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KIN THC C BN V NC V MI TRNG THY QUYN

I. TNH CHT CA NC 1. Ti nguyn nc v vai tr ca nc a. Ti nguyn nc Tri t c khong 361 triu km2 din tch cc i dng (chim 715 din tch tri t). Tr lng ti nguyn nc c khong 1,5 t km3, trong nc ni a ch chim 91 km3 (6,1%) , cn li l nc bin v i dng. Ti nguyn nc ngt chim 28,25 triu km3, nhng phn ln li dng ng bng hai cc tri t. Lng nc thc t con ngi c th s dng c l 4,2 triu km 3 (0,28% thy quyn). Cc dng nc trong t nhin khng ngng vn ng v chuyn trng thi (lng, rn, hi), to nn vng tun hon nc trong sinh quyn: nc bc hi, ngng t v ma. Nc vn ng trong cc quyn (kh quyn, thy quyn, thch quyn v sinh quyn), ha tan v mang theo nhiu cht dinh dng, cht khong v mt s cht cn thit cho i sng ca ng vt v thc vt. Nc ao, h, sng v i dng nh nng lng mt tri bc hi vo kh quyn, hi nc ngng t li ri ma xung b mt tri t. Nc chu chuyn trong phm vi ton cu, to nn cc cn bng nc v tham gia vo qu trnh iu ha kh hu tri t. Hi nc thot t cc loi thc vt lm tng m ca khng kh. Mt phn nc ma thm qua t thnh nc ngm, nc ngm v nc b mt u hng ra bin tun hon tr li, l chu trnh nc. Tuy nhin lng nc ngt v nc ma trn hnh tinh phn b khng u. Hin nay hng nm trn ton th gii mi s dng khong 4000 km3 nc ngt, chim khong hn 40% lng nc ngt c th khai thc c. b. Vai tr ca nc Nc ngt l ti nguyn ti ti c, nhng s dng cn phi cn bng ngun d tr v ti to, s dng cn phi hp l nu mun cho s sng tip din lu di, v ht nc th s sng cng chm dt. Trong v tr bao la ch c tri t l c nc dng lng, v vy gi tr ca nc sau nhiu thp k xem xt c nh gi Nh dng mu nui c th con ngi di mt danh t l mu sinh hc ca tri t, do vy nc qu hn vng (Pierre Fruhling). iu kin hnh thnh i sng ng thc vt phi c nc, nc chnh l biu hin ni mun loi c th sng c, l ngun gi tr ch thc ca nc.
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Mi trng nc khng tn ti c lp vi mi trng khc, n lun tip xc trc tip vi khng kh, t v sinh quyn. Phn ng ha hc trong mi trng nc c rt nhiu nt c th khi so snh vi cng phn ng trong phng th nghim hay trong sn xut cng nghip. Nguyn nhn ca s khc bit l tnh khng cn bng nhit ng ca h do l mt h m tip xc trc tip vi kh quyn, thch quyn, sinh quyn v s tp cht trong nc cc k a dng. Gia chng lun c s trao i cht, nng lng (nhit, quang, c nng), xy ra si ng gia b mt phn cch pha. Ngay trong lng nc cng xy ra cc qu trnh xa l vi quy lut cn bng ha hc: qu trnh gim entropi, s hnh thnh v pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt. Nc l mt hp cht lin quan trc tip v rng ri n s sng trn tri t, l c s ca s sng i vi mi sinh vt. i vi th gii v sinh, nc l thnh phn tham gia rng ri vo cc phn ng ha sinh, nc l dung mi v mi trng tng tr cc iu kin thc y hay km hm cc qu trnh ha sinh. i vi con ngi, nc l nguyn liu chim t trng ln nht. Nc rt cn thit cho hot ng sng ca con ngi cng nh cc sinh vt. Con ngi c th khng n trong nhiu ngy m vn sng, nhng s b cht ch sau t ngy (khong 3 ngy) nhn kht, v c th ngi c khong t 70 75 % l nc, nc mt 12% nc c th s b hn m v c th cht. Con ngi cn nc ngt cho n ung, sinh hot hng ngy v cho sn xut. Mi ngi mt ngy n ung ch cn 2,5 lt nc, nhng tnh chung cho c nc sinh hot th cc nc phng Ty mi ngi cn khong 300 lt nc mi ngy. Vi cc nc ang pht trin, s lng nc thng c dng cho mt gia nh 5 6 ngi. Nhu cu nc cho sn xut cng nghip v nht l nng nghip rt ln. khai thc mt tn du m cn c 10 m3 nc , mun ch to mt tn si tng hp cn c 5600 m3 nc, mt trung tm nhit in hin i vi cng sut 1 triu kW cn n 1,2 1,6 t m3 nc trong mt nm. Tm li, nc c mt vai tr quan trng khng th thiu c cho s sng tn ti trn tri t, l mu sinh hc ca tri t nhng nc cng l ngun gy t vong cho con ngi. V vy ni n nc l ni n vic bo v rng, trng rng, pht trin ti to ngun nc, hn ch cng dng l lt, s dng ngun nc lm thy in, cung cp nc sch. Phi s dng hp l nc sinh hot v sn xut i i vi vic chng nhim ngun nc khai thc s dng, phi x l nc thi sn xut v sinh hot. 2. Thnh phn ha sinh ca nc
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2.1 Thnh phn ha hc ca nc thin nhin Nc t nhin chim 1% tng lng nc trn tri t, gm nc cha sng, h, nc b mt, nc ngm. Thnh phn ca nc t nhin c ha tan cc cht rn, lng, kh ph thuc vo a hnh m n i. Cc ngun nc t nhin khng ni lin vi nhau nn khng c s ha trn c thnh phn kh ng u nh nc bin v thnh phn ca chng li c th thay i ngay trn dng. Nc bin trong cc i dng c ni vi nhau nn thnh phn ca nc gn nh nhau. Nc bin cha hm lng mui tan ln gp khong 2000 ln so vi cc ngun nc b mt. Nc bin c th gi l dung dch cha mui NaCl 0.5 M, MgSO4 0.05 M v vi lng ca tt c cc cht trong ton cu. Cc cht rn ha tan trong nc ch yu l cc mui ha tan, hm lng NaCl trong nc quyt nh mn ca nc. Cc kh ha tan trong nc: ni chung cc cht kh c trong kh quyn u c mt trong nc do kt qu ca hai qu trnh c bn l khuch tn v i lu. Trong kh CO2 v O2 trong nc c ngha quan trng i vi qu trnh quang hp v h hp ca cc sinh vt sng di nc. Oxi trong nc: oxi l loi kh t tan trong nc v khng tc dng vi nc v mt ha hc, nhng oxi c ngha ln i vi qu trnh t lm sch ca nc. ha tan ca oxi trong nc ph thuc nhiu vo nhit v p sut mi trng. Mc bo ha oxi ha tan trong nc ngt vo khong 14 15 ppm (0oC, 1 atm), 8 ppm (25oC, 1 atm), 7 ppm (35oC, 1 atm). Nng oxi gim dn theo chiu su ca lp nc. Nu nc b nhim bi cc cht hu c c kh nng oxi ha bng phn ng sinh hc vi oxi th hm lng oxi trong nc cn gim do b tiu hoa bi hot ng ca cc vi khun. Khi lng oxi trong nc qu t < 2 ppm, cc vi khun s ly oxi ca cc cht cha oxi oxi ha: SO42- H2S S nc vng tr thnh vng ym kh. Kh cacbonic trong nc: kh cacbonic ha tan trong nc tan ra cc ion HCO3-, CO32- v qu trnh chuyn ha CO32- thnh CO2 trong nc ng vai tr rt quan trng cho cc qu trnh cn bng ha hc trong nc. Qu trnh , khng ch lm n nh pH trong nc m cn nh hng ti s to phc vi cc ion kim loi ca nc, tham gia vo hot ng ca thc vt v lng ng cc trm tch cacbanat trong nc. Cc phn ng ca kh CO2 vo nc: Khi pH >= 8.3, CO2 trong nc ch yu tn ti dng CO32- ; khi pH <= 5, trong nc tn ti ch yu dng CO2 hay HCO3-. Vi lp trm tch, CO2 trong nc tham gia phn ng: Qu trnh ny dn ti s thay i pH ca mi trng.
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Cc cht hu c trong nc: Da vo kh nng phn hy ca vi sinh vt c th chia lm hai nhm: + Cc cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc: cc cht ng, protein, cht bo, du m ng thc vt, vi sinh vt phn hy to ra kh cacbonic v nc. + Cc cht hu c kh b phn hy sinh hc: hp cht clo hu c, andrin, policlor biphenyl (PCB), hp cht a vng ngng t (pyren, naphtalen, antraxen, ioxin) l nhng hp cht kh bn trong mi trng nc v c c tnh cao cho ng thc vt v con ngi. 2.2 Thnh phn sinh hc ca nc Trong mi trng nc, cc sinh vt sng (vng sinh vt biota) c th phn loi thnh c sinh vt ng tuyn (autotropic) v sinh vt d tuyn (heterotropic). Vng sinh vt ng tuyn s dng nng lng mt tri hoc nng lng ha hc bin cc vt cht n gin khng c s sng thnh cc phn t sng c cha cc sinh vt sng. Cc sinh vt sng ng tuyn dng nng lng mt tri tng hp cc hp cht hu c t cc cht v c c gi l cc sinh vt sn xut (producer). Cc sinh vt d tuyn s dng cc cht hu c do cc sinh vt ng tuyn to ra nh ngun nng lng v nguyn liu cho qu trnh tng hp cht hu c sinh hc (biomass) ca chng. Cc sinh vt phn hy l mt phn lp ca sinh vt d tuyn v bao gm ch yu cc loi vi khun, nm; cc sinh vt ny phn hy cht sinh hc thnh cc hp cht n gin m cc hp cht ny trc ht s c cc sinh vt ng tuyn x l. Cc vi sinh vt trong nc l mt nhm rt a dng ca sinh vt c kh nng tn ti nh cc n bo vn ch c th quan st thy qua knh hin vi. Cc vi sinh vt, n bo nh b ch c th nhn thy qua knh hin vi bao gm vi khun, nm v to ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong mi trng nc vi nhng l do sau: + Thng qua kh nng x l cacbon v c, to v cc vi khun quang hp l cc sinh vt sn xut ch yu sinh khi, cung cp phn cn li ca chui thc n trong mi trng nc. + L cc tc nhn xc tc cho cc phn ng ha hc di nc, vi khun lm trung gian cho hu ht cc chu trnh oxi ha kh trong nc. + Bng vic phn hy sinh khi v cc cht khong ha quan trng, c bit l nit v photpho, cc vi sinh vt di nc ng vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh dinh dng. + Cc vi sinh vt di nc cng rt cn thit cho cc chu trnh sinh ha.
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+ Cc vi khun di nc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phn hy v gii c rt nhiu cht nhim (xenobiotic) trong mi trng thy quyn. Theo quan im ca ha hc mi trng, kch thc nh b ca cc vi sinh vt c bit quan trng, bi v kch thc ny cho php cc vi khun trao i nhanh cc cht dinh dng v cc sn phm metan vi mi trng xung quanh, kt qu l to ra nhiu phn ng metan. Vic tng trng theo cp s nhn ca cc n bo bng qu trnh sinh sn nhn i pha lng, cho php cc vi sinh vt nhn ln nhanh chng trn cc cht nn ha hc mi trng nh l cc hp cht hu c c th phn hy c. Cc vi sinh vt ng vai tr nh cc cht xc tc sng cho php hng lot cc chu trnh ha hc din ra trong mi trng nc v t. Phn ln cc phn ng ha hc din ra trong t v nc u l cc phn ng lin quan n cc cht hu c v cc qu trnh oxi ha kh xut hin thng qua khu trung gian c xc tc vi khun. To l vi sinh vt sn xut ch yu cc cht hu c sinh hc trong nc. To l vi sinh vt ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh cc cht cn v cht khong; chng cng c vai tr cc k quan trng trong h thng x l nc thi th cp. Cc vi sinh vt phi c loi b khi ngun nc d to ngun nc sch cho con ngi. To c th c coi l cc vi sinh vt siu nh tn ti trn cc vt cht dinh dng v c v sn sinh ra cht hu c t cacbondioxit thng qua qu trnh quang hp. dng rt n gin, qu trnh sn xut ra cc cht hu c thng qua qu trnh quang hp ca to c m t bng phn ng sau: CO2 + H2 O {CH2O} + O2 Trong , nhm {CH2O} l mt n v cacbohydrat. Nm l cc vi sinh vt khng quang hp. Cu trc ca nm c nhiu loi v thng c phn loi theo cu trc si. Nm l cc vi sinh vt a kh, thng chu c mi trng nhiu axit v c nng cc ion kim loi nng cao hn vi khun. Mc d nm khng pht trin mnh trong mi trng nc nhng chng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic quyt nh thnh phn ca nc t nhin v nc thi do mt lng ln cc cht do nm phn hy t xenlulose trong g v cc loi thc vt khc thm nhp vo ngun nc. lm c iu ny cc t bo nm tit ra enzim ngoi bo xenlulaza. Mt tc dng ph quan trng l i vi mi trng ca vic phn hy cc cht t thc vt ca nm l cc cht mn. 3. Nhng c im ca nc Nc l mt trong s cc cht lng d thng nht. Khi lng phn t ca nc 20oC nh hn nhiu so vi bt k cht lng no
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khc cng nhit d ny (tr HF). y l mt tnh cht d thng v im si xu hng cc phan t cht lng mun thot ra chuyn ng t do trong khng gian, tc l dng kh, nc li bng xu hng ca phn t mun to thnh cht lng. Xu hng chuyn thnh dng kh c lin quan ch yu n khi lng phn t: nu cc phn t cht lng u nh hn th chng c th chuyn ng trong khng gian d dng hn cc phn t nng hn mt nhit no . Xu hng cc phn t dng kh to thnh pha lng c lin quan ch yu n tng tc gia cc phn t vi nhau trong pha lng. Khi lng ca phn t nc bng 18 nn phn t nc l mt phn t nh, nhng im si ca nc l 100oC. Nu so snh nc vi metan trn quan im ny th khi lng phn t ca metan bng 16 nhng im si ch c 161,5oC. Cn nu so snh vi neon c khi lng phn t bng 20 nhng im si l 245,9oC. Nhng s liu ny cho thy im si ca nc cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc cht c khi lng phn t tng ng. Khi nc nng chy thnh nc th th tch gim v tip tc gim n khi c nhit bng 3,98oC. Ta bit rt r l nc nh hn nc. Hin tng ny l rt khc vi a s cc cht rn khc v thng cc cht rn u nng hn dng lng v b chm vo dng lng trong qu trnh nng chy. Nhit dung ring ca nc cng ln hn rt nhiu so vi nhiu cht lng khc. Nc c nhit nng chy v nhit ha hi cng rt ln. Ngoi ra nc c hng s in mi ln, c kh nng ha tan c nhiu cht in li hn so vi nhiu dung mi khc. Nc c c nhng tnh cht vt l c bit l do gia cc phn t nc tn ti mt loi lin kt c bit, c gi l lin kt hydro. Phn t nc H2O l phn t phn cc cao. Cc phn t khng tn ti ring r m to thnh tng nhm phn t bi lin kt hidro. Mi phn t nc c bao quanh bi 4 phn t nc khc to thnh cu trc hnh t din. 4. S to phc trong nc t nhin v nc thi Cc ion kim loi trong nc thng lin kt vi cc phn t nc di dng cc ion hydrat biu th bng cng thc chung l M(H2O)xn+, n gin H2O thng c b qua. Cc phn t khc nc c th lin kt vi cc ion kim loi mnh hn phn t nc. c bit, mt ion kim loi trong nc c th kt hp vi mt ion hoc mt hp cht c cung cp cc electron cho ion kim loi. Nhng hp cht nh trn c gi l cht cho in t, hay base lewis. L mt phi t, n lin kt vi mt ion kim loi to nn mt phc hp hay mt hp cht phi tr.

Cc phc cht vi kim loi u nh hng ti tnh cht ca nc. C th nng thp (vi lng) chng c li cho dinh dng, song nng cao chng li gy c trong nc. Cc phc vi kim loi cn nh hng ti qu trnh oxy ha kh, cn bng ha hc v cn bng sinh hc trong nc. y ngi ta thng quan tm n cc phc cht ca axit humic v axit fulvic. Cc phc ny c cc nh ha hc pht hin t nm 1800, nhng cu trc v c tnh ha hc n nay vn cha c xc nh chnh xc. Chng c to nn do qu trnh phn hy thc vt, xut hin nh mt cht lng trong m ly hoc lp trm tch ca nc. S to phc bi cc cht humic (mn) Nhm to cc hp cht quan trng nht c trong t nhin l cc cht mn. Cc cht mn l nhng hp cht khng b thoi bin trong qu trnh phn hy cc thc vt, l cc cht lng ng trong t, y cc m ly, than bn, than non, hay bt c ni no c cha lng ln thc vt b thi ra. Cc cht ny thng c phn loi theo ha tan. Mt hp cht c cha mn c tch ra bng base mnh v dng dch cn li c axit ha, s cho cc sn phm sao: + B thc vt khng th tch ri c gi l humin + Mt cht kt ta t phn tch ra b axit ha, c gi l axit humic. + Mt hp cht hu c cn li trong dung dch b axit ha gi l axit fulvic. Do tnh cht phc hp, ht m, axit v base m c hp cht tan ln khng tan u c nh hng ln n tnh cht ca nc. Thng thng axit fulvic tan trong nc v pht huy nh hng ca mnh nh cc cht tan. Axit humic v humin khng v nh hng n cht lng ca nc thng qua vic trao i, nh trao i cation hay cc cht hu c vi nc. Cc hp cht humic l hp cht cao phn t, c trng lng phn t ln. Trng lng phn t dao ng t mt vi trm i vi axit fulvic n hng chc ngn i vi axit humic v cc hp cht humin. Lin kt ca cc ion kim loi bng cc cht mn l mt trong nhng tnh cht mi trng quan trng nht ca cht mn. Lin kt ny c th tn ti nh mt chelat gia mt nhm cacboxyl v mt nhm hydroxyl ca phenol. Cc cht phc ca axit fulvic vi kim loi cng ng vai tr quan trng trong mi trng nc t nhin. Chng c th lu gi mt s ion kim loi nh st, cc hp cht mu vng trong nc c gi l Gelbstofe v thng gn lin vi st tan. Ngi ta t bit ch n cc hp cht mn sau khi pht hin ra trihalogenmetan (THM) nh clorofom hay dibromclometan
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trong cc ngun cung cp nc. Ngy nay ngi ta thy rng, cc cht gy ung th cn nhiu nghi ng ny c th c hnh thnh vi s xut hin ca cc hp cht mn trong qu trnh ty u ngun nc ung ca cc th bng clo. Cc hp cht mn to ra THM qua phn ng vi clo. C th gim bt s hnh thnh ca THM bng cch loi b cng nhiu cng tt cht mn trc khi kh trng nc bng clo. Nh vy, da vo tan ca axit humic v axit fulvic ngi ta phn loi: + Humin l nhng sn phm gc thc vt khng chit c. + Axit humic l nhng sn phm kt ta trong qu trnh axit ha. + Axit fulvic l nhng cht hu c cn li trong dung dch axit. Cc axit humic v axit fulvic c nh hng trc tip n tnh cht ca nc nh: tnh to phc, tnh hp ph, tnh base. Axit humic v axit fulvic l cc i phn t, c phn t lng t vi ngn ti 300 ngn, c cu trc khng n nh, cha ng thi nhiu nhm cha axit yu: cacbonyl, cacboxyl, hydroxyl, phenol. Mt trong nhng tnh cht kh c th ca axit humic v fulvic l kh nng to phc vi kim loi to thnh hp cht c tan thp. II. CC CH TIU NH GI MC NHIM NC 1. pH pH l mt trong nhng ch tiu cn xc nh i vi cht lng nc. Gi tr o pH cho php chng ta quyt nh x l nc theo phng php thch hp hoc iu chnh lng ha ch trong qu trnh x l nc. S thay i pH trong nc c th dn ti nhng thay i v thnh phn cc cht trong nc do qu trnh ha tan hoc kt ta, hoc thc y hoc ngn chn nhng phn ng ha hc, sinh hc xy ra trong nc. Xc nh pH bng cc my o pH. Cc my o pH hin nay u l cc my hin s. chnh xc ca cc my ny thng l 1% n v pH. 2. Nhit Nhit ca nc l mt ch tiu cn o khi ly mu nc. Nhit ca nc nh hng n pH, n cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong nc. Nhit ca nc ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu, thi tit hay mi trng khu vc. Ring nhit ca nc ngm, cc lp nc tng y su ca h t ph thuc vo mi trng hn. Nhit nc thi cng nghip c bit l nc thi ca nh my nhit in, nh my in ht nhn thng cao hn t 10 25oC so vi nc thng.

Nc nng c th gy nhim hoc c li ty theo ma v v tr a l. Vng c kh hu n i nc nng c tc dng xc tin s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v cc qu trnh phn hy. Nhng nhng vng nhit i, nhit cao ca nc sng h s lm thay i qu trnh sinh ha v ha l bnh thng ca h sinh thi nc, gim lng oxi ha tan vo nc v tng nhu cu oxi ca c ln 2 ln. Mt s loi sinh vt khng chu c nhit cao s cht hoc phi di chuyn i ni khc, nhng c mt s loi khc li pht trin mnh nhit thch hp. Ch tiu nhit cn o ngay ti ni ly mu bng nhit k hay bng cc my o nhit . 3. Mu sc Nc sch trong sut v khng mu. Nu b mt y ca nc rt ln ta c cm gic nc mu xanh nh, l do s hp th chn lc cc bc sng nht nh ca nh sng mt tri. Nc bn ca nc l do cc cht bn trong nc gy nn. Mu sc ca nc nh hng n thm m khi s dng nc, nh hng n cht lng nc khi s dng trong sn xut. Ma ca nc l do nhng nguyn nhn sau: + Mu ca cc cht hu c: mu ny rt kh x l bng cc phng php n gin. Nc c mu xanh m hoc c vng trng chng t trong nc c nhiu cht ph dng hoc cc thc vt ni pht trin qu mc v sn phm phn hy thc vt cht. S phn hy cc cht hu c lm xut hin axit humic v fulvic ha tan lm nc c mu vng. + Cc cht v c l nhng ht rn, gy ra mu sc trong nc. Mu ny x l n gin hn. Cc hp cht ca Fe3+ khng tan lm cho nc c mu nu . Nc thi sinh hot hay nc thi cng nghip c nhiu mu sc khc nhau. Thng l mu xm hay mu ti. Khi nc b nhim c mu s cn tr s truyn nh sng mt tri vo nc, lm nh hng ti h sinh thi nc. Nu l mu do ha cht gy nn s rt c i vi sinh vt sng trong nc. 4. Mi v Nc sch khng c mi, v. Nc c mi v kh chu l nc b nhim. Nguyn nhn ca s nhim l do sn phm phn hy cc cht hu c trong nc hoc do ngun nc thi c cha nhng cht khc nhau, v d: mi phn C8H5NHCH3, mi trng thi H2S, mi hi ca mercaptan (CH3SH, CH3(CH2)3SH, mi c n ca amin (CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N), mi tht thi ca diamin NH2 (CH2)4 NH2 5. c
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7.

8.

9.

Nc t nhin sch thng khng cha cc cht rn l lng nn trong sut v khng mu. c do cc cht l lng gy ra, chng c kch thc rt khc nhau, t dng nhng ht keo n nhng th phn tn th. Nhng ht vt cht gy c thng hp ph nhng kim loi nng, cng cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Nc c cn ngn cn qu trnh chiu sng ca mt tri xung y thy vc lm gim qu trnh quang hp v nng oxi ha tan trong nc. n v chun ca c l s cn quang bi 1 mg SiO 2 ha tan trong 1 lt nc ct gy ra c gi l 1 n v c. o c ca nc bng cc my o c. c cng ln c ngha l nhim bn ca nc cng cao v phi c bin php x l thch hp. mn mn ca nc l tng lng cc mui ha tan trong nc. Mi qun th sinh vt trong nc s thch nghi vi mt khong mn nht nh ca nc. mn thng c k hiu l S. mn ca nc c th tnh qua hm lng Cl- c trong nc bin theo cng thc: S = 0.030 + 1.805.[Cl-] o mn ca nc bng cc my o mn. Cht rn trong nc Gm hai loi l cht rn l lng v cht rn ha tan. Tng hai loi cht rn trn gi l tng cht rn trong nc. Cht rn l lng: phn cht rn khng b ha tan c kch thc t 0.01 0.1 m nh khong st, bn, than, mn Cc cht rn l lng lm cho nc c, thay i mu sc v cc tnh cht khc. Hm lng cht rn l lng c xc nh bng lng kh ca phn cht rn cn li trn giy lc si thy tinh khi lc 1 lt nc mu qua phu lc ri sy kh 103 105oC ti khi khi lng khng i. n v tnh l mg/l. Ngoi ra hm lng cht rn l lng c th xc nh bng my quang ph hp th. Cht rn ha tan: mt thng khng th nhn thy c, lm cho nc c mi, v kh chu, i khi cng lm cho nc c mu. l cht khong v c, hu c nh cc mui clorua, cacbonat, nitrat, photphat Ngun nc c hm lng cht rn cao khng dng c trong cng nghip v trong sinh hot. Cht rn bay hi Hm lng cht rn bay hi l lng mt i khi nung lng cht rn huyn ph 550oC trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Thi gian ny ph thuc vo loi nc cn xc nh (nc thi, bn, nc ung). n v tnh l mg/l. Hm lng cht rn bay hi trong nc thng biu th cho hm lng cht hu c trong nc. Cht rn c th lng
10

Cht rn c th lng l th tch phn cht rn ca mt lt nc mu lng xung y phu sau mt thi gian xc nh (khong 1 gi). n v o l ml/l. 10. kim ton phn c nh ngha l hm lng cc cht c trong nc c kh nng phn ng vi axit mnh. kim rt quan trng trong vic x l nc v trong mi trng ha sinh ca cc loi nc t nhin. Thng thng ngi ta cn phi xc nh c nng kim tnh ton khi lng cc ha cht cn thm vo khi x l nc. Nc c tnh kim cao thng c pH cao v cha lng cht rn ha tan cao. Tnh cht ny ca nc c th c hi i vi cc dng c un nc, vic sn xut thc n v cc h thng nc thnh ph. kim c tc dng nh mt dung dch m v l ngun cung cacbon v c, v vy gp phn quyt nh kh nng ca nc trong vic tr gip cho s pht trin ca to v cc loi sinh vt sng di nc khc. Cc nh sinh hc cng s dng kim lm thc o cht lng ca nc. Nhn chung, cc khong cht chnh quyt nh tnh kim trong nc l ion bicacbonat, ion cacbonat v ion hidroxit. Ngoi ra cn c cc ha cht khc nh hng n kim ca nc l ammoniac v cc base lin hp ca photphoric, silicic, boric v cc axit v c. Cng cn phi phn bit gia base cao, c xc nh bng pH tng, v kim cao xc nh bng kh nng nhn H+. Trong khi pH ch cng th kim ch kh nng. Vic dng phn nhm Al2(SO4)3.18H2O lm cht kt t l mt v d cho tm quan trng ca tnh kim trong vic x l nc. Ion nhm hidrat l mt axit khi c nc s kt hp vi base to ra nhm hidroxit kt ta. Phn ng ny kh kim trong nc. i khi cng cn b sung thm kim ngn chn vic nc tr nn qu axit. kim c n v l CaCO3 mg/l da theo phn ng trung ha axit. Trng lng tng ng ca canxi cacbonat bng trng lng theo cng thc ca n v ch cn phn t CaCO 3 trung ha mt ion H+. Tuy nhin th hin kim bng mgCaCO3/l c th dn n nhm ln vi mng lng/l l n v thng dng trong ha hc. i vi nc t nhin, kim ca nc ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng cc mui cacbonat, hidrocacbonat ca kim loi kim v kim th, trong trng hp ny pH ca nc thng >= 8.3. 11. axit i vi cc ngun nc t nhin, axit c nh ngha l hm lng ca cc cht c trong nc c kh nng tham gia phn ng vi kim mnh. Nc axit thng rt t gp tr trng hp b nhim nng. axit ca nc thng do s c mt ca cc axit nh:
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H2PO4-, CO2, H2S, cc protein, cc axit bo v cc ion kim loi c tnh axit, c bit l ion Fe3+. axit kh xc nh hn kim, l do l hai hp cht ch yu tc ng n tnh axit l CO 2 v H2S u l cht tan d bay hi v bin mt trong mu th. Ct v lu gi cc mu nc i din phn tch ca kh ny thng rt kh. Thut ng axit v c t do c dng cho cc axit mnh trong nc nh H2SO4 v HCl. Nc axit trong cc hm m c cha nhiu axit v c. Trong khi nng axit c xc nh bng vic chun vi base n im cui ca phenolphthalein(pH = 8.3, khi c axit mnh v axit yu u c trung ha), th axit v c t do c xc nh bng vic chun vi base n im cui methyl da cam (pH = 4.3, khi ch c axit mnh c trung ha). axit ca mt s ion hydrat kim loi cng c th lm tng tnh axit ca nc. ngn gn, ion H3O+ c vit tt n gin hn thnh H+. axit ca nc c ngun gc khc nhau do qu trnh thy phn, oxi ha khong vt v cht hu c, hot ng vi sinh, lng ng t kh quyn, nc thi t cc hot ng cng nghip, s ha tan ca kh CO2. Trong , kh CO2 ha tan vo nc l ngun chnh ng gp vo axit ca nc. 12. cng ca nc Trong cc cation c trong hu ht cc h thng nc sch, ion canxi thng c nng cao nht v c nh hng ln nht i vi ha hc mi trng nc, cng nh vic s dng v x l nc. Tnh cht ha hc ca canxi, mc d kh phc tp, nhng vn n gin hn tnh cht ha hc ca cc ion kim loi chuyn tip trong nc. Canxi l nguyn t quan trong cc qu trnh a ha. Cc khong cht to thnh cc ngun ion canxi ch yu trong nc. Cc khong cht ch yu gp phn to ra ion canxi l thch cao CaSO4.2H2O, CaSO4, dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, aragonite, vn l cc dng khc nhau ca CaCO3. Canxi xut hin trong nc l do s cn bng gia canxi v cc hp cht magie cacbonat cng vi CO2 tan trong nc, kh ny t khng kh hay cc cht hu c b thi ra trong cc cht cn. Nc cha lng ln cacbon dioxit s ha tan nhanh chng canxi t cc hp cht cacbonat. Nng CO2 trong nc quyt nh ha tan ca canxi cacbonat. Lng cacbon dioxit m nc c c nh vo s cn bng vi khng kh khng to ra canxi ha tan trong nc t nhin, c bit l nc ngm. Thay vo , hot ng h hp ca cc vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc, trong cc cht cn v t s cung cp lng CO 2 cn thit ha tan CaCO3

12

trong nc. y l mt yu t ht sc quan trng trong cc chu trnh ha hc mi trng nc v cc qu trnh chuyn ha a ha. Ion canxi, cng vi ion magie, i khi l ion st II, quyt nh cng ca nc. Minh ha in hnh nht v cng ca nc l kt ta vn cc ca phn ng gia x phng vi ion canxi trong nc cng. Nhit tng c th lm cho phn ng ny xy ra bng cch gii phng kh CO2 v cht kt ta trng ca canxi cacbonat c th hnh thnh trong nc si c cng tm thi. Do c s c mt ca cc mui, ch yu l cc mui canxi v mui magie, nc cng khng gi l nc nhim v khng gy hi cho sc khe con ngi. Nhng cng ca nc li c nh hng ln n sn xut cng nghip nh ng cn trong ni hi do to kt ta vi cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+; pha ch khng ngm, lm gim tc dng ca hp cht to bt ca x phng. cng ca nc c chia lm thnh hai loi: + cng tm thi: do cc mui hydrocacbonat ca canxi v magie to nn, khi un nc si cng tm thi s mt, do to kt ta CaCO3 v MgCO3. + cng vnh cu: do cc mui sunfat, clorua ca canxi v magie to nn. Ngoi ra mt s cc cation kim loi khc nh: Al3+, Fe3+, cng lm tng cng ca nc, cng vnh cu thng rt kh loi tr. cng ca nc c biu th bng hm lng ca CaCO3, n v l mg/l. C th phn loi cng ca nc nh sau: cng ca nc Nc mm Nc cng trung bnh Nc qu cng Hm lng CaCO3 (mg/l) < 50 150 > 300

13. Hm lng oxi ha tan trong nc(DO: dissolved oxygen)

Cng vi tr s pH, kh oxi ha tan l yu t thy ha quan trng xc nh cng hng lot qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong mi trng nc. Vi kh nng hot ng ha hc mnh, oxi ha tan trong nc l mt hp phn rt linh ng, s phn b theo khng gian v bin i theo thi gian ca n chu tc ng ca hng lot hin tng v qu trnh, trong ng k nht l qu trnh tng tc ca nc, kh quyn, hot ng ca thy sinh vt, mc nhim ca ncChnh v vy oxi ha tan trong nc c xem l mt trong nhng yu t ch th cho khi nc, cho nhiu qu trnh l ha xy ra trong , ng thi n cn c s dng nh mt ch tiu c
13

bn nh gi mc nhim mi trng, nht l nhim cht hu c. Tt c cc sinh vt u ph thuc vo oxi di dng no duy tr qu trnh trao i cht p ng sinh sn v pht trin. Lng oxi ha tan trong nc rt t, vi nc sch, ha tan ca oxi 0oC, 1atm l 14.6 ppm. Ch s DO thp c ngha l nc c nhiu cht hu c, nhu cu oxi ha tng nn tiu th nhiu oxi trong nc. Ch s DO cao chng t nc c nhiu rong to tham gia qu trnh quang hp gii phng oxi, thm ch t trn mc bo ha (nu t gi tr 200% c gi l siu bo ha). V mt ha hc, oxi khng tham gia phn ng vi nc, ha tan oxi vo nc ph thuc vo nhit . Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo tiu hao oxi do qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cht hu c do vi khun hiu kh, s b sung oxi do qu trnh quang hp, hao ht oxi do qu trnh h hp ca ng vt trong nc v chiu su ca nc. Ch s DO trong nc p sut 1atm V cc nhit khc nhau Nhit o C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nc ngt 14. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7.6 (ppm) 6 8 3 2 2 4 Nc bin 11. 10. 9.0 8.1 7. 6. 6.1 (ppm) 3 0 1 7
14. Nhu cu oxi sinh ha (BOD: biochemical oxygen demand)

Nhu cu sinh ha l lng oxy m sinh vt s dng trong qu trnh oxi ha cc cht hu c trong nc. n v tnh theo mg/l. Cht hu c + O2 mi
vi khun

CO2 + H2O + t bo

Oxi cn cho qu trnh ny l oxi ha tan trong nc. Qu trnh oxi ha sinh hc xy ra rt chm v ko di. Ch s BOD ch ra lng oxi m vi khun tiu th trong phn ng oxi ha cc cht hu c trong nc nhim, ch s BOD cng cao chng t lng cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc trong nc nhim cng nhiu. Trong thc t khng th xc nh lng oxi cn thit vi sinh vt oxi ha hon ton cht hu c c trong nc, ch xc nh c lng oxi cn thit vi sinh vt oxi ha cc hp cht hu c trong 5 ngy nhit 20oC trong bung ti, kt qu c biu th bng BOD5.
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15. Nhu cu oxi ha hc (COD: chemical oxygen demand)

Trong nc thng tn ti nhng hp cht v sinh c kh nng tiu th oxi ha tan bng cc phn ng ha hc. Ngun gc v hm lng cc hp cht ny trong nc mt v nc thi rt khc nhau, bn cht v tnh cht ha hc ca chng cng rt khc nhau. Theo quan h ha hc gia chng vi oxi hoc vi mt s cht khc th i a s trong chng c tnh kh, mt s li c tnh oxi ha. Tuy nhin, d mang c trng no th nhng hp cht ny cng vn c kh nng tiu th mt lng oxi ha tan trong nc. Tp hp nhng cht v hp cht c kh nng tiu th oxi ha tan trn to nn nhu cu oxi ha ha hc ca nc (tc l kh nng tiu th oxi trong cc phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra trong nc). Nhng hp phn c kh nng tiu th oxi trong nc bng con ng ha hc nh nu trn, thng c ngun gc l cc hp cht hu c, ch yu l cc hp cht phc tp v a dng ca cacbon. Nh vy, nhu cu oxi ha hc ca nc c to nn ch yu do hp phn hu c c trong nc. Do c th dng COD c trng nh lng cho hm lng ca hp phn ny. Ngun cung cp cc cht hu c cho nc t nhin cn ch yu do s phn hy tn tch hu c v cc sn phm ca qu trnh hot ng sng ca ng vt, cc xc ng thc vtNgoi ra, cht hu c cn c cung cp t cc ngun nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot. Chnh v vy COD ca nc cn c coi l mt ch tiu ca nhim mi trng. Tm li, COD l nhu cu oxi cn thit cho qu trnh oxi ha ton b cc cht hu c trong mu nc thnh CO2 v H2O bng cc tc nhn oxi ha mnh. 16. Hm lng st v mangan trong nc Khi trong nc c cha cc ion st v mangan, chng s gy nn c v mu trong nc: oxy ha Fe2+ Fe3+ mu nu Mn2+
oxy ha

Mn4+ mu en

Cc ion ny c tnh cht duy tr s pht trin ca mt s vi khun gy thi ra trong h thng phn phi nc. Nc c hm lng st > 0.3 mg/l v mangan > 0.05 mg/l s gy mi tanh, kh chu, lm nc c mu. Khi b oxi ha chng chuyn thnh cc hp cht st v mangan ha tr cao gy keo hoc kt ta lm tc cc ng ng dn nc. 17. Hm lng photpho Photpho c th tn ti trong nc di cc dng H 2PO4-, HPO42-,PO43-, cc poly photphat nh Na3(PO3)6 v phopho hu c.
15

y l ngun dinh dng cho cc thc vt di nc, chng gy nhim v gp phn thc y hin tng ph dinh dng cc ao, h. 18. Hm lng sunfat Hm lng sunfat trong nc cao s nh hng ti vic hnh thnh H2S gy mi kh chu, nhim c vi c, ngoi ra cn gy hin tng ng cn cng trong ni un, gy hin tng xm thc n mn ng ng dn. SO42- + hp cht hu c vi khun S2- + H2O + CO2 S2- + 2H+
ym kh

H2 S

19. Hm lng nit Hp cht nit trong nc t nhin l ngun dinh dng cho thc vt. Trong nc nit tn ti nhiu dng khc nhau nh: NO3-, NO2-, Hm lng cc hp cht cha nit cng l mt ch tiu nh gi mc nhim nc. Hm lng NH3 cao gy nhim c cho cc sinh vt sng trong nc; hm lng NO2-, NO3- cao s kt hp vi hng cu to thnh cht khng vn chuyn oxi gy bnh xanh xao thiu mu. 20. Hm lng kim loi nng: Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd Cc kim loi nng thng c trong nc thi th hoc nc thi cng nghip. Nhng kim loi ny cc pH khc nhau tn ti cc dng khc nhau gy nhim nc, c hi vi sinh vt. 21. Hm lng cht du m Cht du m trong nc c th l cht bo, axit hu c, du, sp Chng c th gy kh khn cho qu trnh vn chuyn nc, ngn cn oxy ha tan trong nc v to lp phn cch b mt vi kh quyn. 22. Cc ch tiu vi sinh Trong nc thin nhin c nhiu loi vi trng, siu vi trng, rong, to v cc n bo. Chng xm nhp vo nc t cc mi trng xung quanh hoc sng trong nc. C th chia lm hai loi: + Loi vi sinh c hi l cc vi khun gy bnh t cc ngun rc thi, bnh ca ngi v cc ng vt nh t, thng hn, bi lit Vi khun E coli l vi khun c trng cho mc nhim trng nc. + Cc loi rong to lm nc c mu xanh, khi thi ra lm tng hm lng cht hu c trong nc. Cc cht hu c ny phn hy s tiu th oxi, gy hin tng thiu oxi v lm nhim nc.

16

2. NHIM NC VI TC NHN HA HC
I. NGUYN NHN CA NHIM NC 1. nh hng ca nc thi i vi ngun nc tip nhn Nc to nn vn minh ca nhn loi. Nhn loi th k 20 ng trc nguy c cng thng v ngun nng lng v vn nhim mi trng. Vy th k 21 nhn loi c th ng trc nguy c g ln hn na? Nguy c nc sch. l nhn thc chung ca cc chuyn gia trn ton th gii. Nguy c thiu nc c tnh cht ton cu l do ngun nc thi ngy mt tng nh hng trc tip n ngun nc tip nhn. Di y l mt s nh hng chnh do nc thi gy ra i vi ngun nc tip nhn: 1.1 Xut hin cc cht ni trn mt nc hoc c cn lng: cc hin tng nhim bn ny thng do nc thi t cc x nghip ch bin thc phm hoc nc thi sn xut ca cc x nghip c cha du m v sn phm du m. Chng to nn lp mng du, m ni trn mt nc v nu cn nng th lng xung y. Chng lm cho nc c mi v c trng v lm gim lng oxi trong nc ngun. Vi hm lng du 0.2 0.4 mg/l s lm cho nc c mi du. Kh mi du l mt vic lm kh khn. Tm c trong nc b nhim bn do cc sn phm du m c tc sinh trng chm, thm ch khng sinh trng c v tht ca chng c mi du. 1.2 Thay i tnh cht l hc: ngun nc tip nhn nc thi s b c, c mu, c mi do cc cht thi a vo hoc do s pht trin ca rong, ru, to, sinh vt ph du to nn. 1.3 Thay i thnh phn ha hc: tnh cht ha hc ca ngun nc tip nhn s b thay i ph thuc vo loi nc thi vo. Ngun nc thi mang tnh axit hoc kim hoc cha nhiu loi ha cht lm thay i thnh phn v hm lng cc cht c sn trong thy vc. 1.4 Lng oxy ha tan trong nc gim: hm lng oxy ha tan trong ngun nc tip nhn b gim l do tiu hao oxy oxy ha cc cht hu c do nc thi vo.

17

Hin tng gim oxy ha tan ( < 4 mg/l) trong nc s gy nh hng xu cho cc loi thy sinh vt. 1.5 Xut hin hoc lm tng cc loi vi khun gy bnh: nc thi ko theo cc loi vi khun gy bnh vo ngun nc tip nhn lm suy cht lng nc cp cho cc mc ch s dng, trong c bit l dng trong sinh hot v sn xut. Tm li, nc thi nu b lu ng x l cha t yu cu s gy nhim mi trng, c bit i vi ngun nc tip nhn, hu qu ko theo gy tc ng xu n v sinh mi trng v sc khe con ngi. 2. Ngun gc v thnh phn gy nhim nc S nhim mi trng nc l s thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc gy nh hng ti hot ng sng bnh thng ca con ngi, sinh vt, n sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip v thy sn. Ngun gc gy nhim nc c th l do t nhin hay nhn to: + S nhim c ngun gc t nhin l do ma, tuyt tan, l lt, gi bo hoc do cc sn phm hot ng sng ca sinh vt, k c cc xc cht ca chng. + S nhim nhn to ch yu do ngun nc thi t cc vng dn c, khu cng nghip, hot ng giao thng vn ti, do s dng thuc tr su, dit c v phn bn trong nng nghip vo cc ngun nc sn c. Cht gy nhim nc bao gm cc cht v c, cht hu c, cc ha cht khc, nhim vi sinh vt, nhim nhit, nhim c hc hay vt l, nhim phng x II. CC CHT GY NHIM NC

1. Cc cht hu c tng hp a. Cht bo v thc vt Cht bo v thc vt c FAO nh ngha l bt k hp cht no hay hn hp cc cht no c dng phng nga, tiu dit hoc khng ch bt k vt no, bao gm c cc vect truyn bnh cho ngi, sc vt, cc loi cy c v ng vt v ch gy hi hoc cn tr trong qu trnh sn xut, lu kho, vn chuyn hoc mua bn lng thc, thc phm, g v cc sn phm g, thc n gia sc cht c th c dng khng ch cc cn trng hoc cc vt hi khc bn trong v bn trn c th xc vt. a.1 Cc cht dit cn trng ln hu c hay cc hp cht hu c photpho

18

Cc cht dit cn trng ln hu c (DCT LHC) l cc ester ln hu c, c th xem l cc dn xut ca axit photphoric. DCT LHC tng i km bn vng, d b phn hy bi cc tc nhn kim v axit, khng tch ly trong c th nhng chng li l nhng cht rt c nn rt nguy him. Tuy c tnh ca tng cht c khc nhau nhng cng mt c ch tc dng l c ch hot tnh men cholinesteraza, nn cng c gi l cc cht khng men cholinesteraza. Theo tc dng trn thc vt, ngi ta chia cc cht dit cn trng ln hu c lm 2 loi: loi tip xc v loi ni hp. + Loi tip xc thng c s dng l parathion etyl, parathion mety, malathion, diazinon, gusathion, TEPP, HETP, DDVP, sumithion, triclorfon + Loi ni hp thng c s dng l dimethoat demeton, demeton O metyl, OMPA, ekatin c tnh ca cc hp cht DCT LHC c phn thnh: loi rt c, loi c va, loi t c. + Loi rt c (DL50 t 1 50 mg/kg): demeton, EPN, Guthion, parathion etyl, parathion metyl (wofatox), OMPA (schradan), phosdrin (mevinphos), TEPP, trithion, coral, dioxathion, di syston, phorate (thimet), prothoate, chlorfenvinphos, phosphamidon + Loi c va (DL50 t 50 500 mg/kg): diazinon, DDVP, ethion, fenthion, fenitrothion, dimethoat + Loi t c (DL50 trn 500 mg/kg): chlorthion, dipterex (trichlorphon), matlathion, bromofos, runnel Tiu chun ca FAO i vi nc ni trng thy sn cho php nng tng cc hp cht c photpho l 0,2 g/l. Mt vi cht DCT LHC + Pharathion etyl (O,O dietyl O 4 nitrophenylphotphorothioat): l cht lng, snh nh du, mu nu, mi kh chu. Parathion l mt trong cc ha cht dng trong nng nghip c c tnh cao nht, ng thi l cht c ng u cc cht dit cn trng ln hu c. Gy c ch gin tip men ChE lm tn thng h thn kinh trung ng, dn ti au u, bun nn, nn, chut rt, suy nhc, nhn m, co ng t, tc ngc, kh th, bn chn, tot m hi, chy nc mt nc mi nc bt, co c, hn m v t vong. Ngoi ra parathion cn c xp vo cc cht c kh nng gy ung th ngi, c hi cho kh nng sinh sn ng vt thc nghim + Parathion metyl (O, O dimetyl O 4 nitrophenyl thiophotphat): cn gi l metaphos th lng, mu nu, tng i bn trong mi trng axit, thy phn nhanh trong mi trng
19

kim v trung tnh, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, t tan trong nc. Dng dung dch d qua da. Metaphos thuc cc cht gy qui thai, n cng c hi cho s sinh sn ng vt thc nghim. + DDVP ( 2,2 diclovinyl dimetyl photphat): c dng trong nng nghip, y t v i sng. L dung dch t tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c. L cht bn vi nhit nhng b thy phn nhanh trong mi trng. DDVP l mt ln hu c mnh, d bay hi nn c tnh ca n cng tng, d dng qua da, tc dng tch ly thp. a.2 Cc cht dit cn trng clo hu c (DCT CHC) DCT CHC l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c cha nguyn t Clo. Cc hp cht DCT CHC rt bn vng trong mi trng, chng tn ti dai dng trong t, nc, c bit trong lng thc, thc phm nhiu thng, nhiu nm. V vy ngy nay nhiu cht b cm s dng mt s nc trn th gii do c tnh v s tn lu ca chng. Mt vi cht DCT CHC + DDT (2,2 bis (p clophenyl) 1,1,1- tricloetan): l bt trng, khng mi, khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c. L mt trong cc cht c kh nng gy ung th ngi, nh hng n sinh sn c nam v n. Cc triu chng gp phi khi b ng c DDT l nhc u, mt cn bng, chng mt, nhm ln, run v co git. + HCH (hexacloxyclohexan hay 666): l mt hn hp ch yu ca 5 loi ng phn c hiu qu vi cn trng, di dng bt trng, mi kh chu, khng tan trong nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c. Triu chng khi nhim c l ri lon tiu ha nh nn, tiu chy, ri nhc u, chng mt, suy nhc, au c v co git. Nu tip xc lu gy ra vim da d ng, ban , ni sn, mn tm, vim da kch ng Nng cho php ca Vit nam l 0.0001 mg/l. + Dieldrin: l mt ng phn ca endrin, di dng kt tinh trng, khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c. L hp cht c th gy ra ng kinh, lm tn thng no. a.3 Cc cht dit cn trng cacbamat Nhm cacbamat dit cn trng l ester ca axit metyl v dimetylcacbamic c tnh khc cholineesteraza, c c tnh tng t nh cc ch dit cn trng ln hu c, gy ra hin tng cacbamyl ha c ch men AchE, gy ra s ng axetylcholine, t axetylcholin gy nhim c c th vi cc triu chng nhim c nm muscarin, nhim c nicotin v tc ng thn kinh trung ng. Mt vi cht dit cn trng cacbamat
20

+ Carbaryl (1 - Naphtyl N metylcacbamat hay sevin): carbary l bt tinh th mu nht, khng mi, khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c. Carbaryl c th xm nhp qua c th qua ng h hp, ng da v ng tiu ha, gy kch ng da cc b, c th gy nhim c cp tnh nng v c ch men ChE. Tip xc vi nng carbaryl trong khng kh t 0.2 0.3 mg/m3 lm gim hot tnh men ChE. Nng cho php ca M l 5 mg/m3. + Cartap (S,S 2 dimetylaminotrimetylen bis(thiocacbamat) hidroclorua hay padan): sn phm k thut dng tinh th, tan trong nc, cn, bn vng trong mi axit, thy phn trong mi trng trung tnh v kim. c tnh loi II. Tr c nhiu loi su. b. Cht ty ra Cc cht ty ra l nhng cht c hot tnh b mt cao, ha tan tt trong nc v lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc vi cht bn. Chng c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip v trong sinh hot gia nh. Hng nm trn th gii sn xut khong 25 triu tn cc cht ty ra. Cht hot ng b mt l nhng cht lm gim sc cng b mt cht lng, to nh tng v huyn ph bn vi cc tiu phn cht bn cn phi loi tch. Mt phn t cht hot ng b mt gm hai phn: mt phn k nc v mt phn a nc. Cc phn t ny c tc ng ln n b mt phn cch ca khng kh vi nc v du vi nc. C bn cht hot ng b mt: cc anionic, cc nonionic, cc cationic v cc cht lng tnh. b.1 Cc cht hot ng b mt anionic Cc cht hot ng b mt anionic c s dng rng ri nht. Nu nhm c cc c lin kt cng ha tr vi phn k nc ca cht hot ng b mt mang in tch m ( - COO-, SO3-, - SO4-), th cht hot ng b mt c coi l anionic. b.2 Cc cht hot ng b mt cationic Ngc li, nu nhm c cc mang in tch dng ( NR1R2R3+), sn phm c gi l cationic. b.3 Cc cht hot ng b mt khng c cu to ion (nonionic) Cc cht hot ng b mt khng c cu to ion c nhng nhm c cc khng ion ha trong dung dch nc. Phn k nc gm mch cht bo; phn a nc cha nhng phn t oxi, nit hoc la hunh khng ion ha. S ha tan l do cu to cc lin kt hidro gia cc phn t nc v mt s nhm chc ca phn

21

a nc. Chng hn nh chc nng ete ca nhm polioxit etilen hay polioxitpropylen. b.4 Cc cht hot ng b mt lng tnh Cc cht lng tnh l nhng hp cht c mt phn t to nn mt ion lng cc. Ty theo cht liu cn ty ra m ngi ta s dng cc loi cht hot ng b mt khc nhau. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn thm cc cht ph gia b sung vo cc cht ty ra, cht ph gia kt hp vi cc cation Ca2+, Mg2+ v phn ng vi nc to mi trng kim ti u cho cht hot ng b mt. Cc cht hot ng b mt v cc cht ph gia thm vo u lm cho mi trng nc b nhim. Nc thi b nhim bi cht ty ra s c mt lp bt ln trn mt. gii quyt lp bt to thnh trong nc cn thay i cu trc ca cht hot ng b mt lm cho chng c kh nng d phn hy sinh hc. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng cht hot ng b mt LAS thay th cho ABS. Na5P3O10 b phn hy nhanh trong nc to HPO42-, H2PO4khng gy c cho ngi v ng vt, l cht dinh dng cho thc vt, nhng nng cao gy hin tng ph dng lm nc b nhim do to iu kin pht trin nhanh cc loi rong ru trong nc. thay th ngi ta dng N(CH3COONa)3. Cht ny c u th phn hy nhanh, gi thnh r, nhng nghi l cht gy qui thai nn b nh ch s dng. c. Cc hp cht phenol Cc hp cht phenol c nhiu trong nc thi cng nghip sn xut bt giy, nhum, lc du s c mt ca chng trong nc s gy cho nc c mu, mi, v l, gy c i vi cc loi ng vt, thc vt sng trong nc. Tiu chun ca WHO quy nh hm lng ca 2,4,5 triclo phenol v pentacle phenol trong nc ung khng qu 10 g/l. Xc nh cc hp cht phenol bng phng php chit trc quang v trc quang. 2. Cc cht nhim dng v c * Cc kim loi nng a.1 Asen (As) Asen l mt kim loi c th tn ti nhiu dng hp cht v c v hu c. Trong t nhin asen c nhiu cc loi khong cht. Vi nng thp l nguyn t kch thch sinh trng, nhng nng cao li gy c cho i sng ng vt, thc vt. Asen i vo ngun nc bng ng t nhin v nhn to. Ngun t nhin gy nhim asen l ni la, bi i dng. Ngun nhn to gy nhim asen l qu trnh nu chy ng,
22

ch, km, luyn thp, t rng, t cc cht thi, s dng thuc tr su V mt sinh hc, asen c th gy 19 cn bnh khc nhau. Cc nh hng chnh ca asen ti sc khe con ngi l lm keo t protein, do to phc vi asen (III) v ph hy qu trnh photpho ha. Asen gy ung th biu m da, phi, ph qun, xoang do asen v cc hp cht ca asen c tc dng ln nhm sunfuahydro ( - SH) ph v qu trnh photphoryl ha. Tiu chun cho php ca WHO nng asen trong nc ung l 50 /l. Trong nc sch hm lng As l 0.4 1.0 g/l, nc bin 1.5 1.7 g/l. Asen thng c xc nh bng phng php hp th nguyn t. a.2 Cadimi (Cd) Cadimi l kim loi c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip luyn kim v ch to nha. Hp cht cadimi c s dng ph bin trong sn xut pin. Cadimi xm nhp vo nc qua ng t nhin v nhn to. Ngun t nhin do bi ni la, bi v tr, chy rng gy nhim cadimi. Ngun nhn to gy nhim cadimi l t cng nghip luyn kim, m, sn, cht do v lc du. Cadimi xm nhp vo c th ngi ch yu qua con ng thc phm, h hp. Theo nhiu nghin cu ca cc chuyn gia th ngi ht thuc l cng c nguy c nhim cadimi. Cadimi sau khi xm nhp vo c th c tch t xng v gan. Cadimi l cht gy nhiu hot ng ca mt s enzim nht nh, gy nn hi chng tng huyt p, gy ung th phi, thng vch ngn mi, lm ri lon chc nng thn, ph hy ty xng. Ngoi ra nhim c cadimi cn gy nh hng n ni tit, mu, tim, mch. Tiu chun WHO qui nh nng Cd cho nc ung 0.003mg/l, tiu chun Vit Nam cho php i vi nc sinh hot v nc ngm l 0.001 mg/l. Cadimi c xc nh bng phng php ph hp th nguyn t. a.3 Crom (Cr) Crom l kim loi c mu trng, trong nc thng tn ti hai dng ion Cr (III) v Cr (VI). Cr (III) khng c nhng Cr (VI) c i vi ng, thc vt. Vi ngi Cr (VI) d gy lot d dy, rut non, xut hin mn cm, vim gan, vim thn, ung th phi. Crom xm nhp vo ngun nc t cc ngun nc thi ca cc nh my m in, nhum, thuc da, cht n, gm, sn xut mc vit, mc in, men s, in trng nh
23

Tiu chun WHO quy nh hm lng Cr trong nc ung l 0.05 mg/l. Crom c xc nh bng phng php quang ph pht x, phng php kch hot notron hoc khi ph. a.4 Mangan (Mn) Xt v mt dinh dng mangan l nguyn t vi lng, nhu cu dinh dng mi ngy t 30 50 g/kg trng lng c th. Nhng nu hm lng ln li gy c cho c th ngi. Mangan gy c mnh vi nguyn sinh cht ca t bo, c bit l tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng, gy tn thng thn v b my tun hon, phi, ng c nng gy t vong. Mangan i vo mi trng nc do qu trnh ra tri, si mn v do cc cht thi cng nghip luyn kim, acquy, phn bn ha hc Tiu chun ca WHO quy nh hm lng Mn trong nc ung khng qu 0.1 mg/l. xc nh Mn c th s dng cc phng php phn tch ha hc. a.5 Ch (Pb) Trong sn xut, ch c dng di hai dng l ch v c v ch hu c: + Ch v hp cht v c ca ch, c s dng nhiu v ph bin nht. + Ch hu c t ph bin hn, ch c s dng mt s nghnh sn xut: * Ch tetraetyl v ch tetrametyl: dng lm cht chng kch n trong nhin liu ng c nhng hin nay hu nh b cm s dng do lm nhim mi trng khng kh. * Ch stearat: dng trong cng nghip ch bin cht do Ch c s dng trong cng ngh sn xut c quy ch, c ch in, hn cc ng ch trong sn xut axit sunfuric, sn Nhim c ch do: nhim mi trng, do ngun nc, do chi tr em, do nut phi cc dc phm s dng ch axetat. Tc hi ca ch: gy ri lon tng hp hng cu mu, gy cc bnh v no ( mt tr nh, hn m, ngu n), gy tn thng ng thn, gy au bng do to bn, tng huyt p c tnh ca ch i vi ngi ln: 1000 mg hp th vo c th mt ln s gy t vong; 10 mg mt ln trong mi ngy s gy nhim c nng sau vi tun; 1 mg hng ngy, sau nhiu ngy c th gy nhim c mn tnh. Cc mui ch c liu c vi ngi ln: ch axetat l 1 g; ch cacbonat 2 4 g; ch tetraethyl nh git 1/10ml trn da chut cng s gy cht trong vng 18 24 gi.

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3. MT S PHNG PHP X L

V HN CH NHIM NC
I.

Phng php sinh hc hiu kh ca cng ty TNHH Furukawa 1. Gii thiu Nc thi sinh hot l nc thi pht sinh t cc hot ng sinh hot ca cc cng ng dn c nh: khu vc th, trung tm thng mi, khu vc vui chi gii tr, c quan cng s, Thng thng, nc thi sinh hot ca h gia nh c chia lm hai loi chnh: nc en v nc xm. Nc en l nc thi t cc nh v sinh, cha phn ln cc cht nhim, ch yu l: cht hu c, cc vi sinh vt gy bnh v cn l lng. Nc xm l nc pht sinh t cc qu trnh ra, tm, git vi thnh phn cc cht nhim khng ng k. Cc thnh phn nhim chnh c trng thng thy nc thi sinh hot l BOD5, COD, nit v photpho. Trong nc thi sinh hot, hm lng N v P rt ln, nu khng c loi b th s lm cho ngun tip nhn nc thi b ph dng mt hin thng xy ra ngun nc c hm lng P v N cao, trong cc loi sinh vt thy sinh pht trin mnh ri cht i, thi ra, lm cho ngun nc tr nn nhim. Mt yu t gy nhim quan trng trong nc thi sinh hot, c bit l trong phn, l cc loi mm bnh c ly truyn bi cc vi sinh vt c trong phn. Vi sinh vt gy bnh t nc thi c kh nng ly lan qua nhiu ngun khc nhau, qua tip xc trc tip, qua mi trng (t, nc, khng kh, cy trng, vt nui, cn trng), thm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng thc n, nc ung, h hp, v sau c th gy bnh. Vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi bao gm cc nhm chnh l virus, vi khun, nguyn sinh bo v giun sn. Vi thnh phn nhim l cc tp cht nhim bn c tnh cht khc nhau, t cc loi cht khng tan n cc cht t tan v c nhng hp cht tan trong nc, vic s l nc thi sinh hot l loi b tp cht , lm sch nc v c th a nc vo ngun tip nhn hoc a vo ti s dng. Vic la chn phng php x l thch hp thng c cn c trn c im ca cc loi tp cht c trong nc thi. Cc phng php chnh thng c s dng trong cc cng trnh x l nc thi sinh hot l: phng php ha hc, phng php ha l v phng php sinh hc.

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Cc phng php ha hc dng trong h thng x l nc thi (HTXLNT) sinh hot gm c: trung ha, oxi ha kh, kt ta hoc phn ng phn hy cc hp cht c hi. C s ca phng php ny l cc phn ng ha hc din ra gia cc cht nhim v cc ha cht thm vo, do , u im ca phng php l c hiu qu x l cao, thng c s dng trong cc h thng x l nc khp kn. Tuy nhin, phng php ha hc c nhc im l chi ph vn hnh cao, khng thch hp cho HTXLNT sinh hot vi quy m ln. Bn cht ca phng php ha l trong qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot l p dng cc qu trnh vt l v ha hc a vo nc thi cht phn ng no gy tc ng vi cc tp cht bn, bin i ha hc, to thnh cc cht khc di dng cn hoc cht ha tan nhng khng c hi hoc khng gy nhim mi trng. Cc phng php ha l thng c p dng x l nc thi l: keo t, tuyn ni, ng t, hp th, trao i ion, thm lc ngc v siu lc Giai on x l ha l c th l giai on x l c lp hoc x l cng cc phng php c hc, ha hc, sinh hc trong cng ngh x l nc thi hon chnh. Bn cht ca phng php sinh hc trong qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot l s dng kh nng sng v hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt c ch phn hy cc cht hu c v cc thnh phn nhim trong nc thi. Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc ch yu c nm nhm chnh: qu trnh hiu kh, qu trnh trung gian anoxic, qu trnh k kh, qu trnh kt hp hiu kh trung gian anoxic k kh cc qu trnh h. i vi vic x l nc thi sinh hot c yu cu u ra khng qu kht khe i vi ch tiu N v P, qu trnh x l hiu kh bng bn hot tnh l qu trnh x l sinh hc thng c ng dng nht. i vi HTXLNT sinh hot ca cng ty TNHH Furukawa cng sut 600 m3/ngy, yu cu ca nc thi u ra khng qu kht khe (loi C, TCVN 5945:2005) nn cng ngh c la chn ch yu l phng php bn sinh hc hiu kh. 2. Vt liu v phng php II.1 Vt liu Bn c s dng trong HTXLNT c ly t cc b sinh hc hiu kh vn hnh n nh HTXLNT c tnh cht tng t. Nc thi c cp trong phn ny l nc thi sinh hot ca Cng ty TNHH Furukawa (khu ch xut Tn thun, Qun 7, Tp HCM, Vit nam). II.2 Phng php II.2.1 Cng ngh x l Nc thi sinh hot ca 8000 cng nhn thuc cng ty t cc hm t hoi c bm vo b iu ha. V nc thi c thnh phn
26

du m tng i cao nn ngn tch du s c lp t ti b iu ha tch du m v cc tp cht nh c trong nc thi. T b iu ha, nc thi c a vo b sinh hc hiu kh c ha trn vi bn vi sinh hot tnh to thnh hn hp vi sinh v nc thi. Vi sinh vt hiu kh trong hn hp bn hot tnh s chuyn ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi di dng thc n thnh cc hp cht n gin hn v v hi vi mi trng. Hn hp vi sinh v nc thi c chy vo b lng, ni bn hot tnh c lng li v c nn y b. Bn lng c tun hon (khong 25 80% tng lu lng) vo b sinh hc hiu kh duy tr nng vi sinh n nh trong b. Nc sau khi lng t tiu chun mi trng loi C, TCVN 5945:2005 v c a vo ngun tip nhn.

27

Cng on x l cui cng l x l v thi b bn t b lng. Bn t b lng c bm vo b phn hy bn hiu kh ni phn hy cc hp cht hu c c trong mi trng hiu kh. Sau khi x l, bn ch cn cha cc cht v c v cc cht rn vi sinh. Bn ti y b ca b phn hy bn c bm n ni x l sau mi 6 (hay 12 thng). II.2.2 Cc thng s kho st v phng php ly mu tin hnh xc nh hiu qu x l ca tng h thng, cc thng s cn c kho st l: COD, BOD5, TSS, pH, N NH3, nito tng v photpho tng. Vic ly mu c tin hnh nh sau: bnh ly mu 500ml c dng thu nc thi trc khi vo HTXLNT, v nc thi sau khi x l. Cc mu c ly 2 mu/ln v c tr trong t tr mu trc khi c a i phn tch bi phng th nghim trung tm Cng ngh v Qun l mi trng.
28 S cng ngh HTXLNT sinh hot

3. Kt qu Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ca cc mu nc ly ti HTXLNT dt nhum Cng ty TNHH Furukawa Tnh cht nc thi u vo v u ra ca HTXLNT ti cng ty Furukawa. Ngun: cng ty cng ngh xanh,15/01/2008.

pH u vo u ra Tiu chun loi C Tiu chun loi A II. 6.8 6.04 59 69

COD, mg/l 595 15 400 50

BOD5, mg/l 432 5 100 30

TSS, mg/l 266 5 200 50

NNH3, mg/l 25 1 15 5

Nit tng, mg/l 33 8 60 15

Photpho tng, mg/l 4.7 0.23 8 4

Cng ngh USBF (upflow sludge blanket filtration) Quy trnh USBF c ci tin t quy trnh bn hot tnh c in kt hp vi qu trnh anoxic v vng lng bn l lng trong mt cng trnh x l sinh hc. L mt h thng kt hp vi qu trnh anoxic v vng lng bn l lng trong mt cng trnh x l sinh hc. L mt thit b kt hp nn chim t khng gian v cc thit b i km. Quy trnh USBF c thit k kh BOD (kh cacbobate), kh nitrate, nitrate ha v kh photpho. kh cacbonate, vng anoxic c xem nh vng la chn m s pha trn dng thi s lm tng kh nng lng v khng ch qu trnh tng trng vi sinh vt. nitrate ha, kh nitrate v kh photpho, vng anoxic c th m ng c vai tr ny. Trong qu trnh, N NH3 b oxi ha thnh nitrite v sau thnh nitrate bi vi khun nitrosomonas nitrobacter trong tng vng st kh ring bit. Nitrate c tun hon tr li vng anoxic v c kh lin tc ti a. Trong phn ng ny BOD u vo c xem nh ngun carbon hay ngun nng lng kh nitrate thnh phn t nit. S kh photpho c hc trong quy trnh ny tng t trong chu trnh photpho v ci tin t quy trnh Bardenpho. Trong quy trnh USBF, s ln men ca BOD ha tan xy ra trong vng k kh hay vng anoxic. Sn phm ca qu trnh ln men cu thnh thnh phn
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c bit ca vi sinh vt c kh nng lu gi photpho. Trong giai on x l hiu kh, photpho ha tan c hp thu bi photpho lu tr trong vi sinh khun (Acinetabacter) m chng sinh trng trong vng anoxic. Photpho sau khi ng ha c loi b khi h thng nh xc vi sinh hay bn d. Khi lng v hm lng photpho loi b ph thuc ch yu vo t l BOD/P trong nc thi u vo. Quy trnh USBF c thit lp trn nguyn l b lng dng chy ln c lp bn l lng. Ngn ny c hnh dng thang, nc thi sau khi c xo trn i t di y b lng qua h thng vch ngn thit k c bit, m xy ra qu trnh to bng thy lc. B lng hnh thang to ra tc dng dng chy n nh trn ton b mt t y n mt trn b lng, iu ny cho php s gim gradient vn tc dn dn trong sut b lng. Mt s cng trnh ng dng quy trnh USBF: Khch sn Novotel Phan thit Bnh thun Resort Aquaba Mi n Bnh thun Khu du lch sinh thi An vin Nha trang Ta nh Sapphire Tp HCM Cm cng nghip Kin thnh Long an III. X L NC THI LNG NGH CH BIN LNG THC BNG PHNG PHP LC SINH HC NGP NC 1. Gii thiu Cc lng ngh th cng truyn thng l nt t trng ca nhiu vng nng thn Vit Nam. Trong nhng nm qua, cng vi s pht trin ca kinh t, x hi, nhiu ngnh ngh th cng truyn thng c khi phc v pht trin kh mnh. Tuy nhin s pht trin ca cc lng ngh cn mang tnh cht t pht, ty tin, quy m sn xut nh b, trang thit b cn lc hu. Tt c nhng mt hn ch trn khng ch nh hng n s pht trin ca cc lng ngh m cn nh hng nghim trng n cht lng mi trng lng ngh v sc khe cng ng. Mt trong cc loi hnh lng ngh ph bin nht nng thn Vit Nam l lng ngh ch bin lng thc (lm bn, min, bnh a, ch bin tinh bt). S nhim mi trng nc ti cc lng ngh ny ang mc bo ng, gy nhiu bc xc cho x hi. Cc ch tiu c bn ca nc thi nh COD. BOD, TSS... u vt qu tiu chun cho php nhiu ln. Nhm gp phn vo vic gim thiu nhim mi trng nc ti cc lng ngh ch bin lng thc, cc nh ha hc tp trung nghin cu xut cc bin php cng ngh x l nc thi lng
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ngh ch bin lng thc. Trong cng trnh ny cc nh ha hc tin hnh nghin cu x l nc thi lng ngh ch bin lng thc bng phng php lc sinh hc ngp nc. 2. Thc nghim 2.1 i tng nghin cu Nc thi c ly nghin cu l nc thi lng ngh ch bin lng thc ca x Minh Khai, huyn Hoi c, tnh H Ty (x c cng nhn l Lng ngh ch bin nng sn nm 2001, c 700 h trong tng s 1.200 h dn tham gia sn xut ch bin lng thc). Vi cc ngh chnh l lm bn, ph kh, lm min dong, sn xut v tinh ch tinh bt sn. c im ca nc thi lng ngh ch bin lng thc l thng cha cc tp cht hu c dng ha tan hoc l lng, trong ch yu l cc hp cht hydrat ccbon nh tinh bt, ng, cc loi axit hu c (lactic)... c kh nng phn hy sinh hc. T s BOD/COD trong khong t 0,5 n 0,7 nn chng thch hp vi phng php x l sinh hc. 2.2 Thit k th nghim

Hnh 1: S h thng x l bng phng php lc sinh hc ngp nc

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Nc thi ca qu trnh sn xut bn, min hoc tinh ch tinh bt sn c lng gn s b b lng (1) trc khi a vo b cha (2) sau nc thi c bm vo ct lc k kh (3) theo chiu t di ln vi lu lng dng c khng ch nh my bm (9) v ng chia dng (8). y nc thi s t t dng ln ngp lp vt liu lc (5) v tip xc vi lp vt liu lc mang vi sinh vt k kh, cc tp cht hu c c trong nc thi s b phn hy, phn bn cn c lng xung y ct v c th ly ra qua van (10) khi cn thit; phn nc thi trong tip tc chy t nhin qua ct lc hiu kh (6) t pha di ln theo nguyn tc bnh thng nhau. y nc thi c trn vi dng khng kh thi cng chiu t di ln bi my thi kh (11) qua dn phn phi kh (7). Khi qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh cc tp cht hu c xy ra, phn bn c lng xung y ct; phn nc thi li c lng cn mt ln na nh mng lng cn (4) trc khi chy ra khi ct hiu kh. Nc thi sau khi i qua c 2 ct lc k kh v hiu kh s c ly ra nh van (13) kim tra cc ch tiu c bn. Nu cha t cc ch tiu cho php ca nc thi cng nghip theo tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 5945 - 1995) th li cho chy tun hon tr li qua 2 ct lc k kh v hiu kh nh trn cho n khi t tiu chun cho php v nc thi cng nghip. 3. Kt qu Kt qu x l nc thi ca sn xut bn Nc thi ca sn xut bn ban u c cc gi tr c bn nh sau: COD = 3076,3 mg/l; BOD5 = 2154,2 mg/l (t l BOD5/COD 0,7) [NH4+] = 29,89 mg/l; [NO2-] = 0,56 mg/l, pH = 4,91; c = 243 NTU. Sau khi trung ha v pha long gp i c pH = 7.05 v th tch l 58 lt; nc thi c x l qua h thng lc sinh hc k kh v hiu kh vi tc 12 lt/h. Kt qu thu c nh sau: Bng 1 - Kt qu x l nc thi sn xut bn bng phng php lc sinh hc Thi gian pH c (NTU) COD (mg/L) NH4+ (mg/L) NO2- (mg/L) (gi) 0 7.05 131 1357.5 15.42 0.36 4 7.84 40.2 795.4 9.36 0.57

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8 10 24 28

8.1 8.25 8.24 8.07

28.9 20.5 4.50 2.70

207.5 181.5 31.8 26.2

7.67 5.23 1.11 0.36

0.41 0.32 0.08 0.05

Kt qu x l nc thi sn xut min dong Nc thi sn xut min ban u c cc gi tr c bn sau: COD = 840 mg/l; BOD5 = 580 mg/l (t s BOD5/COD = 0,69); [NH4+] = 13,51 mg/l; [NO2-] = 0,35 mg/l; c = 99,5 NTU; pH = 4,01. Sau khi trung ha v pha long gp i c th tch 58 lt v pH = 8,05; nc thi c x l qua h thng lc sinh hc k kh v hiu kh vi tc 12lt/h. Kt qu thu c nh sau: Bng 2 - Kt qu x l nc thi sn xut min bng phng php lc sinh hc c COD Thi gian (gi) pH NH4+ (mg/L) NO2- (mg/L) (NTU) (mg/L) 0 8.05 45.2 438.8 6.75 0.19 4 8.17 20.1 205.6 4.46 0.21 8 8.21 14.3 178.5 3.62 0.2 10 8.23 9.71 97,3 1.87 0.11 24 8.17 7.62 86.7 0.72 0.09 28 8.19 6.43 74.5 0.46 0.06 Kt qu x l nc thi tinh ch tinh bt sn Nc thi tinh ch tinh bt ban u c cc gi tr c bn sau: COD = 4768,5 mg/l; BOD5 = 3190 mg/l (t s BOD5/COD = 0,76) [NH4+] = 37,69 mg/l; [NO2-] = 0,61 mg/l; c = 480 NTU; pH = 3,54. Sau khi trung ha v pha long gp i c th tch 58 lt v pH = 7; nc thi c x l qua h thng lc sinh hc k kh v hiu kh vi tc chy 12 lt/h. Kt qu thu c nh sau: Bng 3 - Kt qu x l nc thi tinh ch tinh bt sn bng phng php lc sinh hc

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Thi gian (gi) pH c (NTU) COD (mg/L) NH4+ (mg/L) NO2- (mg/L) 0 6.68 218 2309.2 20.72 0.45 4 7.05 97.5 995.5 17.14 0.66 8 7.12 52.4 940.7 14.67 0.69 10 7.78 41.8 750.8 10.98 0.61 24 8.14 4.65 226.7 3.33 0.39 28 8.26 3.32 128.9 1.17 0.27 32 8.21 2.92 98.7 0.75 0.12 4. Kt lun Nc thi lng ngh ch bin lng thc (sn xut bn, min hoc tinh ch tinh bt) thng cha cc tp cht c kh nng b phn hy sinh hc (t l BOD5/COD t 0,6 n 0,7) nn c th c x l tt bng cc phng php x l sinh hc. Bng phng php lc sinh hc k kh v hiu kh c th x l cc loi nc thi ca lng ngh ch bin lng thc t tiu chun Vit Nam v nc thi cng nghip v c php chy vo dng chy chung (TCVN 5945 - 1995) trong khong thi gian tng i ngn: khong mt ngy m (24h). Cng trnh ny c thc hin trn c s ti nghin cu khoa hc QMT06.03 ca i hc Quc gia H Ni.
IV.

Phng php x l nc thi cha du bng cng ngh tuyn ni Du trong nc thi lun c mt phn ng k (1 - 3g/lt) tn ti trng thi nh, phn cn li l di dng ht ln. Cc nh ny rt bn vng, v vy qu trnh tch du ra khi nc thi gp nhiu kh khn. Cng ngh tuyn ni loi b c tr ngi . Do du tn ti nhiu dng nh, nn nu ch dng qu trnh lng t, th ngay c khi qu trnh lng ko di, vic x l nc thi cha du cng khng m bo. V th, cc nh khoa hc thuc Vin Ha hc cng nghip (B Cng nghip), ng u l tin s Trn Quang Chc nghin cu v tm ra cng ngh tuyn ni x l loi nc thi ny. Qu trnh tuyn ni c xy dng theo nguyn tc: to ra bt kh sao cho n c th thu ht c du v cht l lng, sau gom bt li ly cht bn ra. Trn thc t, cng ngh tuyn ni c p dng t lu trong ngnh cng nghip khong sn, nhng y l ln u tin p dng cho vic x l ngun nc nhim du. Kt qu l lm gim hm lng du m, cht l lng... trong

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nc thi t 120 - 150 mg/lt xung cn 0,8 mg/lt, p ng yu cu ra. Cng ngh ny c p dng thnh cng ti X nghip Du my H Lo, Yn Bi.

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Mi trng ca chng ta ang b suy thoi trm trng, c bit l mi trng nc. V vy vic tm ra nhng phng php x l nc b nhim l ht sc cn thit. Tuy nhin, vn m chng ta cn quan tm hn l gim mc nhim ca nc hn l x l nc b nhim nh cu phng bnh hn cha bnh. lm c iu y, khng ch i hi mt c nhn, mt tp th hay mt quc gia c bit m c cng ng, c th gii cng gp sc vo cng cuc xy dng mt mi trng sng trong lnh v khng bnh tt. Ring i vi nghnh s phm ca chng ta, gio vin ni chung v gio vin dy ha ni ring, cn phi lng ghp vic gio dc t tng bo v mi trng vo tng bi hc vi phng chm tch tiu thnh i.

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