Kỹ thuật sấy nông sản thực phẩm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm
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CHNG I: I TNG SY V MI QUAN H CA CHNG

1.1 NGUYN VT LIU M
Theo quan im ho l, vt m l mt h lin kt phn tn gia pha phn tn v mi trng phn tn. Pha phn tn l mt cht c cu trc mng hay khung khng gian t cht rn phn u trong mi trng phn tn ( l mt cht khc). Da theo tnh cht l hc, ngi ta c th chia vt m ra thnh ba loi: - Vt liu keo: l vt c tnh do do c cu trc ht. Nc hoc m dng lin kt hp th v thm thu. Cc vt keo c c im chung l khi sy b co ngt kh nhiu, nhng vn gi c tnh do. V d: gelatin, cc sn phm t bt nho, tinh bt... - Vt liu xp mao dn: nc hoc m dng lin kt c hc do p lc mao qun hay cn gi l lc mao dn. Vt liu ny thng dn hu nh khng co li v d dng lm nh (v vn) sau khi lm kh. V d: ng tinh th, mui n v.v... - Vt liu keo xp mao dn: bao gm tnh cht ca hai nhm trn. V cu trc cc vt ny thuc xp mao dn, nhng v bn cht l cc vt keo, c ngha l thnh mao dn ca chng c tnh do, khi ht m cc mao dn ca chng trng ln, khi sy kh th co li. Loi vt liu ny chim phn ln cc vt liu sy. V d: ng cc, cc ht h u, bnh m, rau, qu v.v... 1.1.2 CC DNG LIN KT TRONG VT LIU M: Cc lin kt gia m vi vt kh c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh sy. N s chi phi din bin ca qu trnh sy. Vt m thng l tp hp ca ba pha: rn, lng v kh (hi). Cc vt rn em i sy thng l cc vt xp mao dn hoc keo xp mao dn. Trong cc mao dn c cha m lng cng vi hn hp hi kh c th tch rt ln (th tch xp) nhng t l khi lng ca n so vi phn rn v phn m lng c th b qua. Do vy trong k thut sy thng coi vt th ch gm phn rn kh v cht lng. C nhiu cch phn loi cc dng lin kt m. Trong ph bin nht l cch phn loi theo bn cht hnh thnh lin kt ca P.H. Robinde (Hong Vn Chc, 1999). Theo cch ny, tt c cc dng ln kt m c chia thnh ba nhm chnh: lin kt ho hc, lin kt ho l v lin kt c l.
1.1.1 PHN LOI CC NGUYN VT LIU M
Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm 1.1.2.1Lin kt ho hc
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Lin kt ho hc gia m v vt kh rt bn vng trong , cc phn t nc tr thnh mt b phn trong thnh phn ho hc ca phn t vt m. Loi m ny ch c th tch ra khi c phn ng ho hc v thng phi nung nng n nhit cao. Sau khi tch m tnh cht ho l ca vt thay i. m ny c th tn ti dng lin kt phn t nh trong mui hydrat MgCl2.6H2O hoc dng lin kt ion nh Ca(OH)2. Trong qu trnh sy khng t vn tch m dng lin kt ho hc. 1.1.2.2Lin kt ho l Lin kt ho l khng i hi nghim ngt v t l thnh phn lin kt. C hai loi: lin kt hp ph (hp th) v lin kt thm thu. Lin kt hp ph ca nc c gn lin vi cc hin tng xy ra trn b mt gii hn ca cc pha (rn hoc lng). Cc vt m thng l nhng vt keo, c ct to ht. Bn knh tng ng ca ht t 10-9 - 10-7 m. Do cu to ht nn vt keo c b mt bn trong rt ln. V vy n c nng lng b mt t do ng k. Khi tip xc vi khng kh m hay trc tip vi m, m s xm nhp vo cc b mt t do ny to thnh lin kt hp ph gia m v b mt. Lin kt thm thu l s lin kt ho l gia nc v vt rn khi c s chnh lch nng cc cht ho tan trong v ngoi t bo. Khi nc b mt vt th bay hi th nng ca dung dch tng ln v nc su bn trong s thm ra ngoi. Ngc li, khi ta t vt th vo trong nc th nc s thm vo trong. 1.1.2.3 Lin kt c l y l dng lin kt gia m v vt liu c to thnh do sc cng b mt ca m trong cc mao dn hay trn b mt ngoi ca vt. Lin kt c hc bao gm lin kt cu trc, lin kt mao dn v lin kt dnh t. - Lin kt cu trc: l lin kt gia m v vt liu hnh thnh trong qu trnh hnh thnh vt. V d: nc trong cc t bo ng vt, do vt ng c khi n c cha sn nc. tch m trong trng hp lin kt cu trc ta c th lm cho m bay hi, nn p vt hoc ph v cu trc vt... Sau khi tch m, vt b bin dng nhiu, c th thay i tnh cht v thm ch thay i c trng thi pha.
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- Lin kt mao dn: nhiu vt m c cu to mao qun. Trong cc vt th ny c v s cc mao qun. Cc vt th ny khi trong nc, nc s theo cc mao qun xm nhp vo vt th. Khi vt th ny trong mi trng khng kh m th hi nc s ngng t trn b mt mao qun v theo cc mao qun xm nhp vo trong vt th. - Lin kt dnh t: l lin kt do nc bm dnh vo b mt vt. m lin kt dnh t d tch khi vt bng phng php bay hi ng thi c th tch ra bng cc phng php c hc nh: lau, thm, thi, vt ly tm... 1.1.3 CC C TRNG TRNG THI M CA VT LIU M Nhng vt em i sy thng cha mt lng m nht nh. Trong qu trnh sy m, cht lng bay hi, m ca n gim i. Trng thi ca vt liu m c xc nh bi m v nhit ca n. 1.1.3.1 m tuyt i B qua khi lng kh v hi khng ng k, ngi ta c th coi vt liu m l hn hp c hc gia cht kh tuyt i v m. m = mo + W y: m: khi lng nguyn vt liu m mo: khi lng cht kh tuyt i W (hoc mn): khi lng m m tuyt i: l t s gia khi lng m W v khi lng cht kh tuyt i mo ca nguyn vt liu:
X= W * 100(%) mo
X thay i t 0 n h. Gia khi lng cht kh m0, khi lng chung m v m tuyt i X c mi quan h:
m0 = m 1+ x
1.1.3.2 m tng i: l t s gia khi lng m W trn khi lng chung ca nguyn vt liu:
w= W W = 100(% ) m m0 + W
w m tng i ca nguyn liu m thay i t 0 n 1. Vi w = 0 ngha l vt liu kh tuyt i; vi m0=0, ngha l ch c m th w=1.
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Gia cht kh tuyt i v m tng i ca nguyn liu c mi quan h: mo = m.(1 - w) Gia m tng i v m tuyt i ca nguyn liu c mi quan h:
x= w 1 w w= x 1+ x
Trc khi sy khi lng ca nguyn liu m l m1 v m tng i l w1, sau khi sy l m2 v w2. Bit rng trong khi sy khi lng cht kh mo khng thay i nn ta c: mo = m1(1-w1) = m2(1-w2) T ta c:
m2 1 w1 = m1 1 w 2
Trong biu thc trn c 4 i lng l khi lng v m tng i ca nguyn liu trc v sau khi sy, nhng nu 3 i lng bit th t ta c th tnh c i lng th t. Nng sut ca mt my sy c th xc nh theo khi lng m (W tch ra t nguyn vt liu trong qu trnh sy: W = m1 - m2
W = m1 W = m1 w w2 w1 w 2 = m2 1 1 w1 1 w2 x x2 x1 x 2 = m2 1 1 + x1 1+ x2
Mun quan st qu trnh sy bng ng cong sy mt cch r rng (to thnh im un gia hai on sy) ngi ta thng s dng m tuyt i X, cn vi m tng i w thng biu th trng thi m ca nguyn vt liu.
1.2
TC NHN SY
Tc nhn sy l nhng cht dng chuyn ch lng m tch ra t vt sy.
Trong qu trnh sy, mi trng bung sy lun lun c b sung m thot ra t vt sy. Nu lng m ny khng c mang i th m tng i trong bung sy tng ln, n mt lc no s t c s cn bng gia vt sy v mi trng trong bung sy v qu trnh thot m t vt sy s ngng li. Do vy, cng vi vic cung cp nhit
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cho vt ho hi m lng, ng thi phi ti m thot ra khi vt ra khi bung sy. Ngi ta s dng tc nhn sy lm nhim v ny. Cc tc nhn sy thng l cc cht kh nh khng kh, khi, hi qu nhit. Cht lng cng c s dng lm tc nhn sy nh cc loi du, mt s loi mui nng chy v.v...Trong a s qu trnh sy, tc nhn sy cn lm nhim v gia nhit cho vt liu sy, va lm nhim v ti m. mt s qu trnh nh sy bc x, tc nhn sy cn c nhim v bo v sn phm sy khi b qu nhit. Sau y, chng ta s nghin cu hai loi tc nhn sy thng dng l khng kh v khi. 1.2.1 KHNG KH M: CC THNG S C TRNG Khng kh l loi tc nhn sy c sn trong t nhin, khng gy c hi v khng gy bn sn phm sy. Khng kh l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh khc nhau. Thnh phn ca khng kh bao gm cc cht, ch yu l N2, O2, hi nc, ngoi ra cn c 1 s cht kh khc nh: CO2, kh tr, H2, O3...Khng kh l mt kh thc, nhng thc t khng kh s dng sy thng p sut thp (p sut kh quyn) v nhit khng cao (t hng chc n di vi trm ). V vy, khi s dng c th coi khng kh l kh l tng, mc d trong khng kh c cha hi nc, nhng p sut ring phn ca n khng ln. Trong cc iu kin nh trn, khi coi khng kh l kh l tng th sai s gp phi l chp nhn c (<3%). Khng kh c cha hi nc l khng kh m. Khi nghin cu khng kh m, ngi ta coi n l hn hp kh l tng ca 2 thnh phn: khng kh kh v hi nc. y khng kh kh c coi nh l thnh phn c nh nh 1 cht kh l tng (M =29 v s nguyn t kh trong phn t l 2). Thnh phn th 2: hi nc l thnh phn lun thay i trong khng kh m. Cc thng s c bn ca khng kh m nh sau: 1.2.1.1 p sut Theo nh lut Dalton ta c: P = PKKK + Phn y: P: p sut ca khng kh m PKKK: p sut ring phn ca khng kh kh Phn: p sut ring phn ca hi nc 1.2.1.2Nhit
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Nhit xc nh un nng ca vt th. Trong lnh vc sy, nhit c o theo nhit Celcius (oC) hoc Fahreinhei (oF). Dng c o nhit l nhit k. 1.2.1.3 m tuyt i: l lng hi nc (tnh bng g hoc kg) cha trong 1 m3 khng kh m, tc l:
= m hn V
thay i t 0 n max, khi nhit ca khng kh m thay i th max cng thay i. 1.2.1.4 m tng i: l t s gia lng hi nc cha trong khng kh m vi lng hi nc ln nht c th cha trong khng kh m cng mt nhit . Hay ni cch khc: m tng i l t s gia m tuyt i trn m tuyt i ln nht ng vi nhit no ca khng kh m.
= m hn 100% = h m hn . max max
m tng i l thng s quan trng ca khng kh m, n l i lng c trng kh nng ht m ca khng kh. Gi tr tuyt i ca m tng i cng nh th iu kin cn bng cng khc nhau, kh nng sy ca khng kh cng ln. m tng i ca khng kh ph thuc vo nhit . p dng phng trnh trng thi ta c:
h = P 1 = h h R h T P 1 = b b R h T (kg / m 3 ) (kg / m 3 )
max =
h P 100% = h 100% max Pb
1.2.1.5 cha m d (hay hm m X) ca khng kh m: L lng hi nc cha trong 1 kg khng kh kh. Do khi lng ca hi nc t nn ngi ta thng dng th nguyn l (g/kg KKK)
d= m hn 1000 m KKK m hn m KKK
[g / kgKKK ] hoc
X=
[kg / kgKKK ]
Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm p dng phng trnh trng thi vi Rhn=8314/18 [J/kgK] v RKKK =8314/29[J/kgK], ta c:
d = 622 Ph P = 622 h PKKK P Ph
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1.2.1.6 Khi lng ring ca khng kh m Khng kh m c coi l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc: hh = KKK + hn Trong : hn= X. KKK. Vy, hh = KKK(1+X) iu kin bnh thng PKKK=P; t = 273oK th KKK=1,29 kg/m3 p dng phng trnh trng thi kh, ta c:
hh = 1,29 * 273 Phn 1 0,378 273 + t P
[kg / m ]
3
Cng thc trn chng t rng: khi lng ring ca khng kh m ph thuc vo 2 thng s thay i trong qu trnh sy l nhit v p sut ring phn ca hi nc. Khi p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh tng ln th hh gim i, nhng trong qu trnh sy nhit ca qu trnh sy gim xung nhanh hn tc tng ca p sut ring phn (theo cng thc) nn a n vic hh tng r rt hn v kt qu l khi lng ring ca khng kh m tng ln trong qu trnh sy (Hong Vn Chc, 1999). 1.2.1.7 Nhit dung ring ca khng kh m Khi coi khng kh m l hn hp ca kh l tng th c th xc nh nhit dung ring ca khng kh m theo cng thc nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh l tng, tc l:
C hh = C KKK + X.C hn 1+ X
y: CKKK: nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh, nhit t
Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm 1.2.2 KHI L (KH L T) 1.2.2.1 Nguyn l h thng sy bng khi l
Khng kh
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Nhin liu Khng kh
Khi
Tc nhn
Kh thi
Bung ho trn
Bung sy
Hnh v 1.1 : S nguyn l h thng sy bng khi l.
u im sy bng khi l: c th iu chnh nhit mi cht sy trong mt khong rt rng; c th sy cu trc h thng n gin, d ch to, lp t. u t vn t v khng phi dng calorife. gim tiu hao in nng, do gim tr lc h thng. nng cao c hiu qu s dng nhit ca thit b. Nhc im: gy bi bn cho sn phm v thit b. c th gy ho hon hoc xy ra cc phn ng ho hc khng cn thit nh hng Trong cng nghip thc phm khi l thng t c s dng. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th dng sy mt s ht nng sn. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn c th s dng kh t nhin lm cht t, v khi to thnh tng i sch, tuy nhin do thnh phn khi vn c hm lng m v kh oxit nit cao (d gy ung th), nn cn phi tip tc c lm sch trc khi s dng sy thc phm. nhit rt cao 900-1000 oC v nhit thp 70-90 oC hoc thm ch 40-50 oC.
xu n cht lng sn phm.
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1.3 QUAN H GIA VT LIU M V KHNG KH CHUNG QUANH 1.3.1 m cn bng Nu ta c mt vt m t trong mi trng khng kh m s xy ra s trao i nhit, m gia vt m v mi trng khng kh. Qu trnh trao i nhit ph thuc vo s chnh lch nhit gia khng kh v vt, cn qu trnh trnh trao i m ph thuc vo chnh lch p sut ring phn ca hi nc trn b mt vt v ca hi nc trong khng kh m. Nu p sut ring phn trn b mt vt m ln hn p sut ring phn trong khng kh s xy ra qu trnh bay hi t vt m, m ca vt gim i (vt liu kh hn). Nu ngc li, p sut ring phn trn b mt vt m nh hn p sut ring phn trong khng kh th vt liu m s hp th m, m tng ln.Trong c hai trng hp p sut ring phn ca hi nc trn b mt vt m s tin dn ti tr s p ca ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh m. Khi hai tr s p sut ring phn ny bng nhau th vt v mi trng trng thi cn bng m. Lc ny vt khng ht m cng khng thi m. m ca vt lc ny gi l m cn bng Wcb. m cn bng ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh, tc l ph thuc vo m tng i ca khng kh . Quan h hm s: Wcb=f() c th c xc nh bng thc nghim v c gi l ng ng nhit. i vi qu trnh ht m t mi trng, ng cong Wcb=f() gi l ng hp th ng nhit. i vi qu trnh bay hi m t vt, ng cong xy dng c l ng thi m ng nhit (hnh v 1.1). Ngoi ra, m cn bng cn ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc, lin kt m v mc no vo trng thi ca nguyn liu thc phm. a s sn phm thc phm khi nhit tng th Wcb gim. Thi gian truyn m n cn bng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: nhit , m ca khng kh v vt m, tc ca khng kh, cu trc ca vt m. m cn bng c ngha ln trong vic chn ch sy thch hp cho tng loi sn phm thc phm. Ngi ta thng chn m cui cng ca sn phm sy bng m cn bng ca sn phm i vi gi tr trung bnh cu m tng i khng kh trong bo qun. 1.3.2 m ti hn Wth m cn bng ca vt m trong mi trng khng kh c m tng i = 100% gi l m ti hn Wth. m ny l gii hn ca qu trnh hp th m ca vt
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hay l gii hn ca m lin kt. Sau mun tng m ca vt phi nhng vt vo trong nc hoc c nc ngng t trn b mt vt. m thm nhp vo vt sau ny gi l m t do (hnh v 1.2). Trn ng cong vn tc sy, Wth l im un gia giai on vn tc sy khng i v giai on vn tc sy thay i. m ti hn c xc nh bng cch o m cn bng ca vt liu vi khng kh bao quanh vt th c m tng i 100 %, hoc bng ng cong hp th ng nhit ca vt th. m ti hn ca nguyn liu hoc sn phm cng ln th kh nng ht m cng ln khi bo qun trong khng kh m
m lin kt m t do
100 %
100 % Vng hp th Vng sy
m khng th thi ra
m c th thi ra
W Hnh v 1.2: Trng thi tng tc gia m v mi trng
Hnh v 1.1: ng cong hp th v thi m ng nhit.
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CHNG II : C S K THUT SY
2.1 CN BNG VT CHT CA MY SY
m : nng sut cc dng vt cht qua my sy [kg/h] X : m ca khng kh [kg hi nc/kg KKK] L : khi lng khng kh kh [kg/h] G : khi lng sn phm sy [kg/h] W : khi lng m ca sn phm sy [kg/h]
Khng kh sau khi sy : mL, X3, t3, i3
Sn phm t mG, mW, iGv Qbs
My sy
Sn phm kh mG, iGr
Khng kh sau khi un nng mL, X2, t2, i2
Khng kh trc khi sy mL, X1, t1, i1
mG + mW + mL(1 + X1) = mG + mL(1 + X3) mG.iGv + mW.iWv + mL.i1 + Q + Qbs = mG.iGr + mL.i3 + Qtt
(2.1) (2.2)
2.2
MY SY L THUYT
Vi my sy l thuyt ngi ta gi thit rng : Nhit cho qa trnh sy l do b phn un nng cung cp. Trong my sy khng c b un nng b sung : Qbs=0 B qua tn tht nhit : Qtt=0 Hm nhit ca sn phm sy v thit b vn chuyn khng thay i trong qu trnh sy : iGv = iGr Nhit lin kt ca nc (m trong vt liu) khng ng k : iWv = 0 Khi :

mL 1 =l= mW x 3 x 1
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(2.3)
l : nhu cu ring v khng kh [kg KK/kg nc bc hi] i i Q Q mL x = =q= 3 1 mw mL mw x 3 x1 q : nhu cu ring v nhit [kcal/kg nc bc hi]. C th vit theo dng q = di/dx.
(2.4)
2.3 S DNG BIU I-X TRONG TNH TON QU TRNH SY

2.3.1 M t qu trnh sy trong th i-X i vi khng kh m Cu to ca th i X i = const
X= const
X Hnh 2.1 : Biu I X ca khng kh m Xc nh trng thi khng kh m Xc nh nhit im sng
Ph, mm Hg
t = const
=1
Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm 2.3.2 Tnh ton cho my sy mt cp

(3)
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2 t2 2 i = const 3 3
1
(2)
t3 Q
(1)
t1
X1
X3 X3
Hnh 2.2 : S my sy 1 cp v biu din ca qu trnh sy trn th i-X - on 1-3 : tiu tn nhit q tnh theo phng trnh q = di/dx, gi tr ca n c th c trc tip t th i-X theo ng song song vi ng 1-3 qua trc tng ng ca th i-X. - Nhu cu nhit : ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v cui ca qu trnh. - khng kh sy tip nhn mt lng m cao hn (X3 - X1) th ngi ta cn phi un nng khng kh nhit cao hn (t2 > t2) v nhu cu nhit q cng phi ln hn tc l on thng 1-3. 2.3.3 My sy nhiu cp
i
(5)
2 t2
(2)
(4)
(3) (2) (4)
sn phm
(5) (3)
t3
(1)
(1)
Qbs
X1
X5, X3
Hnh 2.3 : S my sy nhiu cp v biu din ca qu trnh sy trn th i-X
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Nhu cu nhit ring s c tnh theo cng thc : i i i' i q= 5 1 = 3 1 ' x 5 x1 x 3 x1
(2.5)
So snh vi my sy mt cp : - Nhu cu nhit bng nhau nu m ban cui ca khng kh sy ging nhau, trong khi nhit un nng khng kh thp hn nhiu. - Nhu cu nhit nh hn nu nhit un nng khng kh sy ging nhau, trong s thay i di/dx xy ra tng t nh my sy mt cp. 2.3.4 My sy tun hon i
mth (4) (3) (2) (3) (1) sn phm (3) x = const (4) =1
(2)
(2) (1) mKKm
X1
X5, X3
Hnh 2.4 : S my sy tun hon v biu din qu trnh sy trn th i-X - My sy tun hon c s dng vi nhng sn phm nhy cm vi nhit sy v khng kh sy i vo cn c gi trng thi t b thay i, tc l t ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit bn ngoi, khi khng kh mi (khng kh bn ngoi) c hn hp vi mt phn khng kh sy i ra khi my sy - Cn bng hn hp : mKKm + mth = mKK (2.6) i vi lng khng kh sy : i vi hm m : mKKm.X1 + mth.X4 = mKK.X2 (2.7) i vi nng lng : mKKm.i1 + mth.i4 = mKKm.X2 (2.8) - Cn bng nhit lng : mKKm.i1 + Q = (mKK - mth).i4 = mKKm.i4 Q = mKKm.(i4 - i1)

i i Q Q m KKm =q= = l.(i 4 i1 ) = 4 1 . mW m KKm m W x 4 x1
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(2.9)
2.3.5 My sy thc t Q m Q Q = q = l.(i 3 i1 ) bs + G (i Gr i Gv ) i Wv + tt mW mW mW mW
(2.10)
hoc q = l.(i3-i1) - qbs + qG - iWv + qtt (2.11) i vi my sy l thuyt ta c : q = l.(i3-i1), tc l qbs + iWv = qG + qtt I II Nu b qua nhit lin kt ca nc trong sn phm sy : Nu tn tht nhit qtt v tn tht nhit do sn phm trang b vn chuyn mang ra cn bng vi nhit ung nng b sung, qu trnh sy xy ra theo ng hm nhit khng i ngha l I = II Nu qbs=0, th I<II, qu trnh sy xy ra vi hm nhit gim. Nu nhit ung nng b sung ln hn tn tht nhit qtt v qG (nhit un nng sn phm v trang b vn chuyn), qu trnh sy xy ra vi hm nhit tng (I>II).
2.4
CHUYN NG M TRONG SN PHM SY
Qu trnh chuyn m trong vt liu sy bao gm : chuyn di m t bn trong vt liu m ti b mt ca n, m bay hi b mt, chuyn di m dng hi t b mt vt liu n lung khng kh sy bao quanh vt liu sy. m chuyn di t b mt vt liu sy ra mi trng sy chung quanh, cn c n b bng cch chuyn m t bn trong vt liu sy ra n b mt ca n. Lng m bay hi v chuyn t b mt vt liu ra mi trng xung quanh c th tnh theo phng trnh : (kg) (2.14) Wbh = r.(PM - PB).F.T Trong : PM : p sut ring phn ca hi nc trn b mt vt liu sy (N/m2) PB : p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh (N/m2) T : thi gian sy (s;h) r : h s bc hi (kg/N.s hoc kg/m2.h) dn m : l qu trnh chuyn di m bn trong sn phm sy do s chnh lch m gia cc lp b mt v cc lp bn trong ca vt liu sy, c thc hin nh lc khuch tn, thm thu, lc mao qun... Do c dn m m m chuyn di th lng khi m ln hoc th hi khi m b, theo hng t trung tm ra n b mt ca n. Trong giai on vn tc sy khng i, m ch bc hi b mt vt liu sy.
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Sau im ti hn th I, qu trnh bc m xut hin bn trong cc mao qun. Trong giai on vn tc sy gim, m c chuyn t bn trong vt liu ra n b mt thng th hi, m hi ny c to ra "lp bay hi" hay cn gi l "mng sy" su trong vt liu v km theo s khuch tn th lng. Sau im ti hn th II s chuyn di m trong sn phm sy hu nh ch th hi. Lng m chuyn di do m dn m qua b mt F, sau thi gian T, t mt im ca vt liu c m W1 n im khc c m W2 (nu W1>W2), c th xc nh theo biu thc sau : w w (2.15) m w = K w .F.T. 1 2 (kg) b Trong : Kw : h s dn m, ph thuc vo lc lin kt m trong vt liu sy v tnh cht ca vt liu (m2/s). W : m ca vt liu sy kg/kg cht kh. b : khong cch gia hai im c nng m khc nhau (m) Ngoi ra, m cn c th chuyn di nh hin tng dn nhit m. Qu trnh ny c thc hin di tc dng ca nhit khuch tn v s co dn ca khng kh trong cc mao qun, nhit chuyn di theo hng t ni c nhit cao n ni c nhit thp hn, ngha l t b mt nng nht pha ngoi vo su trong vt liu (t ngoi vo trong) v km theo m. Lng m chuyn di qua b mt F v sau thi gian T t im c nhit t1 n im c nhit t2 (vi t1>t2) c th xc nh theo biu thc sau : t t (2.16) m t = K t .F. 1 2 .T (kg) b Trong , Kt : h s dn nhit m [kg/m.s.] b : khong cch gia 2 im trong vt liu c nhit khc nhau t1 v t2 [m] Hin tng dn nhit m lm cn tr chuyn ng ca m t bn trong ra n b mt vt liu sy, r nht l bt u giai on tch m lin kt hp ph v thm thu. Tng kt qa chuyn di m trong qu trnh sy s l (2.17) mw = mw - mt
2.5
VN TC SY
2.5.1 Khi nim v vn tc sy dW u= (kg/m 2 .h) F.dT Trong : W : lng m bay hi trong thi gian sy (kg/h)
(2.12)
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F : tng b mt bay hi ca sn phm sy (m2) T : thi gian sy (h) Nu vn tc sy khng i, khi bit vn tc sy, thi gian sy c th c tnh theo cng thc : G .(w w 2 ) T= k 1 (h ) (2.13) u.F Trong : - Gk : khi lng vt liu sy tnh theo khi lng kh tuyt i (kg/h) - W1, W2 : m ban u v ban cui ca sn phm sy tnh bng kg/kg sn phm kh tuyt i. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian sy : Bn cht ca sn phm sy : cu trc, thnh phn ho hc, c tnh ca lin kt m... Hnh dng v trng thi ca sn phm sy m ban u, ban cui v m ti hn ca sn phm sy. Nhit , m v vn tc ca tc nhn sy. Chnh lch nhit ban u v ban cui ca tc nhn sy. Cu to ca my sy, phng thc sy v ch sy. 2.5.2 Cc giai on vn tc sy : ng cong vn tc sy : biu th quan h gia vn tc sy v m ca sn phm sy, c xc nh bng thc nghim. W (%) A B dW FdT K1 B
K1 C T (h) Hnh 2.5 : ng cong sy W=f(T) Wcb Wth A W (%) Hnh 2.6 : ng cong vn tc sy
Qu trnh sy n m cn bng gm cc giai on chnh : - Giai on t nng sn phm sy, tng ng vi on AB. - Giai on vn tc sy khng i (ng tc), on BK1 . - Giai on vn tc sy gim dn, tng ng vi on K1C.
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- im K1 gi l im ti hn, tng ng vi m ti hn Wth, ti xut hin m t do. Vic xc nh hai giai on sy c ngha quan trng thit lp ch sy ph hp vi tng giai on sy v tng loi sn phm sy. 2.5.3 Tnh ton vn tc sy 2.5.3.1 Giai on vn tc sy khng i m c tch ra ch yu l do bc hi t b mt ca sn phm sy, do : dW = b.dQ, trong b : h s t l. Mt khc, dQ = a.F.(tK - ts).dT Trong : a : h s cp nhit (kcal/m2.) F : b mt trao i nhit (m2) tK : nhit ca khng kh sy (oC) ts : nhit ca sn phm sy (oC) T : thi gian sy trong giai on vn tc sy khng i (s) dW = b.a.F. (tK - ts).dT dW = kt.F. (tK - ts).dT (2.18) 2 Trong : kt [kg/m .s.] = b.a, l h s chuyn khi ph thuc vo nhit . Phng trnh tnh vn tc sy trong giai on ng tc s l : dW u1 = = k t .(t K t s ) [kg/m2.s] (2.19) F.dT ng lc ca qu trnh sy khng ch c biu th bng s chnh lch m, m cn bng s chnh lch nhit gia tc nhn sy v b mt sn phm sy. Ngoi ra n cn c biu din bng hiu s p sut ring phn ca hi nc bo ho ca khng kh Pbh tng ng vi nhit bay hi b mt sn phm sy v p sut ring phn trong khng kh Ph, hoc bng hiu s ca hm m khng kh trn b mt vt liu sy Xbh (c th coi nh hm m ny tng ng vi trng thi bo ho) v hm m ca khng kh sy Xh. 2.5.3.2 Giai on vn tc sy gim dn (thay i) Qu trnh sy xy ra l phc tp. ng cong sy c th cong u hoc c im un. n gin ho v vi mc gn ng, ngi ta c th coi nh vn tc sy gim theo ng thng. ng lc ca qu trnh sy l hiu s gia m ca sn phm sy v m cn bng ca n v phng trnh c dng : dW2 u2 = = k w .(W Wcb ) (kg/m2.h) (2.20) F.dt Trong : W : m ca sn phm sy (kg/kg cht kh) Wcb : m cn bng ca SP sy (kg/kg cht kh)
Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm kw : h s chuyn khi (kg/m2.h)
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2.5.4 Tnh ton thi gian sy Thi gian sy l mt thng s c bit quan trng c s dng trong tnh ton thit k v vn hnh thit b sy. Thi gian sy ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh loi vt liu sy, hnh dng, kch thc hnh hc ca vt liu, m u v cui ca vt liu, loi thit b sy, phng php cp nhit, ch sy. Do vic xc nh thi gian sy bng gii tch gp nhiu kh khn. V vy trong tnh ton thc t cc thit b sy thi gian c xc nh theo thc nghim v c theo kinh nghim vn hnh. Tuy nhin trong nghin cu cc thit b sy mi v sy cc vt liu khi cha c kinh nghim ngi ta phi da vo l thuyt gii tch hoc na gii tch na thc nghim tnh ton thi gian sy. Nguyn tc xc nh thi gian sy bng gii tch : 1- Xy dng m hnh vt l ph hp vi vt liu cn sy v vi mt thit b sy no ph hp vi phng php cp nhit v ch sy. 2- T m hnh vt l thit lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton truyn nhit truyn cht, ngha l vit h phng trnh truyn nhit truyn cht cng vi cc iu kin n tr tng ng. Trong h phng trnh truyn nhit truyn cht phi th hin m hnh vt l mt cch ton din, chnh xc nhng cng lc b nhng nhn t ph m hnh ton hc n gin v c th gii c. 3- Gii m hnh ton hc xc nh thi gian sy Do trong m hnh vt l v c m hnh ton hc c b i mt s nhng yu t v vy thi gian sy xc nh bng gii tch s sai khc vi thc t, cho nn cn phi tri qua thc nghim chnh l cho ph hp. 2.6 PHNG PHP V THIT B SY Sy c th c chia ra hai loi : sy t nhin v sy bng thit b (sy nhn to). Sy t nhin : qu trnh phi vt liu ngoi tri, khng c s dng thit b. Cc phng php sy nhn to thc hin trong cc thit b sy. C nhiu phng php sy nhn to khc nhau. Cn c vo phng php cung cp nhit c th chia ra cc loi : sy i lu, sy bc x, sy tip xc, sy thng hoa, sy bng in trng dng cao tn, sy in tr... 2.6.1 Phi v sy bng nng lng mt tri Sy bng cch phi nng (khng c s dng thit b sy) c s dng rng ri nht trong ch bin nng sn.
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Trong cc phng php phc tp hn (sy bng nng lng mt tri), nng lng mt tri c thu nhn lm nng khng kh. Sau khng kh nng c s dng sy. Thit b sy bng nng lng mt tri c th phn ra cc loi sau : + thit b sy trc tip c tun hon kh t nhin (gm thit b thu nng lng kt hp vi bung sy). + thit b sy trc tip c b phn thu nng lng ring bit. + thit b sy gin tip c dn nhit cng bc (thit b thu nng lng v bung sy ring bit). 2.6.1.1 u im cng ngh n gin, chi ph u t v vn hnh thp. khng i hi cung cp nng lng ln v nhn cng lnh ngh c th sy lng ln v ma vi chi ph thp. 2.6.1.2 Nhc im kim sot iu kin sy rt km tc sy chm hn so vi vi sy bng thit b, do cht lng sn phm cng km v dao ng hn. qu trnh sy ph thuc vo thi tit v thi gian trong ngy. Hnh 2.7. : S TB sy bng nng i hi nhiu nhn cng. lng mt tri 2.6.1.3 Thit b C nhiu kiu thit k thit b sy bng nng lng mt tri khc nhau. Nhng thit b nh : thng c cng sut nh, tc sy v cht lng ci tin khng ng k so vi phng php sy phi (c m bo v sinh), do t c s dng.
Hnh 2.8 : Thit b sy bng nng lng mt tri c k nguyn liu
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Hnh 2.9 : S h thng sy bng nng lng mt tri c tr nhit Nhng thit b ln hn, c s dng qut chy bng nng lng mt tri vi cng sut 200-400 kg m ang c s dng nhiu cc nc vng a trung hi sn xut tri cy sy xut khu cho th trng chu u. Nng lng mt tri cn c th c dng lm nng trc khng kh cc thit b sy vn hnh bng nhin liu tit kim mt phn nng lng. 2.6.2 Sy i lu 2.6.2.1 Nguyn l hot ng Khng kh nng hoc khi l c dng lm tc nhn sy c nhit , m, tc ph hp, chuyn ng chy trm ln vt sy lm cho m trong vt sy bay hi ri i theo tc nhn sy. Khng kh c th chuyn ng cng chiu, ngc chiu hoc ct ngang dng chuyn ng ca sn phm. Bng 2.1 so snh cc phng php chuyn ng khc nhau ca tc nhn sy. Sy i lu c th thc hin theo m (gin on) hay lin tc. Trn hnh v di l s nguyn l sy i lu bng khng kh nng.
Hnh 2.10 :
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Sn phm sy c th ly ra khi bung sy theo m hoc lin tc tng ng vi np vo. Caloriphe 2 t nng khng kh c th l loi caloriphe in, caloriphe hi nc v.v... Kt cu thc ca h thng rt a dng, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh : ch lm vic, dng vt sy, p sut lm vic, cch nung nng khng kh, chuyn ng ca tc nhn sy, s lm vic, cu trc bung sy... Bng 2.1 :So snh cc hnh thc chuyn ng khc nhau ca tc nhn sy. Hng chuyn u im Nhc im ng TNS Cng chiu Tc sy ban u cao, t b co kh t c m cui thp ngt, t trng thp, sn phm t v khng kh ngui v m h hng, t nguy c h hng do thi qua sn phm sy. VSV Ngc chiu Nng lng c s dng kinh t Sn phm d b co ngt, h hn, m cui cng thp hn. hng do nhit. C nguy c h hng VSV do khng kh m, m gp nguyn liu t. Dng kh thot Kt hp u im ca sy cng Phc tp v t tin hn so trung tm chiu v ngc chiu nhng vi sy mt chiu. khng bng sy bng dng kh thi ct ngang. Dng kh thi Kim sot iu kin sy linh hot u t trang b, vn hnh v ct ngang bng cc vng nhit c kim bo dng thit b phc tp sot ring bit; tc sy cao v t tin. i vi qu trnh sy chi ph nng lng l yu t chnh nh hng n hiu qu kinh t sn xut, v vy khi thit k, cn ch n cc bin php lm gim s tht thot nhit, tit kim nng lng. V d : cch nhit bung sy v h thng ng dn. tun hon kh thi qua bung sy s dng thit b trao i nhit thu hi nhit t khng kh thot ra ung nng khng kh hoc nguyn liu vo. s dng nhit trc tip t la t kh t nhin v t cc l t c c cu lm gim nng kh oxit nit. sy thnh nhiu giai on (v d : kt hp sy tng si vi sy thng hoc sy phun kt hp vi sy tng si). c c trc nguyn liu lng n nng cht rn cao nht c th.
Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm kim sot t ng m khng kh bng my tnh. Cc tiu chun chn la thit b sy c m t trong bng 2.2.
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2.6.2.2 Thit b sy i lu Thng sy (bin dryer) Cu to : l mt thng cha hnh tr hoc hnh hp c y dng li. Khng kh nng thi ln t pha y ca nguyn liu vi vn tc tng i thp (v d : 0,5 m/s). ng dng : - do c sc cha ln, gi thnh v chi ph hot ng thp chng c s dng ch yu sy kt thc sau khi sn phm c sy trc bng cc thit b sy khc. Chng c th c dng cn bng m sn phm sau khi sy. Yu cu i vi nguyn liu : do thit b sy c th cao vi mt, yu cu nguyn liu phi cng c hc chng li sc p, duy tr khong trng gia cc ht, gip khng kh nng c th xuyn qua c. Bung sy : Cu to : gm c mt bung cch nhit vi cc khay li hoc t l, mi khay cha mt lp mng nguyn liu (dy 2-6cm). Khng kh nng thi vo vi tc 0,5-5 m/s qua h thng ng dn v van i hng cung cp khng kh ng nht qua cc khay. Cc thit b un nng ph tr c th c t thm pha trn hoc dc bn cc khay tng tc sy. ng dng : - dng trong sn xut nh (1-20 tn/ngy) hoc trong th nghim. Chng c gi thnh, chi ph bo dng thp v c th s dng linh hot sy cc loi nguyn liu khc nhau. Tuy nhin, iu kin sy tng i kh kim sot v cht lng sn phm dao ng do s phn phi nhit n nguyn liu khng ng u. L sy y l nhng to nh 2 tng trong sn nh c git g mng c t pha trn l t. Khng kh nng v sn phm chy t l t xuyn qua lp nguyn liu c dy n 20 cm. Chng c s dng theo truyn thng sy to M hoc hoa hp-lng chu u, tuy nhin vic kim sot iu kin sy rt kh khn v thi gian sy tng i lu. Do yu cu phi o sn phm thng xuyn, vic cht nguyn liu v tho d sn phm c thc hin bng th cng nn chi ph nhn cng cao. Tuy vy, chng c u im l sc cha ln, d xy dng v bo dng vi chi ph thp.
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Bng 2.2 : Cc phng php sy v tiu chun chn la.

Phng php sy Thp sy Bung sy Bng chuyn Tang trng Thm bt Tng si M/ lin tc B B C C C B/C Rn/ Lng S S S S L S c tnh nguyn liu m Nhy du cm nhit Thp Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Kch thc TrL TrL TrL Nh Nh Cng c hc C Tc sy Chm Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Nhanh Tr.bnh iu kin sy m cui Nng sut bay hi ti a tiu biu Thp Tr.bnh 55-75 Tr.bnh 1820 Tr.bnh Thp 410 910 V d sn phm
L sy Sy in trng dng cao tng Kh ng Bc x Thng quay Spin flash Sy phun Nng lng mt tri Hm Bng chuyn/ k chn khng
B B/C
S S
Tr.bnh Thp
TrL Nh
Chm Nhanh
Tr.bnh Thp
Rau c Rau c, tri cy ng cc, tri cy, bnh ko, bch quy, rau c, ht u dch st, xi r ng, khoai ty n lin, gelatin nc p tri cy u, rau c dng mng hoc dng cc, ht la, bt hoc sn phm p n, tri cy, du kh, gia v to dng lt, dng nhn, hp lng cc loi bnh t bt m
C C B/C C C B C C
S S S L S S S L
Thp Thp Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh
C C C
Nh Nh Nh TrL/Nh TrL TrL TrL
C C
Nhanh Nhanh Tr.bnh Nhanh Nhanh Chm Tr.bnh Chm
Thp Tr.bnh Thp Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Thp
15900 1820-5450 7800 15900 18200
tinh bt, bt sp, cho khoai ty cc loi bnh t bt m ht cacao, lc, ng cc chn, pasta, c ph ho tan, sa bt tri cy, rau c tri cy, rau c nc p tri cy, chit xt tht, mu s c la
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Hm sy Cu to : cc khay cha nguyn liu c cht ln cc xe gong, c lp trnh chuyn ng qua hm cch nhit c tc nhn sy chuyn ng theo mt hoc nhiu hng khc nhau nh m t trong bng 2.1. Sn phm sau khi ra khi hm c th c sy kt thc trong cc thng sy. Mt hm sy tiu biu di 20 m c 12-15 xe gong vi tng sc cha 5000 kg nguyn liu. ng dng : do kh nng sy lng ln nguyn liu trong mt thi gian tng i ngn, chng c s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, phng php ny hin b thay th bng phng php sy bng chuyn v sy tng si do hiu sut nng lng ca sy hm thp hn, chi ph lao ng cao hn v cht lng sn phm khng tt bng hai phng php nu sau. Sy bng chuyn Cu to : l thit b lm vic lin tc, c th di n 20m, rng 3m. Nguyn liu c t trn mt bng chuyn li c y su 5-15 cm. Dng kh lc u c hng t di ln qua y ca nguyn liu v cc giai Hnh 2.11 : Cc hnh thc chuyn ng ca on sau c hng xung tc nhn sy trong hm sy. di sn phm khi b thi ra a) cng chiu b) ngc chiu c) kt hp cng - ngc chiu d) ct ngang khi bng chuyn. cc thit b sy 2 hoc 3 giai on nguyn liu sau khi c sy mt phn s c xo trn v cht ng li vo cc bng chuyn k tip su hn (n 15-25 cm hoc 250-900 cm cc my sy 3 giai on), nh ci tin c tnh ng nht ca qu trnh sy v tit kim c khng gian. Sn phm thng c sy n m 10-15 % v sau c sy kt thc thng sy. Thit b sy c th c cc khu vc sy c lp vi nhau c kim sot bng my tnh v h thng t ng np nguyn liu v tho sn phm gim chi ph nhn cng.
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ng dng : - do iu kin sy c kim sot tt v nng sut cao nn thng c dng sy sn phm quy m ln (v d : n 5,5 tn/h). - ng dng trong phng php sy thm bt : nguyn liu dng lng c chuyn thnh dng bt bn bng cch cho thm tc nhn to bt v c ho kh nit hoc khng kh. Nguyn liu dng bt c tri ln bng chuyn c l n dy 2-3 mm v c sy nhanh trong 2 giai on bng dng kh thi cng chiu v sau ngc chiu. Sy thm bt nhanh khong gp 3 ln so vi sy cht lng c dy tng t. Lp thm xp mng ca sn phm sy sau c nghin thnh bt d chy, c tnh hi nguyn rt tt. Qu trnh sy nhanh v nhit sn phm thp gip cho cht lng ca sn phm tt, nhng khi sn xut vi nng sut cao i hi din tch b mt ln, chi ph do cng cao. My sy thng quay (rotary dryer) Cu to : mt thng cha kim loi hnh tr hi nghing (khong 5o) quay trn quanh trc c gn vi cc cnh hng bn trong nguyn liu xung xuyn qua dng kh chuyn ng cng chiu hoc ngc chiu qua my sy. Din tch b mt ca nguyn liu c phi by ti a trong khng kh nn tc sy cao v cht lng sn phm sy ng u. ng dng : - c bit thch hp cc loi nguyn liu c khuynh hng b ri hoc dnh vo nhau trong bng chuyn hoc khay Tuy nhin, do s h hi do va p, c xt trong my, chng ch ch s dng cho tng i t loi phm (v d : sy ht u, ht cacao ...). cho
sy. hn sn Hnh 2.12 : S h thng sy thng quay
Sy tng si (fluidized bed dryer) Cu to : my sy tng si gm mt thit b phn phi khng kh ng u quanh phn y ca nguyn liu; mt bung thng gi vo to ra mt vng kh ng nht, ngn nga tc cao cc b; v mt vng thot kh pha trn tng si nhng phn t b gi cun ln thot ra. Khng kh thot ra t tng si thng c thi vo cc xiclon tch nhng phn t mn, sau chng c a tr li vo sn phm hoc c lm kt cc. Pha trn ca h thng phn phi kh, cc khay li c cha lp nguyn liu dng ht c b dy n 15 cm. Khng kh nng thi xuyn qua lp nguyn liu lm chng l lng v rung ng mnh, phi by ti a din tch b mt nguyn liu (hnh v ). Nhng my sy kiu ny gn v kim sot tt iu kin sy v tc sy cao.
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Hnh 2.13 : Thit b sy tng si dng trong sy ng
ng dng : Cc thit b sy tng si lm vic theo m c s dng trong sn xut nh, trong , sn phm c xo trn mnh nn m ca sn phm ng nht. Thit b sy lin tc c cc khay rung chuyn sn phm t khay ny sang khay k tip di tc dng ca trng trng. m ca sn phm sy dao ng trong phm vi rng hn v thng c kt hp vi thng sy. Cc p dng chnh bao gm sy cc loi nguyn liu dng ht nh c kh nng si m khng b h hi c hc qu mc nh men kh, da kh, thc la,
gia v, c ph ho tan, ng, tr... Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu kiu thit k khc ca phng php sy tng si nh : - my sy Torbed, trong lp nguyn liu si xung quanh mt bung sy "hnh chn ct" do khng kh nng thi trc tip t bung t ln (hnh v ). My sy c tc truyn khi v truyn nhit rt cao, thi gian sy rt ngn mt cch ng k. Thit b c b vi x l kim sot qu trnh sy v chng c th c s dng nng, rang nguyn liu dng ht. - my sy spin-flash, trong bung sy c gn vi rotor y. Khng kh nng c thi vo theo phng tip tuyn vo bung sy v di tc ng ca rto khng kh chuyn ng xoy ln trn. Cc mu nguyn liu, nh l tht cua nho, bnh c ca hoc ko gm, khi vo bung sy s b bt sy kh dnh vo. Nhng Hnh 2.14 : My sy tng si cc ny ri xung y chng b si do Torbed khng kh thi v b quay bi r to. Khi kh, nhng cc ny v ra thnh bt v c mang ln trn thnh bung sy v ly ra qua cc l phn loi c kch c thay i c. - my sy tng si ly tm
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My sy kh ng Nguyn l hot ng : bt m hoc nguyn liu dng ht, thng thng m di 40 % v kch thc ht trong phm vi 10-500 m, c np vo h thng ng dn bng kim loi v b Hnh 2.15 : My sy spin-flash thi l lng trong khng kh nng. cc my sy thng ng, dng kh c iu chnh sao cho cc ht nh v nh hn, tc l s kh nhanh hn, c a n thit b tch xiclon trc, cn nhng ht m v nng hn phi lu li trong ng sy trng thi l lng lu hn t n m yu cu. i vi nhng sn phm i hi thi gian lu lu, h thng ng sy c dng vng (my sy kh ng dng vng) v nguyn liu c quay vng cho n khi chng kh. Nhng my sy dng vng c nhit sy cao, thi gian sy ngn c s dng lm n tinh bt trong khoai ty, c rt, to
Hnh 2.16 : H thng sy kh ng dng ng ra cu trc xp v rn gip ci tin c tc sy cho cc phng php sy thng thng khc giai on sy sau v gip qu trnh hi nguyn nhanh. Qu trnh sy ko di 2-10 giy, v th chng thch hp cho cc sn phm mt m nhanh trn b mt. Qu trnh lm lnh do bay hi ca ht ngn nga s h hi v nhit, gip sn phm c cht lng cao. ng dng : my sy kh ng c vn v chi ph bo dng tng i thp, tc sy cao v iu kin sy c kim sot cht ch. Chng thch hp vi cc nguyn liu nhy cm vi nhit. Nng sut u ra
Hnh 2.17 : S h thng sy kh ng dng vng
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ca sn phm khong t 10kg/h n 25 tn/h. Chng thng c dng sau khi sy phun to ra nhng sn phm c m thp hn so vi bnh thng (v d : sa c bit, bt trng, khoai ty dng cc). My sy phun Mt h phn tn mn ca nguyn liu c c c trc (40-60 % m) c phun hnh thnh nhng git mn, ri vo trong dng kh nng cng chiu hoc ngc chiu nhit 150-300 oC trong mt bung sy ln. Cc kiu vi phun sau c s dng : - Vi phun ly tm : cht lng c np vo gia tm ca chn hoc a quay c vn tc ngoi vi 90-200 ms-1. Cc git lng ng knh 50-60 m c bn xung t mp ra to thnh lp git lng u. - Vi phun p sut : cht lng b cng bc di p sut cao (700-2000 kPa) qua mt k h nh to nn nhng git lng c kch thc 180-250 (m. - Vi phun kh ng : khng kh c s dng phun dung dch. Trc ht khng kh qua ng phun tng tc ri thi ra ming phun, cht lng c a n ming vi bng bm. Khng kh c tc cao s thi dung dch vng ra thnh ht nh. Vi phun l d b nght bi cc ht nguyn liu v nguyn liu cng mi mn dn dn cc khe l lm rng l ra do tng kch thc trung bnh ca cc git lng. Qu trnh sy xy ra nhanh (1-10 giy) do din tch b mt ca nhng git lng rt ln. Tc np liu c kim sot sao cho nhit khng kh ra 90-100 oC, tng ng vi nhit bu t (v nhit sn phm) 40-50 oC sn phm t b h hi. Bt kh thu c y thit b sy v c ly i bng vt ti C nhiu kiu thit k khc nhau v vi phun, bung sy, h thng t nng khng kh v h thng thu hi bt, xut pht t yu cu ca rt nhiu loi nguyn liu sy phun khc nhau (v d : sa, trng, c ph, ca cao, ch, khoai ty, hn hp kem , bt yaourt, pho mt, tc nhn lm trng c ph, nc p tri cy, gia v ng gi v tinh bt ng, la m). Cc thit b sy phun cng c th c gn vi thit b sy tng si sy kt thc sn phm thu c t bung sy. Thit b sy phun khc nhau v kch c t cc thit k mc th nghim sy nhng sn phm khi lng nh, gi tr cao nh enzym, gia v cho n cc thit k sn xut quy m ln dng trong thng mi vi nng sut n 10.000 kg sa sy/gi. u im ln l qu trnh sy nhanh, sn xut lin tc quy m ln, chi ph nhn cng thp, vn hnh v bo dng tng i n gin. Hn ch chnh l chi ph u t cao, yu cu m ban u cao bo m nguyn liu c th bm n thit b to git lng. iu ny dn n chi ph nng lng cao hn ( tch m) v tht thot cc cht d bay hi cao hn. Thit b sy bng chuyn v sy tng si ang bt u thay ch sy phun do chng gn hn v c hiu qa s dng nng lng tt hn.
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2.6.3 My sy tip xc (contact dryer) nhit c cung cp bng dn nhit u im chnh so vi sy i lu : + khng cn thit phi un nng lng ln khng kh trc khi sy do hiu qu nhit cao hn. + qu trnh sy c th thc hin khng cn s c mt ca oxy nn cc thnh phn d b oxy ho ca nguyn liu c bo v. Nhu cu nhit ring thng thng l 2000-3000 kJ/kg nc bay hi so vi 4000-10.000 kJ/kg nc bay hi ca my sy i lu. Tuy nhin, thc phm c dn nhit thp, tr thnh kh hn nn kh dn nhit hn trong qu trnh sy, v vy cn phi sy lp mng nhit dn nhanh, trnh gy h hi cho sn phm. Sy tang trng (sy trc ln) (roller dryer)
Hnh 2.18 : S thit b sy tang trng trc n
Hnh 2.19 : S thit b sy tang trng trc kp
Cc trc rng bng thp quay chm c un nng bn trong bng hi nc p sut cao n 120-170 oC. Mt lp mng nguyn liu c tri u ln b mt bn ngoi bng phng php nhng, phun, tri hoc bng cc trc ln np liu ph. Trc khi trc ln hon thnh 1 vng quay (khong 20 giy n 3 pht) sn phm sy c co ra bng li dao tip xc u vi mt trc theo chiu di ca n. Thit b sy c th c 1 trc, 2 trc hoc trc kp. Thit b n trc c s dng rng ri, v chng linh ng, t l din tch b mt trc s dng sy ln, d dng tip cn bo dng v khng c nguy c b h hi do kim loi ri vo gia hai trc. Thit b sy trc c tc sy cao, hiu qu nng lng cao, chng thch hp vi nguyn liu dng st c kch thc cc cu t ln qu mc c th sy phun c. Sy trc ln dng trong sn xut khoai ty dng mnh (flake), ng cc nu sn, mt ng, xp bt, pu r tri cy v sa tch kem (whey). Tuy nhin, do gi thnh trc ln cao v thnh phn nguyn liu nhy cm nhit d b h hi, nn trong sn xut ln chng b thay th bng phng php sy phun.
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Sy bng qu cu nng Bung sy c gn vi vt ti quay chm c cha cc qu cu bng s, c lm nng bng khng kh nng, thi vo bung sy. Nguyn liu dng vin, cc c sy ch yu do s dn nhit do s tip xc vi nhng qu cu nng v c dch chuyn qua bung sy bng vt ti, thot ra y. Thi gian sy c kim sot bng tc vt ti v nhit ca nhng qu cu nng. My sy bng chuyn chn khng v k sy chn khng (vacuum band dryer, vacuum shelf dryer)
Hnh 2.20 : S thit b sy bng chuyn chn khng Nguyn liu di dng st c tri hoc phun ln 1 bng chuyn thp chy qua 2 trc ln rng trong 1 bung chn khng c p sut 1-70 mmHg. Lc u nguyn liu c sy bng trc ln c lm nng bng hi nc v sau bng ng xon trao i nhit c hi nc lm nng hoc cc thit b cp nhit bc x t pha trn cc bng chuyn. Sn phm sy c lm ngui bng trc ln th 2 c nc lnh trong v c tch ra bng li dao. K sy chn khng gm cc k t trong 1 bung chn khng vi p st 1-70 mmHg. Nguyn liu c t thnh 1 lp mng trn cc khay thp phng c lm cn thn m bo s tip xc tt vi cc k. Hi nc hoc nc nng chy qua cc k cp nhit cho qu trnh sy. Qu trnh sy nhanh v s h hi do nhit n sn phm c hn ch gip cho 2 phng php ny thch hp vi cc nguyn liu nhy cm vi nhit. Tuy nhin, cn cn thn trnh sn phm khi b chy trn cc khay trong cc k sy chn khng v s co ngt lm gim s tip xc gia nguyn liu vi b mt nng c 2 thit b. Chng c gi thnh cao, chi ph vn hnh cao v nng sut thp, c dng ch yu sn xut cc sn phm sy phng (puff dried).
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Sy n phng (explosion puff drying) Bao gm sy s b nguyn liu n m trung bnh, sau ng kn n trong bung p sut. Nhit v p sut trong bung tng ln n mc no th c "gii phng" tc th. Do p sut gim nhanh, sn phm n ra, to mt cu trc xp mn. iu ny gip cho qu trnh sy kt thc sau v qu trnh hi nguyn ca sn phm xy ra nhanh hn. Gi tr dinh dng v cm quan cng c lu gi tt. Phng php ny lc u ch c p dng i vi loi sn phm ng cc n phng dng cho im tm, nhng dn nay chng c p dng cho mt lot sn phm rau v tri cy sy. 2.6.4 Sy thng hoa Sy thng hoa l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt sy bng s thng hoa ca nc. Qu trnh thng hoa l qu trnh chuyn trc tip t th rn sang th hi. iu kin bnh thng, m trong thc phm dng lng, nn thng hoa chng cn c chuyn sang th rn bng phng php lnh ng. Chnh v vy nn cn gi l phng php Sy lnh ng (Freeze Drying hay Lyophillisation). Qu trnh sy thng hoa bao gm hai giai on : lm lnh ng v tip theo sy kh bng chn khng thp. C hai h thng u hot ng rt tn km v khi thit b sy thng hoa hot ng theo m, chi ph vn hnh cng tng cao. Hin nay c cc thit b lm vic lin tc, nhng chi ph u t rt cao. V vy phng php sy thng hoa ch hn ch s dng i vi cc sn phm t tin, nhng sn phm m khng th sy c bng cc phng php khc. Bn cnh khng phi bt k nguyn liu no cng c th sy bng phng php lnh ng. i vi nhng nguyn liu c cu trc d b h hi trong qu trnh lnh ng th sn phm sy thng hoa khi hi nguyn s c kt cu ti. Sy thng hoa, nht l phng php sy nhanh (AFD : accelerated freeze drying) c p dng rng ri M sy cc loi nguyn liu t tin nh tht gia sc, gia cm ... Ngoi ra n cn c s dng sy cc sn phm khc nh : c ph, gia v, trong dc phm v.v... 2.6.4.1 Cc giai on ca sy thng hoa Giai on lm lnh ng Giai on u tin ca qu trnh sy thng hoa l lm lnh ng sn phm. Qu trnh lm lnh ng bng thc hin bng hai cch. Cch th nht trong thit b lm lnh ng thng thng hoc nit lng lm lnh ng sn phm bn ngoi bung sy thng hoa. Cch th hai l vt sy t lnh ng ngay trong bung sy thng hoa khi bung sy c ht chn khng. Sn phm cn c lm lnh ng rt nhanh hnh thnh cc tinh th bng nh t gy h hi n cu trc t bo ca sn phm. i vi sn phm dng lng, phng lm
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lm lnh ng chm c s dng bng to thnh tng lp, cc lp ny to nn cc knh gip cho hi nc dch chuyn d dng. Giai on thng hoa Giai on k tip l tch nc trong sut qu trnh sy tip theo lm kh sn phm. Nu p sut hi nc c gi di 4,58 mmHg (610,5 Pa) v nc dng bng, khi sn phm c cung cp nhit, th bng rn s thng hoa trc tip thnh hi m khng b tan chy (hnh v : th 3 pha ca nc). Hi nc tip tc c tch ra khi sn phm bng cch gi cho p sut trong bung sy thng hoa thp hn p sut hi nc trn b mt ca bng, ng thi tch hi nc bng my bm chn khng v ngng t n dt bng cc ng xon rut g lnh, cc bn lnh hoc bng ho cht. Khi qu trnh sy Nhit tip din, b mt thng hoa di chuyn vo bn trong sn phm ng lnh, lm Hnh 2.21 : S 3 pha ca nc sn phm c sy kh. Nhit lng cn thit dch chuyn b mt thng hoa (n nhit thng hoa) c truyn n sn phm do s dn nhit hoc do vi sng cung cp. Hi nc di chuyn ra khi sn phm qua cc knh c hnh thnh do bng thng hoa v c ly i. Nh vy, nu khng tnh qu trnh mt m trong phng php vt m t lnh ng trong bung sy khi ht chn khng th sn phm c sy trong hai giai on : trc tin do qu trnh thng hoa xung khong 15 % m v sau do bay hi ca phn nc khng ng bng n 2% m bng qu trnh nh m ng nhit. Qu trnh nh m ng nhit (desorption) t c bng cch nng nhit my sy ln gn nhit mi trng xung quanh trong khi vn gi p sut thp ging nh qu trnh sy cc thit b sy chn khng thng thng. ng cong sy p sut
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Hnh v 2.21 l ng cong sy v ng cong nhit t, W ca vt sy trong qu trnh sy thng hoa trong vt sy t A lnh ng trong bung sy. Khi ht chn khng, p sut trong bung sy gim xung, m t do t bay hi mnh lm gim nhanh nhit ca n xung n nhit ng bng tB ca m C D (ng A-B). Qu trnh ng W tB bng ca m c to nhit nn B nhit ca vt sy tng ln mt cht (B-C). Qu trnh Hnh 2.22 : ng cong sy v nhit sy thng hoa m din ra khc vi trong sy thng hoa. qu trnh sy th nht (tc khng i) trong sy i lu l nhit tng ln mt t theo thi gian sy (on C-D dc ln). iu c gii thch l lp su bn trong vt sy cn c m ang ng bng. Giai on sy tip theo l giai on bay hi m lin kt, nhit ca vt sy tng nhanh. Trong mt s sn phm (v d nc p tri cy, dch chit c ph c c), s hnh thnh nn trng thi thu tinh trong qu trnh ng bng gy ra nhiu kh khn cho vic di chuyn hi nc. V vy, cht lng cn c ng bng dng bt (phng php sy thng hoa bt : vacuum puff freeze drying), hoc l nc p tri cy sy cng vi phn tht (ci). C hai phng php u to nn cc knh nh hi nc c th thot i c. phng php th ba, nc tri cy sau khi ng bng c nghin thnh cc, nh sy nhanh hn v cho php kim sot kch c ca ht bt tt hn. Tc sy ph thuc phn ln vo tnh cn tr nhit ca sn phm v mc thp hn vo cn tr dng hi (dch chuyn khi) ra khi b mt thng hoa. 2.6.4.2 Tc truyn nhit C ba phng php truyn nhit n b mt thng hoa. Nhit truyn xuyn qua cc lp ng bng. Tc truyn nhit ph thuc vo dy v dn nhit ca lp bng. Khi qu trnh sy xy ra, chiu dy ca lp bng gim xung v tc truyn nhit tng ln. Nhit b mt ca thit b cp nhit c gii hn trnh lm tan bng. Nhit truyn qua lp kh. Tc truyn nhit n b mt thng hoa ph thuc vo chiu dy v din tch b mt ca sn phm, dn nhit ca lp kh v chnh lch nhit gia b mt ca sn phm v b mt bng. Khi p sut bung sy khng i, nhit ca b mt bng duy tr
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khng i. Lp kh ca sn phm c dn nhit rt thp (tng t nh vt liu cch nhit) v v th gy ra s cn tr ln vi dng nhit. Khi qu trnh sy tip din, lp ny tr nn dy hn v s cn tr nhit tng ln. Lm gim kch thc nguyn liu v tng chnh lch nhit s lm tng tc truyn nhit. Tuy nhin, sy thng hoa, nhit b mt b gii hn n 40-65 oC trnh s bin tnh protein v cc thay i ho hc khc, c th lm gim cht lng ca sn phm. Truyn nhit bng vi sng. Nhit c to ra trn b mt bng v tc truyn nhit khng b nh hng bi dn nhit ca bng v cht kh hay dy ca lp kh. Tuy nhin, nhit vi sng kh kim sot v c nguy c b tnh trng qa nng cc b dn n s tan chy bng. 2.6.4.3 Tc truyn khi Khi nhit truyn ti b mt thng hoa, nhit v p sut hi nc ca bng c tng ln. Hi nc di chuyn xuyn qua cht kh n vng c p sut hi thp trong bung sy. p sut 67 Pa, 1g bng hnh thnh 2 m3 hi v do , my sy thng hoa cn phi ly i hng trm mt khi hi trong 1 giy qua cc l hng ca cht kh. Cc yu t kim sot chnh lch p sut hi nc l : - p sut trong bung sy - nhit ca thit b ngng t hi, c hai cn thp n mc chi ph cho php. - nhit ca bng b mt thng hoa, cn cng cao cng tt nhng khng tan chy. Trong thc t m bo tnh kinh t, p sut bung sy thp nht vo khong 13 Pa v nhit thit b ngng t thp nht l khong -35 oC. V l thuyt, nhit ca bng cn nng ln mc ch va di im ng bng. Tuy nhin, trn mt nhit ti hn nht nh, gi l nhit sp (collapse temperature), cu trc sn phm s b ph hu ngay lp tc. Trong thc t, v th tn ti nhit bng ti a, nhit ngng t ti thiu v p sut bung sy ti thiu v nhng thng s ny kim sot tc chuyn khi. Trong qu trnh sy, m h xung t mc ban u rt cao trong vng lnh ng n mc thp hn lp kh, ph thuc vo p sut hi nc trong bung sy. Khi nhit chuyn qua lp kh, quan h gia p sut trong bung sy v p sut trn b mt bng l : k Pi = Ps + d ( t s t i ) (2.21) b. s Trong , Pi (Pa) l p sut ring phn ca hi nc b mt thng hoa, Ps (Pa) p sut ring phn ca hi nc b mt, kd (Wm-1K-1) : dn nhit ca lp kh, b (kg.s-1.m-1) thm ca ca lp kh, s (J.kg-1) : n nhit thng hoa, ts (oC) : nhit b mt v ti (oC) nhit ti b mt thng hoa. Thi gian sy c th c tnh bng cng thc sau :
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td =
x 2 (M 1 M 2 ) s 8k d ( t s t i )
(2.22)
trong : td (giy) l thi gian sy, x (m) : chiu dy ca sn phm, ( (kg.m-3) : t trng ca cht kh, M1 : m ban u v M2 : m cui cng. Ch rng : thi gian sy t l vi bnh phng dy ca sn phm : do gp i chiu dy sn phm s ko di thi gian sy gp 4 ln. 2.6.4.4 Thit b sy thng hoa Cc my sy thng hoa bao gm mt bung chn khng c cha cc khay ng sn phm v thit b un nng cp n nhit thng hoa. Cc ng xon rut g lnh hoc cc bn dt lnh c s dng ngng t hi nc trc tip thnh bng. Chng c gn vi thit b t ng lm tan bng gi cho b mt ca cc dy xon rut g c trng ti a cho vic ngng t hi nc. iu ny l cn thit bi v phn ln nng lng u vo c dng lm lnh ng cc thit b ngng t v v th tnh kinh t ca sy thng hoa c xc nh bi hiu sut ca thit b ngng t : Nhit thng hoa Hiu sut = (2.23) Nhit tc nhn lm lnh thit b ngng t Bm chn khng tch i cc thnh phn hi khng ngng t.
Hnh 2.23 : S cu to hm sy thng hoa 2.6.4.5 nh hng qu trnh sy thng hoa n cht lng sn phm Sn phm sy thng hoa lu li rt tt cc c tnh cm quan v cht lng dinh dng v thi gian bo qun di khi c bao gi ng cch. Cc cht d bay hi khng
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b cun vo hi nc sinh ra trong qu trnh thng hoa m b mc li trong khung sn phm. Kt qu l 80-90 % mi c gi li. Kt cu ca sn phm c tt : t b co ngt v khng b hin tng cng v. Cu trc xp cho php qu trnh lm t tr li nhanh chng v hon ton, nhng n d v v cn bo v trnh b h hi c hc. Ch c nhng thay i nh v cht lng protein, tinh bt v cc hydrocacbon khc. Tuy nhin cu trc xp ca sn phm c th cho oxy xm nhp v gy oxy ho lipit. V vy, sn phm c bao gi trong kh tr. Nhng thay i ca thiamin v axit ascorbic trong qu trnh sy thng hoa mc va phi v s tht thot ca cc vitamin khc khng ng k (xem bng). Tuy nhin, s tht thot cc cht dinh dng do cc qu trnh chun b trc khi sy, c bit l chn hp rau c th nh hng ng k n cht lng dinh dng ca sn phm sy thng hoa. Bng 2.3 : Tn tht vitamin trong qu trnh sy thng hoa Tht thot (%) Thc phm Vitamin Vitamin Thiamin Riboflavin Axit Niacin Axit C A folic Pantothenic u xanh 26-60 0-24 0 10 u H lan 8-30 5 0 0 10 Nc cam 3 3-5 Tht b 2 0 + 0 13 Tht heo <10 0 0 56 2.6.5 My sy bc x Trong nht ch yu c truyn n vt liu sy qua bc x ca ngun nhit, v d : bng n vi cng sut ln, in tr...m bay hi vo dng tc nhn sy ri ra ngoi. Thng thng cc vt bc x c lp c nh ngay trn b mt ca lp vt sy. Vt sy chuyn ng lin tc nh bng ti, t chy, dng lu ng kh ht, tng si. qu trnh bay hi m tt v trnh cho vt b nng qu mc, ngi ta dng qut i lu cng bc tc nhn sy. Chnh v vy nn cn gi l h thng sy bc x- i lu. Tc truyn nhit ph thuc vo : - Nhit b mt ca ngun nhit v vt sy - Tnh cht b mt ca ngun nhit v vt sy - Hnh dng ca vt pht v nhn bc x hng ngoi u im : - qu trnh trao i nhit trong sy bc x c cng cao hn nhiu trong sy i lu v sy trn b mt nng; c kh nng tng cng sy giai on th nht, rt hiu qu vi lp vt sy mng. Tu trng hp m thi gian sy c th gim hng chc thm ch c trm ln so vi sy i lu.
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- ch lm nng vt liu sy, khng nh hng n mi trng khng kh xung quanh - phng php sy sch - my sy bc x c cu to n gin, d s dng. Nhc im : - b mt vt sy nng b t nng nhanh, to ra chnh lch nhit ln gia b mt v lp su bn di. iu ny d dn ti cht lng sn phm khng nh mun (cong vnh, nt v, bin mu...). Mun trnh iu trn ta cn c vo tnh cht vt sy, yu cu ca sn phm sy m s dng ngun tia bc x, iu chnh cng bc x v thi gian bc x cho ph hp. My sy bc x cn trang b cc thit b bo v, iu chnh ch sy, quan tm thng xuyn c sn phm tt v khng b ho hon. - khng kinh t bng my sy i lu nn t c s dng. Thit b : Thng thng ngi ta dng vt pht nng lng bc x lin tc v cng cao thuc vng quang ph hng ngoi vi bc sng = 0,77-300 m. c cc tia bc x, ta c th dng nhiu loi thit b bc x khc nhau nh : - n gng : dy tc n l vonfram, cng sut t (150-500 W). Nhit n l (2300 100) oK. H s hiu dng nng lng l 70 %. n c nhc im d v, qun tnh nhit km, tn tht nhit ln, chiu khng u. Tuy c cu to n gin, d s dng nhng n t c dng sy cc sn phm thc phm. - n ng thch anh : cu to ca loi ny l dy vonfram xon c t trong tm ca ng thch anh hnh tr, cng sut ca n t (0,1-20) kW. Nhit ca n loi ny l 2800 oK. - Que t bng in : cu to ca que t gm dy hp kim nicrm xon hnh l xo t trong ng kim loi, cch in bng xit manh, oxit nhm hoc ct thch anh. Cng sut ca mi que t t n 25 kW, nhit l 800 oC. y l loi que t thng dng nht. - Vt bc x bng gm : y l loi tin li trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm. Cu to ca n gm dy in tr bng hp kim nicrm c p vo trong lng khi gm. Cng sut ca mi chic l 1 kW vi nhit lm vic t 450-700 oC. m bo bc x c ng u th cc thit b bc x phi c c cu phn x nh pha n. ng dng : - sy sn phm c m thp (v d : ca cao, bt m, la, malt, sn phm bt nho, tr...). Sn phm di chuyn bng bng chuyn qua hm pha di mt dy ngun bc x. Tuy nhin, bc x hng ngoi khng c s dng rng ri nh l ngun nhit duy nht
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sy nhng sn phm dng vin cc ln do n khng xm nhp su vo bn trong sn phm. - Nng lng bc x cng thng c dng cc my sy bng chuyn chn khng v bung sy chn khng, trong sy thng hoa, trong cc l vi sng s dng trong ni tr lm sm mu thc phm. 2.6.6 Sy bng in trng dng cao tn (dielectric) V tr ca sng in trng dng cao tn, vi sng (microwave) trn hnh 2.23. Chng c tn s t 1100 MHz hoc t 300 MHz n 300 GHz i vi vi sng. Theo tho thun quc t, tn s c dng un nng c s dng l 915 Mhz (hoc 896 MHz Hnh 2.24 : Thang sng in trng chu u) v 2450 MHz. Qu trnh lm nng bng in trng dng cao tn Phn ln thc phm c cha mt lng nc ng k. Cu trc phn t nc gm c oxy mang in tch m v 2 nguyn t hydro mang in tch dng, hnh thnh nn lng cc. Khi thc phm c t vo trong mt in trng dng cao tn, lng cc ca phn t nc v mt vi thnh phn ion nh mui n c nh hng chng trong trng (tng t nh nam chm trong t trng). Do trng in tch dao ng rt nhanh thay i t dng sang m v ngc li hng triu ln trong mt giy, cc lng cc ny c thay i theo v qu trnh ny to ra nhit ma st. S tng nhit ca cc phn t nc lm nng cc cu t xung quanh nh qu trnh dn nhit hoc c th i lu. Nhit lng sinh ra ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng nc v mui trong nguyn liu. Nng lng hp th P(W/cm3) c xc nh bng cng thc : P = 55.61x10-14x f Ef Trong : f l tn s bc x (Hz) Ef : lc in trng (V/cm) : loss factor (LF)
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LF ph thuc vo m, nhit , trng thi ng bng hay khng v cng ph thuc vo tn s bc x. Chiu su bc x xm nhp c xc nh bng cng thc :
0 (2.24) D = 1/ 2 2(' ') Trong : 0 : bc sng. Tn s v LF cng thp, chiu su xm nhp cng ln. Nc c LF cao, nn hp th bc x tt. Nc ng bng c LF thp, thu tinh, giy v cc loi bao polyme c LF thp, v vy khng b un nng bng vi sng. Kim loi phn x sng in trng dng cao tn, v vy lm tng hiu qu nng lng ca thit b. u im : khc phc nhng nhc im ca sy i lu : - tc truyn nhit chm, do dn nhit ca nguyn liu kh km. - h hi cc gi tr cm quan v dinh dng do thi gian sy lu v qu nhit b mt. - oxy ho cc sc t v vitamin - gy hin tng cng v. Sy in trng dng cao tn ngn nga s h hi b mt, ci tin s truyn m giai on sau ca qu trnh sy v loi b hin tng cng v. Bc x ch lm nng nhng vng m, khng nh hng n nhng vng khc. Khng cn phi un nng lng ln khng kh v s oxy ho c hn ch ti thiu. Nhc im : chi ph u t ln, quy m nh nn ch gii hn ng dng ca n sy kt thc sn phm. V d : trong sy bt nho : sy s b n 18 % bng i lu, sau kt hp sy i lu vi sy vi sng gim m n 13 %, nh thi gian sy rt ngn t 8h xung cn 90 pht. Trong sy thng hoa, tc truyn nhit n b mt thng hoa km c khc phc bng vic s dng vi sng. Tuy nhin cn kim sot iu kin sy trnh tan bng cc b gy ra vic tan chy dy chuyn lm kt thc qu trnh thng hoa.
2.7 CHN LA MY SY 2.7.1 C s cho vic chn la my sy Mun chn my sy thch hp nht cho mt nguyn liu nht nh t nhiu loi my sy, cn phi xem xt tt c cc thng s quan trng i vi qu trnh lm vic ca my sy. - Tnh cht vt liu sy : Rt t my sy thch hp cho nhiu loi sn phm sy c hnh dng khc nhau. Vic chn la my sy ph thuc vo : hnh dng, kch thc v thnh phn ho hc ca vt liu sy, dng vt liu (dng lt, dng cc, dng bt, dng c, dng lng...). Ngoi ra cn bit
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s thay i hnh dng v trng thi ca vt liu trong qu trnh sy nh s co dm, s rn nt, s phn lp...tnh cht no b thay i mnh nht. Hnh dng, kch thc + i vi nguyn liu giu tinh bt, lp sy dy (thng sy chm) : s dng phng sy, hm sy, thp sy... + i vi vt liu ri, nh v lp sy mng : s dng my sy nhanh, nh my sy phun, my sy kh ng, hoc my sy trc ln. sy nhanh ngi ta c th lm nh, lm mng vt liu trc khi sy. i vi lp sy mng : c th s dng my sy bc x. C th s dng nhng my sy c kt cu c hc c bit phn b u vt liu sy, v d : my sy cnh o, my sy thng quay, my sy a quay...C th kt hp my sy vi my nghin trc vt. Tnh cht m : + bc m t do : dng nhng my sy tun hon tit kim nng lng (c th tch m t do v m dnh t nhanh nht bng ly tm v p). i vi vt liu keo : c th s dng nhng my sy nhanh, sau khi nguyn liu c x l thnh dng bt hoc lp sy mng. + tch nc lin kt ngi ta thng s dng my sy, m sn phm sy chu c nhit cao hn. + Ngi ta cng cn ch n m ban u v ban cui ca sn phm. Nu m cui ca sn phm sy c php cn li tng i cao : c th s dng my sy nhanh. Nu m cui ca sn phm b : thi gian sy lu nn my sy cn cho php ko di thi gian sy ca n. C th phi hp 2 my sy, v d : i vi sn phm dng ri c th kt hp my sy kh ng tc dng nhanh vi my sy thng quay tc dng chm. i vi sn phm dng pasta c th kt hp my sy trc ln vi my sy bng ti. S nhy cm vi nhit ca sn phm sy Nhng vt liu cho php s dng nhit cao : c th dng loi my sy c tc nhn sy l khi l. Tit gia sc, cc cht chit t ng thc vt cn phi sy trng thi n ho, gi li nhng tnh cht c gi tr ca n. Trong my sy phun v sy kh ng, sn phm ch lu li thi gian rt ngn nn c php s dng nhit cao hn so vi sy hm. Trong tt c nhng my sy ph bin th nhng my sy i lu kim sot nhit ca sn phm sy tt nht, v c th d dng iu chnh trng thi khng kh thch hp. Trong my sy tip xc, sn phm sy nhn nhit ca b mt b un nng nhng ch tip xc, bi vy ch s dng i vi nhng sn phm nhy cm vi nhit , qu trnh
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sy xy ra rt nhanh Khng s dng my sy bc x i vi nhng sn phm nhy cm vi nhit , v sn phm d b un nng cc b gy nguy him cho sn phm. i vi mt s sn phm cn ch n s nhy cm v sc cng, d b co ngt, nt n trong qu trnh sy di tc dng sc cng c hc mnh : c th s dng my sy i lu cho php iu chnh c cc thng s sy thch hp vi tng loi sn phm sy. Trong mt s trng hp c th s dng nhng phng php sy c bit : sy bng dng in cao tn, sy chn khng v sy thng hoa. sn i vi mt s sn phm khng c php s dng tc nhn sy l khi l, nhng phm d b oxy ho, b chy : s dng my sy chn khng hoc my sy dng kh tr tun hon. i vi nhng sn phm c tc dng n mn my sy : cn sy trong nhng my sy c cu to chng n mn. - Nng sut sn phm : i vi nng sut nh v loi sn phm thay i hnh dng : thng s dng loi my sy lm vic gin on. i vi nng sut ln, nguyn vt liu ng nht thng dng my sy lm vic lin tc. - Tnh cht sn phm sau khi sy : Thng gi tr thng mi ca sn phm ph thuc vo cm quan v ng u. Sn phm khng c khc bit nhiu v cht lng v m, nu m cha t yu cu cn phi c sy li. Sn phm cn c ng gi v trang tr bao b theo khi lng nht nh tin li cho ngi s dng. Cu to ca my sy c th nh hng n tnh cht ni trn. - Khc phc bi v ngng t hi nc : i vi nhng my sy, c bit l my sy i lu thng dng khng kh lm tc nhn sy, dng khng kh mang theo nhng phn t nh tp cht v sn phm sy v bi ny c thi ra mi trng xung quanh. Vi nhng sn phm sy s dng khi lng khng kh t hoc vn tc khng kh nh th t sinh ra bi, v d : cc loi my sy tip xc, th c th khng x dng b phn tch bi. Ngc li, ngi ta cn phi lm sch bi ca khng kh khi i ra khi my sy i vi nhng my sy gy ra bi nhiu. i vi vt liu sy cha hm m cao, hi nc sinh ra trong qu trnh sy c th ngng t, lm t cc b sn phm sy, gy h hi hoc gim cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun. khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta c th dng qut ht cui my sy hoc bo n xung quanh my sy, c bit khi my sy lm vic lc tri ma v thi tit ma ng. - Lm v sinh my sy : Trong qu trnh lm vic ca my sy, nhng phn t rt nh ca tp cht v sn phm sy, ngay c mt phn sn phm sy bm cht mt s v tr bn trong my sy, ngn cn
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qu trnh sy v nu lu s sinh ra nhng khi vi sinh vt cc b. V vy cu to ca my sy phi m bo vic v sinh my sy c d dng v nhanh chng. - Din tch hot ng ca my sy Din tch hot ng ph thuc vo loi my sy : nhng my sy dng calorife bng in cn din tch hot ng nh hn my sy dng calorife hi nc hoc l t. Ngy nay ngi ta thng s dng cc my sy hot ng theo chiu cao, u im ca loi ny chim din tch hot ng nh, c th khc phc bi d dng.
- Nhu cu v nng lng : Bao gm nhu cu v nhit bc m ca vt liu sy v nhu cu v in dng cho ng lc (qut, vn chuyn...). Ni chung nhng my sy tip xc c nhu cu nng lng thp cn my sy i lu v nhng my sy un nng sn phm bng nhiu con ng (hn hp) c nhu cu nng lng cao, v vy nn s dng ch nhit khng kh sy thp i vi nhng my sy ny. - Gi thnh sy : Ga thnh sy quyt nh cui cng chn my sy. i vi nhng sn phm c gi tr cao ngi ta c th s dng nhng my sy hin i dng nng lng in, hi nc, kh t hoc nhin liu lng. i vi nhng sn phm r tin, gi tr thp c th s dng cc my sy n gin vi ngun nhin liu r tin. Nhng my sy lm vic gin on yu cu vn c nh tng i thp, nhng i hi nhiu ngi phc v, tiu tn nng lng ln. Nhng my sy lm vic lin tc th ngc li. My sy chn khng i hi vn c nh v vn lu ng cao hn my sy lm vic p sut thng, nhng n to ra nhng sn phm c cht lng tt hn. Phng php sy t nht l sy thng hoa v sy bng in trng cao tn. Cc phng php ny thng ch s dng i vi sn phm cao cp, yu cu cht lng c bit. 2.7.2 Phng php chn Bc tip theo l tin hnh th nghim cc thng s cn bit. Nhng hng ch to ln c uy tn, thng c phng th nghim thc hin nhng th nghim cho khch hng. Trong qu trnh th nghim c i din ca khch hng tham gia. Khch hng phi bit nhng yu cu v cht lng sn phm, nhng chi tit v k hoch sn xut v c th nh gi c cht lng ca sn phm sy sau ny c th ng nh kt qu th nghim hay khng.
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Sau khi nh gi kt qu th nghim, nhng thng s v k thut, kch thc v cu to c bit ca my sy c xc nh, ngi ch to ch dn v gi c, nhu cu nhit v nng sut ca my sy. la chn mt cch d dng : so snh vi chi ph ca mt loi my sy c s dng tt. y ngi ta cn phi tnh thm vo chi ph v ng kin, vn chuyn, thu, lp t v nh bao che.T c th tnh chi ph sn xut nh : khu hao, iu khin, an ton, chi ph nng lng, ng lc, nc lm ngui ng lc, vn hnh, bo qun, qun l v cui cng l gi thnh sy v li. Mt s my sy c gi thnh sy thp do nhng trang b c bit nh : tit kim nng lng, tn dng ph liu, my phn loi v ng gi vi chi ph thp nht. so snh mt cch trn vn ngi ta cn phi nh gi : cht lng ca sn phm sau khi sy, tn tht cht kh, tn tht cht ho tan v cc tn tht khc; chi ph v cc trang b ph : h thng cp liu v ht bi v.v... S khc nhau ln trong nhng vn ni trn c th lm tng gi thnh sy. 2.8 TNH TON THIT B SY
2.8.1 YU CU TNH TON Cc yu cu c bn ca mt thit b sy l c kh nng bc m cao nht, sn phm sy kh u, m bo cht lng sn phm, c nhng iu kin theo di v iu chnh cc thng s ca qu trnh sy mt cc d dng, c kh nng thch ng vi cc dng sn phm khc nhau...nhng ng thi phi kinh t nht. Cc yu cu ny ph thuc vo mc ch ca sn phm sy, ch sy, cu to ca thit b sy v mt s thng s la chn trong khi tnh ton. V vy khi tnh ton thit b sy phi ch n loi thit b sy, chn ch sy v phng thc sy thch hp nht. Khi tnh ton thit b sy ta cn bit hoc chn cc s liu sau : - V thit b : Nng sut loi tc nhn sy (khng kh nng, nc nng, khi l...) phng thc cung cp nhit (i lu, tip xc...) cch un nng tc nhn sy (loi calorife) phng thc tun hon ca tc nhn sy (cng bc, t nhin...) - V sn phm sy : m ban u v ban cui, nhit cho php cc i, thnh phn nhy cm nht i vi nhit, khi lng ring, nhit dung ring, kch thc ln nht, b nht ca sn phm sy. - V ch sy : cc thng s ca khng kh bn ngoi v ca tc nhn sy, nhit un nng cho php cc i m, vn tc ca tc nhn, thi gian sy, nhit vo v ra ca tc nhn sy...
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Ngoi nhng s liu cho trc theo yu cu ca thit k, nhng cng c s liu ngi thit k phi t chn ph hp vi iu kin c th. Ni dung tnh ton gm cc phn c bn sau : - Phn chung : la chn my sy v phng thc sy. 2.8.2 PHN TNH TON : NI DUNG TNH TON 1) Tnh cc kch thc c bn ca my sy. 2) Tnh hm lng m bay hi t sn phm sy. 3) Tnh lng khng kh tiu tn cho qu trnh sy. 4) Tnh lng nhit cho qu trnh sy : - Nhit tiu tn cho qu trnh bc m. - Nhit tiu tn un nng sn phm t nhit to n t1. - Nhit tn tht ra mi trng xung quanh. 5) Tnh ton h thng un nng tc nhn sy : - Tc nhn sy l khng kh nng, dng calorife hi nc : + Tnh b mt truyn nhit. + Chn lai calorife v s lng. + Tnh lng hi nc tiu tn cho qu trnh sy. - Tc nhn sy l khng kh nng, dng calorife l t : + Tnh b mt truyn nhit. + Tnh kch thc calorife l t. + Tnh kch thc l t. + Tnh lng nhin liu tiu tn. - Tc nhn sy l khng kh nng, dng calorife in tr : + Chn v tnh kch thc ca dy in tr. + Tnh kch thc ca calorife in tr. + Tnh cng sut in tiu th. - Tc nhn sy l khi l : + Tnh kch thc l t. + Tnh kch thc ca phng lng bi v trn kh. + Tnh nhin liu tiu tn. - Tc nhn sy l nc nng : + Tnh b mt truyn nhit. + Tnh hoc chn vn tc nc nng i trong b phn truyn nhit. + Tnh khi lng nc nng v h thng i lu. + Tnh lng nhin liu tiu tn un nc nng. 6) Tnh h thng thng thong cho qu trnh sy. - Thng thong cng bc (dng qut). + V s h thng qut. + Tnh hoc chn nng sut ca qut
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(bng lng khng kh dng cho qu trnh sy). + Tnh p sut ca qut : p sut ng hc v tnh hc. + Chn lai qut (da nng sut v p sut). + Tnh cng sut qut. - Cng bc bng h chn khng : + Tnh tr lc v chn bm chn khng, chn khng. - Thng thong t nhin : + Tnh chiu cao ng thot m (vn tc thng thong t nhin 0,4-0,6 m/s) 7) Tnh ton thit b ph : - Tnh cc dng c cha nguyn vt liu sy. - Cc c cu a nguyn liu vo v ra. - Phng tin vn chuyn trong qu trnh sy. - iu khin v t ng ho... Trn y l ni dung c th cn tnh ton, nhng v trnh t tnh ton th tu trng hp c th ta b tr thch hp cho tng loi thit b v phng thc sy. 2.8.3 MT S CNG THC C BN TRONG TNH TON THIT B SY Tnh lng m cn bc hi t nguyn liu sy: W W W W (2.25) W = m1 . 1 2 = m 2 . 1 2 100 W1 100 W2 Trong : m1 - khi lng nguyn vt liu a vo sy (kg/h) m2 - khi lng sn phm sau khi sy (kg/h) w1, w2 - m u v cui ca sn phm sy (%) Tnh lng khng kh cn thit dng lm tc nhn sy cho 1 kg m bc hi: 1000 (kg KKK/Kg m bc hi) (2.26) l= X3 X0 X3 : hm m ca khng kh sau khi sy (g/kg KKK) X0 : hm m ban u ca khng kh trckhi vo b phn un nng (calorife) (g/kg KKK). Tnh nhit lng cn thit dng cho qu trnh sy: Nhit lng dng cung cp cho 1 kg m bc hi : (2.27) q = l.(0,24 + 0,00047.X0).(t1 t0) (kcal/kg m bc hi) (2.28) hoc q = l.(I3 I0) o Trong , t0 ( C): nhit ban u ca khng kh t1(oC) : nhit ca khng kh i vo thit b sy l (kg KKK/kg m bc hi): lng khng kh cn thit dng lm tc nhn sy. y,
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Lng khng kh cn thit tiu tn trong mt gi: L = W.l (kg/h) (2.29) Lng nhit cn thit tiu tn trong mt gi: (kcal/h) (2.30) Q1 = W.q Ch : trng thi ban u v trng thi cui ca khng kh sy c th gi thit st vi iu kin thc t tnh ton. N ph thuc vo thi tit. Nu chn iu kin ma ng s cho tiu tn nhit cc i, nu chn ma h s cho tiu tn nhit thp nht. Nhit tiu tn dng un nng sn phm sy t nhit t0 n t1: (kcal/h) (2.31) Q2 = m1.Csp.(t1b t0) Trong , m1 : khi lng nguyn liu ban u a vo sy (kg/h) Csp : nhit dung ring ca nguyn liu (kcal/kg.oC), ly trung bnh ca Csp vo v Csp ra, hoc C .(100 w) + C n .w (kcal/kg.oC) (2.32) C sp = ck 100 t0 : nhit ban u ca nguyn liu sy (oC) t1b : nhit un nng cho php nguyn liu sy, ly bng totb ca o khng kh sy ( C) Nhit lng ca calorife cn cung cp : (kcal/h) (2.33) Qcal = Q1 + Q2 + Qtt Trong , Qtt : nhit lng tn tht trong qu trnh sy bao gm nhit tn tht ra mi trng chung quanh , un nng thit b sy v cc tn tht khc. Theo nhiu ti liu nghin cu, nu thit b sy khng c bo n bn ngoi c th ly bng t 8-12 % nhit lng dng sy theo l thuyt, tc l Q1. Xc nh h s nng lng hu ch ca thit b sy q (2.34) hi = hi q sd Trong , cng thc sau: qhi : nhit hu ch thc t dng cho qu trnh sy v c tnh theo
q hi = r.
X 3 X1 (kJ/kg KKK) (2.35) 1000 r : nhit ho hi ca nc, c xc nh theo nhit trung bnh ca sn phm sy, ngha l ttb = (t1 t2)/2 t1, t2 : nhit u v cui ca sn phm sy (oC) qsd : nhit lng tiu tn thc t s dng cho qu trnh sy v c tnh theo cng thc: (kJ/kg KKK) (2.36) qsd = Ctb.(t1 t0) Trong Ctb : t nhit trung bnh ca khng kh, c tnh theo cng thc sau: Ctb = CKKK + Chn
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Vy,
= 0,24 + 0,00047.X0 (kcal/kg.oC) CKKK: t nhit ca khng kh kh. Chn: t nhit ca hi nc. r.(X 3 X1 ) hi = C tb .(t 1 t 0 ).1000
(2.37)
(2.38)
Nu tnh tt c theo 1 kg m bc hi, ta c cng thc gn ng: r hi q calorife thc:

t C tb .(t 1 t 0 ) B y .Q P H
(2.39)
H s hu ch ca nhin liu chy (chy tt hay xu) c xc nh theo cng (2.40)
By : tn tht ring ca nhin liu cho 1 kg khng kh kh: B (2.41) By = L B : lng nhin liu tiu tn (kg/h) L : lng khng kh tiu tn cho qu trnh sy (kg KKK/h). T suy ra: r.(X 3 X1 ) (2.42) hi = t .B y .Q P .1000 H QHP : nhit tr trung bnh ca nguyn liu (kcal/kg). Vy h s hu ch chung ca thit b sy s l: r (x 2 x 1 ) chung = hi . t = B y .Q P .1000 H hoc chung = Trong , Vy,
r (x 2 x 1 ).L B .Q P .1000 H 1000 X 2 X1
(2.43) (2.44)
L = W. chung =
r.W B.Q P H
(2.45)
Trong , r : nhit ho hi ca nc, ph thuc vo nhit v p sut kh quyn. Nu iu kin p sut thng v khong nhit t 0-100 oC, r = 595 kcal/kg. Tnh lng nhin liu cn thit cho qu trnh sy, tc l Qcal : Q (2.46) B = Pcal Q H . Trong , : tc dng ca l t; i vi ma ng khong 0,85 v ma h 0,9.
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CHNG III: CNG NGH SY NNG SN, THC PHM V THC N GIA SC
3.1 NH HNG CA QU TRNH SY N CHT LNG SN PHM
Tt c sn phm u chu thay i trong qu trnh sy v bo qun sau . Yu cu t ra i vi qu trnh sy l bo v ti mc tt nht cht lng, hn ch nhng h hi trong qu trnh sy, bo qun, ng thi nng cao hiu qu kinh t mt cch tt u nht. Xt v bn cht, trong nhng thay i trong qu trnh sy c th chia ra: - Nhng thay i l hc: st m, gy v... - Nhng thay i ho l: trng thi tnh cht ca nhng keo cao phn t b thay i. - Nhng thay i ho sinh:do s oxy ha ca cht bo, phn ng sm mu phi enzim, phn ng enzim... - Nhng thay i do vi sinh vt Nhng thay i lm thay i cu trc, mi v, mu sc, gi tr dinh dng v c nh hng n tnh hi nguyn ca sn phm sau khi sy. 3.1.1 nh hng n cu trc Thay i v cu trc ca cc loi thc phm rn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng lm gim cht lng sn phm. Bn cht v mc ca cc bin php x l rau qu trc khi sy u c nh hng n cu trc ca sn ph m sau khi hi nguyn. Nguyn nhn l do s h ho ca tinh bt, s kt tinh ca xenluloza v s hnh thnh cc sc cng bn trong do khc bit v m cc v tr khc nhau. Kt qu l s to thnh cc vt nt, gy, cc t bo b nn p v vn vo vnh vin, lm cho sn phm c b ngoi b co ngt v nhn nheo. Trong qu trnh lm t tr li, sn phm ht nc chm v khng ly li c cu trc cng nh ban u. Cc sn phm khc nhau c s dao ng ng k v mc co ngt v kh nng hp th nc tr li. Sy nhanh v nhit cao lm cho cu trc b thay i nhiu hn so vi sy vi tc va phi nhit thp. Trong qu trnh sy, cc cht ho tan di chuyn theo nc t bn trong ra b mt bn ngoi ca sn phm. Qu trnh bay hi nc lm c c cc cht tan b mt kt hp vi nhit cao ca khng kh (c bit khi sy tri cy, c, tht) gy ra cc phn ng l ho phc tp ca cc cht tan b mt v hnh thnh nn lp v cng khng thm c. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng "cng v" (case hardening), lm gim tc sy v
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lm cho sn phm c b mt kh, nhng bn trong th m. V vy cn kim sot iu kin sy trnh chnh lch m qu cao gia bn trong v b mt sn phm. i vi cc sn phm dng bt cc c tnh v cu trc ca chng lin quan n dung lng v tnh hi nguyn. Dung lng ca sn phm bt ph thuc vo kch c, bn cht rng hay c ca cc ht v c quyt nh bi bn cht, thnh phn ca sn phm v iu kin sy. Tnh d chy ca khi bt ph thuc vo hm lng bo. Cc nguyn liu t bo (nh nc p tri cy, khoai ty v c ph) cho ra bt d chy hn l cc sn phm nhiu bo nh trng nguyn qu hoc chit xut t tht. Bt c th c lm "ho tan ho" bng cch x l cc ht ri sao cho chng dnh vi nhau v kt cc thnh khi d chy. Khi lm t tr li, nc d dng thm qua b mt ca mi cc bt, lm v cc ht bt ra v gip cc ht bt phn tn nhanh trong cht lng. Qu trnh ny ny lin quan n nhng c tnh ca khi bt: thm t, chm, phn tn v ho tan. Mt loi bt c gi l "ho tan" nu n hon thnh qu trnh tan nh trn trong vng vi giy. Vic kt cc cc ht c th thc hin bng cch: lm m tr li cc ht sn phm trong hi nc c p sut thp. C th s dng cc thit b lm kt cc kiu tng si, phn lc, a, nn hoc bng chuyn. phng php khc, vic kt cc c th thc hin trc tip trong qu trnh sy phun khi bt tng i m c kt cc v sy trong my sy tng si gn km. C th s dng cc tc nhn kt dnh (v d lecithin) lin kt cc ht li vi nhau. Phng php ny trc y c s dng cho thc phm c hm lng bo cao (v d: sa bt nguyn kem), nhng hin nay phn ln c hay th bng ccphng php khc. i vi th trng bn l, s tin li ca bt c ho tan ho c t ln trn chi ph cho qu trnh sn xut, ng gi v vn chuyn. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu thc phm dng bt l bn thnh phm cho cc qu trnh sn xut khc, yu cu t ra l chng phi c dung lng ln v kch c ht khc nhau, cc ht nh lm y ch trng gia cc l ln, nh th c th loi i khng kh, ko di thi gian bo qun. Cc c tnh ca mt s thc phm sy dng bt c a ra bng di.
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Bng 3.1 : Dung lng v m ca mt s sn phm sy dng bt Sn phm Dung lng (kg.m-3) Ca cao C ph (nghin) C ph (ho tan) C ph kem Tinh bt ng Trng, nguyn qu Sa bt tch bo Sa bt tch bo ho tan Mui ht ng ht Bt m 3.1.2 nh hng n mi v Nhit lm tht thot cc thnh phn d bay hi ra khi sn phm v vy phn ln cc sn phm sy b gim mi v. Mc tht thot ph thuc vo nhit v m ca sn phm, p sut hi nc v ho tan ca cc cht bay hi trong hi nc. Nhng sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao nh vo nhng c tnh mi v (v d nh gia v) cn c sy nhit thp. Mt s sn phm sy c kt cu xp, to iu kin cho oxy khng kh d dng tip xc vi sn phm, gy ra cc phn ng oxy ho cc cht tan v cht bo trong qu trnh bo qun lm thay i mi v ca sn phm. Tc ca qu trnh gy hng ph thuc vo nhit bo qun v hot nc. S oxy ho lipit ca sa sy gy ra mi v i thiu, do s hnh thnh cc sn phm th cp nh cc cht -lacton. Phn ln rau qu ch cha mt lng nh lipit, tuy nhin s oxy ho ca cc cht bo khng no to ra cc hydroperoxit tham gia tip vo cc phn ng polyme ho, phn ng tch nc hoc oxy ho to thnh aldehyt, keton v cc axt gy mi i thiu kh chu. C th hn ch nhng s thay i ny bng cc phng php sau: 480 330 330 470 560 340 640 550 960 800 450 m (%) 3-5 7 2.5 3 12 2-4 2-4 2-4 0.2 0.5 12
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- bao gi trong mi trng chn khng hoc kh tr v d: bo qun sa bt trong mi trng c 90 % kh N2 v 10 % CO2. - bo qun nhit thp - loi tr nh sng v tia cc tm - duy tr hm m thp - b sung cc cht chng oxy ho tng hp - bo qun bng cc cht chng oxy ho t nhin: vd: s dng ch phm enzim glucoza oxidaza - s dng SO2, axit ascorbic v axit xitric ngn nga nhng thay i v mi v do cc enzim oxy ho v thu phn gy nn i vi tri cy. - p dng phng php thanh trng i vi sa hoc nc p tri cy v cc phng php chn hp i vi rau c. Mt s phng php khc duy tr mi v ca sn phm sy: - thu hi cc cht d bay hi v a chng tr li sn phm. - lin kt cc cht bay hi vi cc cht gi mi v, sau to vin v b sung tr li sn phm sy (v d: bt tht sy). - b sung enzim hoc kch hot cc enzim t nhin sn c to ra cc mi v t cc tin cht c trong sn phm (v d: hnh v ti c sy trong cc iu kin khng gy hi n cc enzim to mi v c trng) 3.1.3 nh hng n mu sc C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s mt mu hay thay i mu trong sn phm sy, nh l: - s thay i cc c trng b mt ca sn phm gy ra thay i phn x nh sng v mu sc. - nhit v s oxy ho trong qu trnh sy gy ra nhng thay i ho hc i vi carotenoit v clorophyl, cng nh hot ng ca enzim polyphenoloxidaza gy ra s sm mu trong qu trnh bo qun ca cc sn phm rau qu. C th ngn nga c nhng thay i ny bng cc phng php chn hp hoc x l tri cy bng axit ascorbic hoc SO2. Tuy nhin SO2 lm ty trng anthocyanin v d lng SO2 cng ang l mi quan tm v mc an ton i vi sc kho. Hin nay, n b cm s dng nhiu nc. Tc ca phn ng sm mu Maillard sn phm sa v tri cy bo qun ph thuc vo hot ca nc trong sn phm v nhit bo qun. Tc sm mu tng ng k khi nhit sy cao, m ca sn phm vt qu 4-5 % v nhit bo qun trn 38 oC.
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3.1.4 nh hng n gi tr dinh dng Cc s liu v s tht thot cc cht dinh dng ca cc tc gi khc nhau thng khng thng nht, c th l do c s khc nhau ng k trong cc qu trnh chun b sy, nhit v thi gian sy, cng nh iu kin bo qun. rau qu, tht thot dinh dng trong qu trnh chun b thng vt xa tn tht do qu trnh sy. V d: tht thot vitamin C trong qu trnh chun b sy to (dng khi) l 8 % do qu trnh ct gt, 62 % do chn hp, 10 % do qu trnh nghin pu r v 5 % do qu trnh sy. Vitamin c ho tan trong nc khc nhau v khi qu trnh sy din ra, mt vi loi (v d: vit B2 riboflavin) t trng thi qu bo ho v kt ta khi dung dch, nh vy chng t b tn tht. Mt s khc, v d: axit ascorbic, ho tan ngay c khi m ca sn phm h xung n mc rt thp, chng phn ng vi cc cht tan vi tc cng lc cng cao hn trong qu trnh sy. Vitamin C cng rt nhy cm vi nhit v oxy ho. V th trnh nhng tht thot ln cn sy trong thi gian ngn, nhit thp, bo qun m thp v nng kh oxy thp. Thiamin (Vit B1) cng nhy cm vi nhit, tuy nhin cc vitamin khc tan trong nc bn vi nhit v oxy ho hn v tn tht trong qu trnh sy him khi vt qu 5-10 %, ngoi tr tht thot do qu trnh chn hp. S tn tht cc vitamin c th hn ch ng k hoc ngn nga hon ton khi s dng cc phng php sy nhanh v n ho (nh sy phun), c bit bng phng php sy thng hoa i vi cc nguyn liu nghin nt v nguyn liu dng ct nh. Cc cht dinh dng tan trong cht bo (v d: cc axit bo khng thay th v cc vitamin A, D, E, K) phn ln cha trong phn cht rn ca sn phm v chng khng b c c trong khi sy. Tuy nhin nc l dung mi ca cc kim loi nng, l nhng cht xc tc ca qu trnh oxy ho cc cht dinh dng khng no. Khi nc b mt i, cht xc tc tr nn hot ng hn v lm tng tc oxy ho. Cc vitamin tan trong cht bo b bin i mt i khi tip xc vi peroxit c sinh ra do s oxy ho cht bo. gim tht thot trong qu trnh bo qun ngi ta h thp nng oxy, nhit bo qun v loi tr nh sng tip xc vi sn phm. Cc gi tr sinh hc v tiu ho ca protein trong phn ln cc sn phm sy khng thay i ng k. Tuy nhin protein ca sa sy b bin tnh mt phn trong qu trnh sy trc ln v gy ra vic gim tan ca bt sa v lm mt kh nng kt cc. Sy phun khng nh hng n gi tr sinh hc ca protein sa. Nhit bo qun cao v m khong trn 5 % lm gim gi tr sinh hc ca protein sa do phn ng Maillard gia lyzin v lactoza. Lyzin nhy cm vi nhit v tht thot trong bt sa nguyn kem vo khong 3-10 % khi sy phun v 5-40 % khi sy bng trc ln.
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3.1.5 nh hng n s hi nguyn sn phm (rehydration) Sn phm sau khi sy khng th tr li tnh trng ban u khi lm t tr li. Sau khi sy, t bo b mt p sut thm thu, tnh thm ca mng t bo b thay i, cc cht tan di chuyn, polysacarit kt tinh v protein t bo b ng t, tt c gp phn vo s thay i cu trc, lm tht thot cc cht d bay hi v y u l nhng qu trnh khng thun nghch. Nhit trong qu trnh sy lm gim kh nng hydrat ho ca tinh bt v tnh n hi ca thnh t bo, lm bin tnh protein, gim kh nng gi nc ca chng. Tc v mc thm nc tr li c th c dng nh l ch s nh ga cht lng sn phm sy. Nhng sn phm c sy trong nhng iu kin ti u, t h hi hn s thm t tr li nhanh hn, hon ton hn. 3.2 K THUT SY MT S SN PHM THC PHM
3.2.1 SY NG TINH TH Quy trnh sn xut ng: Ma tinh X l trc khi p Tch ly tm Sy. Ly nc ma Lm sch C c Nu ng v kt
ng tuy c hm lng m ban u nh, nhng dung dch bm quanh tinh th ng thng l dung dch keo nn d lm cho ng vn cc khi ng cn t. khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta thng dng sn rung, sn ny t ngay bn di my ly tm, n c nhim v lm ti v lm ngui ng. Vic lm ngui ng c ngha c bit vi ng c ra bng hi nc khi ly tm, khi nhit c th t 70-80 o C, nn vic lm ngui ng s lm bay hi mt phn m ng k cho ng. Sy l cng on cui cng trc khi lm ngui v bao gi. m ban u ca ng tinh th khng nhng ph thuc vo phng php ra bng nc hay hi nc trong qu trnh ly tm, nu ra bng nc th n c m u t 1-1,7 %, nu ra bng hi nc th t 0,7 n 1,6 %, m n cn ph thuc vo tc quay ca my ly tm. Nu vn tc nh hn 1200 vng/pht th m ca ng c th t 2-3,5 %. Sy ng nhm mc ch lm ng kh t m cui t 0,03-0,05 %, lm cho mu sc ca ng trng, bng...khng b bin i cht lng khi bo qun. Qu trnh sy ng tng i d dng, v tinh th ng khng ngm nc, ch yu tch m trn b mt tinh th ng. ng sy vi nhit ca tc nhn sy t 7090 oC, nu nhit vt qu 100 oC, ng s ng vng lm gim gi tr thng phm. Vn tc khng kh sy t 0,6-0,8 m/s v thng sy ngc chiu, sau khi sy cn lm
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ngui n nhit trong phng trnh hin tng ngng t hi nc trong khi ng ng gi. sy ng ngi ta thng dng my sy thng quay, my sy a kiu ng, sy sn rung hoc sy tng si. i vi my sy a quay kiu ng, c u im din tch hot ng v cng sut tiu hao cho ng lc nh, nhng nhc im ng thng ng li trn cc b phn trong my sy, do phi lm v sinh lun. My sy thng quay th ng c o trn v kh u hn, ng t bm vo my sy, nhng nhc im chim din tch hot ng, cng sut tiu hao ng lc ln so vi my kiu a quay kiu ng cng cng sut. Qu trnh o trn ng tinh th d b v, sinh nhiu bi. Sy sn rung v sy tng si khc phc c nhc im sinh nhiu bi ca sy thng quay. Mu sc v kch c ht ng cng trng hn, p hn. Tuy nhin chi ph u t cho thit b sy tng si tn km hn v vic vn hnh cng phc tp hn. Khi ng kh thng sinh ra nhiu bi do cc tinh th ng qu nh nn b ko theo trong khng kh sy. trnh tn tht ngi ta thng dng b phn thu hi. Thi gian sy ty thuc vo m ban u ca ng v loi my sy c th dao ng trong khong 30-45 pht. Thi gian sy i vi ng ra bng hi nc trong qu trnh ly tm s ngn hn so vi ng ra bng nc. Hnh v 3.1: H thng sy v lm ngui ng bng sn rung Hnh v 3.2: H thng sy v lm ngui ng kiu tng si 3.2.2 SY TINH BT Tinh bt l thnh phn chnh ca lng thc, chng l nhng hp cht cao phn t ca glucoza, c tng hp v tp trung mt s b phn ca thc vt nh ht, r, c. Nhng ht tinh bt trong t bo c mt cu trc v cc cht dn xut c trng tu tng loi thc vt. Cc cht dn xut c tng phn c lin kt ho hc vi ht tinh bt to ra cc tnh cht c bit ca cc loi tinh bt khc nhau. l nhng cht nh axit phosphoric, axit silic hoc cc cht bo v tng t bo. Tinh bt c ly ch yu t ng, la m, go, sn v.v... c im chung ca qu trnh sn xut tinh bt l nguyn liu sn xut tinh bt trc tin cn c qua giai on lm sch kh hoc t kh cc tp cht, c th qua cc nam chm kh st. Sau nguyn liu s b ph v cu trc t bo bng cc phng php c hc hoc kt hp vi phng php ho hc (s dng ho cht nh SO2, NaOH v.v...) trc khi c a vo cc thit b ra tinh bt bng nc. Nh vy ngi ta thu c sa tinh bt (dung dch tinh bt trong nc). Bn cnh ngi ta thu c cc sn phm ph (hoc chnh nh gluten ca bt m) c gi tr cao thng dng
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lm nguyn liu cho thc n gia sc. Sau , ngi ta tch nc ra khi sa tinh bt bng cc phng php c hc nh quay ly tm, lc chn khng. Nh vy ngi ta thu c tinh bt t v cn tip tc a i sy n m cui cng lu tr, ng gi tiu th. Tinh bt thng cha hai loi lin kt m: m hp ph v m lin kt ho hc (chim khong 10 %), vic tch m ny s dn n s bin i phc tp ca sn phm. Tinh bt s b h ho nu un nng qu 57 oC, nn ngi ta lun s dng nhit sy thp hn nhit ny. Tinh bt thng c sy trong my sy a quay vi nhit khng kh sy t 60-70 C v sau lm ngui trong vng lm ngui ca my sy. Nhng thng dng hn l my sy kh ng hoc sy phun. y sn phm b un nng trong thi gian rt ngn, c th dao ng trong khong 1 pht. bn di ng, nhit khng kh t 150160 oC, cn phn bn trn nhit t 60-65 oC. Tt c cc phn ca my c tip xc vi sn phm sy c cu to bng nhm hoc t thp khng r.
o
i vi tinh bt c sn xut vi s gip ca axit v c ho tan, hoc sn xut tinh bt t cc loi c ngi ta thng s dng cc my sy trc ln. y ngi ta c th iu chnh nhit b mt tip xc vi sn phm sy qua s iu chnh p sut hi nc nhm m bo nhit ca sn phm khng vt qu nhit cho php, trnh nh hng n cht lng sn phm. 3.2.3 CNG NGH SY CC SN PHM T BT NHO 3.2.3.1 Cc dng sn phm bt nho: - dng di: m si, m thanh - dng ngn: cc dng vin, cc c hnh dng khc nhau dng nu sp... 3.2.3.2 Quy trnh sn xut sn phm bt nho: Nguyn liu: tnh cht ca sn phm sy ph thuc rt nhiu vo nguyn liu ban u v qu trnh x l bt nho. - bt m: bt m kh cha t 70-80 % tinh bt, mt phn kh ln l gluten, tc nhn to ra trng thi bt nho v tnh n hi ca n. Bt giu gluten th cho sn phm c tnh n hi tt hn bt ngho gluten. mn ca bt cng l mt yu t quan trng nh hng n ht nc, qu trnh to dng v sy. Nu mn ca bt khng ng u, nhng ht rt nh s hp th mt phn ln nc trong qu trnh nho trn v chng tr nn m hn so vi nhng ht bt ln hn. T dn n b mt ca bt nho khng c ng nht - nc: do bt nho c xc nh sy, nn vic cho t nc s thun li hn cho qu trnh sy sau ny. Bt nho chun b cho cc sn phm sy thng cng hn so vi bt nho lm bnh m. Nc khng c a vo theo ht nc ca bt m, nhng t hn,
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khong bng mt na lng nc m cc thnh phn cn bn ca bt m (tinh bt v gluten) c th gi c. Thng thng nht ngi ta s dng bt nho c cng trung bnh, vi hm lng m 29-32 %. Nc c s dng thng l nc nng, c nhit t 30-50 oC. Nc nng hn 50oC ch s dng cho cc loi bt m mnh vi hm lng gluten cao. - v cc thnh phn khc: Trng s dng phi c nh ho trong nc. Tt nht l s dng trng nh, bt trng sy, s dng trng ti cho cht lng xu nht Np liu : theo th tch hoc khi lng Nho bt : khi nho bt trnh xut hin nhng l hng cha khng kh trong bt nho, v khi n i qua khun s lm cho nhn b mt ca sn phm khng ng u. To hnh : sau khi chun b bt nho, ngi ta chuyn khi bt trn u qua my p trc vt lm vic lin tc, y n c nho nn tip v p qua khun vi p lc p t 200-400 at, qua sn phm s c hnh dng mong mun. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th sn xut sn phm bt nho dng di bng phng php cn ct. Sy kh sn phm bt nho n m cui cng l 13-17 %.
Chun b nguyn liu nh lng Nho Sy To hnh Hp chn Sy Sn phm m khng hp Sn phm m hp chn Hnh 3.3 : Quy trnh sn xut m chu u
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3.2.3.3 c tnh bt nho trong qu trnh sy: Nu nhit sy trn 55 oC, tinh bt s b h ha. Khi hm m sn phm gim n khong 28-30 %, bt nho l dng dnh do. Nu bc m tip tc n 18 % n tr thnh do-n hi v t 18 % dai-n hi v di 15 % n l dn-n hi. Trong qu trnh sy sn phm b gim th tch do s gim m v do khuynh hng nn. S gim m theo cc hng khc nhau xy ra khng ng thi. n lc no th sc cng xut hin. Nu hm m b mt sn phm gim nhanh, lp bn ngoi sn phm t c phm vi do-n hi th xut hin sc cng ko. Khi sn phm t trng thi n hi-dn th mt s khc bit nh v gim th tch cng dn n rn nt b mt. V vy, d xut hin s un cong v rn nt, dn n s h hi sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun v khi nu. 3.2.3.4 K thut sy cc sn phm t bt nho Sy c xp vo loi cng on quan trng nht v phc tp cht. ngn nga hin tng nt n, m ca sn phm cn c kh dn dn tng bc, thng sn phm c sy trong hai giai on, gia hai giai on c giai on t cn bng. Trong giai on th nht, khi hm m ca lp bn ngoi cn li di 23 % v ch xut hin sc cng nh ngi ta c th sy nhanh. Giai on cn bng hoc giai on chy m hi cn ko di lu v cn thc hin vi m khng kh cao m trong sn phm khng bc hi c m t cn bng, gii phng cc sc cng bn trong. Tuy nhin sn phm d b lm t tr li nu iu chnh mt m khng kh qu cao, dn n ngng t hi nc, qua c th ko di qu trnh sy khng cn thit trong giai on sy th hai tip theo. Sy giai on hai: vt liu tr nn do hoc dn c lin quan n vn tc gim m gia cc lp khc nhau trong vt liu. Do phi gi vn tc sy nh qua s iu chnh hp l trng thi khng kh c th trnh c nhng iu khng mong mun i vi lp bn ngoi ca vt liu. Sy nhanh trong giai on sy th hai ny c th dn n rn nt b mt ca sn phm. Sau khi sy ngi ta phi lm ngui sn phm (cn bng vi trng thi khng kh chung quanh). y sc cng mi hoc s rn nt c th xut hin, c bit nu ngi ta lm ngui qa nhanh. b mt ca sn phm khng b nhng vt nt, sn phm cn c lm ngui bng khng kh 25oC vi m tng i 65 %. Sau sn phm tip tc cn c cn bng khong 3-8 h nhit trong phng, gii phng cc sc cng bn trong. Hoc ngi ta c th cho php lm ngui t nhin trong nhiu gi.
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3.2.3.5 Thit b sy: Cc my sy cho sn phm bt nho phi iu chnh v thay i c trng thi ca khng kh sy thch hp theo yu cu. Trong k thut sy bt nho, ngi ta phn bit nhiu loi h thng sy, chng khc nhau ch yu v nhit s dng. - Sy bnh thng: nhit t 50 -55 oC, thi gian sy: 12h i vi si m di v 6h i vi si m ngn.. - Sy nhit cao: t 70-85 oC, thi gian sy10 h hoc 5 h tu di ca si m. - Sy nhit rt cao: nhit t 100 - 130 oC thi gian sy 5h hoc 2 h ty si m. L do ngi ta lun c gng nng nhit sy l : rt ngn thi gian sy, dy chuyn sn xut nh ngn hn, tit kim c khng gian ; Gip si m lm t la m mm chu ng c tt qu trnh nu ; Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, thm ch c th tiu dit mt s loi. K thut sy bng vi sng c th rt ngn thi gian sy t 8h xung cn 90 pht, gim tng s vi khun xung 15 ln v gim tiu th in nng xung 20 % n 25%. c th iu khin ng qu trnh sy, ngi ta chia h thng sy ra lm nhiu vng iu ho nhit khc nhau. Cc iu kin sy c iu khin t ng trn c s s liu nhn c t cc u d m, nhit v ph thuc vo hnh dng, m ca sn phm. Khi sn xut vi cng sut nh, ngi ta s dng bung sy tun hon khng kh vi xe gong v khay ng sn phm thch hp. Khi sn xut vi cng sut ln,my sy thng c hai giai on sy ring bit. i vi sn phm bt nho dng ngn, sy ln I thng thc hin trong my sy rung hoc lc vi mt hoc nhiu khay sy u a, sp t xen k nhau, sn phm lu li t 1,5 n 3 h. Khng kh chuyn ng mnh xuyn qua cc khay sy lm kh sn phm, s lay ng ca khay sy ngn nga s vn cc ca sn phm. i vi giai on sy II, ngi ta cng c th s dng my sy rung, nhng tt nht l dng my sy c nhiu bng chuyn vi nhng bng chuyn li khng kh i qua. Trong my sy ny sn phm lu li t 5 n 30 pht v lng m bc i t 4 n 8 % tu theo kch thc v cht lng ca sn phm. Vi sn phm dng di, ngi ta s dng hm sy. Sn phm c treo trn nhng cy so mt cch hp l, tit kim khng gian, m bo v sinh v hiu qu kinh t. Sn phm c vn chuyn qua hm sy tun hon nh h thng xe gong chuyn ng t t v pha trc bi h thng xch ko. Trong thi gian t 30-45 pht ngi ta c th sy sn phm n m yu c u (khong t 13-14 %). Sau sn phm phi qua giai on lm ngui.
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3.2.4 SY TRNG Trng gia cm l ngun dinh dng quan trng bn cnh tht sa. Trng bao gm phn v chim 12,5 %; lng trng 55,5 % v lng 32 %. Thnh phn ca trng bao gm 65 % nc, 12 % protein, 11 % lipit, 11,5 % cht khong v 1 % gluxit. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca lng trng trng l kh nng to bt. Nu cho thm ng vo lng trng th bn ca bt ko di hn, nhng thi gian nh trng cng lu hn. Cc sn phm t trng c sn xut bng cch loi b v trng, sau s dng cc k thut bo qun phn rut trng nh lnh ng, sy kh... Sy trng c th sy ring lng trng, lng hoc nguyn qu. Nguyn liu: trng g (n c), ch yu s dng nhng qu khng ph hp phn phi ra th trng, hoc do nhu cu trn th trng b gim. Mc ti v v sinh ca trng s nh hng ln n cht lng sn phm. Trng c ra sch trc khi s dng s gim mc nhim khun trong qu trnh ly rut trng. Sau khi ra sch trng c ngm trong dung dch dit khun c nhit cao hn nhit ca nc ra. Hin nay ngi ta s dng dung dch va c tc dng ra va c tc dng kh trng. Dch trng c tch ra khi phn v bng thit b c bit lm bng thp khng r. Hin nay vic ly dch trng bng tay hu nh b thay th hon ton bng nhng my t ng c cng sut 5.000 n 18.000 trng/gi, i hi nhu cu nhn cng rt t. Sau khi p, dch trng cn phi lc qua li sng kim loi hoc bng my quay ly tm tch cc mnh v trng b v v cc tp cht khc. vn chuyn dch trng, ngi ta s dng cc my bm, qu trnh bm lm ng ho mt phn dch trng trc khi lc. Qu trnh lc kt hp vi vn chuyn trong ng lm v lng trng, trn u v ng ho dch trng. m bo cht lng tt, dch trng cn c thanh trng tng thi hn s dng cho sn phm. Thanh trng nhit 60-61 oC trong thi gian 4 pht lm v hot ho hn 99 % vi khun v trng que ng rut c trong dch trng. nhit ny protein tr vn cha b bin tnh protein. Tu theo thi gian thanh trng ngi ta chia ra thanh trng nhanh v thanh trng lu. Dch trng ch c th c thanh trng lu sau khi b sung cc cht n nh protein hoc khi sn xut cc sn phm mn hoc ngt. Khi thanh trng lu, ngi ta s dng nhit 55-70 oC trong thi gian 30 pht. Khi thanh trng nhanh, ngi ta gi nhit thanh trng trong thi gian 2-3 pht, nhit khng vt qu 68 oC. Sau khi thanh trng sn phm cn c lm ngui ngay lp tc. Ngoi nhng tc ng tch cc, vic thanh trng cng gy ra nhng thay i v nht v cc tnh cht khc ca
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sn phm. nhit cao hn 65 oC th nht ca lng trng tng ln rt nhanh. Do protein trng d bin tnh di tc d ng ca nhit cao, ngi ta cn tm kim cc phng php khc m bo an ton vi sinh cho sn phm. Mt s phng php khc c th m bo cht lng vi sinh cho dch trng nh l thay i pH hoc b sung ho cht, s dng tia phng x...Cc tia phng x c tc dng lm gim s lng vi sinh vt (tr Samonel), thay i mu sc ca trng v lm tng ch s peroxid ca lipit lng . Dch trng sau khi thanh trng c a i sy (hoc lnh ng). Sn xut lng trng trng sy: ng dng ca lng trng trng: cht kt dnh ca kem trng, cht lc ca ru nho, lm cht m ca bnh ngt, cht to bt cho bia. Do n l mt mt hng c gi tr hn so vi sn phm sy t lng trng. Ngoi ra n cn l thc phm c hm lng vitamin v dinh dng cao. Yu cu nguyn liu lng trng trng phi ng nht, nht thp. Lng trng trng c cha mt lng nh glucoza t do, cn phi kh i hoc bin i n thnh hp cht khng cn tnh kh. C 3 phng php kh: - Kh ng bng cch cho ln men t nhin. Phng php ny ko di 2-6 ngy nhit 20-30 oC. Tuy nhin sn phm ca phng php ny c mi v ti. - Tch ng bng cch s dng cc chng vi khun thun khit (Streptococcus lactis) hoc nm men (Saccaromyces cerevisiea). Nu s dng vi khun, thi gian kh ng l vi gi nhit 32-37 oC. Vic kh ng bng nm men ko di 10-12 h nhit 30 oC, pH 8. - Phng php mi nht v tt nht kh ng: s dng h enzim glucooxidaza v katalaza. Qu trnh ny ko di khong 9h nhit 27 oC. K thut sy : Phng php sy hm, sy phng: lng trng trng c cho vo khay bng thu tinh hoc bng nhm thnh lp mng hoc cng c th sy bng chuyn. Sy giai on u 40oC v ko di khong 8h. Sau sy kt thc nhit 60 oC v thi gian t 40-50 h. Sn phm sau khi ra khi thit b sy c lm ngui 24h. N s vn ra thnh bt xp v c ng gi trong bao b kn ngn cn s ht m v oxy t bn ngoi. Phng php sy phun: Lng trng trng, cha khong 10-12 % cht rn, c np vo vo my sy phun, c khoang sy ng hoc nm ngang v sy theo nguyn tc cng chiu. Nhit khng kh
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vo bung sy khong 145-200 oC. Thit b to sng ca my c th l vi phun kh nn hoc ly tm. Sn phm sy kh c m t 7-9 % v t trng thp. tng t trng ca bt v ci thin hiu qu nhit ca qu trnh sy, lng trng trng c th c c c bng my bc hi chn khng n hm lng cht rn 20 %. Tuy nhin, cc c tnh ca bt sn phm c th b nh hng xu trong qu trnh bc hi. Phng php siu lc v thm thu ngc nh hng rt t n cht lng sn phm c s dng trong thng mi c c lng trng trng n hm lng rn 20 % trc khi sy. u im ca phng php sy phun l thi gian sy rt ngn, bt c cht lng tt. Hm lng m ca bt lng trng trng sau khi sy phun khong 5-6% rt thch hp cho bo qun. sn xut bt d ho tan, ngi ta lm m va phi sn phm sau khi sy tr li to kt cc sau em sy n m cui cng 3-5 %. Ngoi ra c th s dng phng php sy thng hoa sn xut trng sy. Sn xut trng sy (nguyn qu): sn xut bt trng nguyn qu v bt lng trng, dch trng cn c ng ho, ln men nu cn, lc v thanh trng 64-66 oC trong thi gian 2-4 pht. Trng nguyn qu c c c n 25-27 % cht rn, lng trng c c c n 45-48 % rn. Trng sau c sy trong my sy phun c thit k tng t nh sy lng trng trng, dng nhit khng kh tng t. Bt sy c m 2-4 %. Trong thi k u p dng sy phun trng, ngi ta thng sy 2giai on. Sn phm ri my sy phun c m 35 % c tip tc sy xung m thp hn 2 % trong my sy kh ng ng (sy pht). Cc my sy phun hin i c kh nng sn xut bt c m 2 %, v vy vic sy ln 2 l khng cn thit na. Mt iu quan trng l bt trng sau khi sy phi c ly ra khi bung sy ngay v a i lm ngui. Ngi ta c th s dng my lm ngui kiu tng si (fluidized-bed cooler). Bt trng c th c to cc (aglomerate) bng qu trnh lm m tr li tng kh nng hon nguyn. Tnh d chy (flow properties) ca bt trng sy nguyn qu v bt lng sy c th c ci thin bng cch b sung cc tc nhn chng vn cc. Do hm lng lexitin v cht bo cao, nu bo qun lu c th lm cho sn phm c v ng, kht v i. trnh hin tng ny th bt trng sy (k c lng v lng trng) v bt trng sy (ch c lng ) c ng gi vo hp st ty hoc bao b kn c ht khng kh t sn phm ra. Bt trng sy ch c lng trng c kh nng bo qun lu hn v hm lng cht bo thp hn. Ngi ta c th bo qun bt trng (c lng v lng trng) v bt trng ch c lng nhit thp 5-7 oC, vi bt trng (k c lng v lng trng) c th bo qun 1 nm, cn bt trng (ch c lng ) c th bo qun t 3-4 nm.
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3.2.5 SY SA 3.2.5.1 Cc dng sn phm Cc sn phm sy t sa tng i a dng, bao gm nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau nh cc loi sa bt khng tch bo, tch mt phn bo hoc tch hon ton bo, cc loi bt sa chua, cc sn phm sa bt cho tr s sinh, cc loi bt sa gii kht vi hng v tri cy hoc bt c ph sa, casein hoc mui caseinat, cc loi bt ph gia t sa v monoacylglycerol sn xut bnh m.v.v... Yu cu ca bt sa sy l phi ho tan c d dng, ngha l khi pha n thnh cht lng vi mt khi lng nc thch hp th cht lng ny gn ging c tnh ca sa hn l mt dung dch keo. 3.2.5.2 c tnh nguyn liu Sa l sn phm cha nhiu cht rt nhy cm vi nhit. Ngoi nhng ht cht bo trn nh, sa cn cha protein dng keo trong nc (albumin, globulin), ng ho tan v mui v c; mui ny mt phn ho tan dng keo, mt phn dng phn t hoc ion. Nu c nc, globulin bt u bin tnh nhit 50 oC; albumin 65 oC. Nu trng thi kh nhng cht ny chu c nhit kh cao. Di tc dng ca nhit cao c th xy ra cc bin i khng mong mun l phn ng caramen ho cc cht ng c trong sa v nhng bin i ho hc ca cc mui v c. Qu trnh chun b iu kin trc ht c sn phm sa sy cht lng cao l cht lng ca sa nguyn liu phi tt. Ngi ta thng lm sch sa (c th i km thanh trng) trc khi cho vo cc bnh cha. Trc khi bm sa n thit b bay hi c c, sa c iu chnh hm lng cht bo v a i thanh trng. Ngi ta un nng nhit 75-85 oC v gi trong mt thi gian lu (t 20-30 pht), qua kh c trong sa s c ui ra, sa t sinh ra bt trong thit b bc hi. Bn cnh , mt phn cc vi sinh vt v cc enzym phn hu cht bo b lng xung v d dng tch ra. Do nguy c ca vic kh hay chy s gim i. Ngay trc khi a i c c, sa c cho tc dng bi nhit 105-110 oC v hot ha nhng vi sinh vt cn li. Bc tip theo trc cng on sy kh sa l c c. i vi thit b c nng sut nh hn 4000 lt sa/ ngy, ngi ta sy trc tip khng qua giai on bc hi c c trc. Ngc li i vi thit b sy ln, trc khi sy, sa c em bc hi cc thit b lm bay hi. Ngy nay, ngi ta s dng ch yu l cc thit b bay hi bn mng. Sa tch c cht bo thng cha khong 91 % nc, trc khi sy trn my sy trc ln lp mng, ngi ta em bc hi n t l 5:1 (ngha l t 5 phn th tch lc u,
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sau khi bc hi cn li 1 phn th tch) cn sa cha tch cht bo trung bnh 88 % nc, thng bc hi n t l 3:1. i vi thit b sy phun ngi ta thng bc hi n t l 5:1 hoc 4:1. S bc hi mnh khi hm lng nc di 64 % l khng thch hp, v y nhng tinh th ng ca sa c th c to thnh, c bit nu ngi ta bo qun lnh dung dch sau khi c c, nh vy s gy kh khn cho qu trnh phun. Qu trnh sy Giai on cui cng ca qu trnh sn xut l sy kh sa c c. Nu dung dch c kh nng bt vi phun, cn phi lc qua my ry trc khi i sy kh. Theo kinh nghim nhng bin i nh hng n cht lng ca sa s khng xy ra nu vic tch m trong qu trnh sy c thc hin nhanh chng (thi gian sy ngn). Ph hp vi iu kin ny c hai phng php sy nhanh sa thng c p dng: - Sy mng mng trn thit b sy trc ln (sy tip xc) - Dng thit b sy phun (phun cht lng vo khng kh nng) Phng php sy bng thit b sy trc ln c hn v hu nh khng c s dng na. y l phng php khng cn trng vi loi nguyn liu nhy cm nhit nh l i vi sa. Nhc im ln ca phng php sy ny l ho tan ca sn phm km. Thit b sy trc ln bao gm hai trc c t st nhau v quay ngc chiu. Cc trc c un nng bng hi nc. Ngi ta c th sy p sut khng kh hoc p sut thp. Sa c phun ln b mt tip xc ca hai trc ln v nhn nhit trong khong t 110-130 oC. Tuy rng thi gian tip xc xy ra rt ngn nhng cng cho sa khng tch bo b bin i, v vy i vi loi sa ny ho tan cao nht cng nh hn 90 % v kh bo qun. Tuy vy ngi ta c th t c mt loi sa hu nh ho tan hon ton trn thit b sy trc ln lp mng nu sa tch bo. Sy phun so vi phng php sy trc ln cho php linh ng hn trong sn xut, bi v ngi ta c th to ra cc loi sn phm c cc tnh cht khc nhau, bng cch la chn cc iu kin sy khc nhau. Trong thit b sy phun, nhit ca sn phm trong khong 50-60 oC. y t sa khng tch cht bo ngi ta c th nhn c sa bt c ho tan 90-100 %. i vi thit b sy phun c mt li l cc phn t bt sinh ra trong qu trnh sy c nhng l hng nh, nhng l hng ny lm cho sn phm xp v d ho tan. Ngoi ra cc phn t bt t b vn ra. Trong sy phun qu trnh phun l quan trng nht. Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng nht cc phng php phun qua l bng p sut cao hoc phun bng a ly tm. Ch yu ngi ta dng cc l phun p sut cao. Sa c c s c bm vo cc l phun di p sut 15-25 MPa bng my bm p sut cao. Thit b phun ly tm l nhng a rng, chung quanh c cc l; c th c tn s quay 6000-24.000 vng/pht. Nu phun
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bng cc l th bt sa s cha t khng kh, ngc li nu dng lc ly tm th sa c cha nhiu khng kh. Thng thng ngi ta mong mun ng knh ca git dung dch phun t 10-100 m nh vy khi sy, ngi ta s nhn c bt thnh phm c ng knh ht t 1-20 m. Phn khng gian ring sy nu c hnh dng lng tr ngi ta gi l thp sy, cn nu c hnh hp th c gi l bung sy. Yu cu thnh, tng ca thit b sy khng r v nhn khng gi li cc ht sn phm. Tu theo phng php dn khng kh v sa ngi ta chia sy cng chiu v ngc chiu, hoc kt hp c hai phng php. Nu s dng phng php sy ngc chiu, bt sa khng ng u, bi v phng php ny, sa v khng kh va chm vi nhau rt mnh. Khi s dng phng php sy cng chiu dung dch sa c c phi c phun ra thnh lp sng rt mn, bi v lp sng to thnh phi c b mt tip xc vi khng kh ln. Ty theo phng php ng dng m nhit khng kh nng i vo thit b sy c khc nhau, thng nm trong khong 120-180 oC, v khi ra khi my sy c nhit t 50-90 oC. Trong bung sy cn c p sut thp hn, thng thng 300-450 Pa bt sa khng b thot i, trong trng hp bung sy khng c kn lm. Khng kh sy thot ra bung sy bng ng ng cng vi hi nc bc hi v c mt lng nht nh bt sa vo cyclon hoc ti lc bi. Khng kh sy c ht bng my qut qua thit b lc vo h thng un nng. My sy c th c kt hp vi thit b lm tan bt nhanh 1 giai on hoc 2 giai on. qu trnh lm tan nhanh 1giai on, qu trnh sy c iu khin sao cho bt sa cha khong 8-12 % m. Bt sa kt cc tng phn t my sy s c a vo sy tng si, n c sy n m cui cng. phng php lm tan nhanh 2giai on, bt sa c lm m mt khoang ring bng hi nc, nc phun dng sng, sa ly tm hoc sa c c. Bt sa m kt cc sau c sy tip bng khng kh nng trong my sy tng si rung, cc ht tr nn cng v c sy n m cui cng. Sau khi sy, cn lm ngui sn phm nhit di 30 oC. Sa kh sau khi sy phi t c m t 3-4 %, v khi m cao protein d b phn hu trong qu trnh bo qun v sn phm c th nhn mi v khng mong mun, thm ch sn phm c th b ho nu. Trong khng kh m bnh thng m cn bng ca sa bt thnh phm ca cc loi khc nhau s tng ng vi nhng gi tr khc nhau: V d: sa bt khng tch cht bo t 6-8 %, sa bt tch mt phn cht bo t 8-9 %. Nu sa bt b t tr li do khng kh m, th sn phm h hng rt nhanh, nn ngi ta cn phi bao gi kn n ngay sau khi lm ngui n nhit mi trng xung quanh. Do nh hng khng c li ca oxy, bo qun sa bt, ngi ta loi tr oxy ca khng kh bng cch ng gi mi trng chn khng hoc kh tr.
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3.2.6 SN XUT HI SN KH Hi sn sng, ti cha khong 70-80 % m, y l iu kin thch hp cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. m ca c ti thay i trong phm vi rng v c quan h vi hm lng m c trong c. Loi c khng c hoc c t m cha khong 80 % nc, c thu loi nhiu m khong 65 % v ln ch cha 50 % nc. Nu gim m ti mc: 810 % th s kim ch c s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Lm kh bng phng php t nhin hay nhn to s km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, mc km hm ph thuc vo lng nc bc hi nhiu hay t. Mc ch lm kh sn phm hi sn ch yu l khng ch s thi ra do vi khun gy nn. 3.2.6.1 Cc loi sn phm Nguyn liu hi sn lm kh bao gm c, cc loi v cng (c, s), ng vt nhuyn th v cc loi hi to, rong, rau cu. Sn phm ch bin c th chia ra 4 loi sau y: 1/ Sn phm kh sng: ch bin bng nguyn liu ti sng khng qua x l bng cch ngm mui hoc nu chn nh: mc ng kh, moi kh, tm kh, bng c kh v rong kh. 2/ Sn phm kh chn: ch bin bng nguyn liu nu chn ri em sy hoc phi. Khi nu phn ln cho thm t mui nh s, c kh, tm kh, hu kh, hi sm kh, bo nh kh, sn phm kh bng sn cc nhm .v.v... 3/ Sn phm kh mn: ch bin bng nguyn liu khi p mui ri mi lm kh. 4/ Sn phm kh hun khi: sn phm c sy kh kt hp vi hun khi. 3.2.6.2 K thut sy Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, cc phng php lm kh nhn to ngy cng hon thin v pht trin. Cc nhn t ch yu lm nh hng n tc lm kh c nh hng ca nhit khng kh Ni chung tng nhit khng kh c th tng nhanh c tc sy. Tng nhit trong phm vi nht nh khng nh hng ti phm cht ca c. Sy kh nhit tng i cao th s bc hi ngoi mt qu nhanh lm cho trn b mt ngoi hnh thnh mt lp v cng khin cho thi gian sy kh phi ko di. Nu nhit qu cao lm cho tht b kht v en.
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Nhit sy kh thch hp cho mi loi c l tu theo loi c gy hay bo, kt cu t chc ca tht c v phng php m .v.v...th d nhit sy ca c gy c th cao hn nhit sy ca c bo. nh hng ca m tng i trong khng kh Khi m khng kh t ti 80 % th qu trnh sy kh s ngng v xy ra s ht m ca tht c. Khi nhit khng kh 30 oC, nu m sn phm trn 60 % b ngoi c d sinh ra nhn. m tng i sy c li nht m bo c sn phm c tt: 40-60 %. nh hng ca tc gi Nu tc gi qu nh c th ko di thi gian lm kh, ng thi ngoi mt ca c gi trng thi m, lm cho sn phm d b bin cht. Cho nn yu cu tc gi phi ln, c bit l lc u th cng cn thit hn. Nhng nu tc gi qu ln th rt kh gi c trng thi n nh ca nhit , hn na dng vn tc khng kh qu cao cng khng rt ngn ng k c thi gian sy do tnh cht ca c. Ni chung tc gi nh nht c th lm cho c kh c thng l 0,4 m/s. Khi lm kh c t tht phm vi tc gi vo khong 1,0 - 1,5 m/s. Hng lu thng ca khng kh: nu song song vi b mt ca c lm kh nhanh hn, nu hnh thnh 1 gc 45o th tc sy kh tng i chm, khi thng gc vi b mt ca c th tc lm kh chm nht (lc ny tc gi hu nh khng c tc dng). nh hng ca vic m Mc ch ca vic l xc tin s di ng ca nc trong tht c phng php sy kh gin on. Ngha l trong qu trnh lm kh, em bn thnh phm cht ng trong mt thi gian nht nh, cho nc trong sn phm phn b c u, ng thi rt ngn c thi gian sy kh, nng cao hiu sut li dng ca thit b sy. Thi gian sy ca giai on trc khi khng nn qu di, nu khng th ngoi mt ca nguyn liu qu kh s lm nh hng ti thi gian , tri li thi gian sy cng khng nn qu ngn, nu khng b mt ngoi nguyn liu sy cha kh nn trong qu trnh ngoi b mt s xy ra hin tng sn sinh cht dnh. V vy mi loi c cn ch n ch sy kh gin on thch hp. nh hng do nguyn liu c Nguyn liu c tu loi to nh, dy mng, da cng, da mm, c vy, khng c vy, do phng php m x, x l lc p mui v.v...m c nh hng ti thi gian lm kh nguyn liu.
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Thng thng c trc khi lm kh cn c ct, m x th c li cho thi gian lm kh. Nhng ming c cng trng lng, c din tch b mt cng ln th lm kh cng nhanh. Khi lm kh iu kin ging nhau, c bo kh chm hn c gy, c p mn kh nhanh hn c ti, v trc khi lm kh c p mui, c mt phn nc thot ra khi nguyn liu. Nn t l thnh phm ca c p mui lm kh thu nhiu hn c ti c cng trng lng trc khi phi. Thit b sy: Nhng thit b sy kh nhn to thng dng sy kh cc sn phm hi sn p sut thng ch yu l phng sy v hm sy. Trong phng sy thng c dng rng ri nht, ngoi ra cn c phng sy kiu bng chuyn cng c ng dng. Phng sy Loi phng sy kiu ny mc d cn c nhiu khuyt im, nhng v sn phm hi sn i hi phi sy kh trong thi gian tng i di, n ch ng sy nhng loi nguyn liu cn lm kh nhng v gp phi thi tit ma, bo v.v... khng th lm kh t nhin c, thch hp vi vic kt hp lm kh t nhin v lm kh nhn to. Phng sy kh theo kiu thng gi t nhin: Da vo lung hi t nhin to thnh t ng khi, khng kh bn ngoi sau khi i vo ch cung cp nhit, ri tip thu nhit bin thnh khng kh nng i vo trong phng sy, thng qua lp c, lm c nng bc hi ri em theo phn nc trong c thot ra v nh ra ngoi phng sy. Da vo phng hng lu ng ca khng kh trong phng sy c th chia ra lm 2 loi di y. Phng sy kh cung cp hi nng t trn xung
Nhc im: mc kh ca c c s khc nhau theo chiu cao ca phng sy kh. C lp trn kh nhanh hn c lp di, nhit lp trn tng i cao d lm cho loi c nhiu m b oxy ho, di th nhit thp, c chm kh d b mc hoc bin cht. Phng sy kh cung cp hi nng t di ln
u im: tun hon ca khng kh tng i mnh, thao tc thun tin, phng sy chim din tch khng ln lm v kt cu cng tt hn loi trn. Loi phng sy ny, c tng trn chm kh hn, nhng thao tc iu chnh mc kh ca n cng khng phin phc lm. Ch cn ly c kh lp di ra v chuyn t lp trn xung ri tip tc sy.
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Phng sy thng gi nhn to Khng kh i vo bung sy s c lu thng u n nh qut gi. Nhit ca sn phm sy khng c qu 65 oC. Cc kiu thit b sy khc - C nhiu loi nhiu kiu khc nhau: hm sy, sy bng chuyn, sy bng tia hng ngoi, thit b sy chn khng, thit b sy kh thng hoa v.v... 3.2.6.3 K tht hun khi Hun khi l phng php x l nguyn liu, trong cc sn phm nhit phn ca g xm nhp vo nguyn liu to ra sn phm c mi v khi c trng v mu sc thay i. Sn phm bo qun c lu hn nh tc dng ho hc ca cc thnh phn khi v cc qu trnh l ho khc nh tc dng nhit (thanh trng), gim hot nc... S hnh thnh khi hun Khi hun hnh thnh do qu trnh nhit phn ca g v cc phn ng tip theo. Qu trnh nhit phn g ph thuc ln vo nhit . nhit 120 oC nc bay hi ra khi g sau ngng t li. 185 oC g thay i mu v xut hin sng m c mi cay nng, nhng y cha th coi l khi hun. Khi hun ng ngha xut hin nhit 200-300 o C khi xy ra qu trnh nhit phn pentozan v xenluloza. Tu theo nhit ca khi ngi ta chia ra: - Khi hun lnh: nhit khi nh hn 18-23 oC - Khi hun m: nhit khi khong 60 oC - Khi hun nng: nhit 80-90 oC. i vi loi c nhiu m nh c thu, c mng c khong 3-20 % m th thi gian sy cng ko di v sn phm b thay i rt mnh. Bi vy ngi ta thng kt hp sy vi hun khi x l cc loi c ny. Trong qu trnh hun khi nhng cht c tc dng bo qun nh: phenol, phormol chuyn vo trong c, phn ln vi trng b tiu dit, do trnh c s oxy ho cht bo ca c. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn nhn c mi v c trng cng nh mu sc mong mun ca sn phm. Kh nng hp th khi ca c ph thuc vo m ca sn phm sy. Bi vy ngi ta thng kt hp qu trnh hun khi v sy theo quy trnh nht nh s cho sn phm tt hn. sn xut nhng sn phm c th bo qun c lu hn ngi ta thng ch n qu trnh hun khi lnh: Trc ht ngi ta mui c v qua gim m ca c. V d: vi c thu c th gim m n 45-50 %. Sau ra nh tch bt mui nu thy cn thit, a sn phm vo l hun khi, nc tip tc bc i, v d: i vi c thu khi kt thc qu trnh ny cn cha 40-45 % m. Nhit khng vt qu 28 oC ty theo loi sn phm, v nu khng khi c mm gp
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nng qu th v ca n s km i. Thi gian xng khi ph thuc vo loi c, thng phi cn nhiu ngy. Ch : i vi c thu v c ng th cn thi gian xng khi ngn hn, nhit cao nht khi xng khi l 28 oC. Vi nhit ngi ta c th sy s b (c mui nh, moi rut b ra) trong khong 40 pht khi m gim i 3-4 % th lp da bng v dai xut hin b mt sn phm. Sau em xng khi m tip tc tch ra khong 12-16 %. Phng php xng khi nng, ngi ta thng dng vi cc loi c nh ngnh, ln... mui s b. Nhit ca khi nng c th ln ti 80 oC, qu trnh chung ko di t 1-5h ty theo tng loi c, cui cng cn phi lm ngui. Qu trnh sy c cn ng vai tr quan trng trong sn xut hp. C ti cha hm lng m khc nhau. Nu ngi ta mun nhn c sn phm ng u v m, th ngi ta cn phi tch nc ca c trc khi cho vo hp qua qu trnh sy. Lm nh vy c li l: sn phm khng b co dm khi thanh trng, mt khc cn ngn nga cc vi sinh vt pht trin trc khi cho vo hp v ngn cn nguy c c c th b ph hu trong hp. C khng x l nh trn c th lm gim cht lng nc ct trong qu trnh sy, thng thay i khng c li v mu sc, c, v v lin kt ca sn phm. cc nh my ln thng sy bng khng kh nng c nhit khong 100 oC v kt hp vi hun khi nh. Trong qu trnh ny khi lng sn phm gim t 10-25 % do nc mt i. Khi sy i vi c thu v cc c tng t, ngi ta thng dng loi phng sy, trong c c treo gi sy, cn khng kh sy tun hon bao quanh c. xng khi c ngi ta c th cu to phng n gin vi th tch 2-3 m3, trong phng ny c c treo trn, g chy di. Trn l xng khi c t np che hnh nn c ni tip vi ng khi v c l chn c th iu chnh c lng khi ra ngoi nhiu hay t theo yu cu k thut xng khi. Nhin liu sinh khi l g kh, t nha v hc n nh: g sn, g do v.v...g c ln khc nhau: v bo, mn ca v ci thanh. Tu theo mi loi c ngi ta c th xu qua mm, mt hoc cung hng ca c, cc xu c c treo trn so, hoc ngi ta treo cc mc ch S vo so treo c. Cc so c t trn gi c th di chuyn c (v d: gi xe gong) trn gi c t nhiu lp so xen k nhau sn phm c xng khi u. Nhng c s sn xut ln ngi ta trang b nhng l c bit sinh ra khng kh nng v khi, c qut thay i khng kh trong qu trnh sy v xng khi. Thit b sy thng s dng l loi ng hm vi nhng xe gong di chuyn. Trn gong t nhiu so (trn so treo cc xu c hoc cc mc) c khong cch v xen k hp l. Yu cu ca thit b sy hoc xng khi, c th khng ch c cc thng s k thut c bn
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m bo cht lng sn phm. i vi cc loi c c ln khc nhau th thi gian sy v xng khi cng khc nhau. i vi thit b lm lin tc th phi phn loi c theo loi v ln d dng khng ch iu kin k thut to iu kin cho sn phm kh v hp ph khi u. Thit b c phn chia thnh vng: sy, lm chn, xng khi v lm ngui. Thit b sy xng khi c th trang b bng bng chuyn xch chuyn ng do m t, vn chuyn nhng xu c cn xng khi vi vn tc thch hp. Qua ngi ta c th kim tra sn phm v iu chnh cc thng s k thut thch hp. Quy trnh kt hp sy v xng khi c: Nguyn liu (cc loi c)
Phn loi (theo loi v kch thc)
B ni tng (no, mang, bong bng, rut, gan, mt...)
Ra (ra sch mu v cc phn bn khc bm trn c)
p mui (8-15 % khi lng c)
(thi gian t 2-3 ngy)
Phi
Sy (nhit 30-50 oC; (30-40 %; vn tc 1,0-1,5 m/s)
Xng khi (nng hoc lnh) (nng t > 80 oC, lnh t<30oC) Sy (nh trn nhng nhit c th tng ln 52 oC)
Lm ngui (t nhin hoc nhn to)
Nghin (nghin mn, qua sng c =0,5-1mm)
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Sng phn loi (m bo kch thc sn phm ng u)
ng gi (bao b kn)
Thnh phm (Wc=8-10 %) 3.3 K THUT SY CC LOI HT
Khi mi thu hoch, ht thng c m cao, trung bnh 20-22 %. Mt s loi ht hay qu thu hoch vo ma ma nc ta, m lc u ca chng c th ti 35-40 %. Nhng ht m, nu khng c sy kp thi c th b thm, chua, thi thm ch c th h hng hon ton. Mt s loi ht nh tng, vng, ht ci v.v... phi phi sy ti kh nht nh mi tch, ly ht ra khi v thun li. Tt c cc loi ht trc khi a vo kho bo qun, nht thit phi qua phi sy ti m an ton. 3.3.1 c im sy cc loi ht 3.3.1.1 Kh nng thu nhn hi nc v kh ca ht Ht c cu trc vt th keo-mao qun-xp, do n c tnh cht thu nhn hi v kh. Hin tng ny c gi l hp th. Hp th l quy lut phc tp ca nhiu qu trnh ring l: hp ph, hp th, ngng t mao qun v hp ph ho hc. - Hp ph l s tip nhn kh hoc hi b mt ca vt th rn. Khi sy cc loi ht bng hn hp kh v khi l, cht lng ca ht c th b gim do n hp th mi ca khi, khi ny do s t chy khng hon ton ca nhin liu trong l, nht l i vi nhin liu hm lng lu hunh cao. - Hp th l hin tng thm su ca kh hoc hi nc vo vt th bng khuch tn vo nhng l nh ca vt th. Hi hoc kh ngng t v thm su vo nhng thnh phn c bn ca ht nh protein, tinh bt... - Ngng t mao qun l s hp th hi hoc kh do s lin kt ngng t trong nhng ng mao qun ca vt th. S ngng t hi nc trong cc mao qun ca vt th xut hin do s gim p sut hi bo ho di nh hng ca lc mao qun trong cc mao qun. - Hp th ho hc l s tip nhn hi hoc kh ca vt th do thc hin cc phn ng hoc bin i ho hc ca cc thnh phn ha hc trong vt th.
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Ht c cu to t bo v xen k bi nhng l mao qun to thnh mt h thng mao qun ln v b. Bn trong ca ht bao gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, trong c protein, gluxit l nhng cht keo lin kt tt vi nc. Ht c b mt hot ng ca ht v khi ht rt ln. 3.3.1.2 Qu trnh hp th ca ht v khi ht - S khuch tn bn ngoi: s xm nhp ca khng kh, hi nc vo nhng khong khng gia cc ht. - S xm nhp ca khng kh hi nc t cc khong khng vo trong ht ngi ta gi l khuch tn bn trong. - S ngng t hi nc trong mao qun. - S xm nhp ca nc ngng t vo bn trong ht. - S xm nhp ca hi t khong khng gia cc ht vo ht ring l - S vn chuyn m qua thnh t bo vo bn trong v to lin kt vi cht keo trong ht (protein, tinh bt...) - Vn tc khuych tn bn ngoi ph thuc vo nhit ca hi, p sut hi v tc ca hi xung quanh ht. - Vn tc khuych tn bn trong ph thuc vo nhit ca hi, p sut hi, thnh phn ho hc v cu trc ca ht. 3.3.1.3 m trong ht - m c chia ra lm hai loi: m c th tch c v m khng th tch c.Gi tr m ca ht ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ht v dng lin kt m. m ti hn khc nhau i vi nhng loi ht khc nhau: v d nhit 25 oC: la mch l 36,5 %; la m: 22,5 % v thc l 38 %. - Ht c sy kh ch n m cn bng hoc m cui tng ng vi m tng i v nhit ca tc nhn sy. - m trng n - m ca ht c th vt qu m ti hn ch trong trng hp nu ht c thu hoch hoc vn chuyn khi tri ma. 3.3.1.4 Qu trnh bay hi ca m t ht m tp trung b mt ht thng l m dnh t v m mao qun, n bc hi tng t nh s bay hi ca nc b mt thong.
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S bay hi ca m lin kt l ho hc (m ti hn ca ht) rt l kh khn v m ny c to thnh nhng lp bn trong ca ht v ngi ta cn phi cng bc n vn chuyn n b mt ca ht trong qu trnh sy. S vn chuyn m hoc s thay i m xy ra t ni c m cao n ni c m thp hn. Vn tc chuyn m ph thuc vo chnh lch m v kh nng dn m ca ht. m c th vn chuyn dng lng v dng hi. i vi ht c m ln th m vn chuyn ch yu dng lng, vi m nh vn chuyn ch yu dng hi. B mt bc hi m ca ht khng ging nh b mt hnh hc ca ht. B mt bay hi bao gm m vn chuyn t cc mao qun su trong ht v to nn nhng vng bc hi, khi m ca ht tng th vng bc hi cng tng. tng tc bc hi th khi ht c un nng trong my sy n nhit nht nh. Vic un nng ht ng vai tr quan trng trong vn chuyn m. m chuyn ng di nh hng ca nhit theo hng ca dng nhit ngha l t ni c nhit cao n ni c nhit thp hn. Hin tng vn chuyn m do tc dng nhit c gi l khuych tn nhit m. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca chuyn ng m l s chuyn ng phn t cht lng tng t nh s khuych tn nhit trong dung dch. Nguyn nhn th 2 ca chuyn ng m trong ht l s gim bt lc ht ca nhng mao qun khi nng nhit vng c nhit cao th lc ht mao qun nh i, do m c vn chuyn n ni c nhit thp hn. Nguyn nhn th 3 ca chuyn ng m trong ht l do s tn ti ca khng kh b nht trong nhng ng mao qun ca ht, khng kh ny khng c kh nng i ra trc tip, nhng n b un nng th khng kh b nht tng ln lm cho n chuyn ng n ni c p sut thp hn. Kt qa l s ph v p sut c hc to iu kin cho m bc hi. Trn c s phn tch trn, ngi ta coi qu trnh sy ht nh sau: di tc dng un nng ht, m t do (lin kt c hc) bc hi, trong nhng mao qun ln m bc hi mnh lit tng t nh s bay hi b mt thong ca nc, xung quanh ht to thnh mng bc hi tng ng vi giai on vn tc sy khng i. Sau khi un nng bc hi bao quanh ht b rch th mng hi mi xut hin bn trong cc mao qun nh v bt u giai on vn tc sy gim, lng m c chuyn di t bn trong ht ra n b mt ht th hi, m hi ny c to ra lp bay hi hay cn gi mng sy su bn trong ht v km theo s khuych tn th lng. S bay hi ca m lin kt c hc b mt ht ngi ta gi l khuych tn ngoi, cn vic vn chuyn bc hi ca m trong ht gi l s khuych tn bn trong. Vn tc bc m lin kt c hc ln hn vn tc m lin kt l ho hc.
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3.3.2 Tnh cht sy cc loi ht khc nhau 3.3.2.1 La m Yu cu: phi m bo s lng v cht lng ca gluten. c im: bt u nhit t 50oC c s thay i nh v s lng v cht lng ca gluten. V vy nhit sy ch cho php n 50 oC. 3.3.2.2 La, ng La ng l nhng cy lng thc chnh ca nhn loi. La ng sau khi thu hoch c m cao, cn phi lm kh. Phng php sy nhn to c cc u im sau so vi phi: - t l thu hi go xay xt cao hn - t l thu hi go nguyn cao hn. K thut sy: Nhit sy ti a ph thuc vo mc ch s dng ca ht: - ht lm thc n gia sc, tomax l 74 oC - ht ngi tiu th tomax l 57 oC - ht xay xt v ch bin, tomax l 60 oC -ht lm ging v lm bia, tomax l 43 oC t c nhit lp sy ht nh hn 43 oC, trong qu trnh sy cn phi iu chnh nhit tc nhn sy ph hp: - khi bt u qu trnh sy, m thc ng sy 22-26 %, nn gi nhit tc nhn sy l 49 oC ngay t u qu trnh sy. - Khi m t 16 %, gim nhit tc nhn sy ti 45 oC - Khi m t 14 %, gim nhit tc nhn sy n 43 oC v gi nhit ny n khi kt thc. m kt thc qu trnh sy l 13-13.5 %. 3.3.2.3 Cc ht h u Cc ht h u thng cha mt lng kh ln protein (n 25 %), phn ln l tinh bt t 46-52 % v lipit t 2-3 %. Nu nhit un nng cc ht h u t 28-30 oC, ht bt u nt v nhn nheo. V v lp st v kh nhanh, ngn cn s bc m t bn trong ht n b mt ht v nng cao p sut hi bn trong ht dn n s rn nt v lm h hi ht, kt qu ph hu kh nng ny mm ca ht. Protein ca cc ht h u rt nhy cm vi s tng nhit , n b gim i nhit 30 o C. Bi vy sy cc ht h u c thc hin hai hoc nhiu giai on sy gi cht lng sn phm v nng cao nng sut ca my sy.
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3.3.2.4 Sy i vi cc ht c du Phn ln cc ht c du c lp v cng, gia v v nhn c lp khng kh mng. ngn cn s thay i nh rn nt, sm hoc chy v ca mt s ht c du ch c php sy n nhit 60 oC. 3.3.3 Cc phng php sy ht Hong gi t nhin: s dng trong trng hp ht mi thu hoch c m cao, ht b ma v khi lng khng ln. Ht cn tri thnh lp mng, tt nht l xp thnh nhiu tng t trn gi hong v m bo thong gi. Hong gi nhn to: nguyn tc ging hong gi t nhin, y khng kh b cng bc thi qua ht nh qut ht v y, tc bc hi nc nhanh hn. Phi nng Rang kh ht: ch thch hp sy nhanh lng ht khng ln, khng yu cu ch nhit nghim ngt. Sy i lu: tc nhanh, nng st ln, cht lng ht ng u v bo m. S dng khi l tng hiu sut s dng nhit, tuy nhin nhin liu t khi l thng c lu hunh, to ra kh c khi chy, nn trong mt s trng hp khng thch hp sy. C nhiu kiu sy i lu: sy ng, sy tnh, sy lin tc, sy gin on, khng kh i dc hay ngang lp ht, ht dng tng si hay trong dng kh v.v... Mt s thit b sy thng c s dng sy ht nh: sy bng ti, thp sy, sy tng si, sy thng quay, sy ging trt... nc ta, khi sy ng thc my sy SH1-200 c s dng nhiu nht. C c tnh: gn, nh, n gin, gi r ph hp mi i tng, lm kh nng sn ti ch, tiu hao t in, nhin liu dng phong ph: ci, tru, than t ong... Cu to: - phn bung sy: bung sy hnh tr ng kiu li, thc c cha trong hnh vnh khuyn. Kh nng c cha trong hnh tr trong dng lng li, ng tm hnh tr ngoi. Pha trn hnh tr trong c chp tn nhit y kn. Gi ton b pha di l hnh nn ct c 3 ca tho liu. - phn cp nhit: gm h thng tuy-e, qut, bp than t ong. - nguyn l lm vic: khng kh nng c ng tuy-e ht v nh qut y hn hp kh nng theo ng dn gi vo bung cp nhit lng li trong. Nh cu to bng li, khng kh nng i qua lp sy d dng. Dng khng kh nng lm nng vt liu sy, ht m t vt liu v chuyn ra ngoi khng kh qua lng li ngoi.
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3.4 CNG NGH SY MALT 3.4.1 Mc ch v cc nguyn l c bn ca sy malt Malt ti c m kh cao (42-45 %) nn khng th bo qun c. Mt khc, mi v v thnh phn ho hc ca malt ti khng thch hp cho vic sn xut bia nh: trong n khng c cht mu, khng c cht thm, nhiu protein nn c th lm gim bn ho l ca bia. Trong mm malt c cha alcaloit, hodenin lm cho bia c mi v kh chu. Do tho mn nhu cu sn xut bia, malt ti cn phi sy. Khi sy ngoi vic gim m ra cn lm thay i mi v, mu sc v thnh phn ho hc ca malt. Cc thay i ny do qu trnh sinh ho, ho hc v ho l trong ht sinh ra. Mi thm v v ca malt ch yu co cc melanoidin to nn. Trong giai on u sy malt, khi m ca malt cn kh cao trong ht xy ra qu trnh men nhm thu phn cc cht ca ht. Lc hot tnh ca enzim th hin cao hn nhiu so vi khi m mm. S d nh vy v hu ht cc loi enzim hot ng thch hp nhit 37-80 oC. Ph thuc vo phng php nng nhit v nhit sy cao nht m ta thu c nhng loi malt khc nhau (malt vng hay malt en). Tng nhit trong qu trnh sy s lm gim hot tnh ca enzim. V khi nng nhit s lm bin tnh v ng t protin. Chng ta bit rng: trong nc c nhit 60 o C nhiu enzim b gim hot tnh ca mnh, cn nu gi n vi pht nhit 75-80 o C th hu nh n b mt hot tnh. T suy ra m ca malt khi sy cng cao th enzim v hot cng nhanh. Khi sy phi ch gi lng enzim cho sn xut bia. Do khi xy dng th sy malt phi tnh n quan h xc nh m v nhit . V d: nh sy malt vng, giai on ht c 30 % m th nhit sy cho php 40 oC, vy khi sy nhit sy 50 oC th m malt phi gim cn 12 %, nu nhit sy tng ln n 60 oC th m ca malt phi cn 8 %. Malt en sy nhit cao hn malt vng. Tuy nhin, nhit sy cao nht cng khng vt qa 105 oC v nu sy nhit qu cao s ph hu nhiu enzim. Khi malt c m cao, nu tng nhit sy nhiu s dn ti s to thnh malt dng keo kh. S d nh vy v khong 60 oC xy ra s h ho tinh bt v tip tc nng nhit n s to thnh ht cng. Trong khi cc protein khng bin i khi m mm, nh di tc dng ca enzim protaza s ho tan v thm vo ht tinh bt. Sau tip tc tng nhit n s chuyn sang dng keo kh. Malt dng keo kh kh nghin, ho tan t v hiu sut chit thp. 3.4.2 Cc giai on sy malt Kt hp ng n gia nhit sy v m ca malt vo tng thi im sy s gip cho sy malt kh v gim ti thiu s mt mt hot tnh ca cc enzim. Thi gian sy malt khng nhng da trn tc thi m, s bo ton hot tnh enzim cn phi da vo cc bin i sinh ho v ho hc theo yu cu. Do m qu trnh sy malt chia
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thnh hai giai on: giai on tch nc v giai on sy kh. Trong giai on u th m trong ht nhanh chng v d dng h xung cn 10-8 %, s gim m malt t 8-10 % xung 4- 2,5 % l giai on sau v giai on ny tin trin rt chm v lc ny m lin kt bn vng vi cc cht keo ca ht. Trong giai on hai xy ra cc phn ng ho hc v ho l gia cc thnh phn ca malt. Ph thuc vo cc qu trnh xy ra trong malt khi sy, chia qu trnh sy thnh ba thi k: sinh l, men v ho hc. -Thi k sinh l: Nhit cao nht ca thi k ny l 45 oC. Trong ht xy ra qu trnh men, r, mm vn tip tc pht trin. m ca malt trong thi k ny gim n 30 %. Ti nhit 45 oC qu trnh tng hp ngng, nhng qu trnh thu phn, qu trnh men vn tip tc. - Thi k men: Thi k ny nm trong khong nhit 45-70 oC. Cc qu trnh sng b ngng: mm, r khng pht trin na v malt cng ngng h hp. Trong thi k ny qa trnh thu phn di tc dng ca enzim pht trin mnh nht v nhit thch hp ca hu ht cc enzim nm trong khong 45-60 oC. Nhng s tc dng ca enzim cn ph thuc vo hm lng nc. Do malt en thi k ny m cn 20-30 % nn enzim cn hot ng mnh. Ring malt vng cn 10 % m nn hot ng ca enzim khng ng k. - Thi k ho hc: Thi k ny nm trong khong nhit 70-105 oC. nhit trn 75 oC th cc qu trnh men chun b ngng v cc enzim b v hot ho mt phn, mt phn khc b cht keo ca ht hp ph v chuyn sang dng khng hot ng. Thi k ho hc c c trng bng s to thnh cht thm, s ng t protin, s lm yu v ph hu tng phn ca cc enzim. + Cc qu trnh sinh ho v ho hc xy ra trong sy malt:
Sy malt gy cho enzim nhiu nh hng khc nhau. C mt s enzim nhit cao b tiu dit, mt s khc ch b gim hot tnh. Nhm xitaza nhit 60 oC b v hot ho nhiu. Enzim amilaza b gim hot tnh v khi sy malt vng th gim t hn l sy malt en. Enzim -amylaza mt hot tnh nhiu hn enzim -amylaza. Hot tnh ca enzim proteaza trong thi k u c tng cht t, sau gim dn v trong malt vng thnh phn gn bng lc u, cn trong malt en thnh phm v sy nhit cao (ln hn 100 oC) nn gim nhiu. Trong thi k sinh l v thi k men, trong malt vn tip tc cc qu trnh thu phn. Di tc dng ca enzim amylaza, mt t tinh bt c ng ha. Qu trnh ny ph thuc rt ln vo m v khi m ca ht cn 15 % th qu trnh ny b nh ch.
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Mt qu trnh quan trng trong qu trnh sy malt l phn ng melanoidin. S c mt ca cc melanoidin lm cho mu ca malt ti hn v cho malt thnh phm c mi c trng. S tc dng hon ton ca cc aminoaxit vi ng ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian t nng. ho tan ca cc melanoidin ph thuc vo nhit ca cc phn ng to ra n. nhit cao, s to thnh cc melanoidin xy ra mnh nhng sn phm c to thnh t thm v t tan trong nc. Hot tnh ca cc aminoaxit tham gia vo phn ng melanoidin ph thuc vo nhit , pH, lng nc v mt s yu t khc. Tham gia vo phn ng ny mnh nht l glixin v alanin. Sn phm melanoidin ca chng cho mu rt m v c mi bia. Nhng c mi thm mnh hn c l valin v leuxin. Phenylalanin v valin c hot tnh vi phn ng melanoidin khng mnh v sn phm ca n cho mu ti, c mi thm d chu ging nh mi hoa hng. Leuxin cho sn phm nht mu nhng c mi bnh m rt r. Cc protein tham gia phn ng vi ng nh s c mt ca nhm -NH2 t do. Do aminoaxit hot ho hn protein. Ngoi ra, hot tnh ca cc aminoaxit khc nhau ph thuc vo chiu di ca chui axit Nhm -NH2 cch nhm -COOH cng xa th axit tham gia cng mnh vo phn ng melanoidin. Vn tc to thnh melanoidin cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca ng tham gia phn ng. Hot tnh ca cc ng theo chiu gim dn: arabinoza, glucoza, galactoza, fructoza. c bit, tham gia mnh vo phn ng melanoidin l cc pentoza v mnh nht l kxiloza. Melanoidin l nhng cht to bt tt, n cho phn ng axit rt r v c cc tnh kh. 3.4.3 Nhng yu t c bn nh hng n vn tc sy v cht lng ca malt Nhng yu t vt l nh hng n qu trnh sy malt l lng m cn phi tch ra khi ht; nhit ; m; khng kh v lng khng kh i vo v i ra khi thit b sy. m ca malt trong qu trnh sy malt c gim t 42-45% xung cn 2-4 %. i vi malt vng lng m c thi ra trong 24 h. Cn malt en trong 48 h. Qu trnh thi m vt l gm ba giai on: Giai on thi m t do: gii hn v m ca giai on ny l 20 %. Giai on trung gian: nm trong khong 20-12 %. Giai on thi m lin kt: <12 %.
Trong khi sy nu malt c m ln hn 12% th nc s bc hi t do. Cn nc lin kt bc hi kh v i hi nhit sy phi cao.
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Nu tng nhit sy khi m ca malt cn cao s lm tng hot tnh ca enzim v kt qu trong ht s tch lu nhiu sn phm thu phn. Tip tc tng nhit ln trn 60 oC s lm cho protein ca cc enzim b bin tnh v ng t, cui cng enzim b v hot. tng nhanh qu trnh sy malt khng nn tng nhit sy. V tng nhit sy s nh hng n hot tnh ca enzim. Nu tng th tch khng kh nng i qua lp ht th s lm cho nc trong ht that ra nhanh m vn m bo nht sy thp. giai on cui mi tng nhit sy ln 75-85 oC. Lc v m trong ht thp nn s nh hng n hot tnh enzim khng nhiu. Cc phng php v ch cng ngh sy malt: sy malt ngi ta c th s dng thit b sy gin on hay lin tc. Tc nhn sy c th s dng l khng kh sch cho qua calorife hoc hn hp kh lnh v kh t. Trong thit b sy c calorife kh t khng tip xc trc tip vi malt em sy v do cht t c th s dng bt k. Cn trong thit b sy t trc tip nhin liu, i hi cao hn: kh t khng cha mi l v khng c ht cng l lng. Loi thit b sy ny thng s dng kh t thin nhin, cht t lng, than v than khng c khi v.v... sy malt, ngi ta c th s dng nhng my sy khc nhau. V d: phng sy, nh sy c t 2-3 li st nm ngang c b phn co o. Tc nhn sy c th i t di li vung gc vi lp sn phm hoc tc nhn sy b cng bc i song song v lt qu b mt sn phm sy. Ngi ta cng c th s dng my sy bng chuyn (nhiu bng ti) hoc sy thp c nhit thch hp tng kh ng u ca sn phm sy ng thi phn b u tc nhn sy tng ng vi nhit cho php ca tng giai on sy ca malt. Loi my sy malt c dng ph bin l my sy thng quay vi tc nhn sy c a vo ng trung tm (trc quay ca my sy) v t n c phn phi u qua cc l nh (=8-10mm) trn ng trung tm. Ngi ta c th khng ch nhit , m v lu lng ca tc nhn thch ng vi tng giai on sy nh nu trn. Hin nay mt s c s sn xut bia nc ta sn xut malt t i mch hoc t nguyn liu thay th (malt hoc t cc lot thc), nhng ch yu l dng phng php phi. Trong qu trnh phi chng ta c th t c m mong mun ca malt, tit kim c thit b v mng lng sy...nhng n khng nhit cn thit, c bit giai on nhit t 70-85 oC thc hin nhng phn ng sinh ho v ho hc cn thit to ra mu sc, hng v v ca malt. V vy mun tng cht lng ca malt ng thi cng l tng cht lng ca bia th phi qua qu trnh sy malt. tit kim nng lng ta c th kt hp phi sy mt cch hp l. Giai on u m ca malt t 42-45 % xung m 15-18 %, ta c th phi hon ton, nhng giai on 2 m ca malt t 15-18 % n m cui ca malt khong 3-5 % ta phi thc hin qu trnh sy t cc yu cu ni trn.
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3.4.4 Bo qun malt kh Malt va sy xong khng nn em x l nu bia ngay. V lc malt rt dn nn khi nghin s nt nhiu v khi lc dch ng s kh lc. i khi cn lm cho ng ha kh, ln men km v d lm cho bia c. trnh hin tng ny, malt trc khi a vo sn xut bia phi c bo qun t 3-4 tun l. Malt cng ging nh ht, cng c th bo qun trong kho hoc xil cha. Bo qun malt trong xilo l thch hp hn c, v b mt tip xc khng kh t, nn m ca malt thay i khng ng k. Khi bo qun m ca malt tng ln n khong 5-6 %. Do th tch ht tng, ht tinh bt mt tnh dn. Khi nghin s t b nt, c th gi c nguyn vn v malt. Mt khc malt sau khi bo qun s c lng nit ho tan cao, cc cht khong v axit tng. Khi m tng th hot tnh ca enzim c trong malt cng tng theo. S d nh vy v mt m nht nh ca ht enzim lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hydro. trng thi lin kt enzim s hot ho cao. Nu m ca ht gim, lin kt enzim nc b tch ra v enzim s b mt hot tnh. Malt kh, trc khi a vo sn xut bia cn phi cho qua my lm sch loi b mm, r cn st v lm sch ht bi. Lc b mt ca malt s sng hn, malt ng u hn v c v tinh khit hn. 3.5 K THUT SY CC LOI RAU QU 3.5.1 ngha: - bo qun hiu qu - hn ch tn tht sau thu hoch - s dng thun tin 3.5.2 S cng ngh sy rau qu
Rau, qu (phi thch hp cho qu trnh sy)
Lm sch (kh, t)
La chn phn loi (theo kch thc)
Gt sa
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Ct, thi (tu yu cu)
Chn, hp (tu yu cu)
X l ho hc (nu cn)
Ch
Ch p
Sy
Sy
C c
Lm ngui
Lm ngui
Pha trn
Sy
Phn loi
Phn loi
Phn loi
p bnh
Nghin nh
ng gi
ng gi
ng gi
Sn phm dng nguyn
Sn phm dng bn mng
Sn phm dng bt
3.5.3 Cc nhn t chnh nh hng n hiu qu sy 3.5.3.1 Chn, hp - bin i ho l c li cho s thot nc khi sy: + Mi trng t bo = h keo phc tp. Di tc dng nhit, trng thi keo bin i, m thc vt mm ra, t bo trng n, khng kh thot ra, cht nguyn sinh ng t
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tch ra khi mng t bo, lm thm ht ca mng t bo tng ln. Do vy khi sy nc thot ra d hn. Chn hp cm lm gim ht m ca rau qu kh. + Rau qu giu gluxit: lm tng xp. + Rau qu c lp sp mng: lm mt lp sp, to ra vt nt nh trn b mt. - tiu dit vi sinh vt - v hot ho h thng enzym: + cc enzym quan trng: peroxidaza, poliphenoloxidaza, tirozinaza, ascobinaza, amilaza, photphorilaza, photphoglucomataza. Trong peroxidaza bn nhit nht, cn gia nhit trn 75oC v hot ho. 3.5.3.2 X l ho cht - Axit xitric: km hm s bin mu khng do enzym. - Axit sunfur, mui sunpht: c tnh kh mnh, tc dng vi nhm hot ng ca enzym oxy ho (ascobinaza, peroxidaza), lm chm cc pht ng sm mu. Ngn nga s to thnh melanoidin. n nh vitamin C.Hm lng ti thiu c tc dng: 0.02 %. - Cht to nh tng (monostearat glyxerin, albumin): ng dng trong k thut sy mng bt, tng cht lng sn phm sy. - CaCl2: lm chm li qu trnh sm mu, ngn nga hin tng nhn trong qu trnh nu chn, ci thin tc hi nguyn v tng cng ca sn phm hi nguyn (to phc pectat canxi) 3.5.3.3 Cc thng s ca qu trnh sy - Nhit sy: nhit cao - tc sy nhanh <> cht lng sn phm. Rau qu chu nhit km: trong mi trng m, khi t>60 oC, protein bin tnh; trn 90 oC fructoza b caramen ho. Nhit cao hn na: chy. V vy nhit sy phi n ho. Tu nguyn liu, to khng qu 80-90 oC, nhit tc nhn sy khng qu 100 oC. Nu thi gian sy ngn (sy trc ln, sy phun) nhit sy c th 150 oC. Cht lng sn phm cn ph thuc tc tng nhit. Tc cao lm b mt rn li, ngn cn s thot m. Tc chm, cng thot m yu. - Cch sp xp vt liu sy: nu khng ph hp, lu thng khng kh km, nhit khng ng u. - m tng i ca khng kh: m khng kh thp, kh nng ht m cng cao. i vi sy bung hay hm, m khng kh vo l 10-30 %, m ra 40-60 %. i vi sy phun, m tng ng l 5-10 % v 20-40 %. Nu m vo qu thp lm rau qu b nt hoc to ra v kh trn b mt, nu cao qu lm gim tc sy. Nu khng kh ra khi thit b c m thp, tn nng lng. iu chnh m khng kh bng cch iu chnh nhit khng kh vo, tc lu thng v lng vt liu m.
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- S lu thng ca khng kh: giai on u cn tc gi ln hn. Tc gi thng dng: 0.4-4 m/s. i vi sy phun, v=150 m/s. - dy ca lp sy Bng 3.1: Loi rau Nhit sy v iu kin chn i vi mt s loi rau Thi gian Nhit Hm lng m ca Thi T l chn thch sy thch sp gian sy ti/kh hp (s) hp (oC) (gi) Ban u Ban cui % Bp ci trng Nc 60-120 Hi nc 300 u H Lan Nm Su ho thi C rt (thi dy 3mm) Bp ci Rau cn (thi) Khoai ty 40 ty 90 tu tng loi 100-300 Khng chn Hnh 35-52 53 53 (bt u 75 75-88 cn cho php) 40-60 7 5-6 2,5 3 2,5-3 6-7,5 5-6 60-80 khng chn 90 20-60 65 55-65 40 35-70 90 6-8 5-7 11-13 7 4 2 3-4 3-4 10 10 6 7 55-60 89-94 % 8-9 2,5-3 2-5
2,5-3
8-10
3.5.4 K thut sy mt s loi rau 3.5.4.1 Khoai ty sy: cc nc n i, khoai ty sy chim 80 % sn lng rau qu sy v c dng ch yu nu sp. Vit Nam ta, khoai ty c trng ch yu vo v ng. N c dng mt phn thay th lng thc, li va s dng nh mt loi rau. Vi sn lng tng i ln v ngy cng tng, chc chn s l th nguyn liu chnh ca ngnh cng nghip sy rau qu.
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Dng sn phm: dng thi lt, dng khi vung, ht nh, dng bt. Yu cu v nguyn liu: Nhng chng loi khoai ty c hm lng rn cao v ng kh thp thch hp hp cho qu trnh sy hn. Qu trnh chun b trc khi sy: Khoai ty c ra nc, gt v, ct v kim tra trc khi thi mng, ct khi vung hoc bng cc phng php lm gim kch thc khc. sn xut sn phm sy dng khi vung, nhng c khoai ty ct i c cho vo cc my ct thnh khi vung c th iu chnh c to kch thc mu theo yu cu. Cc dao ct cn gi sch v bn trnh lm h hi mu khoai ty. Cc mu khoai ty sau c chn hp v hot ho cc enzym c th xc tc qu trnh lm sm mu cc vt ct khoai ty hoc qu trnh thu phn lipit m c th dn n s h hng v mi v trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm sy. Qu trnh chn hp c th thc hin trong nc hoc hi nhit trong khong 93-100 oC t 2-12 pht. Sau khi chn hp xong, cn phun nc cc mu khoai ty ngay lp tc ra tinh bt b h ho trn b mt. Sau chng c th c x l bng sunphit. SO2 bo v sn phm khi b sm mu phi enzym v khi b chy khi sy. Do n cho php s dng nhit cao hn so vi khoai ty khng qua x l. Sunphit c phun vo cc khi vung khoai ty dng hn hp sunphit natri v bisunphit natri t l 50:50 hoc nhng khoai ty trong dung dch tng t. Sn phm cha 200-600 ppm sunphit, tnh theo SO2. X l khoai ty chn hp bng mui canxi c th lm chm li qu trnh sm mu, ngn nga hin tng nhn trong qu trnh nu chn, ci thin tc hi nguyn v tng cng ca sn phm hi nguyn. thc hin iu ny ngi ta cho thm clorua canxi vo dung dch sunphit ni trn. K thut sy: Thit b: bung sy, hm sy hoc sy bng chuyn, trong sy bng chuyn c s dng rng ri nht. Phng php sy bng chuyn 2 cp thng c s dng, trong c cc mu khoai ty c sy kh mt phn c chuyn v phn b li ln bng chuyn th hai. Thit b sy tng si cng c s dng sy khoai ty dng khi vung. Ch sy: Nhit ca khng kh vo u t ca my sy c th cao n 135 oC , trong khi vo u kh ca sn phm khong 60-73 oC. Qu trnh sy c th kt thc n m xung 8 % hoc thp hn trong my sy thng vi nhit khng kh khong 3860 oC. Tng cng thi gian sy c th t 10-14 h. nhng my sy hin i, qu trnh sy c hon thnh phn cui ca bng chuyn sy vi thi gian sy 6-8 gi. Sau khi sy, trc khi bao gi, cc mu khoai ty sy c phn loi bng sn v nhng mu h hng v mu sc c loi b nh vo thit b phn loi mu sc quang in.
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3.5.4.2 Bp ci sy: Trong bp ci sy c: 12 % nc, 15% protit, 1,4 % lipit, 48,1 % gluxit (ng chim 42,5 %), 14 % xeluloza, 1,5 % axit v 8 % tro. Chn bp ci chc, nng, l dy, ti. Sau khi bc b l gi, su bnh v li, em ra v thi thnh si rng 3-5 mm, ri chn bng hi nc hay trong nc nhit khng di 90 oC trong thi gian 2-3 pht. Bp ci sau khi chn a i sy ngay khng cn lm ngui. i khi ngi ta chn trong dung dch 0,1 % bisunfit natri. thit b sy ng hm, nhit sy ban u l 82 oC sau gim xung 63 oC. Nu sy thit b sy bng ti th p dng ch sy nh sau: Bng ti Bng ti th nht Bng ti th hai Bng ti th ba Bng ti th t Vi cc iu kin sau: - m khng kh ra khi thit b: - Thi gian sy chung: - m cui ca sn phm: 3.5.4.3 Sp l sy: Sp l sy kh cha 14 % nc, 30% protit, 3 % lipit, 36 % ng, 62 % xeluloza, 1 % axit v 6,8 % tro. Dng xp l ti tt, ng knh khng di 8 cm, cha c nhnh pht trin. Trc khi sy ct b l, tch tng nhnh, ra sch v chn hi nc t 1-2 pht, ri lm ngui n nhit 35 oC. Sy sp l nhit 70-71 oC, nu nhit cao hn d lm cho sp l c mu vng nu khng thch hp. m cui cng ca sn phm t 10-12 %. 3.5.4.4 C rt sy C rt sy kh kh giu vitamin: C, B1, B2, PP v c bit l tin vitamin A. Thnh phn ho hc ca c rt sy kh gm: 14 % nc, 9,2 % protit, 1,5 % lipit, 48 % ng, 10,4 % tinh bt, 9,6 % xeluloza, 2 % axit, 5,3 % tro. 35-37% 160-235 pht 7-9 % Nhit (oC) 50-60 52-65 50-60 40-50 Tc bng ti (m/pht) 0,16-0,31 0,11-0,28 0,07-0,19 0,06-0,16
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Chn c rt mu , c to v li nh. Sau khi ra sch chn trong nc nhit 87-88 C trong thi gian 6-8 pht ra li loi b v v sunfit ha bng dung dch SO2 c nng 0,2-1 %.
o
C rt sunfit ha c thi thnh lt, phi hay qun c ri sy nhit 7071 C n m cui cng ca sn phm l 12-14 %.
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bo qun lu c th sy n m cui t 5-7 %, nhng sau khi sy, sn phm phi ng gi vo bao b kn. C ci v su ho sy tin hnh tng t nh c rt. 3.5.4.5 Hnh, ti sy Hnh, ti l cc loi gia v, nn hm lng cc loi tinh du ca chng ng vai tr quan trng trong gi tr dinh dng ca hnh ti kh. Trong hnh, ti kh tinh du chim chim khong 0,033-0,055 %. Thnh phn ho hc ca hnh ty kh gm: 14 % nc, 16 % protit, 2,8 % lipit, 47,8 % gluxit, 8,6 % xeluloza, 2 % axit, 8,8 % tro. Hnh ti sau khi ct b r, l, c em ra sch ri thi thnh lt mng 3-5 mm. trnh tn tht lng tinh du ngi ta khng cn chn. thit b sy ng hm th nhit sy ban u l 70 oC sau , gim xung 57oC. Vi ti duy tr nhit c nh 60 oC. 3.5.4.6 t sy Chn t chn u khng cn mng xanh, khng rng cung, khng su bnh, cng loi, cng phm cht. Sau khi ra sch (thng dng my ra thi kh) ro nc ri a i thi (dng my thi) thnh khoanh c chiu rng t 0,5-1 cm (trong qu trnh thi phn ln ht c tch ra). t sau khi thi c cho vo khay sy (khay thng bng nhm, c l) a i sy. Nu sy bng thit b sy ng hm thng sy lm hai giai on: gia on 1 sy cng chiu, nhit ln nht ca dng khng kh cng chiu vo hm t 80-100 oC v dng ngc chiu l 80 oC, tc ca dng khng kh xui chiu t 3-5 m/s v dng ngc chiu 1-2 m/s. Nu sy bng phng sy c th sy nhit t 73-75 oC cho n khi ngt 50 % khi lng th gim nhit 62-63 oC. Ch trong qu trnh sy khng m ca khng kh sy qu cao, d lm t b thm en. m ca t kh khng qu 5 %.
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3.5.4.7 Sy cc loi rau mi Rau mi gm nhiu loi khc nhau: tha la, nguyt qu, rau mi, rau hng ...Rau mi k t khi thu hoch cho n khi a i sy khng qu 15 gi. Qa trnh cng ngh tin hnh qua cc giai on sau: kim tra, ra, ro nc, sy, phn loi v bao gi. Nu sy bng thit b bng chuyn th theo ch sy sau: Bng chuyn Th nht Th hai Th ba Th t Nhit khng kh sy (oC) 55-60 50-55 45-50 40-45 Tc bng chuyn (m/pht) 0,2 0,13 0,10 0,10
Chiu dy ca lp nguyn liu trn bng th I c biu th bng mt ring ca nguyn liu trn bng ti, nm trong khong t 3-4 kg/m2. Lng nguyn liu i vo sy 0,9 kg/pht. Tiu tn khng kh: 5000m3/h m tng i ca khng kh sy t 40-45 %, thi gian sy n m cui cng 13-14 % l 140 pht. bo qun lu ngi ta c th sy n m cui t 6-8 %. 3.5.4.8 Nm sy Nm sy l mt hng trao i chnh ca nm, c bit l nm hng. Trong nm kh hm lng m trung bnh 12-14 %, protit 27-30 %, lipit 8-9 %, cht khong 9-10 %, ngoi ra cn c cc vitamin nhm B, C, C v PP. Sau khi ct gc, phn loi kch thc, em ra ri chn bng hi nc nhit 100 oC trong 2-3 pht, lm ngui ri xp vo khay sy. Sy nm nhit 50-70 oC n m cui cng t 13-15 %. Nu thi khng kh sy song song v cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca sn phm trong hm sy th nhit sy ban u l 88 oC v sau 65 oC. Nu thi ngc chiu th nhit ban u l 62-65 oC v lc cui l 35-40 oC, m cui ca sn phm c th ti 4 %. Sau khi sy, ngui em phn loi theo nguyn vn v kch c ri bao gi. Nm kh loi 1 c kch thc va phi, nguyn vn, khng b chy. Nhng nm gy i, gy ba thuc loi II. Nm gy vn hn, em ct nh hoc tn vn thnh bt ch bin sp nm.
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3.5.4.9 Bt c chua: ng dng: ch bin nc gii kht, va dng lm thc n. Yu cu nguyn liu: c chua c kh cao (7-8 %) t ht hay khng ht c hiu sut thu hi cao. Quy trnh chun b: C chua chn sau khi ra v kim tra, c x nh, nng ln nhit 85 oC ri ch, qua h thng ry c ng knh 5,0 mm; 1,5 mm; 0,75 mm. Pur c chua thu c em c c n kh 14-16 %. Sau trn vi 0,5-1,5 % tinh bt khoai ty, nng nhit ln 70-75 oC v a i sy. K thut sy: - Sy trc ln: khe h gia hai trc l 0,05 mm, p sut hi 2-3 at v tc sy sao cho thi gian sy l 25-45 giy. - Sy chn khng: dy ca lp c chua 0,1-0,3 mm, s vng quay ca trc l 1,5-2 vng/pht, p sut hi 1,5 at, p sut trong bung sy l 40 mmHg, nhit ca lp c chua khng qu 45 oC, hm lng cht kh ban u khng qu 30 %, hm lng cht kh ca sn phm 95 %. - Sy phun: tc a hoc vi phun 130 m/s, nhit tc nhn sy 160-180 oC, nhit khng kh khu vc bay hi 70-75 oC, m khng kh khi ra khi thit b sy l 30-35 %. Bt c chua khi ra khi thit b sy c nhit gn bng nhit khng kh thi khong 60 oC trnh cc phn ng lm gim cht lng ca sn phm phi h nhanh nhit bt c chua xung 20-30 oC. 3.5.5 Sy cc loi qu 3.5.5.1 Chui sy Nguyn liu: thng c ch bin t cc loi chui tiu, chui bom, mt s nc s dng chui ty.Chui phi tht chn, ti tt. V phi d bc c mu vng hon ton) n vng c chm nu. Rut chui mm nhng khng nhn, khng b cht. chn ny hm lng tinh bt v poliphenol thp, lm cho sn phm c mu sc, hng v tt. Chun b: - phn loi theo kch thc v chn - ra sch v bc v - x l rut chui bng ho cht nh canxi clorua (2-4 %), natri cacbonat (5 %), thioure v alylthioure, nhng hiu qu nht l sunfit ho hc bng phuong php kh hoc bng phng php t. Khi sunfit ho ngi ta nhng rut chui vo dung dch c hm lng SO2 t do t 0,2 - 1 % trong 5-20 pht. -Xp vo khay tre hoc khay nhm c l ro nc v a i sy.
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K thut sy: Thit b sy: phng sy, hm sy, sy bng chuyn. Ch sy: Nhit u tin l 95-100 oC trong 1-2 gi dit enzim trong chui. Sau h xung 80-85 oC cho n ht giai on vn tc sy khng i. Khi m ca chui cn li 30-40 % th gim nhit tc nhn sy xung 60-65 oC cho n khi kt thc. Tc gi khong 0,4-0,6 % m/s. Lu : cn m bo lu thng khng kh tt. i vi sy bung th cng, phi o v tr cc khay trn cc tng sy chui c kh u. Cc khay b ngng t hi nc phi a ra ngoi, dng qut gi lm bc ht hi nc ng trn sn phm ri mi cho vo sy li. Chui kh, m cn 18-20 % th ngng phi, sy v ngui phn loi v ng gi. C th bao gi ri tng qu hoc p nh trong khun thnh bnh 100 g, 200g v bao li bng xenlofan. 3.5.5.2 Da sy Trong cc loi da th da Hong hu cho sn phm c cht lng cao v khng chua gt v chc va phi. chn ca nguyn liu thch hp nht th hin ch s mt chn vng khng qu 1/3. C th dng cc loi da khc nhau vi chn t m mt hon ton n chn vng 1/2. C th dng cc khoanh, ming loi ra trong ch bin da hp, nhng sn phm c cht lng thp hn. Sau khi phn loi theo kch thc v chn, da c gt v, ra sch, t li v ct khoanh dy 9-10 mm. chng phn ng to ra melanoidin, nhng da trong dung dch natri metabisunfit 2 %. Sy da nhit khng cao lm. Nu sy hm th nhit sy lc u l 63 oC v sau nng ln 65-68 oC. m ca sn phm l 16-18 %. 3.5.5.3 u sy Chn u chn nhng cn cng em gt v, b t ri b ht. Sau ct thnh ming ngang dy 1 cm xp vo khay v a i sy. u tin sy nhit 93 oC trong mt gi. Sau h xung 68 oC cho n khi m ca sn phm l 6 % th dng li. 3.5.5.4 i sy: n , i cng c sy. Chn ging i to, ci dy, rut t, chn mm nhng cha nhn. Dng dao khng g b qu i lm t, b rut, sunfit ha trong dung dch natri metabisunfit 2 % trong 20 pht. Sau sy theo ch : nhit sy 65 oC, khng kh 25 % v vn tc khng kh v=3m/s. m cui cng ca sn phm l 6 %.
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3.5.5.5 Xoi sy Xoi ng sau khi gt v, v ht, c ngm vo xi r 30 % trong 2 gi ri xp vo khay. Ngi ta sunfit ho xoi bng cch xng lu hunh trong 1-2 gi. Nhit sy l 65 oC, m sn phm l 18 %. 3.5.5.6 Vi, nhn, sy Vi, nhn c sy dng nguyn qu, cha bc v. Ngi ta dng vi thiu hay vi lai thiu, nhn ci dy sy. Nhit sy trong khong 70-80 oC, m cui cng ca sn phm sy l 18 oC. chng phn ng to mu nu en cn xng l hunh cho vi, nhn trc khi sy. c ci vi, ci nhn kh, sau khi sy em bc v, b ht v c th sy thm nhit 60-70 oC trong 2-4 gi, m ca sn phm 14-16 %. Ci nhn (long nhn) l mt v thuc nam c tc dng an thn, b mu. 3.5.5.7 Mn sy Trong mn sy c 25 % nc, 2,3 % protit, 65,1 % gluxit, trong ng chim 50 %, 3,5 % xeluloza v 2,5 % tro. Chn loi mn khng cht, qu to, ht nh. Sau khi phn loi thnh hai c to v nh, em ra bng hoa sen v chn trong dung dch xt 1 % trong 10-20 giy, sau trng li trong nc lun lu hay di hoa sen. Sy mn x l 50-55 oC trong 4-5 gi ri 80-90 oC trong 20 gi. b mt qu mn kh, lng bng, trc khi ngng sy, nng nhit ln 100 oC trong 10-15 pht. Khi y mt b phn ng lp b mt s caramen ho. m cui cng ca sn phm l 25 %. 3.5.5.8 M sy Trong thnh phn ca m sy c 19 % nc, 5,2 % protit, 55 % ng, 11,4 % cc cht gluxit, 3,2 % xeluloza, 2% axit v 4,2 % tro. M chn vng nhng cha mm, chn trong nc 95-98 oC trong 2-4 pht ri sunfit ho. M c th sy nguyn qu hoc tch ht. Nhit sy ban u l 75-80 oC sau gim xung 60 oC, nu sy nhit cao hn.m s thm mu. m cui l 18-20 %. 3.5.6 Sn xut bt rau qu 3.5.6.1 Bt chui Bt chui chn thng dng lm ung vi ca cao, s c la, sa bt, lm thc n cho tr em cha bnh ri lon tiu ho. Cn bt chui xanh thng c dng nh mt th bt lng thc. Thnh phn ho hc ca bt chui nh sau:
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Bng 3.2 : Thnh phn ho hc mt s loi bt chui Loi bt Thnh phn % Nc Lipit Protit ng kh Saccaroza Tinh bt Xeluloza Tro 8,18 1,15 3,78 5,68 5,76 67,51 4,22 3,22 7,13 1,02 3,87 41,5 3,23 35,0 3,58 3,17 6,81 1,13 3,66 41,25 13,25 25,98 3,61 3,19 Chui xanh Chui ng Chui chn
Bt chui ni y l bt chui chn, ch bin t cc loi chui tiu, chui Gros Michel, c chn ng n chn hon ton. Sau khi ra, bc v, chui c ch mn thnh pur, b sung 0,5 % natri metabisunfit ri ng ho. T y chui c sy theo 3 phng php: Nu sy thit b trc ln th pur chui c pht ln mt trc vi khe h gia hai trc l 0,1 mm; nhit khng kh nng trong trc 170-174 oC cn sn phm khng qu 93 oC. Tc quay ca trc 4-5 vng/pht. Thi gian sy l 15-20 giy, m ca sn phm 7-12 %. Mun c sn phm kh hn sy t sy vi nhit 60-70 oC. Sn phm thu c em nghin nh. Khi sy phun, pur chui c trn vi tinh bt khoai ty vi t l 2,5-3 % ri c bm chuyn n b phn phun tia ca thit b sy phun vi vn tc t 130-150 m/s. Khng kh sy c nhit t 130-140 oC i t di ln lm kh cc ht pur chui kh trong chc lt khng kh ra khi thit b sy c nhit 70-75 oC, ra khi xyclon c nhit 30-35 oC. Trong phng php sy mng (bt), pur chui c trn vi cht n nh l lng trng trng vi t l 1 %, nhit lnh mt thi gian ri nh thnh bt. Pht bt chui ln khay, sy nhit 70-75 oC trong 30-45 pht. Sau khi lm ngui, tn nh th thu c bt chui. Bt chui sy theo phng php phun v mng (bt), khi phc hi cho hng v, mu sc tt hn khi sy thit b trc ln. u im ca thit b sy trc ln t tn tht sn phm.
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Bt chui rt ho nc, v vy cn phi ng gi trong bao b kn, m ca khng kh trong phng ng gi khng qu 40%. Bt chui c hng thm, v ngt, mu vng ng, khi phc hi trong nc cho pur tng t nh pur chui ti. 3.5.6.2 Bt cam Sn xut t nc cam: - sy nc cam c c trong chn khng. - b sung cht n vo nc cam m c trc khi sy, thng l xi r ng, pectin v dextrin. Nc cam c a di sy phi cha 75 % ng tnh theo cht kh. - K thut sy: rt nc cam vo khay vi dy ca lp sn phm l 1,5 mm, sy trong iu kin p sut thng, nhit khng qu 54 oC trong thi gian 90-100 pht t c m cui l 3 %. Sn xut t pu r cam: - pu r cam c kh khng di 25 % c sy bng thit b sy mng bt. Cht nh tng ho l albumin trng, mono- hoc diglyxerit hoc hn hp ca chng hoc este ca axit bo v ng vi t l khng qu 1 % so vi cht kh ca sn phm sy. Khi sy, cht thm ca cam b tn tht, c th b sung hn hp xocbitol-tinh du cam vo bt cam lc ng gi sao cho lng tinh du trong nc gii kht l 0,006-0,01 %. Cch tin hnh: sy xocbitol, mt cht lng c cng thc tng qut C6H14O6 200 oC thot bt m, sau ngui n 90 oC ri rt 10 % tinh du v cam p vo. Lc y to ra kt ta trong hn hp, lc ly kt ta hp thnh bi xocbitol v tinh du cam, tn nh kt ta v trn vo bt cam. bo qun tt, trong bao b cn c cht ht m (nh vi bt chng hn) m bt cam khng qu 5 %. 3.5.6.3 Bt c chua L dng bt rau qu ph bin nht, va dng ch bin nc gii kht, va dng lm thc n. Bt c chua c 4 % nc, 12 % cht khng ho tan, 46 % ng kh, 6,8 % axit, 11,8 % protit, 8,7 % cht khong, 62 mg% carotenoit. Chn ging c chua c kh cao (7-8 %) t ht hay khng ht c hiu sut thu hi cao. C chua chn sau khi ra v kim tra, c x nh, nng ln nhit 85 oC ri ch, qua h thng ry c ng knh 5,0 mm; 1,5 mm; 0,75 mm. Pur c chua thu c em c c n kh 14-16 %. Sau trn vi 0,5-1,5 % tinh bt khoai ty, nng nhit o ln 70-75 oC v a i sy.
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my sy trc ln, iu chnh khe h gia hai trc l 0,05 mm p sut hi 2-3 at v tc sy sao cho thi gian sy l 25-45 giy. Khi sy bng my sy chn khng, thng p dng ch sau y: dy ca lp c chua 0,1-0,3 mm, s vng quay ca trc l 1,5-2 vng/pht, p sut hi 1,5 at, p sut trong bung sy l 40 mmHg, nhit ca lp c chua khng qu 45 oC, hm lng cht kh ban u khng qu 30 %, hm lng cht kh ca sn phm 95 %. Trn thit b sy phun, tc a hoc vi phun 130 m/s, nhit tc nhn sy 160-180 C, nhit khng kh khu vc bay hi 70-75 oC, m khng kh khi ra khi thit b sy l 30-35 %. Bt c chua khi ra khi thit b sy c nhit gn bng nhit khng kh thi khong 60 oC trnh cc phn ng lm gim cht lng ca sn phm phi h nhanh nhit bt c chua xung 20-30 oC.
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3.6
K THUT SY MT S NNG SN KHC
3.6.1 SY CH 3.6.1.1 ngha v mc ch Sy kh l giai on quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin ch en thnh bn thnh phm, v n c nh hng n cht lng, mu sc v mi v ca ch. Ngi ta c th tm tt mc ch v ngha ca sy ch nh sau: - Gim m ca ch n m thch hp bo qun v ng gi c thun li. - Dng nhit tiu dit cc men nhm nh ch qu trnh ln men, ng thi c nh nhng cht c gi tr dinh dng c to ra trong qu trnh ln men. - C nh mu sc v to hnh dng c bit ca ch. - Trong qu trnh sy cn c tc dng pht huy hng thm ca ch v to ra mt s cht thm mi lm tng cht lng ca ch. 3.6.1.2 Nhng bin i l ho xy ra trong qu trnh sy ch - Trong qu trnh sy ch, di tc dng ca nhit v s oxy ho m mu ng ca ch ln men chuyn sang mu xm, sau mu en bng, mt s cht thm c mi to chn c to ra giai on ln b mt i, thay vo l hng thm c bit ca ch en. Trong qu trnh sy, si ch kh v xon li, v trong khi sy cng xy ra bin i ho hc m ch yu l qu trnh oxy ho v caramen ho. - Ngoi ra cng vi lng m thot ra, lng du thm trong ch cng b tn tht, ch yu l cc hp cht thm d bay hi v cc este ca du thm. - Ngoi du thm ra, cc hp cht ni t trong c cafein cng gim i tung i r. - Trong thi gian sy, hydropectin gim i khong 1,59 % trong khi protopectin gim i 0,77 %, c bit ru metylic c trong ch ln men th sau khi sy hu nh khng cn na.
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- Cc vitamin ca ch, c bit l vitamin C b ph hu kh nhiu trong qu trnh sy. - Trong qu trnh sy tuy hm lng ca glucoza, saccaroza v tinh bt gim i khng nhiu lm nhng nhng bin i ca chng c ngha quan trng i vi cht lng ca ch, bi v do kt qu ca s caramen ho m mt phn gluxit b ho tan trong qu trnh pha, to nn nhng mi thm c o ca ch kh. 3.6.1.3 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy Nhit sy: - Nu tng nhit sy ch khong 140 oC th s lm tng vn tc sy, ng thi lm gim thi gian sy 40-50 %, nh vy, s gim c kch thc thit b, gim c gi thnh sn xut thit b, mang li hiu qu kinh t v s dng nhin liu, nng lng...do gim c gi thnh sn xut. Tuy nhin ng v quan im cht lng sn phm th phi k n tnh cht v cht lng ca ch, ngha l phi chn nhit sy thch hp cho tng giai on sy v cho tng loi sn phm. Nhit thch hp ca sy ch en nm trong khong 80-85 oC. nhit sy nh hn 80 oC c th do nhng qu trnh sinh ho c li cho cht lng ca ch xy ra cha hon ton, cn nhit sy ln hn 85 oC m cht lng ch b gim l do s tn tht (thng hoa) mnh m cc tinh du c trong ch nguyn liu hoc sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men. Trong thc t sn xut, tu theo iu kin c th thng ngi ta cn c vo mc ln men quy nh nhit sy thch hp. Nu ch ln men ng mc th phi dng nhit cao sy nhanh, ngn nga s ln men qu mc, lm cho v ca ch nht i. Nu mc ln men cha nhng do iu kin sn xut yu cu phi sy th nhit sy phi thp. i vi ch en, ngi ta thng dng phng php sy hai ln. nh hng ca khng kh (tc nhn sy) - Nu vn tc ca khng kh sy tng s lm tng cng bc m, gim c thi gian sy. Nhng nu vn tc sy tng qu mc s lm cho qu trnh kh qu nhanh, gy nh hng n hnh dng v cht lng ca ch, ng thi cn gy tn tht v hng thm ca ch v mc no gy tn tht nhit do khng kh mang ra ngoi. - Nu nhit sy khng i (to=80 oC), mt ca ch trn bng chuyn sy c nh (1,5 kg/m2) th cng bc m ca lp ch sy ph thuc vo vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh sy. - Trong sn xut m bo cht lng ch, thi gian sy v nng sut ca thit b, cng nh tn tht nhit khng cn thit, thng ngi ta chn vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh sy trong thit b sy cng nh xuyn qua lp ch <0,5 m/s. Ngi ta c th dng lu lng qut 16.000m3/h.
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nh hng ca chiu dy lp ch trn bng chuyn sy - Trong sn xut ch en, ngay t giai on v ch ngi ta phn loi thnh hai phn ch to, nh khc nhau. Ni chung phn ch cng nh th non cng cao, thu phn cng ln, nhng xp cng km v ngc li phn ch to th gi hn, thu phn t hn, xp ln, cho nn trong qa trnh sy ngi ta phi chn chiu dy thch hp ca lp ch trn bng chuyn sy ng vi phn ch khc nhau v giai on sy khc nhau. - ng v mt sn xut thi ngi ta phi m bo cht lng sn phm. V vy trong thc t sn xut ngi ta thng quy nh chiu dy ca lp ch trn bng chuyn nh sau: Sy ln th I: 2,0 - 2,5 kg/m2 Sy ln th II: 3,0 - 4,5 kg/m2 Ch : Mun thay i chiu dy lp ch trn bng chuyn sy ngi ta c th thay i chiu dy lp ch thc t hoc thay i tc ca bng chuyn. 3.6.1.4 Phng php sy - i vi sy ch, hin nay trong nc ta cng nh trn th gii thng dng tc nhn sy l khng kh nng. - Vi tc nhn khng kh, ngi ta thng chia hai phng php sy: Phng php sy hai ln. Phng php sy mt ln. - Phng php sy hai ln: + Ln th I: Dng nhit sy t 90-95 oC, thi gian sy ko di 12-15 pht, sau khi sy m ca ch cn li t 18-20 %. + Ln th II: Dng nhit sy t 80-85 oC thi gian sy gn nh ln I, m ca sn phm sau khi sy ln th II khong 3-5 %. + Gia hai ln sy (sau khi sy ln I) ch c ri mng v lm ngui t nhin hoc cng bc. Mc ch lm cho phn m tip tc bc hi i, mt khc to iu kin phn b m ng u trong sn phm trnh hin tng m cc b trong t ngoi kh. - Phng php sy 1 ln: xu hng hin nay, trong sn xut ngi ta dng phng php sy mt ln, phng php ny dng nhit sy >120 oC. u im ca phng php ny nng cao c hiu sut s dng ca thit b sy, nu m bo ng iu kin k thut th cht lng ca sn phm vn c m bo. Nhc im ca phng php ny: kh khng ch iu kin k thut trong qa trnh sy i vi nguyn liu ti c cht lng khng ng u. 3.6.1.5 Thit b sy ch Nhng qua thc t cng nh l thuyt ngi ta thy thit b sy bng chuyn lt o l thch hp vi sy ch hn c.
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u im: - lm vic lin tc ph hp vi sn xut hin i. - d dng khng ch cc thng s sy. - C th khng ch chiu dy ca lp ch trong qu trnh sy d dng - m trong ch tng i ng u. Nhc im: - kt cu cng nh ch to phc tp - i hi mt s kim loi khng g. 3.6.2 SY THUC L Trong qu trnh ch bin thuc l, ngi ta phn bit hai giai on sy: sy thuc l ti v sy li. Yu cu v mc ch sy ca hai giai on ny khc nhau, do v thit b, ch v cc iu kin k thut sy cng phi thay i ph hp vi tng giai on. Sy thuc l ti: Sy thuc l ti l giai on quan trng nht trong qu trnh ch bin thuc l, n nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca thuc l. Trong qu trnh sy thuc l ti ngi ta thng kt hp vi giai on men thuc l, giai on ny cht lng ca thuc l, c bit l hng v ca thuc l tng ln r rt. V vy yu cu k thut ca giai on ny cn c ch . 3.6.2.1 Chn m thuc sy Khi chn cn ch cc yu cu sau: - Mc chn ca l thuc c nh hng n qu trnh v sy, l xanh ni chung kh hoc khng c. Khi mu xanh s thnh mu xm m khng qua mu vng trung gian. L xanh cha nhiu protit, t gluxit so vi l chn. Trong qu trnh trao i cht protit trong l xanh b thu phn mnh hn v tch lu nhiu amoniac nn cc m t b cht sm hn, tip theo trong cc m cht cc phn ng oxy ho pht trin mnh to ra cc sn phm mu sm ti. V vy yu cu trong cng m thuc sy phi m bo c cng chn nh nhau. - V b: Nhng l thuc cc v b khc nhau c thnh phn khng ging nhau. L v b gc t cht dinh dng hn cc l v b trn. Do trong qu trnh chuyn thnh mu vng nhanh chng hn, sy d kh hn. V th trong cng mt m sy khng nn sy cc l thuc nhng v b khc nhau. - Thi gian hi: l thuc hi nhng hti gian khc nhau cng khng th c iu kin ging nhau c. Nu sy chung trong mt l sy (m sy) th nhng l hi trc n lc cn phi sy kh c nh cn nhng l hi sau th phi tip tc thm. S khc
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nhau ny khng th x l c m phi hy sinh mt trong hai loi. V vy trong cng mt m sy phi cng mt thi gian hi, thng quy nh hi trong mt ngy. - Mc lnh ln ca l: l thuc a vo l sy cn c gi gn cn thn trnh lm dp nt nhng ch dp nt, nc thot nhanh, m l thiu nc s cht nhanh v qu trnh s nh ch sm, clorofin khng kp phn hu nn mu xanh ca l vn gi nguyn. Tm li trong cng mt l sy (m sy) cn chn mt chng loi cng v b, cng mt chn v cng mt thi gian hi (trong vng mt ngy m) 3.6.2.2 Chun b l thuc sy L thuc chn, hi v cn ring theo tng v b, trnh nng gi lm ho. Khi xp nn xp thnh lp ng hi nghing, cung l xung di ngn l trn. Sau chun b thuc l sy. C 3 cch treo thuc vo l: - Xu dy: dng dy gai xe di khong 2,5 m, dng kim di 50-70 mm lun qua cung thuc l. Khi xu l thuc vo dy cn l n cch l kia khong 0,5-1 cm vi nguyn tc lng u lng, mt i mt d thot m. Sau buc p vo so bng tre hoc bng g, hai u so c khong cch t 10-15 cm khng treo thuc l gc ln x g ca l sy. - Buc dy: dng dy gai buc trc tip l thuc vo so m khng xu qua cung l nh trng hp trn. Mi nt buc hai l to, l va 3 l, l nh 4-5 l. Nguyn tc buc cng ging nh xu (ngha l lng gip lng, mt gip mt) v mi so buc khng qu 5 kg l thuc ti. - Ghim: dng ghim tre di 40-50 cm sng ghim vt nhn, dy 2-3 mm bng ghi vt mng hn (ging li dao), u ghim vt nhn c ni ngi ta vt nhn c hai u ghim. Dng ghim c u im l tin li, dng c lu, sy chng kh v phn loi cng nhanh. Cch ghim nh sau: dng ghim nghim qua cun gl, l n cc l kia 0,5-1 cm cng vi nguyn tc lng gip lng, mt i mt. Sau c 4-5 ghim buc vo mt so v cng buc cch hai u so 10-15 cm gc ln x g. Trong khi xy dy, buc hoc ghim cn c s chn la m bo cc l thoc trn cng mt so phi ng nht vi nhau v kch thc la, mc chn v v b. Khi gc thuc l vo l phi gc theo nguyn tc: trn gc dy gi gc tha, trn xanh di vng. Cc so tng trn gc cch nhau 12-15 cm, cc so tng gia cch nhau 15-18 cm, cc so tn di cch nhau 20-25 cm. Xp cch tng t 20-30 cm, l to xp gia l, l nh xung quanh. Theo kinh nghim, cc so thuc l pha trn ng i ho (ng dn la chnh) nn xp cch ng tm ng i ho v mi bn khong 20 cm, cho s chuyn ng ca khng kh nng c d dng v nn xp sp l nh gia, l to xp xung quanh tng. Xp nh vy chng kh v d kim tra hn. Tu theo c l m s so thuc gc trong l c th thay i. L c 4x6x5m: xp 500-530 so thuc
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L c 4x8x5m: xp 750-800 so thuc L c 4x10x5m: xp 900-950 so thuc Sau khi gc xong thuc vo l sy, cn nht ht cc l ri vi xung nn l v trn cc ng dn la. Treo li phng ho, ng kn ca ra vo. 3.6.2.3 thuc Sau khi chun b thuc xong cho t l nang nhit ca khng kh trong l ln 32-35 oC. Trong qu trnh nhm lm bin i thnh phn ho hc cng nh mu sc ca l thuc trong lc l thuc cn s sng (h hp) v th giai on ny phi gi cho l thuc ti. Nu thy l thuc b ho, ngn l thuc hi qun li(trng hp ny thng gp khi buc thuc ngoi nng hay gp lc gi ty) th phi ti nc u ln nn l cho nc bc hi lm l thuc ti tr li. Cng v l do ny nn nhit ca khng kh trong l sy giai on ny phi nng ln dn dn v khng vt qu 35 oC. Ngc li nu thy l thuc m hi (ng nc) trn mt l, hoc thy cc ca knh quan st b m do hi nc ng li, iu chng t m ca khng kh trong l sy qu cao (trng hp ny thng gp khi sy tri ma, nht l ban m nhit thp v vy cn nng nhit khng kh trong l tng i nhanh hn, c th 38-40 oC v m cc ca thot ui nhanh m ra ngoi. Khi thy l thuc ht m hi th ng ca thot li bnh thng. m khng kh trong l sy trong giai on ny thp hoc cao qu u khng c li cho qu trnh . Tuy vy, trong giai on , l thuc phi mt i mt t nc to iu kin thun li cho s phn ly cc hp cht hu c phc tp nh tinh bt, protit, clorofin...s mt nc trong qu trnh l cn thit khng qu 30-35 % khi lng lc ban u. Ph hp vi iu kin ny, m tng i ca khng kh trong l sy nm trong khong (kk=7580% v nhit t 33-35 oC. Cn gi cc iu kin ny ((, t0) cho ti khi mu vng xut hin phn ngn l, l thuc tin ti trng thi cht t nhin v th n lc ny cn nng dn nhit khng kh trong l ln n 37-38 oC v m h ca thot m gim m ca khng kh trong l xung khong 65-70 %. C gi iu kin ny cho ti lc 2/3 din tch l chuyn sang mu vng, sau nng dn nhit ln 40 ri 45 oC trong khong 5-6 gi (trung bnh mi gi nng ln 1 oC). ng thi vi vic nng nhit cn tng cng thng gi bng cch m rng cc ca thot ui khng kh m ra ngoi. C gi iu kin ny cho n khi ton b l thuc c mu vng. 3.6.2.4 Giai on sy kh. Khi mu xanh ca l thuc hon ton bin thnh mu vng v l thuc hi kh th tip tc nng dn nhit ca k hng kh sy ln 48-50 oC ri 55 oC v c gi nh vy cho ti lc phin l kh hon ton t phn cung l. nhit ny, m trong thuc
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l ra ngy cng nhiu nn cn m rng ca thot hn na ui nhanh hi nc ra ngoi l sy. C nh th mi gi c mu vng ca l thuc. Sau sy kh nhanh cung l th phi nng nhit khng kh sy ln 60-65 o C v c th ng bt cc ca thot li tn tht nhit. Khi thy cung l kh c khong 2/3 th tip tc nng nhit j khng kh sy ln 70 oC (nhng khng vt qu 70 o C) gi nhit cho l sy th lc ny phi ng ht cc ca thng gi li (k c ca thot v ca ht). C gi nhit ny cho ti khi ton b cung l thuc tng trn cng v chung quanh bn gc l sy u kh, b gy dn l c. Khi ton b thuc l trong l kh hon ton th ngng t l. Ba bn gi sau m ht cc ca thng gi, nhit khng kh trongl gim xung, l thuc ht m t khng kh xung quanh nn du li v chun b cho thuc ra l. Khi nhit ca l thuc xp x nhit chung quanh (bn ngoi) th ly thuc ra. Thi gian trung bnh v sy mt m thuc bng loi l sy ny khong 76-84 gi. 3.6.2.5 Nhng im cn ch khi sy thuc l vng - Khi thuc tt c cc ca thng gi phi ng kn. - Tu theo trng thi ca l thuc trong tng giai on m m cc ca thng gi cho thch hp, trc khi m cc ca thng gi cn tng nhit khng kh sy ln 1-2 oC sau khi m, nhit h xung 1-2 oC l va. - Trng hp gp tri lnh hay c gi mnh, khng th nng nhit khng kh sy ln c hoc nhit b tt xung th phi ng bt cc ca ht gi (ca di chn tng l sy) li. - Phi theo di lun nhit trong l sy khng c tng nhit ln qu nhanh hay nhit tt xung qu dt ngt. - Khi cung l thuc bt u kh (t 60 oC tr ln) phi thng xuyn quan st cc so thuc xung quanh tng v cc gc l sy tin hnh dn nhit to iu kin cho thuc cc ni tng l sy kh u. Nu thy thuc mt pha no kh trc th ng ca thot v m ca ht ca pha y li. Ngc li, pha no thuc cha kh th phi m ht ca thot v ng ca ht pha li cho thuc chng kh. Kinh nghim cho thy, thuc pha u l t thng lu kh hn pha cui l sy. 3.7 K THUT SY THC N GIA SC T THC VT
3.7.1 Nhng c im Trong nng nghip hng nm ngi ta cn phi bo qun mt lng rt ln thc n xanh (cc loi c v l, thn cy mm, cy ng) cho gia sc, m thc n ny pht trin trong ma xun v ma h, lm thc n cho gia sc trong nhng thng kh hn v gip v. t lu ngi ta bit phi kh cc thc n xanh d ct trn cnh dng trong khng kh v di nh nng. Do sn phm ch bc hi mc no v cng u
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n nu ngi ta o tr nhiu ln, n c th c phi ngay trn t, sn phi hoc trn gin phi. Bi vy n gy tn tht ng k do s h hp ca thc vt, do thi ra qua ma v m, b vn ra ca nhng l giu cht tro v dinh dng do o trn nhiu ln trong qu trnh phi hoc ln mc ln men ca thc vt i vi thi tit khng thun li. Ngoi ra mu xanh v vitamin c gi tr cng b tn tht. Sn phm ny thng c gi l c kh. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta tm ra nhng bin php lm kh v bo qun thc n xanh cho gia sc m khng ph thuc vo thi tit, l phng php sy nhn to. Mun c sn phm sy hon ho th phi cung cp nguyn liu ban u c cht lng. Nhng tn tht ca thc n xanh cho gia sc trong qu trnh sy tng i thp. Bng 3.3: Tn tht thc n xanh qua cc qu trnh phi, sy v chua. Phng thc phi Phi trn t Phi trn dn Sy nhn to chua trong thng kn Tn tht % 20-60 15-25 3-5 10-15
Phng php sy nhn to c nhiu mt li v cht lng, gim tn tht trong qu trnh sy, rt ngn thi gian phi v khng b ng vi thi tit khng thun li cho vic phi. Tuy nhin gi thnh sy lin quan n gi c thu mua nguyn liu, iu kin trng trt, ngun nguyn liu v.v... Ngi ta thng trang b nhng thit b sy nhng ni trng tp trung thc n gia sc c cht lng, trung tm ny phi nm trong khong cch thch hp vn chuyn i vi din tch trng trt ca vng nguyn liu. Ngi ta cn ch t chc hp l vic trng trt v thu hoch cung cp thng xuyn v y nguyn liu ti cho thit b sy trong c nm. Nu sy hp l ta t c nhng mt li sau y: - Khng ph thuc vo thi tit khi thu hoch thc n xanh cho gia sc. - Gim c tn tht ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh sy, bo qun. - S tn tht ca mm s c thu nhp li. Thc n ny gn ging nh thc n ti nn gia sc rt thch n. Thc vt xanh (cc loi c) cung cp thc n n (x) cho gia sc tng cng s tiu ho (cy ng non), l ci c l sn phm c hm lng cao nhng gluxit ho tan
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v cha cc cht vitamin A, B1, B2 v cc cht khong. Mu ca thc n xanh c sy ng k thut s c mu ca c kh. C kh (thc n xanh kh) c th l thc n chnh hoc ph tu tng loi gia sc, m ngi ta c th nng cao trng thi sc kho v v boca gia sc, kh nng khng ca gia sc i vi cc bnh truyn nhim cng mnh hn, nng sut sa s tng trng ca b tht v sn lng trng ca gia cm cng tng ln. Ngi ta thng nh gi gi tr ca thc n xanh kh theo hm lng caroten v protit kh. Sn phm c cht lng loi I c hn 22 % protit th, trong l thng nhiu hn gp i so vi trong cung v cnh l. Hm lng caroten thay i trong gii hn rng t 80-240 mg/kg thc n kh, trong l ci c c khong 12 % protin th; 11-12 % xenluloza. S pht trin v thay i v khi lng cng nh cht lng ca thc n xanh c lin quan n thi tit v ma trong nm. Din tch trng trt cng tng, nng sut cng ln th thi gian chn ca thc n xanh cng tp trung trong thi im ngn vi khi lng cng ln. trnh iu ny v ko di thi v ch bin ngi ta thng trng nhiu loi khc nhau trong nhng vng thch hp. Trong qu trnh pht trin th thnh phn ho hc ca thc vt thay i, thng hm lng nc gim th hm lng cht kh tng, hm lng protein th v carotin cng gim i. Hm lng xeluloza tng ln, bn vng ca thnh t bo cng tng ln. iu ny lm gim gi tr dinh dng v tiu ho ca thc n gia sc. Nhng mt khc v khi lng thu hoch gia tng do tin b ca k thut trng trt m ngi ta t c hiu qu s dng i vi mi hec ta t ai trng trt. Thi im thu hoch cc thc n xanh (ng, cc loi c v.v...) tt nht l trc khi chng c hoa. Phn ln nhnng thit b sy thc n xanh c c s dng c nng sut 25 t sn phm t/gi v thi gian lm vic khong 2000 gi trong nm. Bc M vic sn xut c tam ip pht trin thnh mt ngnh cng nghip c quy m ln. m ca sn phm a vo sy thng thay i trong gii hn rng. N khng ch ph thuc vo m ca thc vt, m cn ph thuc vo thi im thu hoch, thi tit v iu kin thu hoch. Thng ngi ta tnh t l thu c trung bnh (khi lng sn phm t trn khi lng sn phm kh) 3:1 vi c ho, 5:1 vi l c ci; 7:1 vi cy ng non. Nu sy sn phm trc khi sy c ho mt phn th vic vn chuyn s d dng hn v cng tit kim mt phn nhit lng. Thng ngi ta phi s b,
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nhng khng c lm ho qu v n s gy tn tht cc cht dinh dng nu qu trnh lm ho ko di th qu trnh lm nh sn phm trc khi sy s kh khn. Vic phn loi nguyn liu trng trt trong nng nghip rt phc tp, v cc phn ring l nh thn cy, l cy cng khc nhau khng ch theo hnh dng bn ngoi m cn c cu to bn trong v m ca n na. Cng t mt loi thc vt nhng c s khc nhau v hnh dng ln, cu to...m ngi ta tm thy s khc nhau ln gia cc loi thc vt. S khc nhau ny ph thuc vo trng thi pht trin, iu kin t ai, iu kin thi tit pht trin, thi im thu hoch v.v...Tt c nhng iu ny u a n yu cu sy khc nhau (ch sy khc nhau). m cui cng ca sn phm sau khi sy thng l 8-10 %, nu sy qu kh th hm lng caroten s gim. Thc vt sy iu kin khng i th ngay sau khi bt u ca qu trnh sy trong mt thi gian ngn, nhit sn phm gn nh khng i, nhit ny nm trn nhit gii hn lnh v v ca thc vt khng c nc t do, m ch cho hi nc di qua. B mt ca sn phm c coi l t nht ch trong mt thi gian ngn. Vi qu trnh sy ca thc vt nguyn (khng bm nh) trc ht mt phn nc di chuyn t thn cy n l ri bc hi . Nhng l thng kh sm hn thn cy, do c nguy him: nhng phn thc vt c gi tr thng l l th b qu kh, cn phn thn sy khng y . Ngi ta c th gim bt hin tng ny bng cch thi nh hay cn nh sn phm trc khi sy (ch khng sn phm b p mnh lm mt cc cht dinh dng bn trong), qua ta t c thc vt kh tng i nhanh. Trong nhng phn t t thn cy thi ra th m di chuyn theo hng dc thn cy nhiu hn l hng nm ngang v cu to mao qun ca thn cy c to ra do tnh cht sinh l ca chng. V v thc vt gy ra tr lc ng k i vi vic vn chuyn m theo hng nm ngang nn bc m mt ct ngang ca thn cy s nhiu hn xung quanh thn cy, so vi mt n v b mt. Phn thn cy cng ngn kh nhanh. Ngi ta tm ra chiu di thch hp cho thn cy b ct khc: 5-8 mm i vi loi c tam ip v 5 mm i vi l c ci, tuy nhin cc phn khc nhau c th c nhng ch sy khc nhau. Ch khng nn thi qu nh d gy ra dnh bt li vi nhau do sy rt chm. i vi l c ci thng phi qua giai on ra mi thi. Trong qu trnh thi, v ngoi thc vt v mt phn thn cy b x rch hay dp nt, cho php 1 t l nht nh. Qu trnh thi khng phi ng dng vi tt c thc vt m thng ch i vi cc thc vt c thn cy to, mp mm...nh ng, l ci c v.v... Thc n kh tt th phi to thnh khi ti xp v.v...to iu kin tt cho qu trnh sy. Ngi ta s dng hai phng php sy nhn to sau y, m ngoi ta c th phi hp chung vi nhau:
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- Ri nguyn liu thnh lp ri thi khng kh nng qua, trong qu trnh sy c o trn. - Nguyn liu c nh ti, ri s dng cc thit b sy dng ri, sy l lng, sy pht v.v... giai on u khi thc n cn tng i t, ngi ta c php s dng nhit khng kh sy cao hn, nhng sau cn lm gim nhit sy thp hn, v nhit 70-80 oC nh hng trc ht l hm lng caroten v mc nht nh nh hng n tiu ho ca prtit. Trong nhng iu kin c th ngi ta cn chn loi, nng sut v ch sy thch hp cho tng loi nguyn liu. cc c s nh cn thit bi sy n gin, nhng nhng thit b sy ny c th ch bin khng nhng thc gia sc xanh, m cn cc loi ht v sn phm khc cc c s ln, ngi ta thng dng cc thit b chuyn dng v mc c kh ho cao hn. Chn nng sut ca thit b khng nn chn loi qu nh v thc n gia sc xanh thuc loi cng knh, thu hoch mt lc nn c khi lng ln. Vit Nam c kh hu nhit i, nu thi tit tt c th phi hon ton, cn thi tit khng thun li c th kt hp phi v sy. Thc n ca gia sc thng c gi thnh sy khng cao lm, nu thit b sy lm vic mt cch kinh t. Phn ln gi thnh chi ph vo yu cu v nhit. V vy phi phn u gim thp yu cu ny. sinh kh l, ngi ta c th s dng nguyn lu rn, i vi thit b sy c nng sut nh v dng li sy th thch hp nht l dng than . i vi thit b sy ln, ngi ta c th s dng nguyn liu khc (lng, kh...) mt cch tin li hn. lm sch khi l ngi ta thng sy dng thit b lng (phng lng, xilo lng) khng nhng lng cc bi than, m cn cc bi tro khi i vo thit b sy. bo qun sn phm ti, cn c in tr y , thi gian bo qun khng qu 12 gi, chiu cao lp nguyn liu bo qun t 50-80 cm. Sn phm sau khi sy kh ngi ta c th s dng lm thc n th hoc ch bin thnh thc n tinh cho gia sc. lm thc n th ngoi ta thng nn thnh khi, tit kim din tch bo qun v c th ko di thi gian bo qun. Nhiu x nghip ch bin thnh dng bt hoc vin v dng bnh, ngoi ra ngi ta cn ch bin thnh dng xi r u hoc sn phm chua. Ch thc n gia sc sau khi sy v p (ng thnh bnh, khi...) c lm ngui nhanh chng, v nu khng c nhng h hi c th xy ra.
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i vi nhng sn phm lm thc n tinh cho gia sc thng c bo qun trong bao b kn (ti giy kn, ti polyetylen) bo qun m ca sn phm t 10-14 %. Trong qu trnh bo qun c s tn tht carotin m khng ngn cn c, n mt khong 60 % trong 6 thng vi iu kin ma ng, cn ma h mt nhiu hn. 3.7.2 Nhng thit b sy i vi ngun thc n thc vt ca gia sc Ngi ta c th coi thit b sy c dng phng sy nh l mt thit b thn g gi i vi thc n thc vt cho gia sc. Nu thi tit thun li ngi ta thng phi ngay c trn cnh ng thu hoch. Ngi ta c th rt ngn thi gian phi nu c ch o trn hp l. Phi trn cnh ng thng o trn 1 ln. Vic phi ny tit kim c nng lng, din tch phi nhung c mt nhc im: tn tht do gy vn, h hi do men mc pht trin trong qu trnh phi, ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit v ko di thi gian phi. Ngi ta thng kt hp vi phi v sy. Phi khong 2-3 ngy trn cnh ng n khi cn 30-40 % m a v tip tc sy hoc thng gi cho n kh. thng gi ngi ta thng s dng nhit ca khng kh bn ngoi cung cp v ch thi vo ng c mt s gi nht nh trong ngy, khi m khn gkh nh hn 85 % v cho n khi khi lng tc dng lm kh. Trong iu kin thi tit thun li thng gi trong ngy l t 8-15 gi trong nhng thng thu hoch c, thng t thng 3 n thng 8. Khi lng khng kh cn phi tnh ton c th, n c th thc hin trong 810 ngy. Vic thng gi mt s loi c khng c php ko di thi gian, s gy nguy him l t to ra nm mc lm gim cht lng ca sn phm. Thit b thng gi c thi khng kh t di ln xuyn qua lp c v i qua bn ngoi do cc khe trng ca mi nh hoc qua cc ca m ring. Cc ng dn khn gkh c th cu to t tn hoc g. Mun c vn tc trung bnh ca khng kh qua ng c l 0,1 m/s th c th thng gi vi qut c nng sut 4 m3/s hay 14.400 m3/h trong n gc chim din tch bn di 40 m2 vi chiu di va phi (c ti c khi lng ring 75 kg/m3). Nu gi thit rng mt mt khi khng kh c th nhn trung bnh ng sn phm mt gam nc th ni ta c th tch c 14,4 kg nc trong mt gi t ng c. Nu ng c c m ban u W=40 % n m cui 15 % ngha l nu mi kg c ti cn phi tch 0,25 kg nc. Mun c 30 t c kh (tng ng 1000 kg nc cn tch ra) th ngi ta cn thi gian thng gi khong 70 gi. Nng lng in dng cho qut thng gi t 4-6 kW cho 1 t c kh. sy thc n xanh cho gia sc ngi ta c th s dng loi phng sy c li. Ngi ta ri u nguyn liu thnh lp dy t 150-200 mm trn li hoc tn c l v sy bng khng kh nng t 100-130 oC. Phng sy li dng khi l c vn tc 0,2 m/s
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thi t di ln qua lp sn phm c din tch bn di l 65 m2 c th bc hi c 800 kg/h v sy c Tam ip bm ngn trong thi gian l 2 gi v l c ci nh trong thi gian khong 5-6 gi (ch phn b tc nhn sy). Phng sy li n gin, tiu tn nng lng t 1200-1400 kcal/kg m bc hi. Vic hn cc trang thit b a nguyn liu vo v ra ca phng sy cng nh vic o trn cn c ch . Nhng thit b sy lm vic lin tc i hi t cng vic bng th cng, thng c nng sut ln t 1000 kg sn phm t trong mt gi tr ln. Nhng thit b ny thng c cu to khc nhau: thit b sy bng chuyn, sy thng quay, sy pht v.v... Nhng thit b sy bng chuyn gm nhiu bng chuyn di ng c lp nhng sn phm c ln lt t bng chuyn ny sng bng chuyn khc, t trn xung di. B phn np nguyn liu thng l bng chuyn nghing dng co np nguyn liu, vi nhng thit bi ny khng nhng s dng cho nhng sn phm dng di m cn sn phm dng ngn (bm) cng nh ht v cc sn phm khc. Tc nhn sy thng s dng khi l c nhit 100-150 oC, thng chuyn ng tun hon vi vn tc 0,2-10 m/s. Nhng thit b sy ny thng c yu cu nhit lng t 900-1000 kcal/kg nc bc hi. Thit b sy l lng hay gi l thit b sy pht, trong sn phm l lng ko di nht thi trong dng khng kh sy v thng s dng ch sy vi nhit cao lc ban u. i vi thit ibj ny yu cu sn phm sy c lm nh i sn phm nhanh chng vn chuyn qua thit b v nhng phn nh khng b h hi trong qu trnh sy. N thng lm vic lin tc cng chiu v thch hp vi nhng sn phm thi nh, nh. Thit b sy thng quay: loi ny thng c cu to bn trong khc nhau: cnh o dng ch thp, dng bi cho v.v...Ngi ta thng s dng i vi c ci thi lt, l c ci v c bm nh, ng cc, khoai ty thi lt v.v... i vi sn phm thi lt c th dng vt ti lm thit b np nguyn liu, trn thit b sy c phu tip liu. Nu sn phm ng u ngi ta c th s dng nhit ca khng kh vo t 800-900 oC v nhit ca khng kh ra 100-130 oC, tuy vy sn phm ch chu c nhit t 70-80 oC v c nng sut bc hi khng gian t 160-150 kg m/m3.h. Thng l c ci v c khng u, ln u cung v l nn thng dng nhit thp hn t 650750 oC v nhit kh ra t 100-120 oC v nng sut bc hi t 90-130 kg m/m3.h Trong thc t ngi ta dng nhit thp hn, thng khng kh vo 400-500 oC v ra t 90-105 oC v nng sut bc hi t 70-100 kg m/m3.h. u khuyt im ca thit b sy thng quay:
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- u im: yu cu nhit lng tng i thp t 800-900 kcal trn mt kg nc bc hi, thi gian sy tng i ngn, khng c s thay i ln v cht lng thc n gia sc. - Nhc im: yu cu v nng lng thit b chuyn ng quay tng i cao t 10-20 kW/kg sn phm kh. khc phc v kt hp thit b sy thng quay, ngi ta dng thit b sy thng quay phi hp vi thit b sy l lng (sy pht).
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CHNG IV: NH GI CHT LNG V BO QUN SN PHM SY Yu cu i vi thc phm kh thng c xc nh bi nhng tiu chun ca ngi tiu th v iu kin v sinh cng nghip, nhng yu cu c gi l cht lng ring ca sn phm. iu quan trng i vi cc c s sn xut l lm sao cho cc phng php kim tra, nh gi cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun sn phm sy trong nh my, x nghip khng khc bit so vi phng php ca ngi tiu th, bi v kt qu nghin cu v s nh gi cht lng c th ph thuc vo cc phng php kim tra. 4.1 TIUCHUN NH GI CHT LNG SN PHM SY 4.1.1 Hnh dng, kch thc v th tch ca sn phm Cc sn phm sy thng dng kh, dng ngm nc tr li (sau khi ngm) hay dng nu chn u phi ng nht v hnh dng v ging nhau v kch thc. Hnh dng ca sn phm ph thuc vo mc ch s dng. V d: c rt sy kh dng cho cc loi sp (canh) khc nhau: sp hn hp, nc canh c th dng dng ht, dng qun c, dng si, nhng nu dng lm gia v thng dng dng bt. Th tch l c tnh th ba xc nh phm vi s dng ca sn phm sy. Sn phm kh ging nhau v hnh dng, kch thc nhng c th khc nhau v th tch. Vi hnh dng v kch thc ging nhau, th th tch ca sn phm sy cn ph thuc vo loi nguyn liu, hm lng cht kh, phng php sy (th tch sn phm sy thng hoa khc vi sn phm sy bng phng php nhit p sut thng) v iu kin ch bin. S xut hin cc c tnh khc nhau ca sn phm sy c th lm thay i iu kin ng gi sn phm. V d: trn u cc thnh phn theo khi lng nhng khc nhau v th tch s dn n s thay i v mu sc ca sn phm. Nhng nh my ln hin i, sn xut cc loi sp c c c t ng ho: vn chuyn, cn, trn, ng gi...Mun t ng ho tt, yu cu cc thnh phn khc nhau ca sn phm khng c s chnh lch ln v mt kch thc, phi nm trong phm vi kch thc c quy nh. Ngoi ra s chnh lch cn nh hng n sc cha ca bao b. phn loi kch thc, ngi ta dng sn. c tnh cht lng sn phm cn c th xc nh bng ch tiu th tch tc l th tch sn phm tnh bng ml tng ng vi khi lng 100 g. Vic ny c tin hnh do my nn hay ln kiu rung ng. Khi lng sn phm c ong bng dng c kim loi dng cc. Sau 20-30 pht lc sn phm c ln n th tch khng i. i vi nhng sn phm thi nh hoc c xp cao nh: sa lt hnh, cc loi rau c l c th ly khi lng ln o l 500 g, s ln lc khong 60, cn i vi cc ht nh thng ly 100 g, s ln lc khong 50 ln.
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Hnh thc v nguyn liu phi kim tra trong qu trnh sn xut ngay t cc khu phn loi, thi (t dao thi), nghin, sng v la chn v.v... 4.1.2 Mu sc Mu sc l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca thc phm sy kh. Ring i vi mt s sn phm th cn c ngha ln hn c c tnh ca v, phi tun theo nhng nguyn tc thng mi quc t, cc loi thc phm kh ch c bn ra th trng sau khi trng cu kin bng cc mu chun. Tnh cht v cht lng ca sn phm khng c php khc bit vi tnh cht v cht lng ca mu chun. Mt trong nhng c im l mu sc. Mu m nht, mu cht, hoc c s khc bit v mu sc dn n h hi ln cho cht lng sn phm. i vi cc sn phm mu trng c th b bin i thnh mu vng, , en, xm; i vi cc sn phm mu c th bin thnh mu vng, gch nu, i vi sn phm mu xanh c th thnh mu vng hoc xanh en. Phn tch sn phm thi ming hoc nghin thnh bt bng phng php cm quan (quan st trc tip) i hi phi c nhiu kinh nghim. Mt khc mu sc ca cc sn phm dng bt c th xc nh nh cc thit b c bit hoc bng phng php phn tch l-ho hc. Cn i vi dng kh dng thi nh, ngoi phn nh gi mu sc bng cm quan, ngi ta cn s dng dng c quang hc o nng dch chit ra t sn phm . i vi hnh thng dng quan ph k o t trng ca dch chit bng dung dch mui n vi bc sng 420 m. Gi tr bc sng xc nh ch s quang hc ring. Phng php ny thng dng khi phn tch sn phm kh c mu trng v vng... Cn ch rng mu trng ca sn phm nh hnh ty khng nh hng mnh ti cc c tnh khc nh mu ca t b hoc c rt. Vic kim tra mu sc cn tin hnh y t nguyn liu ban u trong qu trnh bo qun, lm sch nguyn liu, chn lm ngui, sy v bo qun thnh phm, cng nh trc khi em s dng. 4.1.3 Nng v, cht thm v cc cht khc Mi v v ca sn phm kh thng c nh gi sau khi ngm nc tr li, nu chn v lm ngui n nhit thng. Nguyn tc c bn ca ngi sn xut, cng nh ngi tiu th sn phm l: cht lng ca sn phm phi c kim tra thng xuyn sau khi a chng v dng thch hp s dng. iu quan trng ca vic kim tra l h thng nu nhanh m trn c th cng mt lc c th chun b hng lot mu. Trong cc phng th nghim hin i, cc mu nu chn c a ln xe y chuyn n ni kim tra v nh gi. i khi vic nh gi c tin hnh trong phng ti cch nhit, c iu ho nhit v c thit b iu chnh nh sng, mt vi x nghip ln sn xut sp c c thng xuyn hot ng gm t 100-200 ngi ni tr nh gi cht lng sn phm cm quan. Nh my ch cho
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sn xut hng lot v em bn ra th trng, khi cc ch tiu sn phm khng vt qu khun kh cc tnh cht c trng. Ch : im nh gi thp cc tnh cht c th xy ra v n ph thc vo gic quan v s lng ngi cm quan. Ngi ta cn nh gi mi, v v s c mt ca cc d v mi l bng cch th nm khi nu. Thng thng cc yu t ny ph hp vi k thut s dng sn phm nhng khi kim tra sn phm, th ch yu do v ca chng tc ng nn ngi ta thng tin hnh pha long. V d: th mi ca hnh t l pha long 1/300, ti 1/1000. Quy nh chun b mu kim tra thng tin hnh nh sau: ly 0,5-1 g mu em ngm trong nc 20-22 oC vi t l pha long 1/8 hoc un nng nh vi dung dch nc mui 1% trong 15 pht vi t l pha long 1/30, sau nm cm quan. Khi kim tra cht lng sn phm nh hnh ti v.v...vic u tin l phn tch thnh phn c trng ca hnh bng cch xc nh hm lng amyla-propyla disunfit theo phng php chng ct hoc bng phng php khc. 4.1.4 Nng ng v mui Trong cc c im cht lng cc loi bt, hoa qu...th ng, axit, mui, ng vai tr c trng v v ca sn phm trn c s phn tch chun ngi ta xc nh hm lng phn trm ca cc cht tng ng vi khi lng cht kh ton phn. Nhng khu cn kim tra s thay i mi v v nng cc cht trong qu trnh sn xut nh: sau khi vn chuyn, bo qun, lm sch v bn ngoi bng hi nc hay bng xt, chn, lm ngui, sy v kim tra thng xuyn hay nh k trong thi gian bo quan sn phm. 4.1.5 S ngm nc v snh Mc v thi gian ngm nc l mt trong nhng yu cu c bn v kinh t v thi gian chun b sn phm n lin. Mc thm nc hoc ht nc cho ta bit kh nng cu sn phm sy, kh tng khi lng ln bao nhiu ln sau khi cho thm nc. i lng ny l c s cho php tnh ton vi cc khi lng cn thit trn vi cc thnh phn khc v khi
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lng gia v. Cng thc xc nh n nh sau: Khi lng sn phm ngm nc tr li ( ro nc) H s ngm nc = Khi lng sn phm sy kh c trng cht lng ca mt hng tiu dng ny l sn phm sy kh phi t nhng tiu chun quy nh. Cc sn phm ny c th khc nhau v khi lng thi gian thm t, phng php chun b (ngm bng nc ngui hay nc nng hoc phi hp vi c hai). V d: tiu chun ca Hungary yu cu vic ly mu v tin hnh o sau 24 h ngm nc vi 2g sn phm (kim tra) trong 50 ml nc ct hoc sau khi nu bng dung dch nc mui nng 1 %. Lng sn phm nghin nh trong 50 ml dung dch l 100g, lng sn phm nghin to l 20 g. Thi gian un : khoai ty v mi tu l 10 pht, hnh 15 pht, v bp ci 20 pht. V phng din s dng sn phm thi gian ngm nc l yu t rt quyt nh bi v bit c n ngi ta c th ra mi thi gian chun b mn n t sn phm sy . Mc ngm nc cho ngi ta bit gia s khi lng cn tng c c sn phm sau khi cho vo nc v un theo li ch dn. Sau thi gian thm nc quy nh th st ca sn phm phi thch hp vi ngi tiu th. Ngha l sn phm kh thm nc khng c cng qu do qu la hay qu mm (nhn). Trn thc t vic phn tch thm t thng trng vi vic un th kim tra thi gian un v t c snh cn thit . Phng php xc nh i lng ny ph thuc vo loi nguyn liu to ra sn phm v kch thc ca sn phm. Bng 4.1 cho thy ngm nc ca mt s sn phm sy o bng cc phng php khc nhau. Cht lng hnh ty theo tiu chun ca M i hi khi ngm nc tr li th khi lng tng khng nh hn 4,25 ln, vi thi gian 1 h ngm trong nc nhit 24 oC. T l sn phm v nc 1:8. Mc v thi gian ngm nc ca sn phm ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu (m g hay m xp) iu kin bo qun, ch sy thch hp, bi vy phi kim tra cht lng sn phm trong sut qu trnh sn xut.
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Bng 4.1: H s ngm nc ca mt s sn phm sy. Tn sn phm sy Ngm trong ung trong dung dch mui nc 16 h n nng 1% (pht) nhit phng 10 15 20 Hnh xa lt 5,3 5,4 4,8 4,7 Hnh bt 5,2 5,1 4,9 4,8 Hnh l 6,1 6,3 6,7 6,4 Ti Cn ty thi khc 6,0 6,0 6,7 5,6 Thn v l cn ty Mi tu (l) 5,2 6,4 5,7 7,5 C ci (bt) u c ve C rt: ming Thanh 8,0 6,0 5,0 5,2 Ht Xa lt t b: 6,9 5,8 5,4 5,1 Xanh Th l (l) 6,2 5,9 6,1 6,2 To nghin (bt) 7,1 6,6 6,6 6,2 4.1.6 m m cui cng cn li trong sn phm sy l mt c tnh k thut quan trng i vi kh nng bo qun v hiu sut thnh phm. Vi sinh vt khc nhau c th hot ng cc m tng i khc nhau ca khng kh. Nm men i hi lng m cao nht . Nm mc i hi lng m thp hn. Ngi ta tm thy m ti thiu cn thit cho s pht trin ca mt s loi vi sinh vt khc nhau:
Loi vi sinh vt Vi khun thng thng Nm men thng thng Nm mc thng thng Vi khun chu c mui
m tng i ca khng kh (%) 91 88 80 75
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Nm mc chu c s thm thu Nm men chu c s thm thu
65 60
Vi m tng i ca khng kh 70 %, m (%) tng ng ca sn phm sy nh sau: - Rau sy: 14-20 - Bt sa: 8 - Qu sy: 18-25 - Bt trng: 10-11 - Tinh bt: 18 - Tht khng m: 15 m cn bng (%) ca mt s sn phm c gi tr sau: - Hnh ty: 25 - To kh: 31 - C rt: 21 - Anh o kh: 29 - Khoai ty: 15 - Tht b kh: 16,5 - t b: 28 % Cc sn phm c th xut kho vi m cui cng cao, v d: To khoanh kh: 18-24 % Nm kh: 22-24 % Vi gi tr m ny vn m bo vic bo qun sn phm. Cc loi bt rau qu sn xut bng phng php sy thng hoa hm lng nc cn li nh hn rt nhiu so vi hm lng nc sy bng phng php khc. Sn phm sy thng hoa: 2-3% Bt rau qu sy: 4-8 % Mc d trong qu trnh bo qun, hm lng nc trong sn phm c th thay i nhng khng vt qu gi tr cho php, th vn bo m c iu kin bo qun, lu thng hng ho. Mun m bo gi tr m cho php cn ch n s n nh vi sinh vt v m tng i ca khng kh. Mun vy ta phi c bao b v iu kin bo qun thch hp cho tng loi sn phm. c im bin i ca sn phm khi bo qun ph thuc vo iu kin ngng t nc trong sn phm (thi tit, bao b v iu kin thng thong). xc nh m ca sn phm, ngi ta c th dng cc phng php khc nhau: - Phng php nhanh: rau kh nghin nh thng sy 2h 105 oC. - Phng php sy n trng lng khng i: phng php dng toluen cho php xc nh nhanh v kt qu c th chp nhn c. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th dng cc phng php khc nh: - T sy tia hng ngoi, cn sy bng bc x. - My o m bng in tr hay cc loi tng t.
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Cn ch xc nh nhng iu kin kim tra thch hp nht cho tng loi sn phm. 4.1.7 Tp cht c hc v ho hc Cc sn phm sy c th bo qun bng cc phng php khc nhau, trong qu trnh bo qun c th ln cc tp cht c hc hoc ho hc. Bi vy yu cu t ra l gii hn hm lng cc tp cht . V d: hm lng khong, tro, khng ho tan trong axit, aren, thic ch...i vi hnh ty i khi ngi ta quy nh lng xeluloza. Nng ca cc hp cht trong mt s nguyn liu, v d: nng natri trong bt c chua ch yu cu t ra khi cc sn phm dng vo mc ch c bit nh: thc n tr em, thc n king. m bo cc yu cu trn phi tin hnh kim tra sn phm. Cc t chc y t ca mt s nc cn ngh nng cho php ca mt s ho cht dng bo v thc vt l ngun nguyn liu ban u ch bin cc sn phm thc phm. Mt s nc khc quy nh gii hn ti a ca cc cht st trng nh etylen oxit, metyl bromua, phospho hydro, xianogen hydro...dng cc kho bo qun sn phm khi b ph hoi ca cc loi bm, su b v cc loi gm nhm v.v... tho mn yu cu trn, vic sn xut cc loi thuc st trng phi c thc hin mc chuyn mn ho cao, vic kim tra v phn tch phi tuyt i tun theo cc quy nh tiu chun. 4.1.8 Ho cht dng trong sn xut Ngi ta c th dng cc ho cht khc nhau s dng nguyn liu nhng khu cn thit trong sn xut. Yu cu ca cc ho cht ny khng lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm v khng c hi i vi c th con ngi, hm lng ho cht cn li phi nm trong gii hn cho php. Cc quy nh khc nhau v nng SO2 cn li trong sn phm. Mt s nc cn quy nh gii hn trn v gii hn di ca cht ny. Mt s nc khc ngh loi tr vic s dng SO2 ch bin mt s loi sn phm. Mc d vic tranh lun v c tnh hot ng ca lu hunh vn cn tip tc, nhng hin nay ngi ta vn c khuynh hng s dng SO2 song hn ch nng SO2, bi v cng vi vic ngm nc tr li, sn phm sy cn c pha thm nc v trc khi s dng qua un si hay nu chn, nn ch vi nng rt thp SO2 cn li trong sn phm coi nh khng ng k. Mt khc hp cht ca SO2 cn lm n nh mu ca sn phm v bo v sn phm khi b oxy ho. Gii hn cho php l 2000-2500 mg SO2/kg cho cc loi qu. i vi tng loi rau, nng SO2 c quy nh khc nhau. Bng di y cho gi tr gii hn nng SO2 trong mt s sn phm thng gp:
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Bng 4.2 : Gii hn nng SO2 cho php trong mt s sn phm. Tn sn phm Hnh Cn ty u c ve C rt Khoai ty Bp ci Nng SO2 tnh mg/kg sn phm Quy nh Thng dng 200-1500 200-500 200-2000 400-1000 500-1200 800-1000 300-1500 500-1200 200-500 250-350 500-1500 700-1500
Khi sunfua ho c rt xy ra s thay i hm lng tinh bt. Yu cu cho php gim ti a khng qu 2-3 % lng tinh bt ton phn trong sn phm kh. Tinh bt cn c cho thm vo cc bt gia v, n ph thuc vo mc ch s dng. V d: cho thm t 10-30 % bt go vo bt c chua. Ngi ta cn c th s dng canxi stearat v hp cht silicagen (nh siloic) nh nhng cht hn ch vn cc ca nguyn liu. Nhng hp cht ny thng trn thng vi cc loi bt rau v bt hoa qu khc. Thng nng ca cc hp cht ny nm trong khong t 1-2 %. 4.1.9 Nhng tp cht v phn t l: Mun gii quyt vn tp cht i hi phi t chc tt qu trnh sn xut nh k kim tra bao b v thng xuyn kim tra kho tng v.v... Tp cht c th gy nguy him n sc kho, c nhiu tp cht khc nhau: , knh g, kim loi t, su b, du vt ca loi gm nhm. Tt c nhng cht khc khng phi l thc vt u phi tuyt i loi tr khi cc sn phm sy. Cn tp cht thc vt thng l cc loi c di hoc cc sn phm kh khc nhng hm lng khng c qu 0,2 %. Nhng phn t l l nhng phn ca nguyn liu khng phi i tng sy. V d: r, phn gc, thn, rut qu, ht v, l, v cy, phn rau v qu hng... Cng cc th k trn cn phi ni n nhng phn t l do qu trnh sn xut a li, nh cc phn t bn cn st li trn b mt nguyn liu do khng ra sch hay nhng phn t b bin mu. V d: c rt mu xanh, cn ty mu tm, xp l mu nu...nhng phn t b chy, b ng mu vng...v ni chung tt c cc phn t khng trong khun kh yu cu s ng u v mau sc. Ni chung cc phn t li ch php rt nghim ngt. V d: i vi hnh trong khong 0,1-0,4 %. Ngc li, hm lng cc phn t b bin mu gii hn khng qu nghim ngt. Thng gii hn cho php ca hai nhm trn ph thuc vo loi sn phm, nhng khi phn tch hm lng cc phn t l ngi ta gp chung/
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4.1.10 Nhng yu cu v vi sinh vt Rau qu sy s l nhng thnh phn ca cc loi xp, nc st cc gia v bt lm kem v cc hn hp nc qu. Ngoi ra rau qu sy cn cho vo cc sn phm hp, cng nghip tht, sn phm thc phm, thc n ngui, sn phm ca cng nghip bnh ko. Do v phng din vi sinh vt, rau qu sy phi m bo tt c cc yu cu c quy nh do cc c quan y t v cc x nghip t ra. Gii hn cho php s lng v loi vi sinh vt ph thuc vo phm vi s dng sn phm sy. V d mt s loi sn phm sy dng ch bin thc n cho tr em. Mt s sn phm phi un lu, s khc ch un trong mt thi gian rt ngn hoc cho thm vo cc sn phm n lin (n trc tip) chnh v th phi tin hnh nghim khc vic kim tra m bo loi tr trong thc n cc vi khun gy bnh, xc nh s lng cc loi vi khun gy bnh m c th gy ng c v cho php lng nh nht, tuyt i khng gy c hi. Tin hnh phn tch s c mt ca cc vi khun gy c v khng nh s c mt ca cc vi khun gy bnh. Nhng quy nh nghim khc v y hc da trn c s mc d xp kh v thc n kh khi nu nhit nht nh git cc vi khun gy bnh nhy cm vi nhit, nhng trong qu trnh nu rt kh kim tra, khng th m bo tiu dit hon ton vi khun gy c. Mt khc x nghip sn xut sn phm kh khng th trnh khi s nhim bn vi sinh vt, m n c chu c trong qu trnh thanh trng iu kin bnh thng. V d: cc bo t gy ra h hng hp. V th m phi thng xuyn kim tra trn cc i tng gy ra nhim bn, c bit l nhng vi sinh vt chu c nhit cao. V d: cc bo t hiu kh hoc k kh. Tt c vn trn c th din t qua hai yu cu c chp nhn trong giao dch quc t. Cc sn phm sy khng b ph phn v phng din y hc v khng c gy ng c trong thc phm, n phi ph hp vi yu cu ca nghnh cng nghip ra, v ch cho php cha mt lng nh bo t chu nhit, m bo khng gy nguy him ch thanh trng bnh thng. Trn b mt thc vt lun tn ti mt lng vi sinh vt bt ngun t t, phn chung v nc. Thc vt sng cha thu hoch c cu to v t chc thch hp chng li s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt. V d: v v lp (mng) sp v ca rau qu bo v khi tc ng ca vi sinh vt. Rau qu sau khi thu hoch, cc qu trnh sng hu nh ngng li v vi sinh vt phi xm nhp v pht trin, c bit trong cc t bo hng chng hot ng rt mnh. Bi vy yu cu lm sao chuyn c nhanh nht nguyn liu t ni thu hoch n ni sn xut khng lm h hng nguyn liu. Phi t chc thu hoch nguyn liu hp l, khng nguyn liu ch lu mi a vo sn xut. S lng vi khun a thm trong phn hng ca rau c th t ti 109-1010 con/gam nguyn liu hng.
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Cc bin php loi tr vi sinh vt: - Phn loi: nh loi b cc phn nguyn liu b hng, b su... m hn ch mt cch ng k mm mng gy hng thnh phm. c bit hn ch c s lng mc trong rau qu sy sau khi loi tr nhng ch b chm mc. - Ra: trong qu trnh ra sch nguyn liu ngoi vic lm sch t, ngi ta cn loi tr mt lng ln cc t bo v vi sinh vt gy bnh xm nhp vo nguyn liu t t v phn chung. Khi ra nht thit phi qua hai bc, ra v di li (bng vi phun), nu khng s lm tng thm cc bo t trong nc bn cho khi nguyn liu ra. Nc dng ra li (di hay trng li) phi sch nh nc ung c ngha l cha khng qu 100 bo t trong 1 lt nc. Sau khi ra, trong qu trnh ch bin nu cn thit nguyn liu ch c tip xc vi nc sch. - St trng nguyn liu: vic gim cc bo t gy bnh trong qu trnh ra khng nhiu lm. Tc dng ca nhit sy rau qu cng khng ng k i vi cc bo t. Bt u t nm 1920 ngi ta dng nc clo st trng ti nh my Kechkemet s dng c hiu qu dung dch cloramin st B. Kt qu thc t chng minh hp cht ny c tc dng st trng co hn khi dng nc vi 2 %. St trng bng dung dch cloramin st B 0,05 % trong 10 pht hoc bng dung dch clo 0,1 % trong 5 pht cng bng dung dch cloramin B vi nng 0,2 % trong 1-2 pht u c hiu lc nh nhau. - Lm sch bng hi hay bng xt: u hn ch rt ln v lng bo t v bo t vi sinh vt thng bm trn b mt sn phm. - Chn: chn c kh nng tiu dit khong 99 % lng bo t ca vi sinh vt. Ch : sau khi chn nguyn liu c th b nhim bn tr li trong khi vn chuyn nguyn liu v thit b sy, nu thit b khng hp v sinh. - X l ho hc: Sunfua ho c hiu qu st trng rt ln. Tc dng ca n cn gi c ngay c trong sn phm sy. - Sy: x l nhit trong qu trnh sy s gim c lng vi khun a m hiu kh. D chu nhit ca cc nhm vi khun rt khc nhau. Nhy cm nht i vi nhit l nm men, thng ch sau 10-15 pht x l nhit m nhit 50-58oC nm men b tiu dit. Trong cc loi nm mc ngi ta vn gp nhiu loi chu nhit (Aspergillus penicilium Mucor). Cc t bo sinh trng ca nhiu loi vi khun khng chu c nhit cao, nhng c mt s vi khun chu nhit th vn c kh nng pht trin nhit 80 o C, thng l cc vi khun t t. Nha bo ca cc vi khun ny ch c tiu dit nhit trn 100 oC. Trong qu trnh sy tt c cc nm men v cc t bo sinh trng ca hu ht cc loi vi khun u b tiu dit. Tc dng ca nhit ph thuc vo ch nhit dng
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sy, hm lng m v trng thi ca vi sinh vt. C th xy ra trng hp vi sinh vt khng chu nhit nh dng coli vn sng st qua qu trnh sy. Bi vy, chng ta khng ch quan tm n khu lm sch vi sinh vt nguyn liu m cn ch tin hnh st trng cc thit b dng trong sn xut bng nc nng v hi nc hay bng cht st trng thch hp. Cn duy tr ch kim tra vi sinh vt bng cch phn tch mc v sinh cc thit b sn xut (nht l khu chun b v ng gi) m bo v sinh c nhn ca cng nhn. Mt khc mun c kt qu chnh xc khng nhng ch ly mu i din trng thi vi sinh vt trong sn phm, m cn ch thanh trng cc phng tin v dng c ly v tin hnh phn tch mu. i khi iu kin v sinh sn xut thp b nhim mt lng ln vi sinh vt th ngi ta c th x l ho hc gim lng vi sinh vt . Ngi ta thng dng hn hp khng kh nn oxit etylen v oxit cacbon (1%), phun bng vi phun. Mun t hiu qu cao cn phi lm m sn phm n m 10-12 %. Gn y ngi ta s dng tia hng ngoi (n cc tm) dit vi sinh vt, yu cu khng gy nhim x cho sn phm. Ngi ta thng dng tia ca cht ng v phng x Co 60 v Co 137, n c nng lng bc x ca electron c vn tc ln. Hiu qu dit vi khun ph thuc vo liu lng chiu sng vo sn phm, vi liu lng 1,5 M (mega ) s dit trng hon ton vi sinh vt trong sn phm. Ngi ta thng dng vi liu lng t 500-1000 kilo (1 = 0,01 J/kg) 4.2 BAO GI V BO QUN SN PHM SY
Sn phm rau v qu sy cng l nhng cht hu c, trong thng xy ra cc qu trnh l ho m n th thin cht lng sn phm. Tc xy ra cc phn ng ph thuc vo phng php ch bin, ng gi v diu kin bo qun sn phm. S thay i mu sc do cc cht c men v khng men. S bin tnh ca cc hp cht mu c th xy ra mi trng c oxy hoc mi trng trung tnh, cn vn tc ca s bin i c th ph thuc vo mi trng hoc khng. Th d: vi s c mt ca ng, axit amin v ni t, hin tng vng ca khoai ty sy kh phn ln ph thuc vo nhit . Do cc qu trnh oxy ho v thu phn cc cht mu ho tan trong cht bo c th gy ra s bin i mu sc, mi, v. Th d: s bin i mu sc ca cc cht mu carotin v licopin ca bt c chua do s phai mu ca cc cht mu gy ra. S bin mu ca antoxian c th dn n s mt mu hoc thay i mu ca c rt, c civ.v...S oxy ho cc lipit, cc vi th m v b lm cho sn phm b ng, lm mt hoc thay i v. Hin tng ny c th gp khoai ty, c rt, bt ch bin t cc loi qu h citrus (chanh , cam)
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Vi s pht trin ca ho hc v vi sinh hc ngi ta c th gii thch c nhiu hin tng trong s cc hin tng trn. ng v mt hnh ng v cht lng bn trong ngi ta cho rng rau v qu sy c cht lng tt nht sau khi ch bin. Khi bo qun ch c th c gng ko di thi gian gi c cht lng ca sn phm. iu kin bo qun cn ph thuc vo phng php ng gi mt khc trong bt c trng hp no, sn phm cng phi c bo v khi tc dng ca m, nh sng v s qu nhit, mi v l v s xm nhp ca cc cn trng. cc x nghip sy ngi ta khng ch bo qun thnh phm m cn c vt liu ng gi vn chuyn sn phm. y thi gian bo qun kh lu vi lng bn thnh phm sn xut cc loi sn phm hn hp, sn phm dng ri, dng bt v.v... Sn phm sy nghin nh th din tch ring b mt chng cng ln, chng cng chu nhiu nh hng c hi. V d: ht m, oxy ho, hng do tc dng nh sng. Bi vy tng sn phm sy ring l thng ch bin dng ri (ht) v ch lm thnh dng bt trc khi vn chuyn n ni tiu th. Bo qun di hn sn phm nghin nh (dng bt) c nhiu kh khn, khng thun li, nn ngi ta thng s dng kho c iu ho vi nhit 7-8 oC bo qun sn phm dng bt. Nhit cao c th lm tng nhanh s bin i cc cht mu. Kinh nghim cho thy: bo qun hnh sy kh c hm m cui 4,77 % ng gi vi trng lng khng qu 150 g kho c m tng i ca khng kh 44 % v vi nhit 15, 25, 35 oC trong 9 thng. S bin i mu ph thuc vo bao b ng gi: nhng mu trong hp kim loi thay i mu sc r rt, nhit 35 oC s thay i mu ging nh s thay i mu ca sn phm ng trong ti polietylen 25 oC. 15 oC ng gi kim loi hoc trong ti giy kn cho kt qu nh nhau. Sn phm trong ti polietylen thay i cng khng ng k. S i mu 15 oC bt u xut hin sau 15 tun bo qun, 35 oC sau 7 tun. Ch s khc nhau sn phm lc u v cui trong qu trnh bo qun. Nhit bo qun cao (trn 28 oC) c th lm gim tnh do ca sn phm dng bt (bt hnh, bt c chua, bt qu, bt sa v.v...) v c s vn cc ca chng sau khi lm lnh. Khi bo qun qu sy kh c m cui cao th nhit bo qun khng c ln hn 15 oC v m tng i ca khng kh nh hn 70 %. m tng i ca khng kh cao cng l nguyn nhn lm mc cc sn phm loi qu. Nhng sn phm bo qun trong kho khng c tip xc trc tip vi sn nh hoc vi b mt tng, bi v s ngng t hi nc trn b mt tip xc vi tng hoc sn lnh b chn bi lung khng kh dn n su xut hin mc ngay c khi trong kho kh ro. iu quan trng i vi vn bo qun rau qu kh l thng xuyn bo v chng khi s ph hoi ca cc loi su b v gm nhm.
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c bit nguy him l nhn gli su gy thit hi ng k, Thng gp nht cc loi sau: su kho hoc su cacao (Ephestialutela), su bt (Epheistia kuniella), su ht (Tinea granelus). Mt con su ci c th 90-400 trng v mi nm cho 2-5 la, hot ng ca su ph thuc vo nhit kho. Ch khng cho cc loi bm lt vo kho, v bm l mt giai on sinh trng ca su. Trong 3 giai on chuyn dng ca su, giai on hai su c kh nng sng tt nht. Nhng sn phm b lt ra ngoi t cc bao b b h, rch, phn st li ca bao b c s to iu kin pht trin thun li cho cc loi su. V th nhng phn sn phm hng v cc bao b s dng ri khng c trong kho d l thi gian rt ngn. C th dng li trnh cc loi bm xm nhp vo kho. Nht thit phi st trng kho thng xuyn v t n chng su (insecutor). Tin hnh st trng bng cc cht c kh nng git su b c ba giai on pht trin ca chng. Tc sinh sn ca su b ph thuc vo nhit trong kho. S pht trin c th xut hin nhit 12-15oC, nhng su c kh nng pht trin mnh nht nhit 20 o C. Tt c cc giai on pht trin ca su b c gi vng ngay c nhit thp v chng chu c ma ng. Vo nhn gthng ma ng v ma h rt thch p cho s pht trin ca su bm, chng c th t ngoi ri vo x nghip, nh kho. Ngun gc truyn nhim su i khi cn do dng bao b s dng lau ngy ( c) bo qun sn phm. V th bao b c ( dng trn 1 nm) phi kim tra cn thn v bo quan ring bit vi bao b mi. Cc vt liu ng gi (cc tng, bao giy) khng c cng vi sn phm. Ch c st trng v kim tra thng xuyn mi c th trnh c su b. Cc cht st trng i vi su b: Kh T (hn hp ca oxit etylen v oxy), bromua metyl v florua hydro. Khi st trng nh kho cn theo quy nh cht ch phn ho hc cn li trong sn phm khng c vt qu mc quy nh ca y t. Nhng qu kh khng sunfua ho thng st trng bng kh bromua metyl. Thi gian st trng ph thuc vo hm lng m, c th bin i trong khong 5-24 gi. Propyl etylen c dng x l cc loi qu kh ng gi, nm sy kh c x l bng kh T.
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MC LC
CHNG I: I TNG SY V MI QUAN H CA CHNG ................................1 1.1 Nguyn vt liu m..........................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Phn loi cc nguyn vt liu m ............................................................................1 1.1.2 Cc dng lin kt trong vt liu m: ........................................................................1 1.1.3 Cc c trng trng thi m ca vt liu m ...........................................................3 1.2 Tc nhn sy ....................................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Khng kh m: cc thng s c trng ....................................................................5 1.2.2 Khi l (kh l t) ..................................................................................................8 1.3 Quan h gia vt liu m v khng kh chung quanh .....................................................9 1.3.1 m cn bng .......................................................................................................9 1.3.2 m ti hn wth .....................................................................................................9 CHNG II : C S K THUT SY..................................................................................11 2.1 Cn bng vt cht ca my sy.....................................................................................11 2.2 My sy l thuyt .........................................................................................................11 2.3 S dng biu I-X trong tnh ton qu trnh sy................................................12 2.3.1 M t qu trnh sy trong th i-X i vi khng kh m ..................................12 2.3.2 Tnh ton cho my sy mt cp ............................................................................13 2.3.3 My sy nhiu cp ................................................................................................13 2.3.4 My sy tun hon ................................................................................................14 2.3.5 My sy thc t.....................................................................................................15 2.4 chuyn ng m trong sn phm sy.......................................................................15 2.5 vn tc sy .................................................................................................................16 2.5.1 Khi nim v vn tc sy.......................................................................................16 2.5.2 Cc giai on vn tc sy : ....................................................................................17 2.5.3 Tnh ton vn tc sy .............................................................................................18 2.5.4 Tnh ton thi gian sy ..........................................................................................19 2.6 phng php v thit b sy .............................................................................................19 2.6.1 Phi v sy bng nng lng mt tri ..................................................................19 2.6.2 Sy i lu ............................................................................................................21 2.6.3 My sy tip xc (contact dryer) ..........................................................................29 2.6.4 Sy thng hoa ........................................................................................................31 2.6.5 My sy bc x ......................................................................................................36 2.6.6 Sy bng in trng dng cao tn (dielectric) .....................................................38 2.7 Chn la my sy ..........................................................................................................39 2.7.1 C s cho vic chn la my sy...........................................................................39 2.7.2 Phng php chn .................................................................................................42 2.8 Tnh ton thit b sy .....................................................................................................43 2.8.1 Yu cu tnh ton...................................................................................................43 2.8.2 Phn tnh ton : ni dung tnh ton........................................................................44 2.8.3 Mt s cng thc c bn trong tnh ton thit b sy ............................................45 CHNG III: CNG NGH SY NNG SN, THC PHM V THC N GIA SC48 3.1 nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng sn phm................................................48 3.1.1 nh hng n cu trc ........................................................................................48 3.1.2 nh hng n mi v ...........................................................................................50 3.1.3 nh hng n mu sc.........................................................................................51 3.1.4 nh hng n gi tr dinh dng.........................................................................52
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3.1.5 nh hng n s hi nguyn sn phm (rehydration) .......................................53 3.2 K thut sy mt s sn phm thc phm .....................................................................53 3.2.1 Sy ng tinh th.................................................................................................53 3.2.2 Sy tinh bt............................................................................................................54 3.2.3 Cng ngh sy cc sn phm t bt nho..............................................................55 3.2.4 Sy trng................................................................................................................59 3.2.5 Sy sa...................................................................................................................62 3.2.6 Sn xut hi sn kh ..............................................................................................65 3.3 K thut sy cc loi ht................................................................................................71 3.3.1 c im sy cc loi ht .....................................................................................71 3.3.2 Tnh cht sy cc loi ht khc nhau .....................................................................74 3.3.3 Cc phng php sy ht.......................................................................................75 3.4 Cng ngh sy malt ........................................................................................................76 3.4.1 Mc ch v cc nguyn l c bn ca sy malt....................................................76 3.4.2 Cc giai on sy malt...........................................................................................76 3.4.3 Nhng yu t c bn nh hng n vn tc sy v cht lng ca malt ............78 3.4.4 Bo qun malt kh.................................................................................................80 3.5 K thut sy cc loi rau qu.........................................................................................80 3.5.1 ngha: .................................................................................................................80 3.5.2 S cng ngh sy rau qu .................................................................................80 3.5.3 Cc nhn t chnh nh hng n hiu qu sy ....................................................81 3.5.4 K thut sy mt s loi rau ..................................................................................83 3.5.5 Sy cc loi qu .....................................................................................................88 3.5.6 Sn xut bt rau qu...............................................................................................90 3.6.1 Sy ch...................................................................................................................93 3.6.2 Sy thuc l ...........................................................................................................96 3.7 K thut sy thc n gia sc t thc vt........................................................................99 3.7.1 Nhng c im.....................................................................................................99 3.7.2 Nhng thit b sy i vi ngun thc n thc vt ca gia sc...........................104 CHNG IV: NH GI CHT LNG V BO QUN SN PHM SY.............107 4.1 Tiu chun nh gi cht lng sn phm sy ............................................................107 4.1.1 Hnh dng, kch thc v th tch ca sn phm.................................................107 4.1.2 Mu sc................................................................................................................108 4.1.3 Nng v, cht thm v cc cht khc..............................................................108 4.1.4 Nng ng v mui ......................................................................................109 4.1.5 S ngm nc v snh....................................................................................109 4.1.6 m ..................................................................................................................111 4.1.7 Tp cht c hc v ho hc .................................................................................113 4.1.8 Ho cht dng trong sn xut ..............................................................................113 4.1.9 Nhng tp cht v phn t l:..............................................................................114 4.1.10 Nhng yu cu v vi sinh vt ..............................................................................115 4.2 Bao gi v bo qun sn phm sy..............................................................................117

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Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

CHNG I: I TNG SY V MI QUAN H CA CHNG

1.1.1 PHN LOI CC NGUYN VT LIU M

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm 1.1.2.1Lin kt ho hc

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

h P 100% = h 100% max Pb

y: CKKK: nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh, nhit t

Nhin liu Khng kh

Hnh v 1.1 : S nguyn l h thng sy bng khi l.

xu n cht lng sn phm.

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

100 % Vng hp th Vng sy

W Hnh v 1.2: Trng thi tng tc gia m v mi trng

Hnh v 1.1: ng cong hp th v thi m ng nhit.

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Khng kh sau khi sy : mL, X3, t3, i3

Sn phm t mG, mW, iGv Qbs

Sn phm kh mG, iGr

Khng kh sau khi un nng mL, X2, t2, i2

Khng kh trc khi sy mL, X1, t1, i1

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

2.3 S DNG BIU I-X TRONG TNH TON QU TRNH SY

X Hnh 2.1 : Biu I X ca khng kh m Xc nh trng thi khng kh m Xc nh nhit im sng

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm 2.3.2 Tnh ton cho my sy mt cp

(3) (2) (4)

Hnh 2.3 : S my sy nhiu cp v biu din ca qu trnh sy trn th i-X

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Nhu cu nhit ring s c tnh theo cng thc : i i i' i q= 5 1 = 3 1 ' x 5 x1 x 3 x1

(2) (1) mKKm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

2.3.5 My sy thc t Q m Q Q = q = l.(i 3 i1 ) bs + G (i Gr i Gv ) i Wv + tt mW mW mW mW

CHUYN NG M TRONG SN PHM SY

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm kw : h s chuyn khi (kg/m2.h)

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Hnh 2.8 : Thit b sy bng nng lng mt tri c k nguyn liu

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Bng 2.2 : Cc phng php sy v tiu chun chn la.

Thp Thp Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh

Nh Nh Nh TrL/Nh TrL TrL TrL

Nhanh Nhanh Tr.bnh Nhanh Nhanh Chm Tr.bnh Chm

Thp Tr.bnh Thp Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Tr.bnh Thp

15900 1820-5450 7800 15900 18200

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

sy. hn sn Hnh 2.12 : S h thng sy thng quay

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Hnh 2.13 : Thit b sy tng si dng trong sy ng

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Hnh 2.17 : S h thng sy kh ng dng vng

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Hnh 2.18 : S thit b sy tang trng trc n

Hnh 2.19 : S thit b sy tang trng trc kp

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm

Gio n K thut sy nng sn thc phm