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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG


T HNH CHNH

TI:

Ngi thc hin : NGUYN V THANH Nm hc 2009-2010


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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

MC LC
------I. PHN M U
1. L do chn ti 2. Mc tiu nghin cu 3. Nhim v nghin cu 4. Phng php nghin cu 5. Mt s kt qu t c

II. NI DUNG NGHIN CU


Chng I: BT NG THC JENSEN Chng II: BT NG THC BERNOULLI Chng III: BT NG THC CHEBYSHEV( Tsbsep) Chng IV: BT NG THC CSI M RNG Chng V: BT NG THC BUNHIACOPXKI M RNG Chng VI: BT NG THC SCHWARZ (SVACXO) Chng VII: MT M RNG CA CC BT NG THC SVACXO,TRBUSEP,BUNHIACOPSKI Chng VIII: S DNG TNH CHT TH T CA HAI DY BT NG THC

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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

I. PHN M U
1. L do chn ti: T khi tham d cc hi ngh Chuyn Bi dng hc sinh gii THPT do trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin H ni t chc hng nm t 2002 n nay,c hc tp cc chuyn do cc ging vin , cc chuyn gia Ton ca B trnh by v c s ng vin ca thy Trng Thnh Ph chuyn vin mn Ton ca S Gio dc v o to Tin Giang chng ti c mt tm huyt l s c gng thc hin hon chnh , c th ho cc chuyn ph hp vi trnh hc sinh tnh nh ng gp vo thnh tch chung ca Tnh trong cc k thi HSG cp khu vc v cp quc gia. Trong nhng nm gn y b mn Ton ca tnh Tin Giang c nhng tin b v t c mt s thnh tch ng k trong cc k thi HSG khu vc. Nhng gn y B thay i mnh v quy ch thi HSG cp Quc gia l khng cn phn chia hai bng A,B nh trc m ch c mt bng thng nht chung ton quc. thi kh hn v s lng gii t hn gy kh khn cho c Gio vin v hc sinh mn Ton tnh nh. Trong iu kin kh khn vic tm ti liu v vit cc chuyn ny l vic cn thit trong tnh hnh hin nay.c s ng h ca cc thy c trong t Ton trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang chng ti thc hin vit chuyn : Mt s Bt ng thc nng cao. 2. Mc tiu nghin cu: Nhm h thng v phn loi kin thc cc bi tp c s dng mt s bt ng thc nng cao m ch hc sinh chuyn Ton mi c hc nh: Bt ng thc Csi m rng , Bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki m rng , Bt ng thc Jensen , Bt ng thc Tsbsep , Bt ng thc Schwarz , .Gip cho hc sinh c h thng kin thc v bit vn dng vo vic gii cc bi ton i s ng thi nh hng suy ngh t duy ton hc v kh nng vn dng sng to trong cc bi ton mi.
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

3. Nhim v nghin cu: Trnh by ni dung cc bt ng thc nng cao sau chng minh v hng dn gii cc bi tp p dng Ty theo tng ni dung ca Bt ng thc c s lin h vi cc bt ng thc cn li trong c s dng nhiu n phng php o hm chng minh bt ng thc m trong cc k thi hc sinh gii ton thng hay gp. V y l chuyn nng cao v bt ng thc nn chng ti khng trnh by cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc , coi nh hc sinh chuyn Ton phi nm lm c s cho vic hc chuyn ny. Rn luyn t duy ton thng qua gii cc bi tp v chng minh bt ng thc v p dng tm gi tr ln nht , gi tr nh nht ng thi trao i v hc tp kinh nghim vi cc thy c b mn Ton ca tnh Tin Giang. 4. Phng php nghin cu -Da vo cc chuyn hc H Ni v cc ti liu trong tt c cc t bi dng trnh by h thng cc Bt ng thc nng cao thng gp trong cc k thi hc sinh gii Ton. -Hng dn hc sinh i tuyn tm ti liu c lin quan,phn loi bi tp,nhn xt cch gii, to tnh hung c vn HS cng trao i nghin cu. -H thng v sp xp cc dng bi tp t d n kh v c cc li gii c th. -Phng php phn tch:gip hc sinh nm r bn cht vn , la chn phng php gii ph hp ng thi m rng v tng t ho bi ton. 5.Mt s kt qu t c

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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

Gip cho hc sinh i tuyn c thm phng php v ti liu cn thit gii cc bi tp v Bt ng thc v p dng tm gi tr ln nht , gi tr nh nht . Qua chuyn ny gip hc sinh khc su thm kin thc v Bt ng thc v o hm. Gip cho hc sinh c thm phng php vit cc chuyn nng cao khc.

II.NI DUNG NGHIN CU


1.Cc bi tp v Bt ng thc v p dng tm gi tr ln nht , gi tr nh nht thng gp trong cc thi hc sinh gii cp Quc Gia gn y.Vi mong mun c mt chuyn bt ng thc phong ph nn chng ti vit chuyn : Mt s Bt ng thc nng cao phc v ging dy cho hc sinh i tuyn tnh nh. 2. ti c chia lm 8 chng: Chng I: BT NG THC JENSEN Chng II: BT NG THC BERNOULLI Chng III: BT NG THC CHEBYSHEV( Tsbsep) Chng IV: BT NG THC CSI M RNG Chng V: BT NG THC BUNHIACOPXKI M RNG Chng VI: BT NG THC SCHWARZ (SVACXO) Chng VII: MT M RNG CA CC BT NG THC SVACXO,TRBUSEP,BUNHIACOPSKI Chng VIII: S DNG TNH CHT TH T CA HAI DY BT NG THC. Trong mi chng sau phn trnh by Bt ng thc l phn chng minh v cc bi tp p dng. D c gng nhiu nhng ti khng trnh khi sai st , rt mong nhn c s ng gp t cc ng nghip mn Ton ca tnh nh. Sau y v trnh by phn ni dung ca ti.
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

Chng I: BT NG THC JENSEN I.1.nh l 1: Cho hm s y = f(x) c f // ( x) > 0 vi x (a; b) ( hm s c th lm trn (a;b))

Vi c (a; b) v y = f / (c)( x c) + f (c) l phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti M(c,f(c) th f ( x) f / (c)( x c) + f (c) , x (a; b) (1) (ng cong ( C) lun pha trn mi tip tuyn ti M vi c (a; b) ) Chng minh: Vi c (a; b) i/ Vi x = c (1) xy ra du bng ii/ Vi x < c : p dng nh l Lagrange : f ( x ) f (c ) = f / (d ) , d ( x; c) xc

f / tng trn (a;b) nn f / (d ) < f / (c) f ( x) f (c) > ( x c) f / (c) (do x < c) iii/Tng t vi x > c ta cng c f ( x) f (c) > ( x c) f / (c) Vy f ( x) f / (c)( x c) + f (c) , x (a; b) Ch : Nu f / / ( x) < 0 x (a; b) th (1) i chiu ( th ( C) li trn (a;b))
I.2.nh l 2:(BT Jensen)

Cho hm s y=f(x) c o hm cp 2 trn (a ;b) a/ Nu f // ( x) > 0 vi x (a; b) th xi ( a; b) , i = 1, 2,..., n v i (0;1) tha

i =1

= 1 ta c : f (1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ) 1 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + ... + n f ( xn ) (2)

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 = ... = xn b/ Nu f // ( x) < 0 vi x (a; b) th (2) i chiu. Chng minh:
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n

Nguyn V Thanh

a/ t c = i xi (a; b) .Theo nh l 1 ta c f ( x) f / (c)( x c) + f (c) , x (a; b)


i =1

Thay x= xi :

f ( xi ) f / (c)( xi c) + f (c) , x (a; b) i f ( xi ) f / (c) i xi cf / (c) i + i f (c)

Ly tng ta c:

f ( x ) f
i =1 i i

(c) i xi cf (c) i + f (c) i


/ i =1 i =1 i =1

V
n

c = i xi
i =1

i =1

= 1 nn
/ n n

f ( x ) cf
i =1 i i

(c) cf (c) + f (c) i f ( xi ) f ( i xi )


i =1 i =1

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi xi = c hay x1 = x2 = ... = xn b/ Chng minh tng t c bit : Nu 1 = 2 = ... = n = f( 1 th BT (2) thnh : n

1 + 2 + ... + n
n

f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + ... + f ( n ) (3) n

Ch : Bng quy np ta CM c nu (3) ng vi n=2 th (3) ng vi mi n t nhin ln hn 2


I.3.BT Jensen dng tng qut ;

Cho hm s y=f(x) c o hm cp 2 trn (a ;b) a/ Nu f // ( x) > 0 vi x (a; b) th xi ( a; b) , i = 1, 2,..., n v i > 0 ta c :

f(

1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn 1 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + ... + n f ( xn ) ) 1 + 2 + ... + n 1 + 2 + ... + n


7

(4)

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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

b/ Nu f // ( x) < 0 vi x (a; b) th (4) i chiu. Chng minh: p dng BT Jensen vi i =

i , i k

I.4. Chng minh cc BT c in bng cch p dng BT Jensen:

a/BT CSi : Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an ta c bng xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an Chng minh: Xt hm s f(x)=lnx vi x > 0 Ta c f / ( x) =

a1 + a2 + ... + an n a1a2 ...an , du n

1 // 1 , f ( x) = 2 < 0 x > 0 .p dng BT Jensen ta c : x x

f (a1 ) + f (a2 ) + ... + f (an ) a + a + ... + an ln a1 + ln a2 + ... + ln an a + a + ... + an f( 1 2 ln 1 2 ) n n n n a + a + ... + an ln n a1a2 ...an ln 1 2 n a + a + ... + an n Vy 1 2 a1a2 ...an , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an n

b/BT Bunhiacopxki: Xt hm s f ( x) = x 2 c f // ( x) = 2 > 0 . p dng BT Jensen dng tng qut (4) ta c:


2 2 2 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn 1 x1 + 2 x 2 + ... + n x n 1 + 2 + ... + n 1 + 2 + ... + n 2 2 (1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ) (1 + 2 + ... + n )(1 x12 + 2 x 2 + ... + n x n ) 2 2

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xi =

ai bi

i = bi2

ta c :
2 2 2 2 2 ( a12 + a2 + ... + an )( b12 + b2 + ... + bn )

( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn )


Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi c/BT Holder Cho

x1 = x2 = ... = xn

a1 a2 a = = ... = n b1 b2 bn
1 1 + = 1 .Ta c : p q

ai > 0; bi > 0 (i = 1,2,..., n) ; p > 0 , q > 0


n 1 p n 1 q

ai bi aip biq i =1 i =1 i=1


n

anp a1p Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi : q = ... = q b1 bn

Chng minh: Ta c p > 1 .Xt hm s

f ( x) = x p , x > 0.

Ta c f // ( x) = p ( p 1) x p 2 , x > 0. p dng BT Jensen dng tng qut (4) ta c:


p p p 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn 1 x1 + 2 x 2 + ... + n x n 1 + 2 + ... + n 1 + 2 + ... + n p

1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn (1 + 2 + ... + n )

1 p

(1 x1p + 2 x 2p + ... + n x np )

1 p

i xi ( i )

1 q

( x )
p i i

1 p

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n n 1 p n

Nguyn V Thanh

Chn

i = b ; xi = a b
q i

1 q i i

Ta c

ai bi aip biq i =1 i =1 i=1


r

1 q

I.5.Bi tp p dng :
n n xi xir i =1 i =1 Bi 1:Cho xi > 0, r > 1 .CMR: n n

Hng dn :Xt hm s

f ( x) = x r , x > 0

.Ta c

f / / ( x ) = r ( r 1) x r 2 , x > 0
r

xi f ( xi ) xi xir p dng BT Jensen ta c : f n n n n


Ch : Nu 0 < r < 1 th BT i chiu

x
i =1

q i

Bi 2: Cho xi > 0 , p q > 0 ; p, q N .CMR:

x
i =1

p i

Hng dn : p dng bi 1 vi r =
p q p q i p q

p ; yi = xiq ta c : q

yi i =1 n
n

y xiq i =1 i =1 n n
n n

xip
i =1

x
i =1

q i

x
i =1

p i

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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
n

xi Tng qut : xi > 0 , > 0 : i =1 n


n

xi i =1 n

1 n (1) Bi 3: Cho ai > 0 .CMR: 1 + ai 1 + n a1a2 ...an i =1


Hng dn: Ta c
n

a1a2 ...an = e

ln n a1a2 ...an

=e

1 (ln a1 + ln a2 +...+ ln an ) n

(1)

1 1 n 1 + eln ai

1 1+ e
1 (ln a1 + ln a2 + ...+ ln an ) n

1 1 f ( xi ) f ( xi ) n n

Xt hm s f ( x) =

1 v xi = ln ai > 0 1 + ex
a +b + c a b c

2 Bi 4: Cho a, b, c > 0 .CMR: (b + c) (c + a ) (a + b) (a + b + c) 3 Hng dn : (2)

(2)

2 a ln(b + c) + b ln(c + a ) + c ln(a + b) ln[ (a + b + c)] 3 a+b+c

Xt hm s f ( x) = ln(a + b + c x) . p dng BT Jensen ta c:

a b c a 2 + b2 + c2 f (a) + f (b) + f (c ) f ( ) a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a ln(b + c) + b ln(c + a) + c ln(a + b) a 2 + b2 + c 2 2 ln(a + b + c ) ln[ (a + b + c)] a+b+c a+b+c 3
(v 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 2 (a + b + c) 3(ab + bc + ca ) (a + b + c) 2 ) 3 a+b+c
n

Bi 5: Cho ai > 0 , ai = 1 , k 1 .CMR:


i =1

a
i =1

1
k i

n k +1

11

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HD:Xt hm s f ( x) =

1 , x>0 xk 16 27

Bi 6:Cho a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1.CMR: (a + b) 4 + (b + c) 4 + (c + a ) 4

HD: Xt hm s f ( x) = (a + b + c x) 4 , x (0;1)
Bi 7:Cho tam gic nhn ABC.CMR:
2(sin A + sin B + sin C ) + (tan A + tan B + tan C ) 6 3

HD: Xt hm s f ( x) = 2sin x + tan x , x (0; )


Bi 8:Cho tam gic ABC v k 2 .CMR:

sin A sin B sin C 3 3 + + k + cos A k + cos B k + cos C 2k + 1

HD: f ( x) =

sin x , x (0; ) k + cos x

Bi 9: Cho a, b, c > 0, a + b + c =

9 .Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : 4

S= (a + a 2 + 1)b (b + b 2 + 1)c (c + c 2 + 1) a Gii: ln S = b ln(a + a 2 + 1) + c ln(b + b 2 + 1) + a ln(c + c 2 + 1) Xt hm s f ( x) = ln( x + x 2 + 1) , x > 0 c f // ( x) = p dng BT Jensen dng tng qut (4) ta c: b c a ab + bc + ca f (a) + f (b) + f (c ) f ( ) a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
ab + bc + ca ln S 1 3 f( ) f ( (a + b + c)) = f ( ) = ln 2 S 4 29 9 a+b+c 3 4 4

x ( x 2 + 1)3

< 0 , x > 0

Vy max S = 4 29 khi a = b = c =
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Bi 10: Cho p , q dng v

1 1 + = 1 .CMR vi mi x , y dng ta c : p q

x p yq + .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x p = y q xy p q


HD: Xt hm s f ( x) = ln x , x > 0
Bi 11: Cho ai , bi > 0 (i=1,2,,n).CMR:
n

a1a2 ...an + n b1b2 ...bn n (a1 + b1 )...(an + bn )


b1b2 ...bn a +b a +b a +b n 1 1 2 2 ... n n a1a2 ...an a1 a2 an

HD:
n

a1a2 ...an + n b1b2 ...bn n (a1 + b1 )...(an + bn ) 1 + n b1b2 ...bn b b b n (1 + 1 )(1 + 2 )...(1 + n ) a1a2 ...an a1 a2 an

1+ n

b b ...b ln 1 + n 1 2 n a1a2 ...an

1 b1 b2 bn ln(1 + ) + ln(1 + ) + ... + ln(1 + ) n a1 a2 an

Xt hm s f ( x) = ln(1 + e x ), x > 0 , f

xi n

f ( x ) , x = ln b
i

ai

Chng II: BT NG THC BERNOULLI II.1.nh l: Cho x > -1 v R .Ta c:

a/ (1 + x) 1 + x , vi mi < 0 hoc > 1 b/ (1 + x) 1 + x , vi mi 0 < < 1 Chng minh: Xt hm s f ( x) = (1 + x) vi x > -1 Ta c f / ( x) = (1 + x) 1; f // ( x) = ( 1)(1 + x) 2


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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong ti im M(0;1) l y = x + 1 a/ Nu < 0 hoc > 1 th f // ( x) > 0 vi mi x > -1 (1 + x) x + 1 , x > 1 b/ Nu 0 < < 1 th f // ( x) < 0 vi mi x > -1 (1 + x) x + 1 , x > 1 Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x=0 hoc = 0, = 1
II.2.H qu:

t t = x+1 > 0 v > 1 ta c t t + 1 ,du bng xy ra khi v ch khi t = 1


II.3.Bi tp p dng: Bi 1:CMR: n n+3 + (n + 1) n+3 < (n + 2) n+3 , n N

Gii: Ta c : n

n+3

+ (n + 1)

n+3

< (n + 2)

n+3

n n +1

n +3

n+2 +1< n +1

n +3

p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : n+2 n +1


n +3

1 = 1 + n +1

n+3

n+3 n 1+ >1+ n +1 n +1

n+3

Bi 2: Cho n > 1 .CMR:

n 1

n > n n +1
n n 1

Gii : Ta c

n 1

n > n + 1 n > (n + 1)
n n

1 n > n +1 n +1
n

1 n 1 n = p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : = 1 >1 n +1 n +1 n +1 n +1


Bi 3 : Cho a > 0 v n > m.CMR : (1 + na ) m < (1 + ma ) n

Gii: p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : (1 + ma) > 1 +

n m

n ma = 1 + na (1 + na ) m < (1 + ma ) n m

Bi 4 : Cho a,b,c l cc s t nhin tha a < b < c .CMR vi mi s t nhin d > a ta c : a d + bd < cd
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d d

c a Gii: Ta c a + b < c > 1 + .V c > b nn c b + 1 b b


d d d

d a c b + 1 1 a p dng BT Bernoulli ta c = 1 + 1 + > 1 + > 1 + b b b b b b a a a (v 0 < < 1 > ) b b b


Bi 5:Cho a, b, c, n N v a b < c n .CMR: a n + b n < c n
d

n (c b ) an c c b Gii : p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : = 1 + 1+ >1+11+ n b b b b 1 1 Bi 6:Cho n l s nguyn dng .CMR : 1 + < 1 + n n +1 Gii : Ta c 1 1 1 + < 1 + n n +1 n(n + 2) 2 (n + 1) n(n + 2) (n + 1) 2
n +1 n +1 n n +1 n n +1

n +1 n + 2 < n n +1

n +1

n +1 n

n +1

n+2 < n +1

n +1

n +1 n

>

n . p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : n +1
n +1

1 = 1 2 (n + 1)

>1

1 n = n +1 n +1

Bi 7:Cho 0 < a, b < 1 .CMR: a b + b a > 1

Gii: p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : 1 1 1 a b(1 a ) a + b ab a = = 1 + = ab > <1+ b a a a a a a + b ab Tng t : b a > b a+b ab + ba > >1 a + b ab a + b ab
15
b b

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Bi 8:Cho x , y > 0 v 2 .CMR:

x + y 21 ( x + y )

Gii: Ta c x + y 2

2x 2 y ( x + y) + 2 x+ y x+ y

p dng h qu BT Bernoulli ta c :

2x 2y 2x 2y x + y . x + y + 1 ; x + y . x + y + 1
T suy ra :

2x 2 y x + y + x + y 2 + 2 2 = 2 (pcm)
Bi 9:Cho a,b,c,p > 0 v s nguyn dng n . CMR: a n+ p + b n+ p + c n+ p 31( n+ p ) (a + b + c) n+ p (1)

3a HD: (1) a+b+c

n+ p

3b + a+b+c

n+ p

3c + a+b+c
n+ p

n+ p

3 3a + 1 (n + p ) , a+b+c

3a p dng h qu BT Bernoulli ta c : a+b+c

(n + p ).

a Bi 10:Cho a, b,c > 0.CMR: b+c 2a 2b HD: (2) + b+c a+c a b c 3 + + BT: b+c c+a a+b 2
2 2

b + c+a
2

c + a+b

3 (2) 2 2

2c + a+b

3. p dng h qu BT Bernoulli v

3 Bi 11:Cho tam gic ABC.CMR: a/ sin A+sin B + sin C 3 (3) 2


2 2 2

16

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2 2

A b/ tan 2
2 HD: a/ (3) sin A 3
2

B + tan 2

2 2

C + tan 2
2

2 2

31

2 + sin B 3

2 + sin A 3
2

p dng t t + 1 vi = b/ p dng: tan


Chng III:

2 ; t = sin 2

A v sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C

9 4

A B C + tan + tan 3 2 2 2

BT NG THC CHEBYSHEV( Tsbsep)

III.1.BT CHEBYSHEV

1/Cho hai dy n s a1 , a2 ,..., an v b1 , b2 ,..., bn u tng hoc u gim tc l :


a1 a2 ... an a a2 ... an hoc 1 th ta c : b1 b2 ... bn b1 b2 ... bn a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn a1 + a2 + ... + an b1 + b2 + ... + bn . n n n

Du bng xy ra khi a1 = a2 = ... = an hoc b1 = b2 = ... = bn 2/Cho hai dy n s a1 , a2 ,..., an v b1 , b2 ,..., bn c mt dy tng hov mt dy gim tc l :
a1 a2 ... an a a2 ... an hoc 1 th ta c : b1 b2 ... bn b1 b2 ... bn a1b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn a1 + a2 + ... + an b1 + b2 + ... + bn . n n n

Du bng xy ra khi a1 = a2 = ... = an hoc b1 = b2 = ... = bn


a a2 ... an Chng minh:Ta CM cho trng hp: 1 b1 b2 ... bn
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Gi a =

a1 + a2 + ... + an khi tn ti k sao cho a1 ... ak a ak +1 ... an (1) n

ng vi k trn ly b sao cho bk b bk +1 khi ta c b1 ... bk b bk +1 ... bn (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra ( ai a )(bi b) 0 vi mi i=1,2,,n hay ai bi abi bai + ab 0 vi mi i. Cng n BT li ta c :

a b a b b a + nab 0 .
i i i i

V na = ai nab = b ai aibi a bi =

1 ai bi .T suy ra pcm n

Du bng ch xy ra khi ta c ( ai a )(bi b) = 0 vi mi i , nu (ai) khng l dy hng th a1 < a < an khi b1 = b = bn ,tc b1 = b2 = ... = bn

III.2.Bi tp p dng :
2 2 a12 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an Bi 1:Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an ty .CMR: n n 2

HD: Gi s a1 a2 ... an .Xt dy bk=ak


Bi 2:Cho a + b 2 .CMR: a n + b n a n +1 + b n +1 vi mi s t nhin n Bi 3:Cho x,y > 0.CMR: ( x + y )( x 3 + y 3 )( x 7 + y 7 ) 4( x11 + y11 ) Bi 4:Cho m l v a1 + a2 + ... + an n .CMR:

akm akm+1
k =1 k =1

HD:Gi s a b th a n b n
Bi 5:Cho n s a1 , a2 ,..., an khng m .CMR vi mi s nguyn dng m ta c :
m m a1m + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an n n m

m m HD: Gi s 0 a1 a2 ... an th 0 a1m a2 ... an p dng BT Tsbsep v quy

np
Bi 6: Cho n s a1 , a2 ,..., an dng .CMR vi mi s nguyn dng k,l ta c :
18

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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang
k k l l k k a1k + a2 + ... + an a1l + a2 + ... + an a1k +l + a2 +l + ... + an +l . n n n

Nguyn V Thanh

k k k a1 a2 ... an HD:p dng BT Tsbsep cho hai dy l l l a1 a2 ... an

Bi 7:Cho tam gic ABC.CMR:

aA + bB + cC a+b+c 3

Bi 8:Cho a,b khng m c tng bng 2.CMR: a 3 + b3 a 4 + b 4 Bi 9:Cho a,b,c > 0 v s t nhin n.CMR:

a/

a n+1 + b n+1 + c n+1 a + b + c 3 a n + bn + cn


a b c a +b +c 3

b/ a b c (abc)

.Hy tng qut bi ton

Bi 10: Cho a,b ty ,m v n l hai s t nhin c cng tnh chn l.CMR: (a m + b m )(a n + b n ) 2(a m+ n + b m+ n ) Bi 11:Cho tam gic ABC.CMR:

a/ b/

a cos A + b cos B + c cos C 1 a+b+c 2 A sin A + B sin B B sin B + C sin C C sin C + A sin A + + sin A + sin B + sin C A+ B B+C C+A
2 2 2

a3 b3 c3 1 + + Bi 12: a/ Cho a,b,c > 0 v a + b + c 1.CMR: b+c c+a a+b 2


b/ Cho a,b,c,d > 0 v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 1 .CMR: a3 b3 c3 d3 1 + + + b+c+d a+c+d a+b+d a+b+c 3 c/Hy chng minh bi ton tng qut
Bi 13:Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an l cc cnh ca a gic li n cnh c chu vi l p.CMR:
19

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p 2a
i =1

ai

n n2

Chng IV: BT NG THC CSI M RNG IV.1.Chng minh BT Csi bng phng php o hm:

a/ Bng cch lp bng bin thin hm s f(x) = ex - x-1 trn R ta chng minh c BT: e x x + 1 (1) vi mi x R , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 b/ BT Csi :Cho cc s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an .Ta c bng xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an Chng minh:
k 1 a 1 n T k , k = 1,2,..., n e Gi T = ak .p dng (1) ta c : T n k =1

a1 + a2 + ... + an n a1a2 ...an , du n

Nhn n BT trn li ta c Du bng xy ra c/


BT

ak n
T

ak
n

a a1 a2 = = ... = n = 1 a1 = a2 = ... = an T T T
m rng:

T n ak T

Csi

Cho

x1 , x2 ,..., xn > 0
p1 + p2 +...+ pn

p1 , p2 ,..., pn > 0 Ta

x1 = x2 = ... = xn c bit nu p1 = p2 = ... = pn =1 th ta c BT CSi.

x1 p1 + x2 p2 + ... + xn pn pn p1 p2 BT x1 .x2 ...xn p1 + p2 + ... + pn

.Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi

Chng minh:

20

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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh

T=

x
k =1 n k =1

pk
. p dng (1) ta c :
k

xk x 1 ( k 1) pk xk pk pk e T xk T .e T T

Nhn n BT trn li ta c :

x
k =1

pk k

pk

xk
1

.e

pk

x T
pk k 1

pk

IV.2.Bi tp p dng :
a+b Bi 1:CMR vi mi s dng a , b ta c : a b 2
b a a +b

Gii : p dng BT CSi m rng ta c:

b a +b

a a +b

ab ab 2ab a+b + = ab a+b a+b a+b 2


a +b

a+b a b 2
b a

.Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a=b


x x +1

1 1 Bi 2:Vi x > 0 .CMR: 1 + < 1 + x x +1 Gii:


x

dng

BT

CSi

rng

ta

c:

1 x +1 x +1 x(1 + ) + 1.1 1 1 1 1 x+2 x = 1 + .1 = 1 + .V 1 + 1 nn du bng khng x x +1 x +1 x x +1 xy ra.


Ch :C th chng minh cch khc bng cch p dng nh l Lagrange nh sau:
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1 Xt hm s f ( x) = x ln(1 + ) = x ( ln( x + 1) ln x ) x Ta c f / ( x) = ln( x + 1) ln x 1 x +1

Hm s g(t) = lnt lin tc trn [x ;x+1] c o hm trn (x;x+1) nn ln( x + 1) ln x 1 1 suy ra f tng trn (0; +) x ( x; x + 1) : = g / (c ) = > 1 c x +1 Vy f(x) > f(x+1) t suy ra pcm.

x 4 Bi 3:Cho x (0;2) . CMR :1 < 9 2


Gii:
2 x

2 x

dng
2 x

BT
2

CSi

m
2 +2 x

rng

ta

c:

x 1 2 (1 ) + 2(1 + ) x 9 x 1 2 2 1 . = 1 . 1 + x 2 2 4 2 2 +2 x
suy ra 1
2 x

=1

x 4 x 1 < .V 1 1 + nn du bng khng xy ra. 2 9 2 2

Bi 4:Cho cc s dng x1 , x2 , x3 v cc s y1 , y2 , y3 tha h :

y1 = a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 y2 = a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 y = a x + a x + a x 31 1 32 2 33 3 3


CMR:

ai1 + ai2 + ai3 = 1(i = 1,2,3) trong aij > 0 tha : a1 j + a2 j + a3 j = 1( j = 1,2,3)

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3

22

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Gii:

dng

BT

CSi
ai1 + ai2 + ai3

rng

ta

c:

a x + a x + ai3 x3 a a x1ai1 .x2 i2 .x3 i3 i1 1 i2 2 ai1 + ai2 + ai3


vi i =1,2,3 Nhn 3 BT trn li ta c:

= ai1 x1 + ai2 x2 + ai3 x3 = yi

a a x1a11 + a21 + a31 .x211 + a21 + a31 .x313 + a23 + a33 y1 y2 y3

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
Bi 5:Cho n s dng x1 , x2 ,..., xn tha x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca
a a x1a1 x2 2 ...xn n ( ai > 0)

a a = ak ; bk = k th Gii:t a k =1

b
k =1

= 1 .p dng BT CSi m rng ta c:

x1 a1

b1

x x b b b 1 1 . 2 ... n 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn = ( x1 + x2 + ... + xn ) = a a1 a2 an a a2 an

b2

bn

a a a a1a1 .a2 2 ...an n x1a1 x2 2 x1a1 1 an a1 a2 a1 . a2 ... an a x1 .x2 ...xn a1 a2 an a aa

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi

xi = 1 x 1 x1 x2 = = ... = n = a a an a 2 1

xi =

ai ; i a

Vy max

x x ...x

a1 1

a2 2

an n

a a a1a1 .a2 2 ...an n = khi aa

ai xi = ; i a

23

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Bi 6: Cho p , q dng v

1 1 + = 1 .CMR p q

vi mi x , y dng ta c :

x p yq + .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x p = y q xy p q


Gii : p dng BT CSi m rng ta c:
1 1 + p q

x y xy = ( x ) .( y ) + q p
p q

1 p p

1 q q

x p yq + = p q

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi Tng qut : Vi

x p = yq
v

p1 , p2 ,..., pn > 0
p1 1

k =1

1 = 1 th pk
1 pn

x1 x2 ...xn = ( x

) (x )
p2 2

1 p1

1 p2

... x

( )
pn n

x1p1 x2p2 xnpn + ... + + p1 p2 pn

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi : x1

p1

= x2p2 = ... = xnpn

Bi 7:Cho p , q > 0 v p+q =1.CMR vi mi x (0; ) ta c 2

p tan x + qcot x 1

1 p

1 q

Hng dn: p dng bi 6


Bi 8 : (BT Holder )

Cho

xi > 0; yi > 0 (i = 1,2,..., n) ; p > 0 , q > 0

1 1 + = 1 .Ta c : p q

24

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1 q 1 p

xi yi xip yiq i =1 i =1 i =1
n n n

x1p xnp Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi : q = ... = q y1 yn

Chng minh:t

A = ( x

p i

1 p

; B = ( y

1 q q i

p dng bi 6 ta c :
p q p q xi yi 1 xi 1 yi xi yi 1 xi 1 yi 1 1 . . + . . + . q = + =1 A B p A q B AB p Ap q B p q
n

Suy ra x y
i =1 i

xip yiq i =1 i =1
n n

1 p

1 q

Ch :Nu p = q =2 ta c BT Bunhiacopxki
Bi 9: (BT Mincopxki)

Cho cc s khng m a1 , a2 ,..., an ; b1 , b2 ,..., bn v p > 1 ta c BT:

(ai + bi ) ( a
p

1 p

p i

) + (b )
p i

1 p

1 p

Chng minh: t q =

1 1 p > 1 ta c + = 1 .p dng BT Holder ta c : p q p 1

25

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p 1 i

(a + b ) = a (a + b )
p i i i i

+ bi (ai + bi ) p 1
p i 1 p i i 1 ( p 1) q q

( a

p i

) ( (a + b )
i i

1 p

1 ( p 1) q q

) + ( b ) ( (a + b )

1 1 p 1 p p p p p ( ai ) + ( bi ) (ai + bi ) p

(ai + bi )

p 1 p 1 p

( a

p i

) + (b )
p i

1 p

1 p

(ai + bi ) p ( aip ) + ( bip )


V.1. BT NG THC BUNHIACOPXKI M RNG

1 p

1 p

1 p

Chng V: BT NG THC BUNHIACOPXKI M RNG

Cho m dy s thc khng m: a1 , a2 ,..., an ; b1 , b2 ,..., bn ;...; c1 , c2 ,..., cn Ta c:

( a1.b1...c1 + a2 .b2 ...c2 + ... + an .bn ...cn )

m m m m m m ( a1m + a2 + ... + an )(b1m + b2 + ... + bn )...(c1m + c2 + ... + cn )

Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a1 : b1 :...: c1 = a2 : b2 :...: c2 = ... = an : bn :...: cn


( Nu m chn th khng vn gi thit ai,bi,ci khng m ) Chng minh: Gi s

A = a + a + ... + a
m 1 m 2

1 m m n

0 ; B = b + b + ... + b
m 1 m 2

1 m m n

0 ; C = c + c + ... + c
m 1 m 2
n n

1 m m n

(V nu mt trong cc s A,B,C bng 0 th BT ng )

ai bi ci ( i = 1, 2,..., n) .Khi t xi = ; yi = ;...; zi = A B C


Theo BT Csi cho m s khng m

x
i =1

m i

= y = ... = zim = 1
i =1 m i i =1

xim , yim ,..., zim


26

( i=1,2,,n) ta c:

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xim + yim + zim xi yi zi m


n

( i=1,2,,n)

n 1 n m n m m xi yi ...zi xi + yi + ... + zim = = 1 m i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 m

a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 ... + ... + ... + n n ... n 1 AB C A B C A B C a1b1...c1 + a2b2 ...c2 + ... + anbn ...cn AB...C
m m m m m m (a1b1...c1 + a2b2 ...c2 + ... + an bn ...cn ) m ( a1m + a2 + ... + an )(b1m + b2 + ... + bn )...(c1m + c2 + ... + cn )

Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi xi = yi == zi hay ai : bi :...: ci = A : B :...: C tc l

a1 : b1 :...: c1 = a2 : b2 :...: c2 = ... = an : bn : ...: cn


V.2.BI TP P DNG
Bi 1:CMR nu x,y,z l 3 s khng m th ta c :

x n y m + y n z m + z n xm x n+ m + y n+m + z n+m
Gii : p dng BT Bunhiacopxki m rng ta c :

vi m , n l 2 s t nhin

( xnym + ynzm + znxm)


Suy ra

n+m

=( x...x.y...y + y...y.z...z + z...z.x...x) ( xn+m + yn+m + zn+m )


n+m

n+m

( xn+m + yn+m + zn+m ) ...( yn+m + zn+m + xn+m )

( xn ym + ynzm + znxm )

n+m

x n y m + y n z m + z n xm x n+m + y n+m + z n+m


a b c + + = 1 .CMR: x y z
2

Bi 2 :Cho cc s dng x,y,z v a,b,c tha

a/ x + y + z
2 2 2
n n n b/ x + y + z

a + b + c
2 3 2 3

n +1

a n + n +1 b n + n+1 c n
27

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Gii :p dng BT Bunhiacopxki m rng ta c : a/

a 2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2 a x

( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )(

a a b b c c = 3 x2 3 3 + 3 y2 3 3 + 3 z 2 3 3 x x y y z z b c a b c + + )( + + ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 y z x y z
3

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi :

a 2 b 2 c 2 1 1 a 1 1 a :x = :y = :z = 3 , = 3 x y z y x b z x c

1=

a b c a b3 a c3a 1 + + = + + = (a + 3 ab 2 + 3 ac 2 ) x y z x x b x c x

x = 3 a ( 3 a 2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2 ) Khi : y = 3 b ( 3 a 2 + 3 b 2 + 3 c 2 ) 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 z = c ( a + b + c )
b/

n+1

a +
n

n+1

b +
n

n+1

n+1

=
n +1

n+1 n a a b b n+1 n c c n x n+1 ...n+1 + n+1 y n+1 ... n+1 + z n+1 ...n+1 x x y y z z a b c ( x n + y n + z n )( + + ) n = x n + y n + z n x y z
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi :

a n b n c n 1 1 a 1 1 a : x = : y = : z = n+1 , = n+1 x y z y x b z x c

28

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Khi :

x = n+1 a n ( n+1 a n + n+1 b n + n+1 c n ) n +1 n n +1 n n +1 n n +1 n y = b ( a + b + c ) n+1 n n+1 n n+1 n n+1 n z = c ( a + b + c )


k

Bi 3:Cho cc s dng a1,a2,,an.CMR:


k k k a1 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an n n

Gii: p dng BT Bunhiacopxki m rng ta c :

( a1 + a2 + ... + an )

= ( a11...1 + a21...1 + ... + an1...1)


k 1

k k ( a1k + a2 + ... + an )(1k + 1k + ... + 1k ) k

k k n k 1 ( a1k + a2 + ... + an )

k k k a1 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an n n

Du ng thc xy ra khi v khi a1 = a2= = an.


Bi 4:Cho cc s dng p , q , x , y , z .CMR vi mi s nguyn dng n ta c :

xn yn zn x n1 + y n1 + z n1 + + py + qz pz + qx px + qy p+q
Gii:
Vi n = 1 p dng BT Svacxo ta c: x y z + + py + qz pz + qx px + qy
x2 y2 z2 ( x + y + z )2 3 = + + pxy + qxz pyz + qyx pzx + qzy ( p + q )( xy + yz + zx) p + q

Vi n > 1 p dng BT Bunhiacopxki ta c :

29

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(x

n 1

+ y n1 + z n1 )

n2 xn yn zn n2 n 2 = x ( py + qz ) + y ( pz + qx) + z ( px + qy ) py + qz pz + qx px + qy

n2

( py + qz ) + y

n2

( pz + qx) + z

n2

xn yn zn ( px + qy ) py + qz + pz + qx + px + qy

( x n1 + y n1 + z n1 )

xn yn zn p ( x n2 y + y n2 z + z n 2 x) + q ( x n 2 z + y n 2 x + z n2 y ) py + qz + pz + qx + px + qy

( p + q )( x

n 1

+y

n 1

+z

n 1

xn yn zn ) + + py + qz pz + qx px + qy

p dng bi 1 ta c

x n2 y + y n2 z + z n2 x x n1 + y n1 + z n1 x n2 z + y n2 x + z n2 y x n1 + y n1 + z n1
xn yn zn x n1 + y n1 + z n1 + + Do : py + qz pz + qx px + qy p+q
Bi 5:CMR nu a,b,c l ba s dng v n l s nguyn dng th ta c :

an bn cn + + b+c c+a a+b


Gii:

3 a +b + c 2 3

n 1

Vi n =1 p dng BT Svacxo ta c: a b c a2 b2 c2 (a + b + c) 2 3 + + = + + b + c c + a a + b ab + ac bc + ba ca + cb 2( ab + bc + ca ) 2 Vi n 2 . p dng BT Bunhiacopxki m rng ta c :


30

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(a + b + c) n = b c a n . b + c .1...1 + n . n c + a .1...1 + n . n a + b .1...1 n c+a a+b b+c


n

an bn cn n n n n2 + + [ (b + c ) + (c + a ) + (a + b) ] (1 + 1 + 1 ) b+c c+a a+b

an bn c n n2 (a + b + c) 2 + + 3 b+c c+a a+b an bn cn 3 a + b + c n 1 ( + + ) b+c c+a a+b 2 3


n 1

Bi 6: a/Cho ai , bi > 0 .CMR:


n

(a1 + b1 )(a2 + b2 )...(an + bn ) n a1a2 ...an + n b1b2 ...bn

b/Cho ai > 0 .CMR: (1 + a1 )(1 + a2 )...(1 + an ) 1 + n a1a2 ...an

a1 a a 1 )(1 + 2 )...(1 + n ) 1 + c/Cho ai > 0 .CMR: (1 + na2 na3 na1 n


Hng dn: a/ p dng BT Bunhiacopxki m rng ta c :

( n a1a2 ...an + n b1b2 ...bn )n = ( n a1 n a2 ... n an + n b1 n b2 ... n bn ) n


( n a1 ) n + ( n b1 ) n ( n a2 ) n + ( n b2 ) n ... ( n an ) n + ( n bn ) n

( a1 + b1 )( a2 + b2 )...( an + bn )
n

(a1 + b1 )(a2 + b2 )...(an + bn ) n a1a2 ...an + n b1b2 ...bn


31

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b/p dng a/ bng cch thay b1 = b2 = ... = bn = 1 c/ p dng b/


Bi 7:Cho a,b,c,x,y,z > 0 v ax+by+cz = 1.CMR:

x +y +z
n n n

n 1

a +
n

n 1

b +
n

n 1

1 n

; n 2

Gii: Ta c: 1 = (ax + by + cz ) n =

n 1

a n1 a ...n1 a .x + n1 b n1 b ...n1 b . y + n1 c n1 c ...n1 c .z


a n + n 1 b n + n1 c n
n n

n 1

n 1

(x

+ yn + zn )
n 1

x +y +z
n

n 1

a +
n

b +
n

n 1

)
m

1 n

; n 2

Bi 8 :Cho cc s dng a,b,c,p,q,r,d,x,y,z tha iu kin ax n + by n + cz n = d .CMR:

p q r 1 + m+ m n xm y z dm
Gii:a/
n+m

n+ m

a p + n+m b q +
m n n

n+ m

c r

m n

1+

m n

vi m , n nguyn dng

a m p n = n+ m ax n ...n+ m ax n .n+ m b m q n = n+ m by n ...n+ m by n .n+ m c m r n = n+ m cz n ...n+m cz n .n+m

p n+ m p ... xm xm q q ...n+ m m ym y

n+m

n+m

r n+ m r ... zm zm

p dng BT Bunhiacopxki m rng ta c :

32

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n+m

a m p n + n+ m b m q n + n+ m c m r n
n

n+ m

( ax n + by n + cz

n m

p q r + m+ m m y z x

p q r dm m + m + m y z x

p q r 1 m+ m+ m n x y z dm
Chng VI:

n+m

a m p n + n+ m b m q n + n+ m c m r n

1+

m n

BT NG THC SCHWARZ (SVACXO)


2

VI.1. BT NG THC SCHWARZ (SVACXO)

n ai n ai2 i =1 Cho b1 , b2 ,..., bn > 0,ta c BT : n .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi bi i =1 bi


i =1

ai a j = i, j {1,2,..., n} bi b j

Chng minh:p dng BT Bunhiacopxi cho hai dy

b1 , b2 ,..., bn v
a1 a2 a , ,..., n ta c: b1 b2 bn

ai ai2 ai2 ( ai ) . bi . bi . bi bi bi bi
2 2

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi

ai a j = i, j {1,2,..., n} bi b j

VI.2.Bi tp p dng
1 n2 Bi 1:a/Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an > 0 .CMR: n i =1 ai ai
n i =1

33

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ai2 b/ Cho ( bi ) l mt hon v ca ( ai ) .CMR: ai bi


Bi 2:Cho a,b,c l ba cnh tam gic .CMR :

a2 b2 c2 + + a+b+c a/ b+ca a+cb a+bc


a2 b2 c2 a+b+c vi p,q> 0 b/ + + pb + qc pc + qa pa + qb p+q

c/

a b c + + 3 b+ca a+cb a+bc a b c + + 1 2b + 2c a 2a + 2c b 2a + 2b c


a2 b2 c2 (a + b + c)2 + + 3 a (b + c a ) b(a + c b) c( a + b c) 2ab + 2bc + 2ca a 2 b 2 c 2

d/

HD : c/VT=

d/ Tng t c/
Bi 3:Cho cc s dng a,b,c,d.CMR:

a/ b/ c/

a b c 3 + + b+c c+a a+b 2

a b c 3 + + ( vi p,q >0 ) pb + qc pc + qa pa + qb p + q
a b c d + + + 2 b+c c+d d +a a+b

a a2 HD: Vit , = b + c a (b + c)

Bi 4:Cho tam gic ABC c ng trn ni tip tip xc vi cc cnh ti M,N,P.

1 CMR: S MNP S ABC 4


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HD: S MNP

( p a ) 2 ( p b) 2 ( p c ) 2 3 1 S APN S APN S APN 3 + + S ABC + + 4 bc ac ab 4 S ABC S BPM SCMN 4

( p a)2 ( p b)2 ( p c)2 (3 p 2 p) 2 1 (a + b + c) 2 3 + + bc ac ab ab + bc + ca 4 ab + bc + ca 4

Bi 6:Cho a,b,c,d dng.CMR:

a3 b3 c3 a 2 + b2 + c 2 + + a/ a + 2b b + 2c c + 2a 3
b/ c/

a b c d 2 + + + b + 2c + 3d c + 2d + 3a d + 2a + 3b a + 2b + 3c 3 a+b b+c c+d d +a 8 + + + b+c+d c+d +a d +a+b a+b+c 3

a3 a4 HD: a/ Vit , = a + 2b a ( a + 2b) a a2 , b/ Vit = b + 2c + 3d a (b + 2c + 3d )

a+b ( a + b) 2 c/ Vit , = b + c + d (a + b)(b + c + d )

Bi 7:Cho x1 , x2 ,..., xn > 0 v xi1 , xi2 ,..., xin l hon v ca (xi) .CMR :
2 xk 1 n x n ( xk ) k =1 ik k =1 n
n 2

xk2 HD: k =1 xik


n

( xk )
k =1 n

x
i =1

ik

1 n = xk ( xk ) 2 ( theo BT Bunhiacopxki) n k =1 k =1
x3 y3 z3 1 + + y+z z+x x+ y 2

Bi 8:a/ Cho x,y,z > 0 v xy+yz+zx = 1 . CMR:


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b/ Cho x,y,z,t > 0 v xy+yz+zt+tx = 1 . CMR: x3 y3 z3 t3 1 + + + y+ z+t z+ x+t t+ x+ y x+ y+ z 3 c/ Cho xi > 0 v x1 x2 + x2 x3 + ... + xn x1 = 1 , S = xi
i =1 n

xi3 1 CMR: n 1 i =1 S ai
n

x3 x4 HD:a/ Vit , v x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx = y + z x( y + z )
x3 x4 b/ Vit , v = y + z + t x( y + z + t )

3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + t 2 ) 2( xy + xz + xt + yz + yt + zt )

( ai2 ) 2 ai4 c/ VT = M ai ( S ai ) S 2 ai2


VT
1 1 ai2 n 1 ( v n 1

n ai2 S 2 ai2 (n 1) ai2

2 i

1 )

Bi 9:Cho a,b,c > 1.CMR:

a/

a2 b2 + 8 b 1 a 1

log b a 2 log c b 2 log a c 2 9 + + b/ a+b c+b a+c a+b+c


HD:
log b a + log c b + log a c 3 ( BT Csi )

Bi 10:Cho a,b,c > 0 v abc=1.CMR:

1 1 1 3 + 3 + 3 a 3 (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b) 2

1 1 1 x2 y2 z2 x+ y+z 3 HD:t x = , y = , z = v + + y+z z+x x+ y 2 2 c a b


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Bi 11: Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an v


n 2

a
i =1

= 1 .CMR:

2a
i =1

ai

n 2n 1

( ai ) ai2 1 1 n = = HD: VT = 2 2 2 2 ai ai 2 ai 2 1 2n 1 i =1 2ai ai n


(V 1 ai2 1 ai2 n ) n

ha2 hb2 hc2 9r 2 + + Bi 12:Cho tam gic ABC.CMR: bc ca ab R 2 ha2 hb2 hc2 (ha + hb + hc ) 2 (9r )2 9r 2 + + HD: bc ca ab ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 R 2
(V 1 1 1 1 + + = v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 4 R 2 (sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C ) ) ha hb hc r

Bi 13:Cho hnh hp ch nht c , , l gc ca ng cho vi cc cnh c kch thc

a,b,c.CMR:

cos 4 cos 4 cos 4 1 + + a b c a+b+c

HD: cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 1


Bi 14: a1 , a2 ,..., an l cc cnh ca mt a gic n cnh chu vi l p.CMR:

p 2a
i =1

ai

n n2

ai ai2 = HD:Vit v p 2ai ai ( p 2ai )

2 i

1 p ai = n n

Bi 15:Cho ba s dng a,b,c c abc=1.Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : bc ca ab P= 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 a b + a c b a + b c c a + c 2b

1 1 1 HD: t x = , y = , z = c a b
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Bi 16: Cho ba s dng a,b,c c a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :

a3 b3 c3 A= + + a + 2b + 3c b + 2c + 3a c + 2a + 3b
a3 a4 HD:Vit ,. = a + 2b + 3c a (a + 2b + 3c)

Bi 17: Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an (0;1) v


n

a
i =1

= 1 .CMR:

i =1

1 ai n(n 1)

2 1 ai ( 1 ai ) HD: n 1 = 1 n i =1

Bi 18:Cho x1 , x2 ,..., xn dng v S = xi , a l s thc ty .CMR :

x1 x2 xn nS + + ... + a + x2 + x3 + ... + xn a + x1 + x3 + ... + xn a + x1 + x2 + ... + xn1 n( S + a ) S

x1 x12 = HD: Vit , a + x2 + x3 + ... + xn x1 (a + S x1 )


tan 3 tan A 2 tan 3 tan B 2 tan 3 tan C 2 1 2

Bi 19:Cho tam gic ABC.CMR:

B C + tan 2 2

A C + tan 2 2

A B + tan 2 2

HD:p dng tan

A B B C C A tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bi 20:Cho tam gic ABC .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : 1 1 1 + + M= 2 + cos 2 A 2 + cos 2 B 2 cos 2C

HD: M

9 6 + cos 2 A + cos 2 B cos 2C

9 1 1 7 + cos 2 ( A B) 2 cos C + cos( A B) 2 2


2

6 5

Bi 21:Cho tam gic ABC .CMR:


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a/ ab + bc + ca 4 3S c/ 2(la + lb + lc ) 3( a + b + c )

b/ 36r 2 ab + bc + ca 9 R 2 d/ 2 1 1 1 1 + + R la lb lc r

HD:

a/ ab =

2S b/ sin C
1 1 1 + + ) sin A sin B sin C

ab + bc + ca = 4 R 2 (sin A sin B + sin B sin C + sin C sin A) = 4 R 2 sin A sin B sin C ( 4R2 9sin A sin B sin C A B C = 4 R 2 .18sin sin sin sin A + sin B + sin C 2 2 2

v r = 4 R sin

A B C sin sin 2 2 2
2bc cos

c/ p dng la = d/p dng

A 2 = 2 bc b+c b+c

p( p a)

p( p a)

1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 + + v + + = la lb lc la + lb + lc ha hb hc r

Bi 23:Tam gic ABC nhn c c im g nu n tha mn iu kin: tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2 C + + = 18 A B C sin sin sin 2 2 2

HD:p dng tan A + tan B + tan C 3 3 ;sin

A B C 3 + sin + sin 2 2 2 2
a8 b8 c8

45 4 + + .S Bi 24:Cho tam gic ABC c din tch l S .CMR: 9 2 A 2 B 2 C cos cos cos 2 2 2

HD:p dng a 4 + b 4 + c 4 16 S 2 v cos 2

A B C 9 + cos 2 + cos 2 2 2 2 4

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x2 y 2 Bi 25: Cho a,b,c > 0 v ax+by=c.Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc T = + a b


Bi 26:Cho a,b,c > 0 v a+b+c=1 Tm gi tr nh nht ca 1 1 1 1 M= 2 + + + 2 2 a +b +c ab bc ca

HD:Vit M =

1 9 9 9 + + + 2 2 a + b + c 9ab 9bc 9ca


2

Bi 27:Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an dng .CMR:

an a + a + ... + an a1 a2 + + ... + 12 2 2 2 a2 + a3 a3 + a4 a1 + a2 2(a1 + a2 + ... + an )

a1 a12 = HD:Vit , a2 + a3 a1 (a2 + a3 )


Bi 28:Cho tam gic ABC .Gi O1,O2,O3 ln lt l tm cc ng trn bang tip gc A,B,C .Gi S1,S2,S3 ln lt l din tch cc tam gic O1BC,O2CA,O3AB .CMR: S1 + S 2 + S3 3S

HD:p dng ra =
Chng VII:

S ; 2( S1 + S 2 + S3 ) = ara + brb + crc pa

MT M RNG CA CC BT NG THC SVACXO,TRBUSEP,BUNHIACOPSKI


a1 a2 a b b b ... n ; 1 2 ... n .Ta c BT: c1 c2 cn c1 c2 cn

VII.1.Ni dung BT:


Cho c1 , c2 ,..., cn > 0;

a1b1 a2b2 a b (a + a + ... + an )(b1 + b2 + ... + bn ) (1) + + ... + n n 1 2 c1 c2 cn c1 + c2 + ... + cn


Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi

b b b a1 a2 a = = ... = n hoc 1 = 2 = ... = n c1 c2 cn c1 c2 cn


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CM: Trc ht ta CMR nu c1 , c2 ,..., cn > 0 ; a1 + a2 + ... + ak an (2) vi mi k=1,2,,n c1 + c2 + ... + ck cn


Tht vy t

a a1 a2 ... n th c1 c2 cn

an ai m = m ta c ai mci ai m ci cn ci

Ta CM (1) bng quy np .Vi n=2 a1b1 a2b2 (a1 + a2 )(b1 + b2 ) + (a1c2 a2c1 )(b1c2 b2c1 ) 0 (BT ng )Gi s (1) ng c1 c2 c1 + c2 vi n=k khi c1 , c2 ,..., cn > 0; Ta c

a b a1 a2 b b ... k +1 ; 1 2 ... k +1 . c1 c2 ck +1 c1 c2 ck +1

a b (a + a2 + ... + ak )(b1 + b2 + ... + bk ) ak +1bk +1 a1b1 a2 b2 + + ... + k +1 k +1 1 + c1 c2 ck +1 c1 + c2 + ... + ck ck +1 a1 + a2 + ... + ak ak +1 b + b + ... + bk bk +1 v 1 2 (3) c1 + c2 + ... + ck ck +1 c1 + c2 + ... + ck ck +1
( ai )( bi )
i =1 i =1 i k k

Theo (2) ta c

V (1) ng vi n=2 nn t (3) ta c

c
i =1

a b + k +1 k +1 ck +1

( ai )( bi )
i =1

k +1

k +1 i =1 i

c
i =1

k +1

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi

b b b a1 a2 a = = ... = n hoc 1 = 2 = ... = n c1 c2 cn c1 c2 cn

VII.2..Mt s BT c suy ra t (1)


VII.2.1.BT Svacxo:
2 ai2 ( ai ) Vi ai = bi i th ta c BT Svacxo : (4) ci ci

VII.2.2.BT Bunhiacopxki
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Nu t xi =

ai ; yi = ci th (4) thnh ci

x y
2 i

2 i

( xi yi )2
2

1 1 VII.2.3.Vi ai = bi v ci = n ta c BT : ai2 ai n n
VII.2.4. BT Trebusep

Vi ci = 1 ta c

a b n a b
i i i

VII.3.Bi tp p dng
a3 b3 c3 a+b+c + 2 + 2 Bi 1:Cho a,b,c > 0.CMR : 2 2 2 2 a + ab + b b + bc + c c + ca + a 3
a3 a4 HD:Vit 2 , = a + ab + b 2 a (a 2 + ab + b 2 )

Bi 2:Cho M trong tam gic ABC.K MA1,MB1,MC1 ln lt vung gc vi BC CA AB BC,CA,AB.Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = + + MA1 MB1 MC1

BC BC 2 = HD:Vit MA1 BC.MA1


Bi 3:Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an dng v S = ai .CMR:
i =1 n

S a
i =1

ai

n n 1

ai ai 2 = HD:Vit , S ai ai ( S ai )
Bi 4:Cho G l trng tm tam gic ABC.GA,GB,GC ln lt ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC ti im th hai A1,B1,C1.CMR: GA + GB + GC GA1 + GB1 + GC1

HD:Cch 1:Gi M,N,P ln lt l trung im ca BC,CA,AB .Ta c a2 MA.MA1 = MB.MC = 4


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3 1 a2 1 a2 GA(GA1 GA) = GA1 = GA + .BT cn CM tng ng vi: 2 2 4 2 6GA a2 b2 c2 + + GA + GB + GC 3GA 3GB 3GC
Gi s a b c GA GB GC Xt hai dy:
1 1 1 a b c ; 3 3 3 GA GB GC GA GB GC a2 b2 c2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 3(GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 ) + + = GA + GB + GC 3GA 3GB 3GC GA + GB + GC GA + GB + GC
2 2 2

a2 b2 c2 + + 3(GA + GB + GC ) Cch 2 (p dng BT Trbsep)Ta CM: GA GB GC


a 2 b 2 c 2 p dng hai dy cng chiu 1 1 1 Ta c : GA GB GC

1 1 1 a2 b2 c2 + + + + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 GA GB GC GA GB GC . 3 3 3 2 2 2 a b c 1 1 1 1 1 + + (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )( + + ) 3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ). GA GB GC 3 GA GB GC GA + GB + GC M 1 2 1 (a + b 2 + c 2 ) = GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 (GA + GB + GC ) 2 3 3

Bi 5:Cho 0 x1 x2 ... xn ; 0 y1 y2 ... yn ;...;0 z1 z2 ... zn .CMR:

1 1 1 1 xk )( n yk )...( n zk ) n ( xk yk ...zk ) n

Bi 6 : Cho tam gic ABC .CMR:

a b c R 3 + + 2r hb + hc hc + ha ha + hb
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a b c HD: p dng BT Trbsep cho hai dy 1 Ta c: 1 1 hb + hc hc + ha ha + hb a b c 1 1 1 1 + + (a + b + c)( + + ) hb + hc hc + ha ha + hb 3 hb + hc hc + ha ha + hb


p dung a.ha = b.hb = c.hc = 2 S ,

1 1 4 3 3 ( x, y > 0) v sin A + sin B + sin C + x y x+ y 2


2 i

xi3 1 Bi 7:Cho x1 , x2 ,..., xn > 0 tha x 1 v S = xi .CMR: S xi n 1 xi3 xi4 = HD:Vit S xi xi ( S xi )


Chng VIII: S DNG TNH CHT TH T CA HAI DY BT

NG THC VIII.1.Tnh cht th t ca hai dy bt ng thc:


VIII.1.1.Cho hai dy cng chiu a1 a2 ... an v b1 b2 ... bn Ta c BT : ak bk ak bik ak bn+1k trong i1 , i2 ,..., in l hon v ca 1,2,,n
k =1 k =1 k =1 n n n

Chng minh :Dng quy np ta CM

a b a b
k =1 k k k =1

k ik

(1).

Vi n=2 ta c : a1b1 + a2 b2 a1b2 a2 b1 = a1 (b1 b2 ) a2 (b1 b2 ) = ( a1 a1 )(b1 b1 ) 0


a1b1 + a2b2 a1b2 + a2b1

Gi s (1) ng vi n-1 ta CM (1) ng vi n.Gi s 1 i1 v ik = 1 .Ta c :

a b
k =1

k ik

= (a1bi1 + ak b1 ) + (a2 bi2 + ... + an bin )

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M a1 ak ; b1 bi1 a1bi1 + ak b1 a1b1 + ak bi1 do

a b
k =1

k ik

a1b1 + (ak bi1 + a2bi2 + ... + anbin ) ak bk (theo gi thit quy np )


k =1

p dng (1) cho hai dy a1 a2 ... an v - bn bn 1 ... b1 ta c

ak bn+1k ak bik ak bik ak bn+1k (2).T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm.


k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1

Tng qut :Hai dy (an) v (bn) c sp th t ging nhau nu ai a j bi b j ; i, j th ta


cng c

a b a b a b
k =1 k k k =1 k ik k =1

k n +1 k

VIII.1.2.Cho hai dy ngc chiu a1 a2 ... an v b1 b2 ... bn Ta c BT : ak bk ak bik ak bn+1k trong i1 , i2 ,..., in l hon v ca 1,2,,n
k =1 k =1 k =1 n n n

Tng qut :Hai dy (an) v (bn) c sp th t ngc nhau nu ai a j bi b j ; i, j th ta


cng c:

ak bk ak bik ak bn+1k
k =1 k =1 k =1

VIII.2.Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: Cho a, b, c ty .CMR : a/ a 4 + b 4 a 3b + a b3

b/ a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ab3 + bc3 + ca 3 HD:Xt hai dy th t ging nhau (a, b, c) v (a 3 , b3 , c3 )


Bi 2:Cho a,b,c >0 .CMR: a 3b + b3c + c3a a 2bc + b 2ca + c 2 ab

1 1 1 HD: Xt hai dy th t ngc nhau (a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ) v ( , , ) a b c

1 a 2 + b2 b2 + c2 c 2 + a 2 a 3 b3 c 3 + + ) + + Bi 3: Cho a,b,c >0 CMR: a + b + c ( 2 c a b bc ca ab


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HD: Gi s 0 < a b c Xt hai dy cng chiu a 2 b 2 c 2 v

1 1 1 ta c c b a

a 2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2 a+b+c + + (1) v a + b + c + + (2) c a b b c a 1 a 2 + b2 b2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 + + ) (3) Cng (1) v (2) ri chia cho 2 ta c a + b + c ( 2 c a b


Xt hai dy cng chiu a 3 b3 c 3 v 1 1 1 ta c bc ac ab

a 3 b3 c 3 a 3 b3 c 3 a 2 b 2 c 3 + + + + = + + (4) v bc ac ab ab bc ac b c a a 3 b3 c 3 a 3 b3 c 3 a 2 b 2 c 3 + + + + = + + (5) bc ac ab ac ab bc c a b
T (4) v (5) suy ra

a 3 b3 c 3 1 a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 + + ( + + ) (6). bc ac ab 2 c a b
T (3) v (6) suy ra pcm.
Bi 4:Cho a,b,c > 0 .CMR:

a 8 + b8 + c 8 1 1 1 + + a 3b3c3 a b c

a5 b5 c5 1 1 1 HD:BT cn CM tng ng vi : 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 + + bc ac ab a b c a5 b5 c5 a 2 b2 c 2 1 1 1 Xt hai dy a b c v 3 3 3 3 3 3 ta c 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 3 + 3 + 3 (1) bc ac ab b c a bc ac ab


5 5 5

Li p dng BT dy th t vi hai dy a 2 b 2 c 2 v

1 1 1 ta c c 3 b3 a 3

a 2 b2 c2 1 1 1 + + + + (2) .T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm b3 c 3 a 3 a b c


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a 2 b2 c2 1 1 1 Bi 5 :Cho a,b,c > 0.CMR: 3 + 3 + 3 + + c a b ab bc ca

HD: Xt hai dy th t ngc nhau (a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ) v (

1 1 1 , , ) ta c a 3 b3 c 3

a 2 b2 c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 3+ 3 + + + + c3 a b a b c ab bc ca

Bi 6 : Cho tam gic ABC c ha , hb , hc , r l di cc ng cao v bn knh ng trn

hb2 hc2 ha2 1 ni tip tam gic .CMR: 3 + 3 + 3 ha hb hc r


HD:p dng ha = 2S 1 1 1 1 ; = + + BT cn CM tng ng vi a r ha hb hc

a 3 b3 c 3 + + a+b+c b2 c2 a 2
p dng hai dy th t ngc nhau (a 3 , b3 , c3 ) v ( 1 1 1 , , ) ta c pcm a 2 b2 c 2

Bi 7: Cho tam gic ABC c ma , mb , mc , R l di cc ng trung tuyn v bn knh

ng trn ngoi tip ca tam gic.CMR:

mb mc ma 2 + 2+ 2 ma mb mc2 R

HD:p dng

9R 1 1 1 9 + + v ma + mb + mc ma mb mc ma + mb + mc 2

a2 b2 c2 1 a 2 + b2 b2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 + + ( + + ) Bi 8 :Cho ba s dng a,b,c .CMR: b+c c+a a+b 2 a+b b+c c+a
HD : p dng hai dy th t ging nhau (a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ) v ( 1 1 1 ) , , b+c c+a a+b

Bi 9:Cho tam gic ABC c cc cnh a,b,c v p l na chu vi.CMR: ab bc ac + + 4p pc pa pb

HD:t x=a+b-c , y=b+c-a , z=c+a-b (x,y,z > 0 )


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BT cn CM tng ng vi : ( x + y )( x + z ) ( y + z )( y + x) ( z + x)( z + y ) + + 4( x + y + z ) x y z

yz zx xy 1 1 1 + + x + y + z .Gi s x y z > 0 .Xt hai dy v yz zx xy x y z x y z

Bi 10:Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an ty .CMR:

a1a1 a2 a2 ...an an a1a 2 a2 a3 ...an a1 a1an a2 an 1 ...an a1


HD: p dng hai dy th t ging nhau ( ak ) v (ln ak )
Bi 11: Gi s x1 x2 ... xn v y1 y2 ... yn .CMR nu z1 , z2 ,..., zn l mt hon v

bt k ca cc s y1 , y2 ,..., yn th

(x y ) (x z )
2

i =1

i =1

(Thi Quc t ln 17)

HD:p dng BT dy th t ta c
n n n n

xi yi xi zi .Ta c
i =1 i =1 n n i =1 i =1

yi2 zi2 do
i =1 i =1 n n i =1 i =1

( xi yi )2 = xi2 2 xi yi + yi2 xi2 2 xi zi + zi2 ( xi yi )2 (pcm)


i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

Bi 12: Cho (ak) l mt dy s nguyn dng phn bit (k=1,2,,n).CMR vi mi n nguyn dng ta c:
n ak 1 k 2 k (Thi Quc t ln 20) k =1 k =1 n

HD:Gi s (i1 , i2 ,..., in ) l hon v ca (1,2,,n) sao cho ai1 < ai2 < ... < ain .Xt hai dy th t 1 1 1 ngc nhau ai1 < ai2 < ... < ain v 2 > 2 > ... > 2 ta c: n 1 2
n a ak k 2 ki2k k =1 k =1 n n

n a n 1 ak ik Bng quy np ta CM c aik k vi mi k {1,2,..., n} .Vy 2 2 k =1 k k =1 k k =1 k

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi ak = k vi mi k.

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Bi 13:Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh tam gic .CMR: a 2b(a b) + b 2c(b c) + c 2 a (c a ) 0 (Thi QT ln 24 )

HD:Xt hai dy c th t ngc nhau (bc,ac,ab) v (a2+bc,b2+ac,c2+ab) ta c:

bc(a 2 + bc) + ac(b 2 + ac) + ab(c 2 + ab) bc(b 2 + ac) + ac(c 2 + ab) + ab(a 2 + bc) a 2bc + b 2c 2 + ab 2c + a 2c 2 + abc 2 + a 2b 2 b3c + abc 2 + ac3 + a 2bc + a 3b + ab 2c a 2b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2 a 2 a 3b + b3c + c3a a 2b(a b) + b 2c(b c) + c 2 a (c a ) 0
Bi 14: Tn ti hay khng 4 hon v ( ai );(bi );(ci );( d i ) ca {1,2,...,50} sao cho

a b = 2 c d
k =1 i i k =1 i

50

50

HD:i vi hai hon v bt k (ai );(bi ) ca {1,2,...,50} tng

a b c gi tr ln nht l
k =1 i i

50

k 2 = 42925 v gi tr nh nht l
k =1

50

k (50 k ) = 22100 , m 2x22100 > 42925.Vy


k =1

50

khng tn ti.
Bi 15:Cho a,b,c > 0 v m,n l hai s nguyn dng.CMR: a mb n + b m c n + c m a n a m + n + b m + n + c m + n

HD: Xt hai dy c th t ging nhau (a m , b m , c m ) v (a n , b n , c n )


Bi 16:Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., ak v hai s nguyn dng m,n ty .CMR:

a1m a2 n + a2 m a3n + ... + ak m a1n a1m+ n + a2 m+ n + ... + ak m+ n


HD: Xt hai dy c th t ging nhau (a1m , a2 m ,..., ak m ) v (a1n , a2 n ,..., ak n )
Bi 17: p,q l hai s dng ty , a1 , a2 ,..., an l n s dng ty .CMR vi mi s t

nhin k 2 ta lun c : k k k k k a1k a2 an1 an a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 + + ... + + pa2 + qa3 pa3 + qa4 pan + qa1 pa1 + qa2 p+q

49

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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
k 1 1

HD: Gi S l v tri ca BT trn.Ta c a

a1k . a1k 2 ( pa2 + qa3 ), ... pa2 + qa3

p dng BT Bunhiacopxki cho hai b s ta c :


k k k k ( a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 ) 2 S a1k 2 ( pa2 + qa3 ) + a2 2 ( pa3 + qa4 ) + ... + an 2 ( pa1 + qa2 ) (1)

k k k k V phi ca (1) bng p (a1k 2 a2 + a2 2 a3 + ...an 2 a1 ) + q (a1k 2 a3 + a2 2 a4 + ... + a4 2 a2 ) k k k k p dng kt qu bi 16 ta c a1k 2 a2 + a2 2 a3 + ...an 2 a1 a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 v k k k k a1k 2 a3 + a2 2 a4 + ... + a4 2 a2 a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 k k k k T (1) suy ra (a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 ) 2 S ( p + q)(a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 ) suy ra pcm.

Bi 18: a,b,c,d l bn s dng ty . CMR vi mi s nguyn dng n ta u c:

an bn cn dn a n1 + b n1 + c n1 + d n1 + + + b+c+d a+c+d a+b+d a+b+c 3


HD:Gii tng t bi 17
Bi 19:Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an v gi s= a1 + a2 + ... + an . CMR vi mi s nguyn
k k a1k ak ak a k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 + 2 + ... + n 1 dng k ta u c : s a1 s a2 s an n 1

HD: Gii tng t bi 17

50

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