x t = > PT cho tr thnh:

2 2
2x t xt = (*)
t t kx = , PT (*) tr thnh:

( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 0
x k x kx
x k k
=
=


2
2 0 k k + =
2
3
do x
| |
>
|
\ .


1
2
k
k
=

+ Vi 2 2 k t x = = . Do
2
3
x > nn 0 y < (loi)
+ Vi 1 , k t x = = nn:
3 2 x x =

2
3 2 0 x x + =
2
3
do x
| |
>
|
\ .


1
2
x
x
=

(tha k)
Vy PT cho c nghim 1; 2. x x = =


BT tng t: Gii phng trnh:
2
2 10 5 0 x x x x + + + =
|

\
p s:
1 21
2
x
|
+
=
|
|
.