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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
TI:
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
MC LC
------I. PHN M U
1. L do chn ti 2. Mc tiu nghin cu 3. Nhim v nghin cu 4. Phng php nghin cu 5. Mt s kt qu t c
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
I. PHN M U
1. L do chn ti: T khi tham d cc hi ngh Chuyn Bi dng hc sinh gii THPT do trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin H ni t chc hng nm t 2002 n nay,c hc tp cc chuyn do cc ging vin , cc chuyn gia Ton ca B trnh by v c s ng vin ca thy Trng Thnh Ph chuyn vin mn Ton ca S Gio dc v o to Tin Giang chng ti c mt tm huyt l s c gng thc hin hon chnh , c th ho cc chuyn ph hp vi trnh hc sinh tnh nh ng gp vo thnh tch chung ca Tnh trong cc k thi HSG cp khu vc v cp quc gia. Trong nhng nm gn y b mn Ton ca tnh Tin Giang c nhng tin b v t c mt s thnh tch ng k trong cc k thi HSG khu vc. Nhng gn y B thay i mnh v quy ch thi HSG cp Quc gia l khng cn phn chia hai bng A,B nh trc m ch c mt bng thng nht chung ton quc. thi kh hn v s lng gii t hn gy kh khn cho c Gio vin v hc sinh mn Ton tnh nh. Trong iu kin kh khn vic tm ti liu v vit cc chuyn ny l vic cn thit trong tnh hnh hin nay.c s ng h ca cc thy c trong t Ton trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang chng ti thc hin vit chuyn : Mt s Bt ng thc nng cao. 2. Mc tiu nghin cu: Nhm h thng v phn loi kin thc cc bi tp c s dng mt s bt ng thc nng cao m ch hc sinh chuyn Ton mi c hc nh: Bt ng thc Csi m rng , Bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki m rng , Bt ng thc Jensen , Bt ng thc Tsbsep , Bt ng thc Schwarz , .Gip cho hc sinh c h thng kin thc v bit vn dng vo vic gii cc bi ton i s ng thi nh hng suy ngh t duy ton hc v kh nng vn dng sng to trong cc bi ton mi.
3
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
3. Nhim v nghin cu: Trnh by ni dung cc bt ng thc nng cao sau chng minh v hng dn gii cc bi tp p dng Ty theo tng ni dung ca Bt ng thc c s lin h vi cc bt ng thc cn li trong c s dng nhiu n phng php o hm chng minh bt ng thc m trong cc k thi hc sinh gii ton thng hay gp. V y l chuyn nng cao v bt ng thc nn chng ti khng trnh by cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc , coi nh hc sinh chuyn Ton phi nm lm c s cho vic hc chuyn ny. Rn luyn t duy ton thng qua gii cc bi tp v chng minh bt ng thc v p dng tm gi tr ln nht , gi tr nh nht ng thi trao i v hc tp kinh nghim vi cc thy c b mn Ton ca tnh Tin Giang. 4. Phng php nghin cu -Da vo cc chuyn hc H Ni v cc ti liu trong tt c cc t bi dng trnh by h thng cc Bt ng thc nng cao thng gp trong cc k thi hc sinh gii Ton. -Hng dn hc sinh i tuyn tm ti liu c lin quan,phn loi bi tp,nhn xt cch gii, to tnh hung c vn HS cng trao i nghin cu. -H thng v sp xp cc dng bi tp t d n kh v c cc li gii c th. -Phng php phn tch:gip hc sinh nm r bn cht vn , la chn phng php gii ph hp ng thi m rng v tng t ho bi ton. 5.Mt s kt qu t c
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
Gip cho hc sinh i tuyn c thm phng php v ti liu cn thit gii cc bi tp v Bt ng thc v p dng tm gi tr ln nht , gi tr nh nht . Qua chuyn ny gip hc sinh khc su thm kin thc v Bt ng thc v o hm. Gip cho hc sinh c thm phng php vit cc chuyn nng cao khc.
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Chng I: BT NG THC JENSEN I.1.nh l 1: Cho hm s y = f(x) c f // ( x) > 0 vi x (a; b) ( hm s c th lm trn (a;b))
Vi c (a; b) v y = f / (c)( x c) + f (c) l phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti M(c,f(c) th f ( x) f / (c)( x c) + f (c) , x (a; b) (1) (ng cong ( C) lun pha trn mi tip tuyn ti M vi c (a; b) ) Chng minh: Vi c (a; b) i/ Vi x = c (1) xy ra du bng ii/ Vi x < c : p dng nh l Lagrange : f ( x ) f (c ) = f / (d ) , d ( x; c) xc
f / tng trn (a;b) nn f / (d ) < f / (c) f ( x) f (c) > ( x c) f / (c) (do x < c) iii/Tng t vi x > c ta cng c f ( x) f (c) > ( x c) f / (c) Vy f ( x) f / (c)( x c) + f (c) , x (a; b) Ch : Nu f / / ( x) < 0 x (a; b) th (1) i chiu ( th ( C) li trn (a;b))
I.2.nh l 2:(BT Jensen)
i =1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 = ... = xn b/ Nu f // ( x) < 0 vi x (a; b) th (2) i chiu. Chng minh:
6
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n
Nguyn V Thanh
Thay x= xi :
Ly tng ta c:
f ( x ) f
i =1 i i
V
n
c = i xi
i =1
i =1
= 1 nn
/ n n
f ( x ) cf
i =1 i i
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi xi = c hay x1 = x2 = ... = xn b/ Chng minh tng t c bit : Nu 1 = 2 = ... = n = f( 1 th BT (2) thnh : n
1 + 2 + ... + n
n
f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + ... + f ( n ) (3) n
f(
(4)
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i , i k
a/BT CSi : Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an ta c bng xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an Chng minh: Xt hm s f(x)=lnx vi x > 0 Ta c f / ( x) =
f (a1 ) + f (a2 ) + ... + f (an ) a + a + ... + an ln a1 + ln a2 + ... + ln an a + a + ... + an f( 1 2 ln 1 2 ) n n n n a + a + ... + an ln n a1a2 ...an ln 1 2 n a + a + ... + an n Vy 1 2 a1a2 ...an , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an n
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
xi =
ai bi
i = bi2
ta c :
2 2 2 2 2 ( a12 + a2 + ... + an )( b12 + b2 + ... + bn )
x1 = x2 = ... = xn
a1 a2 a = = ... = n b1 b2 bn
1 1 + = 1 .Ta c : p q
f ( x) = x p , x > 0.
1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn (1 + 2 + ... + n )
1 p
(1 x1p + 2 x 2p + ... + n x np )
1 p
i xi ( i )
1 q
( x )
p i i
1 p
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n n 1 p n
Nguyn V Thanh
Chn
i = b ; xi = a b
q i
1 q i i
Ta c
1 q
I.5.Bi tp p dng :
n n xi xir i =1 i =1 Bi 1:Cho xi > 0, r > 1 .CMR: n n
Hng dn :Xt hm s
f ( x) = x r , x > 0
.Ta c
f / / ( x ) = r ( r 1) x r 2 , x > 0
r
x
i =1
q i
x
i =1
p i
Hng dn : p dng bi 1 vi r =
p q p q i p q
p ; yi = xiq ta c : q
yi i =1 n
n
y xiq i =1 i =1 n n
n n
xip
i =1
x
i =1
q i
x
i =1
p i
10
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
n
xi i =1 n
a1a2 ...an = e
ln n a1a2 ...an
=e
1 (ln a1 + ln a2 +...+ ln an ) n
(1)
1 1 n 1 + eln ai
1 1+ e
1 (ln a1 + ln a2 + ...+ ln an ) n
1 1 f ( xi ) f ( xi ) n n
Xt hm s f ( x) =
1 v xi = ln ai > 0 1 + ex
a +b + c a b c
(2)
a b c a 2 + b2 + c2 f (a) + f (b) + f (c ) f ( ) a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a ln(b + c) + b ln(c + a) + c ln(a + b) a 2 + b2 + c 2 2 ln(a + b + c ) ln[ (a + b + c)] a+b+c a+b+c 3
(v 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 2 (a + b + c) 3(ab + bc + ca ) (a + b + c) 2 ) 3 a+b+c
n
a
i =1
1
k i
n k +1
11
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HD:Xt hm s f ( x) =
1 , x>0 xk 16 27
HD: Xt hm s f ( x) = (a + b + c x) 4 , x (0;1)
Bi 7:Cho tam gic nhn ABC.CMR:
2(sin A + sin B + sin C ) + (tan A + tan B + tan C ) 6 3
HD: f ( x) =
Bi 9: Cho a, b, c > 0, a + b + c =
S= (a + a 2 + 1)b (b + b 2 + 1)c (c + c 2 + 1) a Gii: ln S = b ln(a + a 2 + 1) + c ln(b + b 2 + 1) + a ln(c + c 2 + 1) Xt hm s f ( x) = ln( x + x 2 + 1) , x > 0 c f // ( x) = p dng BT Jensen dng tng qut (4) ta c: b c a ab + bc + ca f (a) + f (b) + f (c ) f ( ) a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
ab + bc + ca ln S 1 3 f( ) f ( (a + b + c)) = f ( ) = ln 2 S 4 29 9 a+b+c 3 4 4
x ( x 2 + 1)3
< 0 , x > 0
Vy max S = 4 29 khi a = b = c =
12
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1 1 + = 1 .CMR vi mi x , y dng ta c : p q
HD:
n
a1a2 ...an + n b1b2 ...bn n (a1 + b1 )...(an + bn ) 1 + n b1b2 ...bn b b b n (1 + 1 )(1 + 2 )...(1 + n ) a1a2 ...an a1 a2 an
1+ n
Xt hm s f ( x) = ln(1 + e x ), x > 0 , f
xi n
f ( x ) , x = ln b
i
ai
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Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong ti im M(0;1) l y = x + 1 a/ Nu < 0 hoc > 1 th f // ( x) > 0 vi mi x > -1 (1 + x) x + 1 , x > 1 b/ Nu 0 < < 1 th f // ( x) < 0 vi mi x > -1 (1 + x) x + 1 , x > 1 Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x=0 hoc = 0, = 1
II.2.H qu:
Gii: Ta c : n
n+3
+ (n + 1)
n+3
< (n + 2)
n+3
n n +1
n +3
n+2 +1< n +1
n +3
1 = 1 + n +1
n+3
n+3 n 1+ >1+ n +1 n +1
n+3
n 1
n > n n +1
n n 1
Gii : Ta c
n 1
n > n + 1 n > (n + 1)
n n
1 n > n +1 n +1
n
n m
n ma = 1 + na (1 + na ) m < (1 + ma ) n m
Bi 4 : Cho a,b,c l cc s t nhin tha a < b < c .CMR vi mi s t nhin d > a ta c : a d + bd < cd
14
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
d d
n (c b ) an c c b Gii : p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : = 1 + 1+ >1+11+ n b b b b 1 1 Bi 6:Cho n l s nguyn dng .CMR : 1 + < 1 + n n +1 Gii : Ta c 1 1 1 + < 1 + n n +1 n(n + 2) 2 (n + 1) n(n + 2) (n + 1) 2
n +1 n +1 n n +1 n n +1
n +1 n + 2 < n n +1
n +1
n +1 n
n +1
n+2 < n +1
n +1
n +1 n
>
n . p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : n +1
n +1
1 = 1 2 (n + 1)
>1
1 n = n +1 n +1
Gii: p dng BT Bernoulli ta c : 1 1 1 a b(1 a ) a + b ab a = = 1 + = ab > <1+ b a a a a a a + b ab Tng t : b a > b a+b ab + ba > >1 a + b ab a + b ab
15
b b
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x + y 21 ( x + y )
Gii: Ta c x + y 2
2x 2 y ( x + y) + 2 x+ y x+ y
p dng h qu BT Bernoulli ta c :
2x 2y 2x 2y x + y . x + y + 1 ; x + y . x + y + 1
T suy ra :
2x 2 y x + y + x + y 2 + 2 2 = 2 (pcm)
Bi 9:Cho a,b,c,p > 0 v s nguyn dng n . CMR: a n+ p + b n+ p + c n+ p 31( n+ p ) (a + b + c) n+ p (1)
n+ p
3b + a+b+c
n+ p
3c + a+b+c
n+ p
n+ p
3 3a + 1 (n + p ) , a+b+c
(n + p ).
a Bi 10:Cho a, b,c > 0.CMR: b+c 2a 2b HD: (2) + b+c a+c a b c 3 + + BT: b+c c+a a+b 2
2 2
b + c+a
2
c + a+b
3 (2) 2 2
2c + a+b
3. p dng h qu BT Bernoulli v
16
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2 2
A b/ tan 2
2 HD: a/ (3) sin A 3
2
B + tan 2
2 2
C + tan 2
2
2 2
31
2 + sin B 3
2 + sin A 3
2
2 ; t = sin 2
9 4
A B C + tan + tan 3 2 2 2
III.1.BT CHEBYSHEV
Du bng xy ra khi a1 = a2 = ... = an hoc b1 = b2 = ... = bn 2/Cho hai dy n s a1 , a2 ,..., an v b1 , b2 ,..., bn c mt dy tng hov mt dy gim tc l :
a1 a2 ... an a a2 ... an hoc 1 th ta c : b1 b2 ... bn b1 b2 ... bn a1b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn a1 + a2 + ... + an b1 + b2 + ... + bn . n n n
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Gi a =
ng vi k trn ly b sao cho bk b bk +1 khi ta c b1 ... bk b bk +1 ... bn (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra ( ai a )(bi b) 0 vi mi i=1,2,,n hay ai bi abi bai + ab 0 vi mi i. Cng n BT li ta c :
a b a b b a + nab 0 .
i i i i
V na = ai nab = b ai aibi a bi =
1 ai bi .T suy ra pcm n
Du bng ch xy ra khi ta c ( ai a )(bi b) = 0 vi mi i , nu (ai) khng l dy hng th a1 < a < an khi b1 = b = bn ,tc b1 = b2 = ... = bn
III.2.Bi tp p dng :
2 2 a12 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an Bi 1:Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an ty .CMR: n n 2
akm akm+1
k =1 k =1
HD:Gi s a b th a n b n
Bi 5:Cho n s a1 , a2 ,..., an khng m .CMR vi mi s nguyn dng m ta c :
m m a1m + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an n n m
np
Bi 6: Cho n s a1 , a2 ,..., an dng .CMR vi mi s nguyn dng k,l ta c :
18
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k k l l k k a1k + a2 + ... + an a1l + a2 + ... + an a1k +l + a2 +l + ... + an +l . n n n
Nguyn V Thanh
aA + bB + cC a+b+c 3
Bi 8:Cho a,b khng m c tng bng 2.CMR: a 3 + b3 a 4 + b 4 Bi 9:Cho a,b,c > 0 v s t nhin n.CMR:
a/
b/ a b c (abc)
Bi 10: Cho a,b ty ,m v n l hai s t nhin c cng tnh chn l.CMR: (a m + b m )(a n + b n ) 2(a m+ n + b m+ n ) Bi 11:Cho tam gic ABC.CMR:
a/ b/
a cos A + b cos B + c cos C 1 a+b+c 2 A sin A + B sin B B sin B + C sin C C sin C + A sin A + + sin A + sin B + sin C A+ B B+C C+A
2 2 2
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p 2a
i =1
ai
n n2
Chng IV: BT NG THC CSI M RNG IV.1.Chng minh BT Csi bng phng php o hm:
a/ Bng cch lp bng bin thin hm s f(x) = ex - x-1 trn R ta chng minh c BT: e x x + 1 (1) vi mi x R , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 b/ BT Csi :Cho cc s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an .Ta c bng xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an Chng minh:
k 1 a 1 n T k , k = 1,2,..., n e Gi T = ak .p dng (1) ta c : T n k =1
ak n
T
ak
n
a a1 a2 = = ... = n = 1 a1 = a2 = ... = an T T T
m rng:
T n ak T
Csi
Cho
x1 , x2 ,..., xn > 0
p1 + p2 +...+ pn
p1 , p2 ,..., pn > 0 Ta
Chng minh:
20
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T=
x
k =1 n k =1
pk
. p dng (1) ta c :
k
xk x 1 ( k 1) pk xk pk pk e T xk T .e T T
Nhn n BT trn li ta c :
x
k =1
pk k
pk
xk
1
.e
pk
x T
pk k 1
pk
IV.2.Bi tp p dng :
a+b Bi 1:CMR vi mi s dng a , b ta c : a b 2
b a a +b
b a +b
a a +b
a+b a b 2
b a
dng
BT
CSi
rng
ta
c:
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Hm s g(t) = lnt lin tc trn [x ;x+1] c o hm trn (x;x+1) nn ln( x + 1) ln x 1 1 suy ra f tng trn (0; +) x ( x; x + 1) : = g / (c ) = > 1 c x +1 Vy f(x) > f(x+1) t suy ra pcm.
2 x
dng
2 x
BT
2
CSi
m
2 +2 x
rng
ta
c:
x 1 2 (1 ) + 2(1 + ) x 9 x 1 2 2 1 . = 1 . 1 + x 2 2 4 2 2 +2 x
suy ra 1
2 x
=1
ai1 + ai2 + ai3 = 1(i = 1,2,3) trong aij > 0 tha : a1 j + a2 j + a3 j = 1( j = 1,2,3)
x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
22
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Gii:
dng
BT
CSi
ai1 + ai2 + ai3
rng
ta
c:
x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
Bi 5:Cho n s dng x1 , x2 ,..., xn tha x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca
a a x1a1 x2 2 ...xn n ( ai > 0)
a a = ak ; bk = k th Gii:t a k =1
b
k =1
x1 a1
b1
b2
bn
xi = 1 x 1 x1 x2 = = ... = n = a a an a 2 1
xi =
ai ; i a
Vy max
x x ...x
a1 1
a2 2
an n
ai xi = ; i a
23
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Bi 6: Cho p , q dng v
1 1 + = 1 .CMR p q
vi mi x , y dng ta c :
x y xy = ( x ) .( y ) + q p
p q
1 p p
1 q q
x p yq + = p q
x p = yq
v
p1 , p2 ,..., pn > 0
p1 1
k =1
1 = 1 th pk
1 pn
x1 x2 ...xn = ( x
) (x )
p2 2
1 p1
1 p2
... x
( )
pn n
p1
p tan x + qcot x 1
1 p
1 q
Cho
1 1 + = 1 .Ta c : p q
24
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1 q 1 p
xi yi xip yiq i =1 i =1 i =1
n n n
Chng minh:t
A = ( x
p i
1 p
; B = ( y
1 q q i
p dng bi 6 ta c :
p q p q xi yi 1 xi 1 yi xi yi 1 xi 1 yi 1 1 . . + . . + . q = + =1 A B p A q B AB p Ap q B p q
n
Suy ra x y
i =1 i
xip yiq i =1 i =1
n n
1 p
1 q
Ch :Nu p = q =2 ta c BT Bunhiacopxki
Bi 9: (BT Mincopxki)
(ai + bi ) ( a
p
1 p
p i
) + (b )
p i
1 p
1 p
Chng minh: t q =
25
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p 1 i
(a + b ) = a (a + b )
p i i i i
+ bi (ai + bi ) p 1
p i 1 p i i 1 ( p 1) q q
( a
p i
) ( (a + b )
i i
1 p
1 ( p 1) q q
) + ( b ) ( (a + b )
1 1 p 1 p p p p p ( ai ) + ( bi ) (ai + bi ) p
(ai + bi )
p 1 p 1 p
( a
p i
) + (b )
p i
1 p
1 p
1 p
1 p
1 p
A = a + a + ... + a
m 1 m 2
1 m m n
0 ; B = b + b + ... + b
m 1 m 2
1 m m n
0 ; C = c + c + ... + c
m 1 m 2
n n
1 m m n
x
i =1
m i
= y = ... = zim = 1
i =1 m i i =1
( i=1,2,,n) ta c:
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( i=1,2,,n)
a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 ... + ... + ... + n n ... n 1 AB C A B C A B C a1b1...c1 + a2b2 ...c2 + ... + anbn ...cn AB...C
m m m m m m (a1b1...c1 + a2b2 ...c2 + ... + an bn ...cn ) m ( a1m + a2 + ... + an )(b1m + b2 + ... + bn )...(c1m + c2 + ... + cn )
x n y m + y n z m + z n xm x n+ m + y n+m + z n+m
Gii : p dng BT Bunhiacopxki m rng ta c :
vi m , n l 2 s t nhin
n+m
n+m
( xn ym + ynzm + znxm )
n+m
a/ x + y + z
2 2 2
n n n b/ x + y + z
a + b + c
2 3 2 3
n +1
a n + n +1 b n + n+1 c n
27
n +1
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a 2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2 a x
( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )(
a a b b c c = 3 x2 3 3 + 3 y2 3 3 + 3 z 2 3 3 x x y y z z b c a b c + + )( + + ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 y z x y z
3
a 2 b 2 c 2 1 1 a 1 1 a :x = :y = :z = 3 , = 3 x y z y x b z x c
1=
a b c a b3 a c3a 1 + + = + + = (a + 3 ab 2 + 3 ac 2 ) x y z x x b x c x
x = 3 a ( 3 a 2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2 ) Khi : y = 3 b ( 3 a 2 + 3 b 2 + 3 c 2 ) 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 z = c ( a + b + c )
b/
n+1
a +
n
n+1
b +
n
n+1
n+1
=
n +1
n+1 n a a b b n+1 n c c n x n+1 ...n+1 + n+1 y n+1 ... n+1 + z n+1 ...n+1 x x y y z z a b c ( x n + y n + z n )( + + ) n = x n + y n + z n x y z
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi :
a n b n c n 1 1 a 1 1 a : x = : y = : z = n+1 , = n+1 x y z y x b z x c
28
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
Khi :
( a1 + a2 + ... + an )
k k n k 1 ( a1k + a2 + ... + an )
k k k a1 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an n n
xn yn zn x n1 + y n1 + z n1 + + py + qz pz + qx px + qy p+q
Gii:
Vi n = 1 p dng BT Svacxo ta c: x y z + + py + qz pz + qx px + qy
x2 y2 z2 ( x + y + z )2 3 = + + pxy + qxz pyz + qyx pzx + qzy ( p + q )( xy + yz + zx) p + q
29
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
(x
n 1
+ y n1 + z n1 )
n2 xn yn zn n2 n 2 = x ( py + qz ) + y ( pz + qx) + z ( px + qy ) py + qz pz + qx px + qy
n2
( py + qz ) + y
n2
( pz + qx) + z
n2
xn yn zn ( px + qy ) py + qz + pz + qx + px + qy
( x n1 + y n1 + z n1 )
xn yn zn p ( x n2 y + y n2 z + z n 2 x) + q ( x n 2 z + y n 2 x + z n2 y ) py + qz + pz + qx + px + qy
( p + q )( x
n 1
+y
n 1
+z
n 1
xn yn zn ) + + py + qz pz + qx px + qy
p dng bi 1 ta c
x n2 y + y n2 z + z n2 x x n1 + y n1 + z n1 x n2 z + y n2 x + z n2 y x n1 + y n1 + z n1
xn yn zn x n1 + y n1 + z n1 + + Do : py + qz pz + qx px + qy p+q
Bi 5:CMR nu a,b,c l ba s dng v n l s nguyn dng th ta c :
3 a +b + c 2 3
n 1
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
( a1 + b1 )( a2 + b2 )...( an + bn )
n
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
x +y +z
n n n
n 1
a +
n
n 1
b +
n
n 1
1 n
; n 2
Gii: Ta c: 1 = (ax + by + cz ) n =
n 1
n 1
n 1
(x
+ yn + zn )
n 1
x +y +z
n
n 1
a +
n
b +
n
n 1
)
m
1 n
; n 2
p q r 1 + m+ m n xm y z dm
Gii:a/
n+m
n+ m
a p + n+m b q +
m n n
n+ m
c r
m n
1+
m n
vi m , n nguyn dng
p n+ m p ... xm xm q q ...n+ m m ym y
n+m
n+m
r n+ m r ... zm zm
32
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
n+m
a m p n + n+ m b m q n + n+ m c m r n
n
n+ m
( ax n + by n + cz
n m
p q r + m+ m m y z x
p q r dm m + m + m y z x
p q r 1 m+ m+ m n x y z dm
Chng VI:
n+m
a m p n + n+ m b m q n + n+ m c m r n
1+
m n
ai a j = i, j {1,2,..., n} bi b j
b1 , b2 ,..., bn v
a1 a2 a , ,..., n ta c: b1 b2 bn
ai ai2 ai2 ( ai ) . bi . bi . bi bi bi bi
2 2
ai a j = i, j {1,2,..., n} bi b j
VI.2.Bi tp p dng
1 n2 Bi 1:a/Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an > 0 .CMR: n i =1 ai ai
n i =1
33
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
c/
d/
HD : c/VT=
d/ Tng t c/
Bi 3:Cho cc s dng a,b,c,d.CMR:
a/ b/ c/
a b c 3 + + ( vi p,q >0 ) pb + qc pc + qa pa + qb p + q
a b c d + + + 2 b+c c+d d +a a+b
a a2 HD: Vit , = b + c a (b + c)
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
HD: S MNP
a3 b3 c3 a 2 + b2 + c 2 + + a/ a + 2b b + 2c c + 2a 3
b/ c/
Bi 7:Cho x1 , x2 ,..., xn > 0 v xi1 , xi2 ,..., xin l hon v ca (xi) .CMR :
2 xk 1 n x n ( xk ) k =1 ik k =1 n
n 2
( xk )
k =1 n
x
i =1
ik
1 n = xk ( xk ) 2 ( theo BT Bunhiacopxki) n k =1 k =1
x3 y3 z3 1 + + y+z z+x x+ y 2
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
b/ Cho x,y,z,t > 0 v xy+yz+zt+tx = 1 . CMR: x3 y3 z3 t3 1 + + + y+ z+t z+ x+t t+ x+ y x+ y+ z 3 c/ Cho xi > 0 v x1 x2 + x2 x3 + ... + xn x1 = 1 , S = xi
i =1 n
xi3 1 CMR: n 1 i =1 S ai
n
x3 x4 HD:a/ Vit , v x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx = y + z x( y + z )
x3 x4 b/ Vit , v = y + z + t x( y + z + t )
3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + t 2 ) 2( xy + xz + xt + yz + yt + zt )
2 i
1 )
a/
a2 b2 + 8 b 1 a 1
1 1 1 3 + 3 + 3 a 3 (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b) 2
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
a
i =1
= 1 .CMR:
2a
i =1
ai
n 2n 1
ha2 hb2 hc2 9r 2 + + Bi 12:Cho tam gic ABC.CMR: bc ca ab R 2 ha2 hb2 hc2 (ha + hb + hc ) 2 (9r )2 9r 2 + + HD: bc ca ab ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 R 2
(V 1 1 1 1 + + = v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 4 R 2 (sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C ) ) ha hb hc r
a,b,c.CMR:
p 2a
i =1
ai
n n2
2 i
1 p ai = n n
1 1 1 HD: t x = , y = , z = c a b
37
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
a3 b3 c3 A= + + a + 2b + 3c b + 2c + 3a c + 2a + 3b
a3 a4 HD:Vit ,. = a + 2b + 3c a (a + 2b + 3c)
a
i =1
= 1 .CMR:
i =1
1 ai n(n 1)
2 1 ai ( 1 ai ) HD: n 1 = 1 n i =1
B C + tan 2 2
A C + tan 2 2
A B + tan 2 2
Bi 20:Cho tam gic ABC .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : 1 1 1 + + M= 2 + cos 2 A 2 + cos 2 B 2 cos 2C
HD: M
6 5
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
a/ ab + bc + ca 4 3S c/ 2(la + lb + lc ) 3( a + b + c )
b/ 36r 2 ab + bc + ca 9 R 2 d/ 2 1 1 1 1 + + R la lb lc r
HD:
a/ ab =
2S b/ sin C
1 1 1 + + ) sin A sin B sin C
ab + bc + ca = 4 R 2 (sin A sin B + sin B sin C + sin C sin A) = 4 R 2 sin A sin B sin C ( 4R2 9sin A sin B sin C A B C = 4 R 2 .18sin sin sin sin A + sin B + sin C 2 2 2
v r = 4 R sin
A B C sin sin 2 2 2
2bc cos
A 2 = 2 bc b+c b+c
p( p a)
p( p a)
1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 + + v + + = la lb lc la + lb + lc ha hb hc r
Bi 23:Tam gic ABC nhn c c im g nu n tha mn iu kin: tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2 C + + = 18 A B C sin sin sin 2 2 2
A B C 3 + sin + sin 2 2 2 2
a8 b8 c8
45 4 + + .S Bi 24:Cho tam gic ABC c din tch l S .CMR: 9 2 A 2 B 2 C cos cos cos 2 2 2
A B C 9 + cos 2 + cos 2 2 2 2 4
39
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
HD:Vit M =
HD:p dng ra =
Chng VII:
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a a1 a2 ... n th c1 c2 cn
an ai m = m ta c ai mci ai m ci cn ci
Ta CM (1) bng quy np .Vi n=2 a1b1 a2b2 (a1 + a2 )(b1 + b2 ) + (a1c2 a2c1 )(b1c2 b2c1 ) 0 (BT ng )Gi s (1) ng c1 c2 c1 + c2 vi n=k khi c1 , c2 ,..., cn > 0; Ta c
a b a1 a2 b b ... k +1 ; 1 2 ... k +1 . c1 c2 ck +1 c1 c2 ck +1
a b (a + a2 + ... + ak )(b1 + b2 + ... + bk ) ak +1bk +1 a1b1 a2 b2 + + ... + k +1 k +1 1 + c1 c2 ck +1 c1 + c2 + ... + ck ck +1 a1 + a2 + ... + ak ak +1 b + b + ... + bk bk +1 v 1 2 (3) c1 + c2 + ... + ck ck +1 c1 + c2 + ... + ck ck +1
( ai )( bi )
i =1 i =1 i k k
Theo (2) ta c
c
i =1
a b + k +1 k +1 ck +1
( ai )( bi )
i =1
k +1
k +1 i =1 i
c
i =1
k +1
VII.2.2.BT Bunhiacopxki
41
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
Nu t xi =
ai ; yi = ci th (4) thnh ci
x y
2 i
2 i
( xi yi )2
2
1 1 VII.2.3.Vi ai = bi v ci = n ta c BT : ai2 ai n n
VII.2.4. BT Trebusep
Vi ci = 1 ta c
a b n a b
i i i
VII.3.Bi tp p dng
a3 b3 c3 a+b+c + 2 + 2 Bi 1:Cho a,b,c > 0.CMR : 2 2 2 2 a + ab + b b + bc + c c + ca + a 3
a3 a4 HD:Vit 2 , = a + ab + b 2 a (a 2 + ab + b 2 )
Bi 2:Cho M trong tam gic ABC.K MA1,MB1,MC1 ln lt vung gc vi BC CA AB BC,CA,AB.Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = + + MA1 MB1 MC1
S a
i =1
ai
n n 1
ai ai 2 = HD:Vit , S ai ai ( S ai )
Bi 4:Cho G l trng tm tam gic ABC.GA,GB,GC ln lt ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC ti im th hai A1,B1,C1.CMR: GA + GB + GC GA1 + GB1 + GC1
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3 1 a2 1 a2 GA(GA1 GA) = GA1 = GA + .BT cn CM tng ng vi: 2 2 4 2 6GA a2 b2 c2 + + GA + GB + GC 3GA 3GB 3GC
Gi s a b c GA GB GC Xt hai dy:
1 1 1 a b c ; 3 3 3 GA GB GC GA GB GC a2 b2 c2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 3(GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 ) + + = GA + GB + GC 3GA 3GB 3GC GA + GB + GC GA + GB + GC
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 xk )( n yk )...( n zk ) n ( xk yk ...zk ) n
a b c R 3 + + 2r hb + hc hc + ha ha + hb
43
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
a b a b
k =1 k k k =1
k ik
(1).
a b
k =1
k ik
44
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
a b
k =1
k ik
a b a b a b
k =1 k k k =1 k ik k =1
k n +1 k
VIII.1.2.Cho hai dy ngc chiu a1 a2 ... an v b1 b2 ... bn Ta c BT : ak bk ak bik ak bn+1k trong i1 , i2 ,..., in l hon v ca 1,2,,n
k =1 k =1 k =1 n n n
ak bk ak bik ak bn+1k
k =1 k =1 k =1
VIII.2.Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: Cho a, b, c ty .CMR : a/ a 4 + b 4 a 3b + a b3
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1 1 1 ta c c b a
a 3 b3 c 3 a 3 b3 c 3 a 2 b 2 c 3 + + + + = + + (4) v bc ac ab ab bc ac b c a a 3 b3 c 3 a 3 b3 c 3 a 2 b 2 c 3 + + + + = + + (5) bc ac ab ac ab bc c a b
T (4) v (5) suy ra
a 3 b3 c 3 1 a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 + + ( + + ) (6). bc ac ab 2 c a b
T (3) v (6) suy ra pcm.
Bi 4:Cho a,b,c > 0 .CMR:
a 8 + b8 + c 8 1 1 1 + + a 3b3c3 a b c
Li p dng BT dy th t vi hai dy a 2 b 2 c 2 v
1 1 1 ta c c 3 b3 a 3
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
1 1 1 , , ) ta c a 3 b3 c 3
a 2 b2 c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 3+ 3 + + + + c3 a b a b c ab bc ca
a 3 b3 c 3 + + a+b+c b2 c2 a 2
p dng hai dy th t ngc nhau (a 3 , b3 , c3 ) v ( 1 1 1 , , ) ta c pcm a 2 b2 c 2
mb mc ma 2 + 2+ 2 ma mb mc2 R
HD:p dng
9R 1 1 1 9 + + v ma + mb + mc ma mb mc ma + mb + mc 2
a2 b2 c2 1 a 2 + b2 b2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 + + ( + + ) Bi 8 :Cho ba s dng a,b,c .CMR: b+c c+a a+b 2 a+b b+c c+a
HD : p dng hai dy th t ging nhau (a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ) v ( 1 1 1 ) , , b+c c+a a+b
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
BT cn CM tng ng vi : ( x + y )( x + z ) ( y + z )( y + x) ( z + x)( z + y ) + + 4( x + y + z ) x y z
bt k ca cc s y1 , y2 ,..., yn th
(x y ) (x z )
2
i =1
i =1
HD:p dng BT dy th t ta c
n n n n
xi yi xi zi .Ta c
i =1 i =1 n n i =1 i =1
yi2 zi2 do
i =1 i =1 n n i =1 i =1
Bi 12: Cho (ak) l mt dy s nguyn dng phn bit (k=1,2,,n).CMR vi mi n nguyn dng ta c:
n ak 1 k 2 k (Thi Quc t ln 20) k =1 k =1 n
HD:Gi s (i1 , i2 ,..., in ) l hon v ca (1,2,,n) sao cho ai1 < ai2 < ... < ain .Xt hai dy th t 1 1 1 ngc nhau ai1 < ai2 < ... < ain v 2 > 2 > ... > 2 ta c: n 1 2
n a ak k 2 ki2k k =1 k =1 n n
48
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bc(a 2 + bc) + ac(b 2 + ac) + ab(c 2 + ab) bc(b 2 + ac) + ac(c 2 + ab) + ab(a 2 + bc) a 2bc + b 2c 2 + ab 2c + a 2c 2 + abc 2 + a 2b 2 b3c + abc 2 + ac3 + a 2bc + a 3b + ab 2c a 2b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2 a 2 a 3b + b3c + c3a a 2b(a b) + b 2c(b c) + c 2 a (c a ) 0
Bi 14: Tn ti hay khng 4 hon v ( ai );(bi );(ci );( d i ) ca {1,2,...,50} sao cho
a b = 2 c d
k =1 i i k =1 i
50
50
a b c gi tr ln nht l
k =1 i i
50
k 2 = 42925 v gi tr nh nht l
k =1
50
50
khng tn ti.
Bi 15:Cho a,b,c > 0 v m,n l hai s nguyn dng.CMR: a mb n + b m c n + c m a n a m + n + b m + n + c m + n
nhin k 2 ta lun c : k k k k k a1k a2 an1 an a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 + + ... + + pa2 + qa3 pa3 + qa4 pan + qa1 pa1 + qa2 p+q
49
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Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang Nguyn V Thanh
k 1 1
k k k k V phi ca (1) bng p (a1k 2 a2 + a2 2 a3 + ...an 2 a1 ) + q (a1k 2 a3 + a2 2 a4 + ... + a4 2 a2 ) k k k k p dng kt qu bi 16 ta c a1k 2 a2 + a2 2 a3 + ...an 2 a1 a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 v k k k k a1k 2 a3 + a2 2 a4 + ... + a4 2 a2 a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 k k k k T (1) suy ra (a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 ) 2 S ( p + q)(a1k 1 + a2 1 + ... + an 1 ) suy ra pcm.
50