Ha Hu C

KHI NIM V X PHNG V CHT GIT RA TNG HP

I/ X PHNG 1. Khi nim: X phng l hn hp mui ca kim loi kim (Na, K) vi cc axit bo, c thm mt s cht ph gia. - Cc axit bo ch yu sn xut x phng l panmitic, stearic, oleic. - Thnh phn: X phng rn l hn hp mui Na ca cc axit bo, ch yu l natri stearat, natri panmiat. X phng lng l hn hp mui K ca cc axit bo. Cht n Cht ty mu Cht dit khun Cht to hng 2. Phng php sn xut: a. Ho tan cc axit bo vo dd kim (xa)

Cc axit bo c th iu ch t du m bng cch oxi ho cc parafin c s nguyn t cacbon ln hn 30 bng oxi (khng kh) c mui mangan xc tc: b. un nng cht bo vi kim (x phng ho cht bo) 3. Tc dng ty ra ca x phng - Phn t x phng gm: Mt gc hirocacbon mch di (v d C15H31, C17H35, C17H33,) kh tan trong nc nhng d tan trong cc dung mi khng cc (nh du, m). Mt nhm phn cc (l - COONa hay - COOK) c kh nng in li thnh ion nn d tan trong nc,nhng khng tan trong du m. V vy x phng c tnh cht c bit l tnh hot ng b mt. - Tc dng: X phng lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc, lm cho nc d thm t cc git du, m v cc cht bn trn b mt. Khi git, ra bng x phng, gc R ca phn t x phng bm vo cht bn, nhm phn c n (ho tan) cht bn vo nc di dng nh tng hay huyn ph, do lm sch vt git, ra. Mt khc, x phng l mui ca axit yu nn phn t x phng b thu phn to ra mi trng kim gip cho vic nh tng ho cht keo: Trong nc cng x phng to thnh cc mui panmiat, oleat, stearat (canxi, magie, st) kt ta, do x phng mt tc dng ty ra.

GV: Bi Xun ng

Ha Hu C

II/ CC CHT GIT RA TNG HP: Ngoi x phng thng, hin nay ngi ta cn dng nhiu loi cht ty ra tng hp khc nhau. cng l nhng cht hot ng b mt, thuc my loi sau. 1. Nhng cht ty ra sinh ion (iongen) - Phn t gm gc hirocacbon R v nhm phn cc. Ngoi loi R - COONa, cn c nhng cht hot ng b mt nh ion phc tp. V d: Cc ankyl sunfat: R - O - SO3Na (R c > 11C) Cc ankyl sunfonat: R - SO3Na, iu ch bng cch. (R c 10 - 20 nguyn t C) Cc ankyl aryl sunfonat: - Nhng cht hot ng b mt nh cation phc tp. V d: 2. Nhng cht ty ra khng sinh ion - Phn t cha gc R khng phn cc v cc nhm phn cc nh -OH, -O- (ete). V d: R : c th c ti 18C, n : c th bng 6 - 30 tu theo cng dng. - Cc cht ty ra trn vn gi c tc dng ty ra c trong mi trng axit v nc cng. * Lu : So snh cht git ra v cht ty ra Cht git ra: khng c phn ng, khng gy ra phn ng ho hc. Cht ty ra: c gy ra phn ng ho hc.

GV: Bi Xun ng