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GVHD: PGS-TS: Phm Thanh Huyn SVTH : 1. inh Ngc Phan hd1_k52
iu kin tin hnh khc nghit v nhit v p sut cng vi s c mt ca cc cht n mn mnh (cc hp cht iotua) ngn cn vic thng mi ho cng ngh ny. Nm 1914, cc nghin cu ca REPPE (BASF) cho thy rng cc kim loi nhm VIII c kh nng xc tc hiu qu cho qu trnh cacbonyl ho. iu ny dn n vic ra i v pht trin cng ngh nhit v p sut cao (250oC v 70MPa) vi xc tc CoI2. Qu trnh ny c BASF a vo p dng nm 1960 ti Luwig Shafen. Cng sut ban u l 3.600 tn/nm. Sau tng ln 12.000 tn/nm vo nm 1964 v 35.000 tn/nm vo nm 1970. Nm 1981 cng sut t 45.000 tn/nm. Nm 1966, Borden Chemical c khi ng xy dng mt nh my sn xut axit axetic trn c s cng ngh BASF ti Geimak (Bang Louisiana, M) vi nng sut ban u l 30.000 tn/nm sau tng ln 45.000 tn/nm vo nm 1968. Nm 1968, Monsanto cng b mt khm ph mi. Xc tc rhodi vi hot tnh v chn lc rt cao cho phn ng cacbonyl ho metanol thnh axit axetic. Metanol c th c cacbonyl ho ngay c p sut thng vi hiu sut chuyn ho l 99% i vi metanol v 90% i vi cacbon monoxit. Qu trnh c s dng xc tc ny c p dng nm 1970 ti bang Texas, vi cng sut ban u l 135.000 tn/nm, sau tng ln 180.000 tn/nm vo nm 1975. iu kin tin hnh qu trnh Monsanto mm hn so vi qu trnh BASF (3MPa v 180oC ).
Phn ng xy ra thun li trong pha lng, nhit 220 250oC, p sut ca qu trnh phi c gi mc 30MPa. S c mt ca nc (> 30% TT) v vic s dng xc tc s gip gim bt khc nghit ca cc iu kin tin hnh qu trnh, c bit l p sut c gim xung 3 7 MPa v nhit 150 200oC
H xc tc ang c s dng gm c 3 thnh phn: pha hot ng, cht xc tin v dung mi. Pha hot ng (cc oxit, cc hp cht c kim, cc hp cht phi tr hoc mui ca kim loi qu him nh Co, Rh) c nng n 10-3M. Cht xc tin, khi mo (1M) l halogen hoc cc hp cht cha halogen.
Phn ng (1) c th chuyn ho CO bng hi nc, xc tc l Co2(CO)8 v H2 c to ra bng cch phn ly phc hydro cacbonyl. Metyl iotua lin tc tn cng bi tc nhn nucleophil l ion [Co(CO)4]- (4). Gc iotua lm cho phn ng d dng hn v n d tch hn OH-. CH3I phn ng vi phi tr bo ho d10 Co(CO)4. Qu trnh oxy ho cng hp ca CH3I vo Co(CO)4 kh khn hn vo [Rh(CO)2I2]-. Sn phm cng hp ban u l
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mt phc 5 phi tr d8 CH3Co(CO)4. Giai on chuyn v metyl (5) xy ra chm hn so vi qu trnh xc tc bi Rh. Khi to thnh hp cht trung gian axyl ca coban, hp cht ny khng b phn hu to coban iotua v iod khng phi tr vi coban CO2, metanol (cha 60% dimetyl ete), xc tc tun hon, xc tc mi, metyl iotua tun hon (t thp ra) c a n thit b phn ng p sut cao (b). Mt phn ca nhit phn ng c dng un nng s b nguyn liu, phn nhit cn li c tiu tn dc theo ng phn ng. Sn phm phn ng c lm lnh v a n thit b phn ly p sut cao (d). Kh thi c a vo thp ra (o) phn lng c gin n ti p sut 0,5 1 MPa trong thit b phn ly p sut trung bnh (e). Kh thot ra cng c vo thp ra (o), phn lng t thit b phn ly p sut trung bnh c a n bung gin n (f). Kh ra khi bung c a n thit b ra (p). Kh t thit b ra v thp ra l kh thi. C thit b ra v thp ra u dng metanol nguyn liu thu hi metyl iotua v cc hp cht iotua d bay hi khc. Dung dch metanol ny c a tr li thit b phn ng. Thnh phn kh thi (% th tch): CO: 65 -75%, CO2: 15-20%, CH4: 3-5% v hi metanol. Axit t bung gin n (f) chim 45% khi lng axit axetic, 35% khi lng nc, 20% khi lng este (ch yu l metyl axetat). Axit c tinh ch 5 thp chng ct. Thp th nht (h) dng ui kh t hn hp sn phm th, kh thot ra c a vo thp ra. Xc tc c tch ra bng cch chng ct cc cu t d bay hi thit b tch xc tc (i). Ti thit b sy (k) cho php nhn c axit tinh bng phng php chng ct ng ph. Sn phm nh ca thp lm kh cha axit axetic, axit formic, nc, sn phm ph, chng to hn hp ng ph vi nc. Sn phm nh ny l mt h hai pha, n c tch trong bung (g). Mt phn ca pha hu c, cha ch yu este c tr li (k), n ng vai tr l mt tc nhn ng ph Phn cn li c a n thp ph (n), y phn nng c ly ra phn y thp, phn nh nh thp c a tun hon li thit b phn ng. Phn ch yu thp lm kh c a n thp lm sch ln cui, axit axetic c ly ra nh thp, sn phm y c a n thp tch cn (m). Sn phm nh ca thp ny c a ti thp tch nc, sn phm y cha 50% khi lng axit propionic c a i thu hi.
CH3OH + CO CH3COOH
H =137KJ/mol
rodi-clorocacbonyl-bis
2.2.4.3. C ch phn ng :
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Phn xng c 3 phn chnh (nh s cng ngh) : Khu vc chun b xc tc : ti khu vc ny, h xc tc c chun b t rodi ioua mi v xc tc tun hon c thu hi li nh cc cng on x l sau phn ng. Dung dch thu hi ny trc ht c loi b cc ion kim loi c ln do qu trnh x l bng nha trao i ion. Sau , n c phn hy mt phn nh ung nng ri lm lnh ,kt ta thu hi cc cu t cha rodi. Cc hp cht ny s c b sung iot mi ri ha tan trong axit axetic nng di p sut CO. Khu vc cacbonyl ha : Metanol c cacbonyl ha trong pha lng, trong mt thit b phn ng c khuy. Nhit ca mi trng phn
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ng c gi khng i nh bay hi mt phn cc tc nhn phn ng v sn phm, do tch c nhit phn ng sinh ra. Pha kh ny cha ch yu CO, CO2, N2, metanol v metyl iot ua, c lm lnh v ra bng metanol thu hi phn ln cc nguyn liu b tch theo. Dng sn phm lng ra khi thit b phn ng c x p nhanh. Cc kh c cha axit axetic, m , metyl iotua . axit formic... c a n khu vc tinh ch. Phn lng , ch yu l phc xc tc ,metyl axetat v axit axetic c lm lnh v a tr v vng phn ng. Khu vc tch v tinh ch : thp chng u tin c thit k to ra phn on giu axit axetic nh tch b cc cu t nh v cc cu t nng ( metyl iotdua v metylaxetat ...). phn on ny sau c dehydrat ha nh chng d ng ph. Pha nc c thu hi nh thp tip tc c chuyn sang phn on loai b nc d. Dng sn phm nng c x l trong thp tinh ch tp ra axit axetic bng, cn axitaxetic to ra y thp cng c thu hi trong thp chng phn on b sung tch cc cu t sn phm nng nh axit propionic. Cc thp ny u lm bng thp hp kim cao v c cha 35 n 45 a. 2.2.4.5. nh gi cng ngh : a.u im : 100%, vi tt c cc nguyn t trong cc cht phn ng i vo sn phm S dng nng lng t hn, c bit tch v tinh ch. C nng sut cao, S dng methanol nguyn liu r hn so vi naphta trc / butan Tc phn ng nhanh. Chu k sng ca xc tc di b. Nhc im Rhodium l kim loi rt t tin - t hn vng Rhodium cng xc tc phn ng ph CO + H20 2+ H2 iu ny lm gim p sut ring phn ca kh carbon monoxide Rhodium ha tan to mun RhI3. Cn c cng on tch nc gy tn chi ph v nng lng tr li xc tc cho phn ng chnh
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2.2.5. Cng ngh CATIVA ca BP 2.2.5.1. Gii thiu cng ngh : Theo quan im ca BP, CATIVA - mi ba nm sau khi thng mi ha ln u tin - vn l cng ngh hiu qu nht, quy nh v vn v chi ph vn hnh thp nht. Nm 1986 Monsanto cp php cho mt s cng ty, bao gm BP, trong BP mua bn quyn cng ngh ca Monsanto v carbonylation methanol v pht trin n hn na to ra thng hiu c quyn ca BP : CATIVA S khc bit c bn nht gia cc phin bn ca qu trnh carbonylation l cht xc tc. Cng ngh carbonylation c bn ca Monsanto l da trn xc tc rhodium, qu trnh CATIVA ca BP nh du mt bc thay i trong cng ngh bi v n chuyn hon ton ra khi rhodium thay vo l xc tc iridi da trn kt hp vi mt cht hot ha kim loi chuyn tip Kt lun ca mt nh qun l th trng trong cng ty: khng c g ng ni v qu trnh CATIVA ca BP, ngy nay n vn l cng ngh tt nht sn xut axit axetic thng mi
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2.2.5.2. C ch
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2.2.5.3.
2.2.5.4.
Xc tc Ir c gi r bng 1/10 gi ca Rh theo cng trng lng. Lu trnh cng ngh n gin hn monsanto rt nhiu. S lng cc thp tinh ch c n gin ha v gim i rt nhiu S dng thit b phn ng dng sc kh thay th cho thit b khuy c hc ng thi c thm thit b phn ng th cp nhm nng cao hiu sut chuyn ha
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mono-butyl ete axetat (EBA), v propylen glycol mono-metyl ete axetat (PMA). ng dng ny tiu th khong 15% n 20% sn lng axit axetic th gii. Cc ete axetat, v d nh EEA, c cho l c hi i vi sc khe sinh sn con ngi.
Axetic anhydrit l mt cht acetyl ha mnh. V vy, ng dng chnh ca n l to cellulose acxtat, mt cht dt tng hp cng c dng trong phim chp nh. Axetic anhydrit cng l mt cht phn ng dng sn xut aspirin, heroin, v cc hp cht khc.
3.1.4. Gim
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dng gim, cc dung dch axit axetic (nng khi lng ca axit 4% n 18%) c dng trc tip lm gia v, v cng lm cht trn rau v trong cc thc phm khc. Gim n (table vinegar) th long hn (4% n 8%), trong khi loi gim trn thng mi th nng cao hn. Lng axit axetic dng lm gim khng chim t l ln trn th gii, nhng l mt ng dng ni ting v c dng t rt lu.
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3.1.5. Lm dung mi
Axit axetic bng l mt dung mi protic phn cc tt nh cp trn. N thng c dng lm dung mi ti kt tinh cho cc hp cht
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hu c tinh khit. Axit axetic tinh khit c dng lm dung mi trong vic sn xut axit terephthalic (TPA), mt nguyn liu th sn xut polyetylen terephthalat (PET). Nm 2006, khong 20% axit axetic c dng sn xut TPA. Axit axetic thng c dng lm dung mi cho cc phn ng lin quan n cacbocation, nh Friedel-Crafts alkylation. V d, mt giai on trong sn xut long no tng hp thng mi lin quan n s ti sp xp Wagner-Meerwein ca to amfen isobornyl axetat; y axit axetic ng vai tr va l dung mi, va l cht i nhn gi carbocation ti sp xp. Axit axetic l dung mi t chn khi gim mt nhm nit aryl to anilin bng cch s dng cacbon mang palladi. Axit axetic bng c s dng trong ha phn tch c tnh cc cht c tnh kim yu nh cc amit hu c. Axit axetic bng c tnh baz yu hn nc, v vy amit ng x nh mt baz mnh trong dung dch axit trung bnh ny. Sau n c th c chun bng cch s dng mt dung dch axit axetic bng ca mt axit rt mnh nh axit percloric.
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Tn ch tiu 1. Ngoi quan 2. Hm lng Axit Axit acetic tinh khit (CH3OOH) % khng nh hn 3.Hm lng Sunphat ( SO4) % khng ;ln hn 4. Hm lng st ( Fe) % khng ln hn 5. Hm lng kim loI nng ( Pb) % khng ln hn 6. Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc, % khng ln hn 7. Khi lng ng gi : g , : Kg
Mc cht lng Cht lng, khng mu ,Tinh th trng, khng c tp cht c hc, c v chua ca chanh 99.0
Sales specifications
Limits
Acetic acid, wt % min. 99.85 Distillation range (including 118.1), C max. 1.0 Freezing point, C min. 16.35 Color, Pt Co units max. 10 Water content, wt % max. 0.15 Reducing substances, as formic acid, wt % max. 0.05 Aldehydes, as acetaldehyde, wt % max. 0.05 Iron, ppm max. 1 Heavy metals, as Pb, ppm max. 0.05 Chlorides, ppm max. 1 Sulfates, ppm max. 1 Sulfurous acid, ppm max. 1
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Exposure limits to acetic acid and its derivatives Substance TLV TWA STEL MAK
ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 mL/m3 mg/m3 Acetic acid n-Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Dimethylacetamide (skin) Ethyl acetate Methyl acetate 10 150 200 10 25 713 950 36 15 200 37 950 10 200 200 10 400 200 25 950 950 35 1400 610
250
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1. Cng ngh tng hp hu c ha du. Phm Thanh Huyn v Nguyn Hng Lin. NXB KHKT 2006 2. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA 3. Petrochemical processes technical and economic characteristic major oxygenated chlorinated and nitrated derivatives. Translate from the France by Nissim Marshall 4. http://www.bp.com 5. http://www.basf.com 6. http://www.monsanto.com 7. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%ADt_axetic
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Mc lc
1. Tnh cht 1.1. Tnh cht l hc 1.2. Tnh cht ha hc 2. Cc phng php sn xut cng nghip 2.1. Gii thiu chung 2.2. Cng ngh cacbonyl ha metanol 2.2.1. Lch s pht trin 2.2.2. Nguyn tc chung ca qu trnh 2.2.3. Cng ngh BASF 2.2.4. Cng ngh Monsanto 2.2.4.1. Xc tc Rhodium/iodide 2.2.4.2. Thng s qu trnh cacbonyl ha metanol 2.2.4.3. C ch 2.2.4.4. Lu trnh cng ngh 2.2.4.5. nh gi cng ngh 2.2.5. Cng ngh CATIVA ca BP 2.2.5.1. Gii thiu cng ngh 2.2.5.2. C ch phn ng 2.2.5.3. Lu trnh cng ngh 2.2.5.4. u im cng ngh CATIVA 3. ng dng, ch tiu cht lng, tn cha v bo qun. nh hng sc khe, x l nc v kh thi 3.1. ng dng 3.1.1. Monome vinyl axetat 3.1.2. Sn xut este 3.1.3. Axetic anhydrit 3.1.4. Gim 3.1.5. Lm dung mi 3.1.6. Cc ng dng khc 3.2. Ch tiu cht lng 3.3. Tn cha v bo qun 3.4. nh hng ca axitaxetic n sc khe 3.5. X l nc thi v kh thi
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