Bai Giang Toan C1 Chinh Thuc - Bac Dai Hoc

1
TRNG I HC CNG NGH SI GN

BAN KHOA HC C BN
B MN TON

BI GING
TON CAO CP C1
(H I HC)

Bin son: TS TRN NGC HI

TP H CH MINH 2009
LU HNH NI B
2

Li ni u
_____________________

p bi ging Ton cao cp C1 (H i hc) c bin son trn c s cng
mn hc ca Trng i hc Cng Ngh Si Gn; nhm p ng yu cu nng cao cht
lng ging dy trong giai on nh trng thc hin o to theo hc ch tn ch.
Tp bi ging ny cha ng ni dung m tc gi ging dy Trng i hc
Cng Ngh Si Gn v cc trng i hc khc. Tc gi by t lng cm n i vi cc
ng nghip Ban Khoa hc C bn - Trng i hc Cng Ngh Si Gn ng
vin, ng gp nhiu kin qu bu cho vic bin son.
Tuy vy, thiu st vn khng th trnh khi. Tc gi rt mong nhn c nhng nhn
xt gp ca qu ng nghip cho tp bi ging ny v xin chn thnh cm n.
Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 09 nm 2009
Tc gi

T
3

MC LC

CHNG 1. PHP TNH VI PHN HM MT BIN
A. HM S
1. HM S S CP C BN ........................................................................................... 5
2. HM S S CP .......................................................................................................... 9
B. GII HN
1. NH NGHA V TNH CHT ................................................................................. 10
2. HM TNG NG ............................................................................................... 12
3. V CNG B (VCB) - V CNG LN .................................................................... 16
4. DNG V NH 1
.................................................................................................... 22
C. LIN TC
1. NH NGHA V TNH CHT .................................................................................. 23
2. HM S LIN TC TRN MT ON ................................................................... 25
D - O HM V VI PHN

1. KHI NIM O HM ............................................................................................. 27
2. PHNG PHP TNH O HM ........................................................................... 30
3. VI PHN ....................................................................................................................... 34
4. O HM V VI PHN CP CAO .......................................................................... 36
5. QUI TC LHOSPITAL ............................................................................................... 38
6. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR ............................................................................................... 43
7. NG DNG .................................................................................................................. 47
BI TP ........................................................................................................................... 53
CHNG 2. PHP TNH TCH PHN HM MT BIN
A - TCH PHN BT NH
1. KHI NIM V TCH PHN BT NH ................................................................ 59
4

2. CC PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN ................................................................. 61
3. TCH PHN HM HU T ......................................................................................... 67
4. TCH PHN HM LNG GIC ............................................................................. 71
5. TCH PHN HM V T ............................................................................................ 73
B -TCH PHN XC NH - TCH PHN SUY RNG
1. TCH PHN XC NH ............................................................................................ 78
2. TCH PHN SUY RNG ............................................................................................ 84
3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN .................................................................................. 88
4. KHI NIM V PHNG TRNH VI PHN ........................................................... 90
BI TP ........................................................................................................................... 95
CHNG 3. PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN
1. KHI NIM V HM NHIU BIN ........................................................................ 99
2. O HM RING ..................................................................................................... 102
3. O HM RING CA HM HP ........................................................................ 104
4. O HM RING CA HM N .......................................................................... 105
5. VI PHN ..................................................................................................................... 107
6. CC TR .................................................................................................................... 109
7. CC TR C IU KIN ......................................................................................... 110
8. GI TR LN NHT- GI TR NH NHT .......................................................... 113
9. MT S BI TON KINH T ................................................................................. 115
BI TP ......................................................................................................................... 118

5

CHNG 1

PHP TNH VI PHN HM MT BIN
A. HM S
1. HM S S CP C BN
1.1. Hm ly tha y = x

( : Const)
Min xc nh D ca hm s y = x

ph thuc vo . Trng hp l s v t, ta c
D = [0; +) nu > 0; D = (0; +) nu < 0.
1.2. Hm s m: y = a
x
(0 < a 1 : Const)
Hm s y = a
x
c min xc nh D = R, min gi tr l (0; +).
1.3. Hm s logarit: y = log
a
x

(0 < a 1 : Const)
Hm s y = log
a
x c min xc nh D = (0; +), min gi tr l R. Nhc li mt s cng
thc:
Vi 0 < a, b 1; x, x
1
, x
2
> 0 v y, R, ta c:

V d: Tnh A = log
13
25.
Gii:
13
ln25
A log 25 1, 254947126
ln13
= = .
a
a y
a a
log x
a 1 2 a 1 a 2
1
a a 1 a 2
2
a a
a a
y log x
1) x a . a c bie t, log 1 0; log a 1.
x 0
2) a x.
3) log (x x ) = log (x ) + log (x ).
x
4) log ( ) = log (x ) - log (x ).
x
1
a c biet, log ( ) = - log (x).
x
5) log (x ) = log (x).
6) l
=
= = =
>
a
a
a a b
a
b
a
e
10
1
og (x) = log (x) ( 0).
7) log x = log b.log x;
log x
log x = .
log b
8) lnx = log x : Logarit Nepe cua x.
lgx = log x : Logarit tha p pha n cua x.
6

1.4. Hm s lng gic v hm ngc
1.4.1. Hm y = sinx v y =arcsinx:

Vi 1 a 1, ta nh ngha:
sin a;
arcsina
.
2 2
=

Khi arcsina (1 a 1) c xc nh duy nht. Nh vy, y= arcsinx l hm s c tnh
cht sau:
Min xc nh: D = [1;1].
Min gi tr: [ ; ].
2 2

[ ; ], a [ 1;1]; sin a arcsina .
2 2

= =
y = arcsinx l hm s l, ngha l arcsin(x) = arcsinx.
V d: arcsin(1/2) = /6; arcsin( 3 /2) = arcsin( 3 /2) = /3; arcsin(1/2) = /6;
arcsin(3/4) = arcsin(3/4) 0,848062079; arcsin(4) khng tn ti.

1.4.2. Hm y = cosx v y =arccosx:
7

Vi 1 a 1, ta nh ngha:
cos a;
arccosa
0 .
=
=

Khi arccosa (1 a 1) c xc nh duy nht. Nh vy, y= arccosx l hm s c
tnh cht sau:
Min xc nh: D = [1;1].
Min gi tr: [0; ].
[0; ], a [ 1;1]; cos a arccosa . = =
arccos( x) = arccosx.

V d: arccos(1/2) = /3; arccos( 3 /2) = arccos( 3 /2) = /6 = 5/6;
arccos( 2 /2) = arccos( 2 /2)= 3/4; arccos(3/4) = - arccos(3/4) 2,418858406;
arccos( 4) khng tn ti.

1.4.3. Hm y = tgx v y =arctgx:

8

Vi a R, ta nh ngha:
tg a;
arc tga
.
2 2
=
=

< <

Khi arctga c xc nh duy nht. Nh vy, y= arctgx l hm s c tnh cht sau:
Min xc nh: D = R.
Min gi tr: ( ; ).
2 2

( ; ), a , tg a arctga .
2 2

= = R
y = arctgx l hm s l, ngha l arctg(x) = arctgx.

V d: arctg1 = /4; arctg( 3 /3) = arctg( 3 /3) = /6; arctg(1)= /4;
arctg(3/4) 0,643501108; arctg( 4) 1,3258.

1.4.4. Hm y = cotgx v y =arccotgx:

Vi a R, ta nh ngha:
cotg a;
arc cotga
0 .
=
=

< <

Khi arccotga c xc nh duy nht. Nh vy, y= arccotgx l hm s c tnh cht sau:
Min xc nh: D = R.
Min gi tr: (0; ).
(0; ), a , cot g a arc cot ga . = = R
arccotg(x) = arccotgx.
V d: arccotg1 = /4; arccotg( 3 /3) = arccotg( 3 /3) = /3 = 2/3;
9

arccotg( 3 ) = arccotg( 3 ) = /6 = 5/6;
arccotg(3/4) = /2 arctg(3/4) 0,927295218
arccotg(4) = /2 arctg(4) /2 + arctg4 2,89661399.
trong ta s dng tnh cht sau:
1.4.5. Tnh cht:
1) Vi mi 1 x 1, arcsinx + arccosx = /2.
2) Vi mi x, arctgx + arccotgx = /2.

2. HM S S CP
Hm s s cp l hm s c xy dng t cc hm hng v cc hm s s cp c bn qua
cc php ton i s: cng, tr, nhn, chia v php hp ni nh x.
V d: y ln(1 2x) = + l mt hm s s cp.
sin6x
ne u x < 0;
y x
cos3x ne u x 0.
khng l hm s s cp.

10

B. GII HN
1. NH NGHA V TNH CHT
1.1. nh ngha. 1) Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn mt khong cha x
0
(c th loi tr x
0
).
Ta ni f(x) c gii hn l L R khi x tin v x
0
, nu f(x) c th gn L ty khi x tin st n x
0
.
K hiu:
0
0
x x
limf (x) L hay f(x) L khi x x
= .
Chnh xc hn, theo ngn ng ton hc, ta c:

0
0
x x
0 0 0
limf (x) L 0, 0, x , 0 |x x | |f (x) L|
0, 0, x , x x x x |f (x) L|
= > > < < <

> > < < + <
R
R

Minh ha:

2) Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn mt khong c dng (a;x
0
). Ta ni f(x) c gii hn l L
R khi x tin v x
0
bn tri, nu f(x) c th gn L ty khi x tin st n x
0
v pha bn tri.
K hiu:
0
0
x x
= .
0
0
x x
limf (x) L 0, 0, x , 0 x x |f (x) L|
= > > < < < R

Minh ha:

3) Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn mt khong c dng (x
0
;b). Ta ni f(x) c gii hn l L
R khi x tin v x
0
bn phi, nu f(x) c th gn L ty khi x tin st n x
0
v pha bn phi.
K hiu:
0
0
x x
+
+
= .
11

0
0
x x
limf (x) L 0, 0, x , 0 x x |f (x) L|
+
= > > < < < R

Minh ha:

Nh vy, t cc nh ngha trn ta suy ra;
0
0
0
x x
x x
x x
limf (x) L;
limf (x) L
limf (x) L.
+
=

=

4) Tng t, ta nh ngha c cc gii hn:
0 0 0
x x x x x x
limf (x) ; limf (x) ; limf (x) ; ...

= + = = .
1.2. nh l. Cho cc hm s f(x), g(x) khi x x
0
. Khi , vi a, b R, ta c:
1) Nu f(x) a, g(x) b th :
f(x) + g(x) a + b;
f(x) g(x) a b;
f(x)g(x) ab;
f(x)/g(x) a/b (nu b 0).
2) Nu f(x) a, g(x) th f(x) + g(x) .
3) Nu f(x) +, g(x) + th f(x) + g(x) +.
4) Nu f(x) a 0, g(x) th f(x)g(x) .
5) Nu f(x) , g(x) th f(x)g(x) .
6) Nu f(x) a 0, g(x) 0 th f(x)/g(x) .
7) Nu f(x) a, g(x) + th f(x)/g(x) 0.
8) Nu f(x) , g(x) b th f(x)/g(x) .
9) Nu f(x) a > 1, g(x) + th f(x)
g(x)
+.
Nu f(x) a vi 0 < a < 1, g(x) + th f(x)
g(x)
0.
10) Nu f(x) a th |f(x)| |a|.
11) f(x) 0 |f(x)| 0.
12) (Gii hn kp) Gi s f(x) h(x) g(x), x kh gn x
0
v f(x) a; g(x) a. Khi
h(x) a.
12

1.3. nh l. Cho f(x) l mt hm s s cp xc nh ti x
0
. Khi
0
0
x x
limf (x) f (x ).
=
V d: 1)
x
2
1 cos2x 1 cos
lim 2.
sinx
sin
2

= =

2)
x 0
1 cos2x
lim
sinx
+
=
x 0 x 0
(v lim(1 cos2x) 1 cos0 2 va limsinx sin0 0)

+ = + = = =

1.4. Cc dng v nh trong gii hn:
C tt c 7 dng v nh trong gii hn, l:
0 0
0
; 0 ; ; ; 1 ; 0 ; .
0

1) Dng : Khi f(x) + ( ) v g(x) + ( ) th ta ni lim (f(x) g(x)) c
dng v nh .
2) Dng 0 : Khi f(x) 0 v g(x) th ta ni lim f(x)g(x) c dng v nh 0 (Lu
: f(x) 0 khng c ngha l f(x) 0).
3) Tng t cho 5 dng cn li.
Ta ni cc dng trn l cc dng v dnh v khng c qui tc chung xc nh gi tr ca
gii hn nu ch da vo cc gii hn thnh phn.
tnh cc gii hn c dng v nh, ta cn bin i lm mt i dng v nh, gi l
kh dng v nh.

2. HM TNG NG
2.1. nh ngha. Cho cc hm s f(x), g(x) xc nh v khng trit tiu trn mt khong
cha x
0
(c th loi tr x
0
). Ta ni f(x) tng ng vi g(x) khi x x
0
, k hiu f(x) g(x) khi
x x
0
, nu
0
x x
f (x)
lim 1.
g(x)
=
Nh vy,
0
x x
f (x)
f (x) g(x) lim 1
g(x)
(f (x), g(x) 0)

Cc tnh cht sau c tha:
1) f(x) f(x).
2) f(x) g(x) g(x) f(x).
13

3) f(x) g(x) v g(x) h(x) f(x) h(x).
2.2. nh l. 1) Nu f(x) L R, L 0, th f(x) L.
2) Nu f(x) g(x) v g(x) A th f(x) A.
3) Nu
1 1
2 2
f (x) g (x);
f (x) g (x).
th
1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2
f (x)f (x) g (x)g (x);
f (x) g (x)
.
f (x) g (x)

4) Nu f(x) g(x) th
n n
f (x) g(x) (gi s cc cn c ngha).
Ch :
Ta khng th vit f(x) 0 hay f(x) (ngay c khi f(x) 0 hay f(x) ) v iu
ny v ngha!

1 1
2 2
f (x) g (x);
f (x) g (x).
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
f (x) f (x) g (x) g (x);
f (x) f (x) g (x) g (x).
+ +

Chng minh: 1) Nu f(x) L R, L 0, th
f (x)
lim 1
L
= nn f(x) L ( y L c xem
nh hm hng).
2) Nu f(x) g(x) v g(x) A th
f (x)
f (x) g(x) 1.A A
g(x)
= = .
3) Gi s
1 1
2 2
f (x) g (x);
f (x) g (x).
Khi
1 2
1 2
f (x) f (x)
lim lim 1.
g (x) g (x)
= =
t
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
f (x)f (x) f (x) f (x)
lim lim . lim 1.1 1;
g (x)g (x) g (x) g (x)
f (x) / f (x) f (x) f (x)
lim lim / lim 1/ 1 1.
g (x) / g (x) g (x) g (x)
= = =
= = =

Suy ra
1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2
f (x)f (x) g (x)g (x);
f (x) g (x)
.
f (x) g (x)

4) Gi s f(x) g(x). Khi

n
n
n
n
f (x) f (x)
lim lim 1 1.
g(x)
g(x)
= = =
Suy ra
n n
f (x) g(x) .

14

2.3.Mt s gii hn v tng ng c bn:
GII HN TNG NG
x 0
sinx
lim 1
x
= (x: rad)
sinx x khi x0 (x: rad)
2
x 0
1 cosx 1
lim
x 2
= (x: rad) 1 cosx

1
2
x
2
khi x0 (x: rad)
x 0
tgx
lim 1
x
= (x: rad)
tgx x khi x0 (x: rad)
x 0
arcsinx
lim 1
x
=
arcsinx x khi x0
x 0
arctgx
lim 1
x
=
arctgx x khi x0
x
x 0
e 1
lim 1
x
=
e
x
1 x khi x0
x 0
ln(1 x)
lim 1
x
+
=
ln(1+ x) x khi x0
x 0
(1 x) 1
lim
x
+
=
(1+x)
1 x khi x0 ( 0)

x x
x x
lime ; lime 0.
+
= + =

x x 0
limln x ; limln x .
+
+
= + =

x x
2 2
limtgx ; limtgx .
+

= + =

x x
limarctgx ; limarctgx .
2 2
+

= =
( )
x
1
x
x x 0
1
lim 1 e; lim 1 x e.
x

+ = + =

Khi x:
a
n
x
n
+ a
n1
x
n1
+...+a
m
x
m
a
m
x
m

Khi x 0:
a
n
x
n
+ a
n1
x
n1
+...+a
m
x
m
a
m
x
m

(m < n; a
n
0; a
m
0)

V d. Tnh cc gii hn sau:
2 2
1 2 2
x x 0 x 1
8 6
3 8 7 4
x
lncos2x (x 5x 4) arcsin(x x)
a) L lim ; b) L lim ;
(x 3x) sinx
(e e)(1 4x 3)
3x 5x 4x 2
c) L lim .
x 5x 14x 1

+
= =
+

+ +
=
+ +

Gii.
1 2
x 0
lncos2x
a) L lim
(x 3x) sin x
=
+
. Khi x0 ta c
lncos2x = ln[1 + (cos2x 1)] cos2x 1 (1/2)(2x)
2
= 2x
2
(1)
15

x
2
+ 3x 3x

(2)
sinx x

(3)
T (2) v (3) ta suy ra: (x
2
+ 3x)sinx 3x.x = 3x
2
(4)
T (1) v (4) ta suy ra:
2
2 2
lncos2x 2x 2
(x 3x) sinx 3x 3
=
+
.
Do
1
2
L
3
= .
2 2
2
x
x 1
(x 5x 4) arcsin(x x)
b) L lim
(e e)(1 4x 3)
+
=

. t t = x 1 x = t+1 . Khi x1 ta c t 0. Do
2 2 2 2
2
x t x 1 t 0
(x 5x 4) arcsin(x x) (t 3t) arcsin(t t)
L lim lim .
(e e)(1 4x 3) e(e 1)(1 1 4t)

+ +
= =
+

Khi t0 ta c:
t
2
3t 3t,

(1)
arcsin(t
2
+ t) t
2
+ t t.

(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
(t
2
3t) arcsin(t
2
+ t) 3t.t 3t
2
. (3)

Mt khc,
e
t
1 t (4)

1
2
1
1 1 4t 1 (1 4t) (4t) 2t
2
+ = + = (5)
T (4) v (5) ta c:
t 2
e(e 1)(1 1 4t) et( 2t) 2et + = (6)
2 2 2
2
t
(t 3t) arcsin(t t) 3t 3
.
2e 2et
e(e 1)(1 1 4t)
+

+

Do
2
3
L
2e
= .
8 6
3 8 7 4
x
3x 5x 4x 2
c) L lim .
x 5x 14x 1
+ +
=
+ +
Khi x ta c
3x
8
5x
6
+ 4x + 2 3x
8

x
8
5x
7
+ 14x
4
+ 1 x
8

Suy ra
8 6 8
8 7 4 8
3x 5x 4x 2 3x
3.
x 5x 14x 1 x
+ +

+ +
Do
3
L 3. =
16

3. V CNG B (VCB)-V CNG LN
3.1. V CNG B (VCB)
1) nh ngha. Ta ni f(x) l mt VCB khi xx
0
nu
0
x x
limf (x) 0
= .
2) So snh hai VCB: Cho f(x) v g(x) l VCB khi x x
0
. Gi s
0
( )
lim .
( )
=
x x
f x
L
g x

a) Nu 0 L = th ta ni VCB f(x) c cp cao hn VCB g(x).
b) Nu = L th ta ni VCB f(x) c cp thp hn VCB g(x).
c) Nu 0 L < < + th ta ni hai VCB f(x) v g(x) c cng cp.
3) Bc ca VCB khi x 0: Cho f(x) l mt VCB khi x0. Ta ni VCB f(x) c cp khi
chn x lm VCB chnh nu:
f(x) ax
khi x0
trong a 0 v > 0.
Nhn xt: Cc nh ngha trong 2) v 3) tng thch nhau khi ta so snh hai VCB khi
x 0.
V d: Khi x0, 1 cos4x l mt VCB cp 2 v
2 2
1
1 cos 4x (4x) 8x .
2
=
va co cung cap thap cao hn

4) Tng (hiu) hai VCB: Cho f(x), g(x) l hai VCB khi x x
0
.
a) Nu f(x) v g(x) khng c cng cp th

f(x) ne u f(x) co ca p tha p hn g(x);
f(x) + g(x)
g(x) ne u f(x) co ca p cao hn g(x).

b) Nu f(x) v g(x) c cng cp nhng khng tng ng th f(x) g(x) l VCB c cng
cp vi VCB f(x), hn na
1
1 1
1
f (x) f (x)
f (x) g(x) f (x) g (x). (*)
g(x) g (x)

c bit, cho f(x), g(x) l hai VCB khi x0 c cp ln lt l , :
f(x) ax
(a 0);
g(x) bx
(b 0).
Khi
17

ax ne u < ;
f (x) g(x) bx ne u > ;
(a b)x ne u = ; a b 0.

Ch : Trng hp hai VCB f(x) v g(x) tng ng v f(x) f
1
(x), g(x) g
1
(x) th f(x)
g(x) l VCB c cp ln hn VCB f(x) nhng (*) khng cn ng.
5) Qui tc gi li VCB cp b nht (Qui tc ngt b VCB cp cao): Gi s khi xx
0
,
VCB f(x) c phn tch thnh tng ca nhiu VCB, trong ch c mt VCB cp thp nht l
f
0
(x). Khi :
f(x) f
0
(x) khi x0.
Ch : Trng hp c nhiu VCB cp b nht trong phn tch ca f(x) th ta gp cc VCB
li, xem nh l mt VCB v dng tnh cht 4b) trn kho st cp ca VCB , sau
mi c th p dng qui tc trn.

3.2. V CNG LN (VCL)
1) nh ngha: Ta ni f(x) l mt VCL khi xx
0
nu
0
x x
limf (x)
= .
2) So snh hai VCL: Cho f(x) v g(x) l VCL khi x x
0
. Gi s
0
( )
lim .
( )
=
x x
f x
L
g x

a) Nu 0 L = th ta ni VCL f(x) c cp thp hn VCL g(x).
b) Nu = L th ta ni VCL f(x) c cp cao hn VCL g(x).
c) Nu 0 L < < + th ta ni hai VCL f(x) v g(x) c cng cp.
3) Bc ca VCL khi x : Cho f(x) l mt VCL khi x . Ta ni VCL f(x) c cp
khi chn x lm VCL chnh nu:
f(x) ax
khi x
trong a 0 v > 0.
Nhn xt: Cc nh ngha trong 2) v 3) tng thch nhau khi ta so snh hai VCL khi
x .
V d: Khi x , 2x
3
9x
2
+ 5x + 19 VCL cp 3 v
3 2 3
2x 9x 5x 19 2x . + +

4) Tng (hiu) hai VCL: Cho f(x), g(x) l hai VCL khi x x
0
.
a) Nu f(x) v g(x) khng c cng cp th

f(x) ne u f(x) co ca p cao hn g(x);
f(x) + g(x)
g(x) neu f(x) co ca p thap hn g(x).

18

b) Nu f(x) v g(x) c cng cp nhng khng tng ng th f(x) g(x) l VCL c cng
cp vi VCL f(x), hn na
1
1 1
1
f (x) f (x)
f (x) g(x) f (x) g (x). (*)
g(x) g (x)

c bit, cho f(x), g(x) l hai VCL khi x c cp ln lt l , :
f(x) ax
(a 0);
g(x) bx
(b 0).
Khi
ax ne u > ;
f (x) g(x) bx ne u < ;
(a b)x ne u = ; a b 0.

Ch : Trng hp hai VCL f(x) v g(x) tng ng v f(x) f
1
(x), g(x) g
1
(x) th f(x)
g(x) c th khng l VCL hoc l VCL c cp nh hn VCL f(x) nhng (*) khng cn ng.
5) Qui tc gi li VCL cp cao nht (Qui tc ngt b VCL cp thp): Gi s khi xx
0
,
VCL f(x) c phn tch thnh tng ca nhiu VCL, trong ch c mt VCL cp cao nht l
f
n
(x). Khi
f(x) f
n
(x) khi x x
0
.
Ch : Trng hp c nhiu VCL cp cao nht trong phn tch ca f(x) th ta gp cc
VCL li, xem nh l mt i lng (c th l VCL nhng cng c th khng), v dng tnh
cht 4b) trn kho st i lng ny, sau mi c th p dng qui tc trn.

V d: Tnh cc gii hn sau:
2 2
1
x
2 2
2
x
2 2
3
x
3 3 3 2 3
4
x
3 3 3 2 2 3
5
x
3 3 3 2 3
6
x
7
x 0
L lim( 3x 4x 2 3x 4x 1)
L lim( 3x 4x 2 3x 4x 1)
L lim( 3x 4x 2 2x 4x 1)
L lim( 2x 2x 3x 1 2x 3x 2)
L lim( 2x 9x 1 10 3x 2x )
L lim( 2x 2x 3x 1 x 3x 2)
arc tg
L lim
+
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + + + +
= + + + +
= + + + +
=
4
2 2
x
2 3 2 3
8
x 2 2 (x 2) x 2
(x 4x) ln(1 3tgx) x
arctg(4x) cos2x e
(x 6x 8) arc tg(x 8) 2ln(x 4x 5) (x 2)
L lim
(e e )(2 x 2) 2x 8x 9 e

+ + +
+
+ + + +
=
+ + +

19

Gii.

2 2
1
x
L lim( 3x 4x 2 3x 4x 1)
+
= + +
Khi x + ta c:
2 2
A : 3x 4x 2 3x |x| 3 x 3. = + = =

(1)
2 2
B: 3x 4x 1 3x |x| 3 x 3 = + = (2)
(Nh vy, theo trn ta c A B khng l VCL hoc l VCL cp nh hn 1, nhng cha xc
nh c cp chnh xc l bao nhiu).
Ta bin i:
2 2
A B
A B
A B
=
+
. Khi x + ta c
A
3
B
3
= (3x
2
4x + 2) (3x
2
+ 4x 1) = 8x + 3 8x (3)
A + B

= 2x 3 (do (1) v (2)) (4)
A B

=
8x 4 3
3 2x 3
khi x +
Vy L
1
=
4 3
3
.

2 2
2
x
L lim( 3x 4x 2 3x 4x 1)
= + +
L lun tng t khi tnh L
1
v ch rng khi x ta c
2 2
3x 4x 2 3x |x| 3 x 3. + = =
2 2
3x 4x 1 3x |x| 3 x 3 + =
T , ta tnh c
2
4 3
L
3
= .

2 2
3
x
L lim( 3x 4x 2 2x 4x 1)
= + +
Khi x ta c
2 2
A : 3x 4x 2 3x |x| 3. = + =

2 2
B : 2x 4x 1 2x |x| 2. = +
Suy ra A B |x|( 3 2) khi x + . Vy L
3
= +.

3 2 3 3 3
4
x
L lim( 2x 2x 3x 1 2x 3x 2)
= + + + +
Khi x ta c
3 3 2 3 3 3
A : 2x 2x 3x 1 2x x 2. = + + =

(1)
3 3 3 3 3
B: 2x 3x 2 2x x 2. = + + = (2)
20

(Nh vy, theo trn ta c A B khng l VCL hoc l VCL cp nh hn 1, nhng cha xc
nh c cp chnh xc l bao nhiu).
Ta bin i:
3 3
2 2
A B
A B
A AB B
=
+ +
. Khi x ta c
A
3
B
3
= (2x
3
+ 2x
2
3x+1) (2x
3
+ 3x + 2) = 2x
2
6x 1 2x
2
(3)
A
2

2 3
x 4 ; AB
2 3
x 4 ; B
2

2 3
x 4 . Suy ra A
2
+ AB + B
2
3
2 3
x 4 (4)
A B

2 3
2 3 3
2x 2 2
3 3x 4 3 4
= khi x .
Vy L
4
=
3
2
3
.

3 2 2 3 3 3
5
x
L lim( 2x 9x 1 10 3x 2x )
= + + + +
L lun tng t khi tnh L
4
v s dng cng thc:
3 3
2 2
A B
A B
A AB B
+
+ =
+
,
t ta tnh c L
5
=
3
2 2 .

3 2 3 3 3
6
x
L lim( 2x 2x 3x 1 x 3x 2)
= + + + +
Khi x ta c:
3 3 2 3 3 3
A : 2x 2x 3x 1 2x x 2. = + + =

3 3 3 3
B: x 3x 2 x x. = + + =
Suy ra
3
A B x( 2 1) khi x .
Vy L
6
= .

2 2
7 x
x 0
arc tg(x 4x) ln(1 3tgx) x
L lim
arctg(4x) cos2x e
+ + +
=
+

Khi x0 ta c:
*
arctg(x
2
+ 4x) x
2
+ 4x 4x,

ln(1+ 3tgx) 3tgx 3x.

Suy ra arctg(x
2
+ 4x) + ln(1+ 3tgx) 7x

T arctg(x
2
+ 4x) + ln(1+ 3tgx) x
2
7x

(1)

*
arctg(4x) + cos2x e
x
= arctg(4x) + (cos2x 1) (e
x
1)

21

x
x
arctg(4x) 4x
arctg(4x) -(e 1) 3x;
e - 1 x

cos2x 1 (1/2)(2x)
2
= 2x
2

Suy ra arctg(4x) + cos2x e
x
3x (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
2 2
x
arcsin(x 4x) ln(1 3tgx) x 7x 7
khi x 0
arctg(4x) cos2x e 3x 3
+ + +

+
.
Vy L
7
=
7
3
.

4
2 3 2 3
8
x 2 2 (x 2)
x 2
(x 6x 8) arc tg(x 8) 2ln(x 4x 5) (x 2)
L lim
(e e )(2 x 2) 2x 8x 9 e

+ + + +
=
+ + +

t t = x 2 x = t+2 . Khi x 2 ta c t 0. Do
4
4
2 3 2 3
8
x 2 2 (x 2)
x 2
2 3 2 2 3
2 t 2 t
t 0
(x 6x 8) arctg(x 8) 2ln(x 4x 5) (x 2)
L lim
(e e )(2 x 2) 2x 8x 9 e
(t 2t) arctg(t 6t 12t) 2ln(1 t ) t
= lim
e (e 1)(2 t 4) 2t 1 e
+ + + +
=
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +

Khi t0 ta c
*
(t
2
2t)arctg(t
3
+ 6t
2
+ 12t) 2t(t
3
+ 6t
2
+ 12t) 24t
2
.

2ln(1+ t
2
) 2 t
2

Suy ra (t
2
2t)arctg(t
3
+ 6t
2
+ 12t) + 2ln(1+ t
2
) 22t
2

T (t
2
2t)arctg(t
3
+6t
2
+12t)+2ln(1+ t
2
) + t
3
22t
2

(1)

2
2 t 2 t 2 2
t t e
* e (e 1)(2 t 4) e (e 1) e t t
4 4 2 t 4)
+ = =
+ +

Suy ra
2
2 t 2 2
e
e (e 1)(2 t 4) 2t (2 )t
4
+ +
M
4
t 4
1 e t nn
4
2
2 t 2 t 2
e
e (e 1)(2 t 4) 2t 1 e (2 )t
4
+ + + (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
4
2 3 2 2 3 2
2 2
t 2 t
2
(t 2t) arctg(t 6t 12t) 2ln(1 t ) t 22t 88
e e 8
e(e 1)(2 t 4) 2t 1 e
(2 )t
4
+ + + + +

+ + +

.
Vy L
8
=
2
88
e 8
.

22

4. DNG V NH 1

Xt gii hn
g(x)
x a
limf (x)
c dng v nh 1
, ngha l khi x a ta c f(x) 1 v g(x) . t u

= f(x) 1. Ta c u 0. Suy ra
ug(x) [f (x) 1]g(x)
1 1
g(x) g(x)
u u
f (x) (1 u) (1 u) (1 u)

= + = + = +

M
1
u
(1 u) e khi u 0 + nn
x a
lim[f (x) 1]g(x)
g(x)
x a
limf (x) e

=

Ch : Cng thc trn ch c dng cho gii hn c dng v nh 1
.

V d. Tnh gii hn
2
cotg x
x 0
L lim(cos3x)
= .
Gii. D thy L c dng v nh 1
. p dng cng thc cho gii hn dng v nh 1
, ta c
2
x 0
lim(cos3x 1)cotg x
L e

=

Xt
2
x 0
L' lim(cos3x 1)cotg x
= . Khi x0 ta c
2
2
2 2
1
(3x)
cos3x 1 9
2
(cos3x 1)cotg x
tg x x 2
=
Do
9
L'
2
= . Suy ra
9
2
L e
= .

23

C. LIN TC
1. NH NGHA V TNH CHT
1.1. nh ngha.
1) Hm s f(x) xc nh trn mt khong cha x
0
c gi l lin tc ti x
0
nu
0
0
x x
limf (x) f (x )
= .
2) Hm s f(x) xc nh trn na khong (a; x
0
] c gi l lin tc bn tri ti x
0
nu
0
0
x x
limf (x) f (x )
= .
3) Hm s f(x) xc nh trn na khong [x
0
; b) c gi l lin tc bn phi ti x
0
nu
0
0
x x
limf (x) f (x )
+
= .
T cc nh ngha trn, ta thy
0
0
0
f(x) lien tuc ben trai tai x ;
f(x) lien tuc tai x
f(x) lien tuc ben phai tai x .

0
4) f(x) lie n tu c tren (a; b) f (x) lien tuc tai moi x (a; b).
f (x) lie n tu c tre n (a; b);
f(x) lie n tu c tre n [a; b)
f(x) lie n tu c be n pha i ta i a.
f(x) lie n tu c tre n (a; b

f (x) lien tuc tren (a; b);

]
f(x) lie n tu c be n tra i ta i b.
f (x) lien tuc tren (a; b);
f(x) lie n tu c tre n [a; b] f(x) lie n tu c be n pha i ta i a;
f(x) lie n tu c be n tra i ta i b.

1.2. nh l. Nu f(x) l mt hm s s cp xc nh trn D th f(x) lin tc trn D.

V d: nh cc tham s a, b hm s sau lin tc trn R:

2
2
1 cos6x
ne u x < 0;
x
y ax b ne u 0 x 1;
ln x
ne u x > 1.
x 2x 3

= +
+

Gii.
Trn (; 0), y trng vi hm f(x) =
2
1 cos6x
x
. V f(x) l hm s s cp xc nh vi mi
x 0, nn y lin tc trn ( ; 0).
24

Trn (0; 1), y trng vi hm g(x) = ax + b. V g(x) l hm s s cp xc nh vi mi x
R, nn y lin tc trn (0; 1).
Trn (1; +), y trng vi hm h(x) =
2
ln x
x 4x 3 +
. V h(x) l hm s s cp xc nh vi
mi x > 0, x 1, nn y lin tc trn (1; +).
Suy ra
y lien tuc tai x = 0;
y lien tuc tren R
y lien tuc tai x = 1.
(1)
x 0
x 0
x 0
y lien tuc ben trai tai x = 0;
y lien tuc tai x = 0
y lie n tuc be n pha i ta i x = 0.
limy = y(0);

limy = y(0).
lim

2
x 0
2
2
x 0
1 cos6x
= b;
x
lim(ax+b) = b.
1
(6x)
2
lim = b
x
b 18 (2)
=

x 1
x 1
x 1
y lie n tu c be n tra i tai x = 1;
y lie n tu c ta i x = 1
y lien tuc ben phai tai x = 1.
limy = y(1);

limy = y(1).
lim

2
x 1
2
x 1
t 0
t 0
(ax b)= a+b;
ln x
lim = a+b.
x 2x 3
ln x
lim = a+b
x 2x 3
ln(1 t)
lim = a+b (t = x-1)
t(t 4)
t
lim
4t
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
= a+b
1
a+b = (3)
4

T (1), (2) v (3) ta suy ra:
25

1
a+b= ;
y lie n tu c tre n
4
b = 18.
71
a=- ;

4
b = 18.
R

2. HM S LIN TC TRN MT ON
2.1. nh l. Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b]. Khi
1) f(x) t gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn [a; b], ngha l
1 2 1 2
M, m , x [a; b], m f (x) M;
x , x , f (x ) M; f (x ) m.

= =
R
R

2) f(x) t mi gi tr trung gian gia gi tr ln nht M v gi tr nh nht m trn [a; b],
ngha l
0 0
m k M, x [a; b], f (x ) k = .

Minh ha:

2.2. H qu. 1) Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b]. Gi s f(a)f(b) < 0, ngha l f(a)
v f(b) tri du. Khi phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim trn khong (a; b), ngha l tn ti x
0
(a; b) sao cho f(x
0
) = 0.
2) Gi s hm s f(x) lin tc trn khong (a; b) v phng trnh f(x) = 0 v nghim trn
khong ny. Khi f(x) khng i du trn khong (a; b).

V d 1. Chng minh mi phng trnh i s bc l:
a
n
x
n
+ a
n-1
x
n-1
+...+ a
0
= 0 (a
n
0) (1)
vi n nguyn dng l, lun lun c nghim thc.
Gii. t f(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n-1
x
n-1
+...+ a
0
= 0.
26

Khi x , f(x) a
n
x
n
(do n l), nn tn ti a < 0 kh b sao cho f(a) < 0.
Khi x +, f(x) a
n
x
n
+, nn tn ti b > 0 kh ln sao cho f(b) > 0.
V hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] v f(a)f(b) < 0 nn theo h qu trn, phng trnh f(x) =
0 c nhim trn [a; b] v do phng trnh (1) c nghim thc.
V d 2. Gii bt phng trnh:
2 2
(x 6x 5)(1 lnx)(x x 4x 20) 0 (1) + + <
Gii. iu kin: x >0. t
2 2
f(x) (x 6x 5)(1 lnx)(x x 4x 20) = + + . Ta c f(x) lin tc
trn (0; +). Hn na,
2 2
2
2
f (x) 0 (x 6x 5)(1 lnx)(x x 4x 20) 0
x 6x 5 0 x 1 x 5
1 lnx 0 x e
x 5
x x 4x 20 0

= + + =
+ = = =

= =

=
+ =

Ta lp bng xt du:
x 0 1 e 5 +
f(x) - 0 + 0 - 0 -
Lu rng, do tnh lin tc, f(x) khng i du trn mi khong ca bng xt du. Do ta
ch cn th mt gi tr ca mi khong vo f(x) bit du ca f(x) trn cc khong ny. T
bng xt du trn ta suy ra:
f(x) 0 < x < 1 hay e < x < 5 hay x > 5.
Do , bt phng trnh (1) c tp nghim l:
S = (0;1) (e; 5) (5; + ).

27

D- O HM V VI PHN

1. KHI NIM O HM
1.1. nh ngha. 1) Cho hm f(x) xc nh trn mt khong cha x
0
. Khi cho x
0
mt s gia
x kh b th s gia tng ng ca f(x) l y = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
). Lp t s
0 0
f (x x) f (x ) y
x x
+
=

.
Nu t s ny c gii hn l A R khi x 0 th ta ni f(x) c o hm ti x
0
v A l o
hm ca f(x) ti x
0
, k hiu f '(x
0
) = A.
Nh vy,
0 0
0
x 0 x 0
f (x x) f (x ) y
f '(x ) lim lim
x x

+
= =

2) Tng t, ta nh ngha:
f(x) c o hm bn tri ti x
0
, k hiu
0
f (x )
, nu tn ti gii hn hu hn:
0 0
0
x 0
f (x x) f (x )
f (x ) lim .
x

+
=

f(x) c o hm bn phi ti x
0
, k hiu
0
f (x )
+
, nu tn ti gii hn hu hn:
0 0
0
x 0
f (x x) f (x )
f (x ) lim .
x
+
+

+
=

3) f(x) c o hm trn (a,b) nu f(x) c o hm ti mi x
0
(a,b).
4) f(x) c o hm trn [a,b] nu f(x) c o hm trn (a,b) v c o hm bn phi ti a,
o hm bn tri ti b.
1.2. ngha hnh hc ca o hm: o hm f '(x
0
) chnh l h s gc ca tip tuyn vi
ng cong (C): y = f(x) ti im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
)(C). Do phng trnh ca tip tuyn vi ng
cong (C): y = f(x) ti im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
)(C) l:
0 0 0
y - y = f '(x )(x-x )

1.3. ngha kinh t ca o hm:
1) nh ngha: Bin t ca i lng y = f(x) theo i lng x ti x
0
, k hiu M
x
y(x
0
), l
bin i ca i lng y khi i lng x tng ln 1 n v ti x
0
.
2) Biu thc ton hc ca bin t:
Gi s ti x = x
0
ta cho x mt s gia l x n v. Khi bin i ca i lng y = f(x)
l y = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
). Do khi x tng 1 n v th bin i trung bnh ca i lng y
= f(x) l
28

0 0
f (x x) f (x ) y
x x
+
=

.
bit chnh xc bin i ca i lng y = f(x) khi x tng 1 n v ti trng thi (x
0
,y
0
) ta
phi chuyn qua gii hn khi x 0. Theo nh ngha trn, bin i chnh l bin t
M
x
y(x
0
) ca y = f(x) theo x ti x
0
nn
0 0
x 0 0
x 0 x 0
f (x x) f (x ) y
M y(x ) lim lim y'(x )
x x

+
= = =

.
Nh vy, bin t ca i lng y = f(x) theo i lng x ti x
0
chnh l o hm y(x
0
) = f(x
0
)
ca y = f(x) ti x
0
:
x 0 0
M y(x ) y'(x ) =
Tng qut, bin t ca i lng y = f(x) theo i lng x chnh l o hm y = f(x) ca y =
f(x):
x
M y y' =
Ch : Trong thc t, bin t M
x
y(x
0
) ca y = f(x) theo x ti x
0
xp x bng bin i ca
y khi i lng x tng ln 1 n v t trng thi x = x
0
.
V d: Xt m hnh sn xut mt loi sn phm. Khi hm tng chi ph C = C(Q) l
hm theo tng sn phm Q. Chi ph bin t l:
MC(Q) = C(Q).
Chng hn, vi hm tng chi ph:
C = Q
3
+ 2Q
2
+10
ta c chi ph bin t: MC(Q) = C(Q)= 3Q
2
+4Q. Ti Q = 100, ta c MC(100) = 30400. Nh vy,
khi ang sn xut vi tng sn lng Q
0
= 100, nu tng tng sn lng 1 n v thnh Q
1
=
101, th tng chi ph s tng thm 30400 (Thc t l chi ph tng thm C(Q
1
) - C(Q
0
) = 30703).
3) bin i tuyt i v bin i tng i:
Xt i lng x. Ti x = x
0
, cho x mt s gia x th x nhn gi tr mi l x
0
+x. Ta ni x
l bin i tuyt i ca x ti x
0
v t s
0
x
x
l bin i tng i ca x ti x
0
. bin
i tng i thng c tnh bng %.

4) H s co gin: H s co gin ca i lng y = f(x) theo i lng x ti x
0
, k hiu
yx
(x
0
), l bin i tng i ca y khi x tng tng i ln 1%.
5) Biu thc ton hc ca h s co gin:
Gi s ti x
0
ta cho x mt s gia l x n v. Khi :
- bin i tuyt i ca x ti x
0
l x.
- bin i tng i ca x ti x
0
l
29

0
x
.100%
x
.
- bin i tuyt i ca y ti x
0
l:
y = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
).
- bin i tng i ca y ti x
0
(y
0
= f(x
0
)) l:
0 0
0 0
f (x x) f (x ) y
.100% .100%
y y
+
=
Do , ti x = x
0
, khi x tng tng i 1% th bin i tng i trung bnh ca i lng y =
f(x) l
0 0
0
0
y
.100%
y x y
. %
x
x y
.100
x

.
bit chnh xc bin i tng i ca i lng y = f(x) khi x tng 1 n v ti trng thi
(x
0
,y
0
) ta phi chuyn qua gii hn khi x 0, Theo nh ngha trn, bin i tng i
chnh l h s co gin
yx
(x
0
) ca i lng y = f(x) theo i lng x ti x
0
nn
0 0
yx 0 0
x 0
0 0
x x y
(x ) lim . y'(x )
x y y

= =
.
Nh vy, h s co gin
yx
(x
0
) ca i lng y = f(x) theo i lng x ti x
0
nh bi:
0
yx 0 0
0
x
(x ) y'(x )
y
=

Tng qut, h s co gin
yx
(x) ca i lng y = f(x) theo i lng x nh bi:
yx
x
(x) y'(x)
y
=

V d. Xt m hnh sn xut mt loi sn phm. Khi hm cu Q
D
= Q(P) l hm gim theo
n gi P. H s co gin
D
Q P
thng c vit tt l
D
. Ta c:
D
P
Q'(P) 0
Q
= <
.
H s co gin
D
cho bit lng cu s gim bao nhiu phn trm khi ta tng gi 1%.
Chng hn, vi hm cu Q
D
= 1000 5P, h s co gin
D
l:

D
P 5P
Q'(P)
Q 1000 5P
= =

30

Ti P
0
= 120,
D
(P
0
) = 1,5, ngha l khi ang bn vi n gi P
0
= 120, nu tng gi ln 1%,
th lng cu s gim i khong 1,5%.

1.4. nh l. Nu f(x) c o hm ti x
0
th f(x) lin tc ti x
0
.
1.5. Ch . Mt hm s lin tc ti x
0
khng nht thit c o hm ti im .

2. PHNG PHP TNH O HM
2.1. nh l. Gi s cc hm u = u(x) v v = v(x) c cc o hm u = u(x); v = v(x). Ta
c
1 (u + v)= u+ v
2 (ku) = ku (k: Const)
3 (uv) = uv + uv
4
2
u u v uv
(v 0)
v
v

=

5
2
1 v
(v 0)
v
v

=

2.2. nh l (o hm ca hm s hp). Xt hm hp y = f[(x)]. Nu hm y = f(u) c
o hm theo bin u l y
u
= f (u) v u = (x) c o hm theo bin x l u
x
=

(x). Khi hm
hp y = f[ (x)] c o hm theo bin x l y
x
= y
u
.u
x
.
2.3. nh l (o hm ca hm s ngc). Gi s hm s x = g(y) c hm ngc l y =
f(x). Khi nu x = g(y) c o hm theo y l x'
y
= g'(y) 0 v hm ngc y = f(x) lin tc theo
bin x th y = f(x) c o hm theo x nh bi
x
y
1
y
x
=

V d: 1) Tnh o hm ca cc hm s y = arcsinx v y = arccosx.
2) Tnh o hm ca hm y = arctgx v y = arccotgx.
Gii. 1) y = arcsinx (1 x 1; /2 y /2) l hm ngc ca hm x = siny. Vi mi
/2 < y < /2, ta c
y
x' cosy 0. = >

Do
31

x
2 2
y
1 1 1 1
y' .
x' cos y
1 sin y 1 x
= = = =

Vy
2
1
(arcsinx) '
1 x
=
(1 < x < 1).

Tng t, ta c
2
x 1
1
)' x (arccos
=
(1 < x < 1)

2) y = arctgx (x R, /2 < y < /2) l hm ngc ca hm x = tgy. Vi mi /2 < y <
/2, ta c
2 2
y 2
1
x' 1 tg y 1 x .
cos y
= = + = +

Do
x 2
y
1 1
y .
x 1 x
= =
+

2
x 1
1
)' arctgx ( Vay
+
=
.
Tng t, ta c
2
1
(arc cot gx) .
1 x
=
+

2.4. Bng o hm:
O HM HM S f(x) O HM HM S f(u) vi u = u(x)
1 (C) = 0 (C: Const) (C) (C: Const)
2 (x
) = x
1
(: Const) (u
) = uu
1
(: Const)
1
( x)
2 x
=
u
( u)
2 u
=
2
1 1
x x

=

2
1 u
u u

=

3 (e
x
) = e
x
(e
u
) = ue
u

32

4 (a
x
) = a
x
lna (0 < a: Const) (a
u
) = ua
u
lna (0 < a: Const)
5 1
(ln|x|)
x
=
u
(ln|u|)
u
=
6
a
1
(log |x|)
x lna
=
(0 < a 1: Const)
a
u
(log |u|)
u lna
=
(0 < a 1: Const)
7 (sinx) = cosx (sinu) = ucosu
8 (cosx) = sinx (cosu) = usinu
9
2
2
1
(tgx) 1 tg x
cos x
= = +
2
2
u
(tgu) u (1 tg u)
cos u
= = +
10
2
2
1
(cot gx) (1 cot g x)
sin x
= = +
2
2
u
(cot gu) u (1 cot g u)
sin u
= +
11
2
1
(arcsinx)
1 x
=

2
u
(arcsinu)
1 u

12
2
1
(arccos x)
1 x
=

2
u
(arccos u)
1 u

13
2
1
(arc tgx)
1 x
=
+

2
u
(arc tgu)
1 u
=
+

14
2
1
(arc cotgx)
1 x
=
+

2
u
(arc cotgu)
1 u
=
+

2.5. o hm ca hm s dng y = u
v
vi u = u(x); v = v(x)
tnh o hm ca hm s trn ta tin hnh nh sau:
Ly logarit c 2 v ca y = u
v
, ta c:
lny = vlnu (1)
Ly o hm 2 v ca (1), ta c:
y' u'
v' lnu v .
y u
= +
Do
v
u' u'
y' (v' lnu v )y (v' lnu v )u .
u u
= + = +
V d: Tnh o hm ca hm y = x
sinx
.
Gii. Ly logarit c 2 v ca y = x
sinx
, ta c
lny = sinxlnx (1)
33

Ly o hm 2 v ca (1), ta c
y' sin x
cos x ln x
y x
= + .
Do
sinx
sinx
y' x (cosxlnx )
x
= +
.
2.6. o hm ca hm n
Xt phng trnh
F(x,y) = 0 (1)
Gi s y = y(x) (x D) l hm s tha F(x,y(x)) = 0 vi mi x D. Ta ni y l hm n
c xc nh bi phng trnh (1).
Ta c th tm o hm y' ca hm n y xc nh bi phng trnh (1), theo x v y, m
khng cn xc nh biu thc tng minh ca hm s y = y(x), bng cch ly o hm hai v
ca (1) theo bin x, trong y l mt hm theo bin x. Ch rng khi ly o hm nh vy ta
phi s dng nh l v o hm hm hp.
V d 1: Tm o hm y' = y'(x) ca hm n y = y(x) xc nh bi phng trnh tgy = xy.
Gii. Ly o hm hai v ca phng trnh tgy = xy ta c
(1 + tg
2
y)y = y + xy
Suy ra (1 + x + tg
2
y)y = y. T
2
y
y'
1 x tg y
=
+
.

V d 2: Tm o hm y' = y'(0) ca hm n y = y(x) xc nh bi phng trnh
x
3
xy xe
y
+ y 1 = 0. (2)
Gii. Ly o hm hai v ca phng trnh x
3
xy xe
y
+ y 1 = 0. ta c
3x
2
y xy e
y
xe
y
y + y = 0. (3)
Th x = 0 vo (2) ta c y = 1. Th x = 0, y = 1 vo (3) ta c 1 e + y = 0. Suy ra
y(0) = 1 + e.
2.6. o hm ca hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s
Gi s hm s y ph thuc bin s x khng trc tip m thng qua mt bin s trung gian
t:
x (t);
y (t)
=

v hm s x = (t) c hm ngc t =
1
(x), hn na cc hm , v
1
u

c o hm. Khi
hm s y = [
1
(x)] c o hm theo x. Tht vy, ta c y
t
= y
x
.x
t
. Suy ra
34

t
x
t
y
y
x

V d 1. Tm o hm y= y(x) ca hm s y = y(x) cho bi phng trnh tham s:
2
x ln(1 t );
y 2t 2arctgt.
= +

Gii. Ta c
2
t
x 2
t tt
2
2
2
y (2t 2arctgt)
1 t
y t.
2t x (ln(1 t ))
1 t

+
= = = =
+
+

V d 2. Tm o hm y= y(2) ca hm s y = y(x) cho bi phng trnh tham s:
t
2
x 2e ;
y t t .
=
= +

Gii. Ta c
2
t
x t t
t tt
y (t t ) 1 2t
y .
x (2e ) 2e
+ +
= = =

Ti x = 2 ta c 2e
t
= 2 nn t = 0. Suy ra y'(2) = 1/2.

3. VI PHN
Cho hm s f(x) c o hm ti x
0
. t
0 0
0
f (x x) f (x )
( x) f (x ).
x
+
=

Khi , ( x) 0 khi x 0 , v
0 0 0 0
f (x x) f (x ) f (x ) x x ( x) f (x ) x o( x) + = + = +
,
trong o( x) x ( x) = . Ch rng
o( x)
( x) 0 khi x 0
x

nn o( x) l mt VCB cp cao hn VCB x khi x 0. Ta ni f(x) kh vi ti x
0
v vi phn
ca f(x) ti x
0
l f '(x
0
)x theo nh ngha sau:
3.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn mt khong cha x
0
. Ta ni f(x) kh vi ti
x
0
nu tn ti mt hng s A v mt hm s o( x) l VCB cp cao hn VCB x khi x 0
sao cho vi mi x kh b ta c
35

0 0
f (x x) f (x ) A x o( x) + = + .
Khi i lng Ax c gi l vi phn ca f(x) ti im x
0
, k hiu l df(x
0
). Nh vy,
df(x
0
) = Ax.
L lun trn cho thy nu f(x) c o hm ti x
0
th f(x) kh vi ti x
0
v df(x
0
) = f'(x
0
)x.
Tng qut hn, ta c kt qu sau:
3.2. nh l. Hm s f(x) kh vi ti x
0
khi v ch f(x) c o hm ti x
0
. Khi vi phn ca
f(x) ti x
0
l df(x
0
) = f (x
0
)x.
3.3. Biu thc ca vi phn:
T kt qu trn, ta c vi phn ca f(x) nh bi:
df(x) = f (x)x.
Nhn xt rng vi g(x) = x th g(x) = 1, do dg(x) = 1.x = x, ngha l dx = x. Do ta c
biu thc ca vi phn ca f(x) nh sau:
df(x) = f (x)dx

Ch . Do cng thc trn, ta c:
df (x)
f (x) .
dx
=

3.4. ngha ca vi phn v cng thc tnh gn ng:
Cho hm s f(x) kh vi ti x
0
. Khi vi mi x kh b ta c
0 0 0
f (x x) f (x ) f (x ) x o( x) + = +
.
V o( x) l VCB cp cao hn VCB x khi x 0 nn khi x kh b ta c
0 0 0
f (x x) f (x ) f (x ) x. +

Ni cch khc, khi x kh b, s gia f(x
0
) ca f(x) ti x
0
gn bng vi phn df(x
0
) ca f(x) ti x
0

v ta c cng thc tnh gn ng:
0 0 0
f (x x) f (x ) df (x ) + +

V d. Cho hm s y = arctgx. Tm cc vi phn dy v dy(1). p dng: Tnh gn ng
arctg(1,02).
Gii. 1) Vi phn dy = y'dx =
2
x 1
1
+
dx.
2) Vi phn dy(1) = y'(1)dx =
2
1 1
dx dx
1 1 2
=
+
.
3) Ta tnh gn ng arctg(1,02) nh sau: t x
0
= 1; x = 0,02. Ap dng cng thc tnh
gn ng cho hm s y = arctgx, ta c
36

y(1,02) y(1) + dy(1).
Do arctg(1,02) arctg1 + (1/2).0,02= /4 + 0,01.

3.5. nh l. Cho cc hm s u = u(x) v v = v(x) c cc vi phn l du v dv. Ta c

1 d(u + v) = du + dv
2 d(ku) = kdu; (k: Const)
3 d(uv) = udv + vdu
4
2
u vdu udv
d (v 0)
v v

=

4. O HM V VI PHN CP CAO
4.1. o hm cp cao
1) nh ngha. Gi s hm s f(x) c o hm f (x). Ta cn gi f (x) l o hm cp mt
ca f(x).
Nu hm s f (x) li c o hm th o hm c gi l o hm cp hai ca f(x), k
hiu l f (x) hay f
(2)
(x). Nh vy,
f (x) = [f (x)].
Tng qut, o hm ca o hm cp (n1) ca f(x) c gi l o hm cp n ca f(x),k
hiu l f
(n)
(x). Nh vy,
(n) (n 1)
f (x) [f (x)]
=
2) nh l. Gi s cc hm u = u(x) v v = v(x) c cc o hm cp n l u
(n)
= u
(n)
(x); v
(n)

= v
(n)
(x). Ta c
(n) (n) (n)
(n) (n)
n
(n) k (k) (n k)
n
k=0
a) (u + v) = u + v ;
b) (ku) = ku ; (k: Const)
c) (uv) = C u v

trong u
(0)
= u v v
(0)
= v.
V d. Tm o hm cp n ca cc hm s sau:
a) y = x
n
; b) y = sinx; c) y cosx; d)
1
y
x a
=
+
(a: const) e) y = x
2
sinx.
Gii. a) Vi y = x
n
, ta c
y = nx
n1
, y = n(n 1)x
n2
, y = n(n 1)(n 2)x
n3
, ...,
y
(n)
= n(n 1)(n 2)...3.2.1 = n!,
37

y
(k)
= 0; k > n.
b) Vi y = sinx, ta c
y' = cosx = sin(x +
2
),
y'' = cos(x +
2
) = sin(x +
2
+
2
) = sin(x + 2
2
).
Tng qut, y
(n)
= sin(x + n
2
).
c) Tng t, vi y = cosx, ta c: y
(n)
= cos(x + n
2
).
d) Vi
1
y
x a
=
+
, ta c
2
2 3
1 2
y ; y ( 1)
(x a) (x a)
= =
+ +

Ta chng minh
(n) n
n 1
n!
y ( 1)
(x a)
+
=
+
. (1)
Vi n = 1, (1) ng.
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k, ngha l
(k) k
k 1
k!
y ( 1) .
(x a)
+
=
+

Vi n = k + 1, ta c

k
(k 1) k k k 1
k 1 2(k 1) k 2
k! k!(k 1)(x a) (k 1) !
y ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) .
(x a) (x a) (x a)
+ +
+ + +

+ + +
= = =

+ + +

Vy (1) cng ng vi n = k + 1. Ta kt lun
(n) n
n 1
n!
y ( 1)
(x a)
+
=
+
vi mi n 1.
e) t u = x
2
, v = sinx y = uv. Theo cc kt qu trn ta c
u = 2x, u = 2, u(k) = 0, k 3;
v
(m)
= sin(x + m
2
).
Suy ra
38

2 2
y 2xsinx x sin(x ) x sin(x ) 2xcos(x ).
2 2 2

= + + = + +
Vi n 2 ta c
n
(n) (n) k (k) (n k) (n) 1 (n 1) 2 (n 2)
n n n
k 0
2
2 2
y (uv) C u v uv C u v C u v
x sin(x n ) 2nxsin(x (n 1) ) n(n 1) sin(x (n 2) ).
2 2 2
(x n n) sin(x n ) 2nxcos(x n ).
2 2

=
= = = + +

= + + + + +

= + + +

Kt lun
(n) 2 2
y (x n n) sin(x n ) 2nxcos(x n ), n 1.
2 2

= + + +
4.2. Vi phn cp cao
Gi s hm s f(x) c vi phn df(x)= f'(x)dx. Ta cn gi df(x) l vi phn cp mt ca f(x).
Nu hm s f (x) kh vi th df(x) = f (x)dx c vi phn v vi phn c gi l vi phn
cp hai ca f(x), k hiu d
2
f(x). Ta c
d
2
f(x) = d(df(x)) = d[f (x)dx] = f (x)dx.dx= f (x)dx
2
.
Vy d
2
f(x) = f
(2)
(x)dx
2
.Tng qut, vi phn ca vi phn cp (n 1) ca f(x) c gi l vi phn
cp n ca f(x), k hiu d
n
f(x). Ta c
n (n) n
d f(x) = f (x)dx
V d. Vi y = sinx, ta c d
n
y = y
(n)
dx
n
= sin(x + n
2
)dx
n
.
5. QUI TC LHOSPITAL
5.1. nh l (Qui tc LHospital). Xt gii hn
x A
f (x)
lim
g(x)
c dng v nh
0
0
hoc

(ngha l: f(x)0, g(x)0 hoc f(x), g(x)). Gi s tn ti gii hn
x A
f (x)
lim L.
g (x)

Khi
x A
f (x)
lim L
g(x)
=
.
5.2. Ch . 1) Nu sau khi s dng Qui tc LHospital m gii hn vn cn dng v nh
0
0
hoc
th ta c th s dng tip qui tc ny. Lu : Nn kt hp vi qui tc thay th hm

tng ng vic tnh o hm c d dng hn.
39

2) Qui tc LHospital ch c p dng trc tip cho gii hn thuc hai dng v nh
0
0

v
. i vi cc dng v nh khc, mun p dng ta cn a v mt trong hai dng v nh

trn m ta c th tm tt trong bng sau:
BNG P QUI TC LHOSPITAL TM GII HN
DNG V
NH
GII HN BIN I QUI TC
LHOSPITAL
0/0
x A
f (x)
L lim
g(x)
=

x A
f (x)
L lim
g (x)

/
x A
f (x)
L lim
g(x)
=

x A
f (x)
L lim
g (x)

0.
x A
L limf (x)g(x)
=

x A
f (x)
L lim
1
g(x)
=

hay
x A
g(x)
L lim
1
f (x)
=

x A
f (x)
L lim
1
g(x)

hay
x A
g (x)
L lim
1
f (x)

x A
L lim[f (x) g(x)]
=
x A
1 1
g(x) f (x)
L lim
1
f (x)g(x)
=
x A
1 1
g(x) f (x)
L lim
1
f (x)g(x)

g(x)
x A
L limf (x)
=

x A
K
lim[f (x) 1]g(x)
L e

=

x A
[f (x) 1]
K lim
1
g(x)

hay
x A
g (x)
K lim
1
f (x) 1

0
0

0

g(x)
x A
L limf (x)
=

x A
K
lim g(x) lnf (x)
L e

=

( )
x A
lnf (x)
K lim
1
g(x)

40

x x
1
x 0
e e 2x
L lim .
x sin x
2
x 1
x
ln|cos( )|
2
L lim .
x
tg( )
2
=

2
3
2
x 0
1
L lim( cot g x).
x
=

10 x
4
x
L limx e .
=

1
x x
x
5
x 0
3 4
L lim
2
+
=

( )
3
ln|sin(2 x)|
6
x 2
L lim x 2
+

=

ln(1 2x)
7
x 0
L lim(cot gx)
+
+
=

Gii.
x x
1
x 0
e e 2x
1) L lim .
x sinx
Ta thy L
1
c dng v nh
0
0
. Ap dng Qui tc
LHospital, ta c:
x x x x x x
1
x 0 x 0 x 0
x x
x 0
L' Hosp L' Hosp
e e 2x e e 2 e e
L lim lim lim
x sinx 1 cos x sinx
L' Hosp
e e
lim 2.
cos x

+
=

+
= =

2
x 1
x
ln|cos( )|
2
2) L lim .
x
tg( )
2
Ta thy L
2
c dng v nh
. Ap dng Qui tc LHospital, ta

c:
2
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
x
sin( )
2 2
x x
ln|cos( )| cos( )
x x
2 2
L lim lim limsin( )cos( ) 0.
x 2 2
tg( )
2 2
x
cos ( )
2

= = = =

2
3 2
x 0
1
3) L lim( cot g x).
x
= Ta thy L
3
c dng v nh . Ta bin i
41

2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 t g x x (t gx x)(t gx x)
cot g x .
x x t g x x tg x x tg x
+
= = =

Khi x 0, ta c tgx + x ~ 2x v x
2
tg
2
x ~ x
4
. Do
2
2 2 2 4 3
1 (t gx x)(t gx x) 2x(t gx x) 2(t gx x)
cot g x
x x tg x x x
+
= =

Suy ra
3 3
x 0
t gx x
L 2lim
x
= . Ta thy by gi gii hn L
3
c dng v nh
0
0
. Ap dng Qui tc
LHospital, ta c
2 2
3 3 2 2
x 0 x 0 x 0
t gx x (1 t g x) 1 2 t g x 2
L 2lim 2lim lim .
x 3x 3 x 3

+
= = = =

10 x
4
x
4) L limx e .
= Ta thy L
4
c dng v nh 0.. Ta bin i
10
10
10 x 10
4 4 x x
x x x
10
x x
L limx e lim lim (K ) .
e
e

= = = =

trong
4 x
x
10
x
K lim
e

= . Ta thy K
4
c dng v nh
. Ap dng Qui tc LHospital, ta c

4 x x
x x
10 10
x 1
K lim lim 0.
1
e e
10

= = =

Suy ra L
4
= (K
4
)
10
= 0.
1
x x
x
5
x 0
3 4
5) L lim
2

+
=

. Ta thy L
5
c dng v nh 1
. Ta c
x x
x 0
1
1 3 4
x x
lim ln
x
x 2
5
x 0
3 4
L lim e
2
+
= =

Xt gii hn
( )
x x
x x
5
x 0 x 0
ln 3 4 ln2
1 3 4
K lim ln lim .
x 2 x

+

+
= =

Ta thy K
5
c dng v nh
0
0
. Ap dng Qui tc LHospital, ta c:
( )
x x
x x
x x
5
x 0 x 0 x 0
3 ln3 4 ln4
ln 3 4 ln2
ln3 ln4 1
3 4
K lim lim . lim ln12 ln 12.
x 1 2 2

+
+
+
+
= = = = =
42

Suy ra
5
K ln 12
5
L e e 12 2 3 = = = =
.
( )
3
ln|sin(2 x)|
6
x 2
6) L lim x 2 .
+

=
Ta thy L
5
c dng v nh 0
0
. Ta c
( )
( )
x 2
3
3
lim ln x 2
ln|sin(2 x)|
ln|sin(2 x)|
6
x 2
L lim x 2 e
+
= =

Xt gii hn
( )
( )
6
x 2 x 2
ln x 2
3
K lim ln x 2 3lim
ln|sin(2 x)| ln|sin(2 x)|
+ +

= =

.
Ta thy K
6
c dng v nh

( )
6
x 2 x 2 x 2
1
ln x 2
sin(2 x) 1
x 2
K 3lim 3lim 3lim 3.
cos(2 x) ln|sin(2 x)| 2 x cos(2 x)
sin(2 x)
+ + +

= = = =

Suy ra
6
K 3
6
L e e . = =
ln(1 2x)
7
x 0
7) L lim(cot gx) .
+
+
=
Ta thy L
7
c dng v nh
0
. Ta c
x 0
lim (1 2x) ln(cot gx)
ln(1 2x)
7
x 0
L lim(cot gx) e
+
+
+
+
= =

Xt gii hn
7
x 0
K limln(1 2x) ln(cot gx)
+
= +
.
Ta thy K
7
c dng v nh 0.. Khi x 0
+
, ta c ln(1+2x) ~ 2x, do
ln(1+2x)ln(cotgx) ~ 2x ln(cotgx).
Suy ra
7
x 0 x 0
ln(cot gx)
K lim2xl n(cot gx) 2lim
1
x
+ +

= =
.
Ta thy by gi gii hn K
7
c dng v nh

43

2
2 2
7
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
2
1
( )
sin x
ln(cot gx) x x x cot gx
K 2lim 2lim 2lim 2lim 2lim 0.
1 1 sinxcos x xcos x cos x
x x
+ + + + +

= = = = = =

Suy ra
7
K 0
7
L e e 1. = = =

6. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR
6.1. nh l (Taylor). Cho hm s f(x) c o hm n cp n + 1 lin tc trn on [a,b].
Khi vi mi x
0
[a,b], ta c
(n) (n 1)
2 n n 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
f '(x ) f ''(x ) f (x ) f (c)
f(x) f(x ) (x x ) (x x ) ... (x x ) (x x ) (1)
1! 2! n! (n 1)!
+
+
= + + + + +
+

vi mi x [a,b], trong c nm gia x
0
v x. Ta gi (1) l khai trin Taylor n cp n ca f(x)
ti x
0
vi phn d di dng Lagrange:
(n 1)
n 1
n 0
f (c)
R (x) (x x )
(n 1)!
+
+
=
+
.
Ch rng R
n
(x) l mt VCB cp cao hn VCB (x x
0
)
n
khi x x
0
nn ta c th vit
R
n
(x) = o((x x
0
)
n
). Nh vy, (1) cn c vit di dng:
(n)
2 n n 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
f '(x ) f ''(x ) f (x )
f(x) f(x ) (x x ) (x x ) ... (x x ) o((x x ) ) (1')
1! 2! n!
= + + + + +

Ta gi (1) l khai trin Taylor n cp n ca f(x) ti x
0
vi phn d di dng Peano.
6.2. Khai trin MacLaurin. Khai trin Taylor ca f(x) ti x
0
= 0 c gi l khai trin
MacLaurin ca f(x). Nh vy, khai trin MacLaurin n cp n ca f(x) nh bi:
(n) (n 1)
2 n n 1
f '(0) f ''(0) f (0) f (c)
f(x) f(0) x x ... x x (2)
1! 2! n! (n 1)!
+
+
= + + + + +
+

hay
(n)
2 n n
f '(0) f ''(0) f (0)
f(x) f(0) x x ... x o(x ) (2')
1! 2! n!
= + + + + +

trong c nm gia 0 v x; o(x
n
) l mt VCB cp cao hn VCB x
n
khi x 0.
6.3. Khai trin MacLaurin ca mt s hm s cp:
44

2 n n 1
x c
2 n
x n
x x x x
e 1 ... e
1! 2! n! (n 1)!
x x x
e 1 ... o(x )
1! 2! n!
+
= + + + + +
+
= + + + + +
3 5 2k 1 2k 3
k
3 5 2k 1
k 2k 2
x x x x
sinx x ... ( 1) sin[c (2k 3) ]
3! 5! (2k 1)! (2k 3)! 2
x x x
sinx x ... ( 1) o(x )
3! 5! (2k 1)!
+ +
+
+
= + + + + +
+ +
= + + +
+
2 4 6 2k 2k 2
k
2 4 6 2k
k 2k 1
x x x x x
cosx 1 ... ( 1) cos[c (k 1) ]
2! 4! 6! (2k)! (2k 2)!
x x x x
cosx 1 ... ( 1) o(x )
2! 4! 6! (2k)!
+
+
= + + + + + +
+
= + + + +
n 1
2 n
n 2
2 n n
1 x
1 x x ... x
1 x (1 c)

1
1 x x ... x o(x ) (x 1)
1 x
+
+
= + + + + +

= + + + + + <

n 1
2 n n n 1
n 2
2 n n n
1 x
1 x x ... ( 1) x ( 1)
1 x (1 c)

1
1 x x ... ( 1) x o(x ) (x 1)
1 x
+
+
+
= + + +
+ +
= + + + >
+

2 3 n n 1
n 1
2 3 n
n
x x x x
ln(1 x) x ...
2 3 n (n 1)(1 c)

x x x
ln(1 x) x ... o(x ) (x 1)
2 3 n
+
+
=
+
= + <

45

2 3 n n 1
n 1 n
n 1
2 3 n
n 1 n
x x x x
ln(1 x) x ... ( 1) ( 1)
2 3 n (n 1)(1 c)

x x x
ln(1 x) x ... ( 1) o(x ) (x 1)
2 3 n
+
+ = + + + +
+ +
+ = + + + + >
3 5 2k 1
k 2k 2
x x x
arctgx x ... ( 1) o(x )
3 3 2k 1
+
+
= + + +
+

3 5 6
1 2
tgx x x x o(x ) ( x )
3 15 2 2

= + + + < <

6.4. ng dng
1) Tnh xp x. Ta thng dng khai trin MacLaurin tnh xp x gi tr ca hm f(x)
sau khi chn n ln phn d R
n
(x) c tr tuyt i khng vt qu sai s cho php.
V d. Tnh cos25
o
chnh xc n 0,00001.
Gii. Xt khai trin MacLaurin ca cosx:
2 4 6 2k 2k 2
k
x x x x x
cos x 1 ... ( 1) cos[c (k 1) ]
2! 4! 6! (2k)! (2k 2)!
+
= + + + + + +
+

Phn d ca khai trin l:
2k 2
n
x
R (x) cos[c (k 1) ]
(2k 2)!
+
= + +
+

Vi x = 25
o
=
5
36
, ta c:
2k 2
2k 2 2k 2
n
x |x| 1 5
|R (x)| cos[c (k 1) ]
(2k 2)! (2k 2)! (2k 2)! 36
+
+ +

= + + =

+ + +

Chn k = 2, ta c:
2k 2
n
1 5
|R (x)| 0, 00001
6! 36
+

<

.
Vy ta c th tnh cos25
o
chnh xc n 0,00001 nh cng thc:
2 4
x x
cos x 1
2! 4!
+

46

ngha l
2 4
o
5 5
5 36 36
cos25 cos 1 0, 90632
36 2! 4!

= +
.
2) Tnh gii hn dng v nh:
2 4
1
x 0
2 2cos x x 2x
L lim .
x(x tgx)
+
=

x 3 2
2
x 0
6e x 3x 6x 6
L lim .
x sinx
+
=

3 4
3
2 3
x 0
3x 3arctgx x x
L lim .
6ln(1 x) 6x 3x 2x
+
=
+ + +

Gii. 1)
2 4
1
x 0
2 2cos x x 2x
L lim .
x(x tgx)
+
=
Khi x 0, ta c
2 4
2 4 5 2 4 4 5 4
3 3 3 4
5 4
x x 23 23
2 2cosx x 2x 2 2(1 o(x )) x 2x = x o(x ) x ,
2! 4! 12 12
x x x x
x tgx x (x o(x )) o(x ) x(x tgx) .
3 3 3 3
+ = + + + +
= + + = +

nn
4
2 4
4
23
x
2 2cos x x 2x 23
12
.
x x(x tgx) 4
3
+

Vy
1
23
L .
4
=
x 3 2
2
x 0
6e x 3x 6x 6
2) L lim .
x sinx
+
=
Khi x 0, ta c
2 3
x 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3
3 3 3
4 4
x x
6e x 3x 6x 6 6(1 x o(x )) x 3x 6x 6 2x o(x ) 2x ,
2! 3!
x x x
x sinx x (x o(x )) o(x ) .
3! 6 6
+ = + + + + + = +
= + = +

nn
47

x 3 2 3
3
6e x 3x 6x 6 2x
12.
x sinx x
6
+

Vy L
2
= 12.
3 4
3 2 3
x 0
3x 3arctgx x x
3) L lim .
6ln(1 x) 6x 3x 2x
+
=
+ + +
Khi x 0, ta c
3
3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4
2 3 4
2 3 4 2 3 4 4 4
x
3x x x 3arctgx x x 3x x x 3(x o(x )) x o(x ) x ,
3
x x x 3 3
6ln(1 x) 6x 3x 2x 6( x o(x )) 6x 3x 2x x o(x ) x .
2 3 4 2 2
+ + = + + = +
+ + + = + + + + = +

Suy ra
3 4 3 4 4
2 3
4
3x x x 3arctgx x x x 2
3
6ln(1 x) 6x 3x 2x 3
x
2
+ +

+ + +

.
Vy
3
2
L
3
= .
7. NG DNG
7.1. Tnh n iu - Cc tr - Tnh li lm - im un - GTLN - GTNN
Sinh vin t n
7.2. Bi ton lp k hoch sn xuat t li nhun ti a
Bi ton: Gi s mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm. Bit hm cu l
Q
D
=D(P) (P l n gi) v hm tng chi ph l C=C(Q) (Q l sn lng). Hy xc nh mc sn
lng Q x nghip t li nhun ti a.
Phng php gii: Vi mc sn lng Q, bn ht sn phm, x nghip cn bn theo
n gi P sao cho Q
D
= Q. Do
D(P) = Q P = D
1
(Q).
Khi :
- Doanh thu ca x nghip l:
R(Q) = P.Q= D
1
(Q).Q
- Li nhun ca x nghip l:
(Q) = R(Q) C(Q) = Q.D
1
(Q) C(Q)
Ta cn xc nh gi tr Q > 0 (Q) t cc i. Thng thng ta ch cn tm Q = Q
0
> 0 sao
cho '(Q
0
) = 0 v ''(Q
0
) < 0, hn na, ph hp vi thc t, ti Q = Q
0
ta phi c li nhun,
n gi v tng chi ph u dng.
48

V d: Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm. Bit hm cu Q
D
=
1
656 - P
2
(P l n gi) v hm tng chi ph l C = Q
3
77.Q
2
+ 1000Q + 40000 (Q l sn
lng). Hy xc nh mc sn lng Q x nghip t li nhun ti a.
Gii. Vi mc sn lng Q, bn ht sn phm, x nghip cn bn theo n gi P sao
cho:
Q
D
= Q
1
656 P
2
= Q P =1312 2Q.
Khi :
R(Q) = P.Q = (1312 2Q)Q.
(Q) = R(Q) C(Q)
= (1312 2Q)Q (Q
3
77Q
2
+ 1000Q + 40000)
= Q
3
+ 75Q
2
+ 312Q 40000.
Cn xc nh gi tr Q > 0 (Q) t cc i. Ta c:
'(Q) = 3Q
2
+ 150Q + 312.
Suy ra:
'(Q) = 0 3Q
2
+ 150Q + 312 = 0
Q = 2 (loi) hay Q = 52.
Ta cng c: ''(Q) = 6Q + 150 nn ''(52) < 0. Suy ra (Q) t cc i ti Q = 52. Khi ta
c cc s liu sau u ph hp:
- Li nhun l = 38416 > 0.
- n gi l P = 1208 > 0.
- Tng chi ph l C = 24400 > 0.
Kt lun: t li nhun cao nht, x nghip cn sn xut vi mc sn lng Q = 52. Khi
li nhun tng ng l = 38416.
7.3. Bi ton thu doanh thu
Bi ton: Gi s mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm. Bit hm cu l
Q
D
=D(P) (P l n gi) v hm tng chi ph l C=C(Q) (Q l sn lng). Hy xc nh mc thu
t trn mt n v sn phm c th thu c nhiu thu nht t x nghip.
Phng php gii: Vi mc thu t trn mt n v sn phm, x nghip s nh mc sn
lng Q ph thuc vo t sao cho t li nhun ti a. Vi mc sn lng Q, bn ht sn
phm, x nghip cn bn theo n gi P sao cho Q
D
= Q. Do
D(P) = Q P = D
1
(Q).
Khi :
49

R(Q) = P.Q= D
1
(Q).Q
- Tin thu x nghip phi np l: T(t)= Qt.
(Q) = R(Q) C(Q) Qt = D
1
(Q).Q C(Q) Qt.
Nh ni trn, ta cn xc nh Q sao cho (Q) t cc i. Khi Q = Q(t) (Q ph
thuc vo t) v tin thu m x nghip phi np l T = Q(t)t. thu c nhiu thu nht t x
nghip ta cn xc nh gi tr t > 0 T = Q(t)t t cc i. Ch rng ph hp vi thc t,
ti gi tr t tm c ta phi c sn lng, n gi, li nhun v tng chi ph u dng.
V d. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm. Bit hm cu l Q
D
= 2000
P (P l n gi) v hm tng chi ph l C = Q
2
+ 1000 Q + 50 (Q l sn lng). Hy xc nh
mc thu t trn mt n v sn phm c th thu c nhiu thu nht t x nghip.
Gii. Vi mc sn lng Q, bn ht sn phm, x nghip cn bn theo n gi P sao
cho:
Q
D
= Q 2000 P = Q P = 2000 Q.
Khi :
R(Q) = P.Q= (2000 Q)Q.
- Tin thu x nghip phi np l: T(t) = Qt.
(Q) = R(Q) C(Q) Qt
= (2000 Q)Q (Q
2
+ 1000 Q + 50) Qt
= 2Q
2
+ (1000 t) Q 50.
Mc sn lng c nh ra sao cho (Q) t cc i. Ta c:
'(Q) = 4Q

+ 1000 t.
Suy ra:
'(Q) = 0 4Q

+ 1000 t = 0 Q =
1000 t
4
.
V ''(Q) = 4 < 0 nn (Q) t cc i ti Q =
1000 t
4
. Khi tin thu m x nghip phi

np l:
T(t) = Qt =
2
1000t t
4
.
Ta cn xc nh gi tr t > 0 T(t) t cc i.
Ta c
50

T'(t) =
1000 2t
4
.
Suy ra
T'(t) = 0
1000 2t
4
= 0 t = 500.
V T''(t)= 1/2< 0 nn T(t) t cc i ti t= 500. Khi ta c cc s liu sau u ph hp:
- Sn lng l Q = 125 > 0. Tin thu thu c l T = 62500.
- n gi l P = 1875 > 0.
- Li nhun l = 31200 > 0.
- Tng chi ph l C = 140675 > 0.
Kt lun: thu c nhiu thu nht t x nghip, cn nh mc thu trn mt n v sn
phm l t = 500. Khi tin thu thu c l T = 62500.

7.4. Bi ton thu nhp khu
Bi ton: Cho bit hm cung v hm cu ca mt loi sn phm trong th trng ni a
ln lt l Q
S
= S(P) v Q
D
= D(P) (P l n gi). Bit rng gi bn ca loi sn phm trn
th trng quc t cng vi chi ph nhp khu (nhng cha tnh thu nhp khu) l P
1
< P
0
,
trong P
0
l n gi ti im cn bng ca th trng ni a. Mt cng ty c c quyn
nhp loi sn phm trn. Hy xc nh mc thu nhp khu t trn mt n v sn phm thu
c t cng ty nhiu thu nht (Gi s khi lng nhp khu ca cng ty khng nh hng
n gi bn trn th trng quc t).
Phng php gii: Gi t l mc thu nhp khu trn mt n v sn phm. Mc thu t
phi tha iu kin t > 0 v t + P
1
< P
0
. Do c c quyn, cng ty s nhp sn phm trn
bn vi n gi P tha t + P
1
< P < P
0
vi s lng l Q
D
Q
S
= D(P)S(P). Khi li nhun
m cng ty thu c l:
(P) = (P P
1
t)[D(P) S(P)].
Tt nhin cng ty s chn n gi li nhun t cao nht. Do ta cn xc nh P sao cho
(P) t cc i. Khi P = P(t) (P ph thuc vo t) v tin thu m cng ty phi np l:
T(t) = t[D(P(t)) S(P(t))].
thu c nhiu thu nht t cng ty ta cn xc nh gi tr t > 0 T(t) t cc i. Mc
thu t phi tha t + P
1
< P
0
v ph hp vi thc t, ta phi c cc i lng tng ng nh
n gi, lng cung, lng cu u dng.
V d. Cho bit hm cung v hm cu ca mt loi sn phm trong th trng ni a ln
lt l Q
S
= P 200 v Q
D
= 4200 P (P l n gi). Bit rng gi bn ca loi sn phm
trn th trng quc t cng vi chi ph nhp khu (nhng cha tnh thu) l P
1
= 1600. Mt
cng ty c c quyn nhp loi sn phm trn. Hy xc nh mc thu nhp khu t trn mt
n v sn phm thu c t cng ty nhiu thu nht.
Gii. Trc ht ta tm n gi ti im cn bng trong th trng ni a. Ta c:
Q
S
= Q
D
P 200 = 4200 P P = 2200.
Vy n gi ti im cn bng trong th trng ni a l P
0
= 2200.
51

Gi t l mc thu nhp khu trn mt n v sn phm. iu kin: t > 0; 1600 + t < 2200 (*).
Khi : n gi P tha 1600 + t < P < 2200 (**) v ta c
- Lng hng m cng ty nhp v l:
Q
D
Q
S
= (4200 P) (P 200) = 4400 2P.
- Li nhun m cng ty thu c l:
(P) = (P P
1
t)[ Q
D
Q
S
] = (P 1600 t)( 4400 2P)
= 2P
2
+ 2(3800 + t)P 4400(1600 + t).
n gi P c nh ra sao cho (P) t cc i. Ta c:
'(P) = 4P

+ 2(3800 + t).
Suy ra:
'(P) = 0 4P

+ 2(3800 + t) = 0
t
P = 1900 + .
2

V ''(P) = 4 < 0 nn (P) t cc i ti
t
P = 1900 +
2
. Khi tin thu m cng ty phi
np l:
T(t) = t[ Q
D
Q
S
] = t (4400 2P) = t(600 t).
Ta cn xc nh t T(t) t cc i. Ta c:
T'(t) = 600 2t.
Suy ra
T'(t) = 0 600 2t = 0 t = 300.
V T''(t)= 2< 0 nn T(t) t cc i ti t= 300 vi T(t) = 90000. Kim tra ta thy iu kin (*);
(**) c tha v cc s liu sau u ph hp:
- n gi l P = 2050 > 0.
- Lng cung Q
S
= 1850 > 0.
- Lng cu l Q
D
= 2150 > 0.
Kt lun: thu c nhiu nht thu nhp khu t cng ty, cn nh mc thu trn mt
n v sn phm l t = 300. Khi tin thu thu c l T = 90000.

7.5. Bi ton thu xut khu
Bi ton. Cho bit hm cung v hm cu ca mt loi sn phm trong th trng ni a
ln lt l Q
S
= S(P) v Q
D
= D(P) (P l n gi). Bit rng gi bn ca loi sn phm trn
th trng quc t tr i chi ph xut khu (nhng cha tr thu xut khu) l P
1
> P
0
, trong
P
0
l n gi ti im cn bng ca th trng ni a. Mt cng ty c c quyn xut khu
loi sn phm trn. Hy xc nh mc thu xut khu t trn mt n v sn phm thu c t
cng ty nhiu thu nht (Gi s khi lng xut khu ca cng ty khng nh hng n gi bn
trn th trng quc t).
52

Phng php gii: Gi t l mc thu xut khu trn mt n v sn phm. Mc thu t
phi tha iu kin t > 0 v P
1
t > P
0
. Do c c quyn, cng ty s thu mua sn phm trn
vi n gi P tha P
0
< P < P
1
t vi s lng l Q
S
Q
D
= S(P) D(P). Khi li nhun m
cng ty thu c l:
(P) = (P
1
P t)[ S(P) D(P)].
Tt nhin cng ty s chn n gi mua li nhun t cao nht. Do ta cn xc nh P sao
cho (P) t cc i. Khi P = P(t) (P ph thuc vo t) v tin thu m cng ty phi np l:
T(t) = t[S(P(t)) D(P(t))].
thu c nhiu thu nht t cng ty ta cn xc nh gi tr t > 0 T(t) t cc i. Mc thu
t phi tha P
1
t > P
0
v ph hp vi thc t, ta phi c cc i lng tng ng nh n gi
mua, lng cung, lng cu u dng.
V d. Cho bit hm cung v hm cu ca mt loi sn phm trong th trng ni a ln
lt l Q
S
= P 200 v Q
D
= 4200 P (P l n gi). Bit rng gi bn ca loi sn phm
trn th trng quc t tr chi ph xut khu (nhng cha tr thu) l P
1
= 3200. Mt cng ty
c c quyn xut khu loi sn phm trn. Hy xc nh mc thu xut khu t trn mt n
v sn phm thu c t cng ty nhiu thu nht.
Gii. Trc ht ta tm n gi ti im cn bng trong th trng ni a. Ta c
Q
S
= Q
D
P 200 = 4200 P P = 2200.
Vy n gi ti im cn bng trong th trng ni a l P
0
= 2200.
Gi t l mc thu xut khu trn mt n v sn phm. iu kin: t > 0; 3200 t > 2200 (*).
Khi : Cng ty s thu mua vi n gi P tho:
2200 < P < 3200 t (**)
- Lng hng m cng ty xut khu l:
Q
S
- Q
D
= (P 200) (4200 P) = 2P 4400.
- Li nhun m cng ty thu c l:
(P) = (P
1
P t)(Q
S
Q
D
) = (3200 P t)(2P 4400)
= 2P
2
+ 2(5400 t)P 4400(3200 t).
n gi P c nh ra sao cho (P) t cc i. Ta c
'(P) = 4P

+ 2(5400 t).
Suy ra:
'(P) = 0 4P

+ 2(5400 t) = 0
t
P 2700
2
= .
V ''(P) = 4 < 0 nn (P) t cc i ti
t
P 2700
2
= . Khi tin thu m cng ty phi
np l
T(t) = t(Q
S
Q
D
)= t (2P 4400) = t(1000 t).
Ta cn xc nh t T(t) t cc i. Ta c
T'(t) = 1000 2t.
53

Suy ra
T'(t) = 0 1000 2t = 0 t = 500.
V T''(t)= 2< 0 nn T(t) t cc i ti t= 500 vi T(t) = 250000. Kim tra ta thy iu kin (*)
c tha v cc s liu sau u ph hp:
- n gi l P = 2450 > 0 v tho (**).
- Lng cung Q
S
= 2250 > 0.
- Lng cu l Q
D
= 1750 > 0.
Kt lun: thu c nhiu nht thu xut khu t cng ty, cn nh mc thu trn mt
n v sn phm l t = 500. Khi tin thu thu c l T = 250000.

BI TP

1. Tnh cc gii hn sau:
2
x 0
(1 cos x)
a) lim
ln(cos4x)
.
x 0
1 3sinx 1 tgx 2
b) lim
sin2x
+ + +

2 3
2
x 0
1 cosx ln(1 tg 2x) 2arcsin x
c) lim
1 cos4x sin x
+ + +
+

3 2 2
3 2
x 0
arcsin(x tg 3x) 2arcsin x
d) lim
1 cos 2x sin x
+ +
+

2 2x 2 4
3
x 0
(x 2x 4)(1 cos2x) (e 1) x
e) lim
ln(cos4x) x
+ + + +
+
.
2
2 2 2
x 0
(x 3x 4) ln(c os x) cos2x 1
f ) lim
(x 2x 2)(sin2x x )
+ + +
+ + +

x 2
2
x 0
(cos2x e )(x 1 c os x)
g) lim
x(cos3x cos x) ln(1 e cos x)
+
+

2
3 2 (x 1)
2x 2 4 2
x 1
x x
(x 1)(x 2x sin ) sin e
2 2
h) lim
(e e )(x 1) ln x

+ +
+

2
3 2 (x 1)
3 2
x 1
(x 1) ln(x 2) x 4x 5x 1 e
i ) lim
(1 cos x)(x 1) x 2x 2 1
+
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +

3 x 2 3 2
2x 4
x 2
tg(x 3x 2) 7 x 3e x 3x 4
j) lim
x(e e ) sin x cos x 1
+ + + +
+ +

54

2 2 2 2
x
a) lim( x x x x x x x x)
+
+ + +
.
2 2 2 2
x
b) lim( x x x x x x x x)
+ + +

3 2 3 2 3 3
x
c) lim( 3x 3x x 1 3x x 1)
+ + + +

3 3 3 2 2 3
x
d) limx( 2x x 2x 1 1 x 2x )
+ + + +

3 3 3 4 2 3
x
e) limx( x x x 1 2x 1 1 x x )
+ + + + +

2
2
x
x 3x 2
a) lim
x 5x 1
+

+

.
cot gx
x 0
b) lim(sinx cos x)
+

3
2 cot g x
x 0
c ) lim(cos2x x )
+
+

3
2 cot g x
x 0
d ) lim(cos2x x )
+

3
2 cot g x
x 0
e) lim(cos2x x )
+

4. nh cc tham s a, b cc hm s sau lin tc ti cc im c ch ra:
2x
3
e cos 2x
neu x 0;
a) y
x 4x
a neu x = 0.

=
+
ti x = 0.
2
2
ln(cos3x)
neu x < 0;
x
b) y ax b ne u 0 x 1;
1
arctg( ) ne u x > 1.
x 2x 3
= +
+
ti x = 0 v x = 1.
5. nh cc tham s a, b cc hm s sau lin tc trn R:
3
1
arctg ne u x 2;
a) y (x 2)
a ne u x = 2.

55

2
2
2
sin x
ne u x < 1;
x 3x 2
b) y ax bx 1 neu 1 x 2;
ln(x 4x 5)
ne u x > 2.
2 2 x

= + +
+

6. Tm o hm y = y(x) ca cc hm s sau:

ln2x
xsin3x
1
a) y=(xcos2x) b) y = x+
x

7. Tm o hm y = y(x) ca cc hm n y = y(x) nh bi:
x
3 2 y
a) y= x+arctgy.
b) y = 1 + ye .
c) x ln y x e 0. T o xa c nh y (0).
d) ycosx + sinx + lny = 0. T o xac nh y ( ).
2
+ =

8. Tm cc o hm y = y(x
0
) v y = y(x
0
) ca cc hm s y = y(x) c cho di dng tham
s sau:
0
2
0
t
0
2
x ln(1 t)
a) tai x ln2
y 2t 2arctgt
x arctgt
b) ta i x
t
3
y
2
x 2e
c) tai x 2
y t t
= +
=
=

=
= +

9. Chng minh rng hm s
1
xsin khi x 0
y x
0 khi x = 0

lin tc ti x = 0 nhng khng c o hm bn tri ln o hm bn phi ti im ny.
10. Chng minh rng hm s
2
1
x sin khi x 0
y
x
0 khi x=0

c o hm trn R.
11. Cho y =
5
x . Tm dy v dy(32). Tnh gn ng
5
31 .
56

12. Cho y =
arc tg x
. Tm dy v dy(1). Tnh gn ng
arc tg 1, 05
.
13.Tnh cc gii hn sau:
x 0
x ac sin x
a) lim
x tgx
.
x 0
2tgx tg2x
b) lim
x(1 cos3x)

3
5
x 0
2(tgx sinx) x
c) lim
x

x 0
ln|sin2x|
d) lim
ln|sin3x|

x 0
1 1
e) lim ( )
ln(1 x) x

+
.
1 x
2
x 0
ln(1 x) 1
f ) lim ( )
x x
+
+

n x
x
g) limx e

tg(1 x)
x 1
h) lim (ln(x 1))
+

2/ lnsinx
x 0
i ) lim(sin3x)
+

ln(x 2)
2
x 2
x 2x 3
j) lim
x 1
+
+

+

3
2 2
x
x 0
ln (1 x) sin x
k) lim
1 e

x 2
x 0
x arctgx
l) lim
2e x 2x 2

14. Tm o hm cp n ca cc hm s sau:

2
3 x
x
4
2
a) y = xsinx b ) y = x cosx
x
c) y = x e d) y =
e
x 1
e) y = x lnx f) y =
x 2x 3
+
+

15. Tm khai trin MacLaurin ca cc hm s sau:

5
6
5
6
6
1
a) y = en so hang x .
1 sin x
b) y = cos(sin2x) e n so ha ng x .
c) y = arctg(sin3x) en so hang x .
d) y = ln(cos2x) en so ha ng x .
e) y = arctg(1 cos x) e n so hang x .

16. Tm khai trin Taylor ti x
0
ca cc hm s sau n s hng (x x
0
)
5
:
57

2
0 0
3 x
0 0
x
4
0 0
2
a) y = xsinx; x = b) y = x cosx; x =
6 3
x
c) y= x e ; x =1 d) y = ; x =1
e
x 1
e) y= x lnx; x =1. f) y = ; x =2.
x 2x 3

+
+

17. Tnh gn ng chnh xc n 10
-6
:
a) cos41
o
b) ln1,5.
18. Xc nh cp ca cc v cng b sau y khi chn x lm v cng b chnh:

2 4 2
3 3 5
a) 2 2cos x x 2x . b) 2x 2ln(1 x) x .
c) x 3tgx x . d) 30x 15arctg2x 40x 96x .
+ +
+ +

19. Tm cc khong tng gim v cc tr ca cc hm s y sau y, ng thi tm gi tr ln
nht v nh nht ca y trn tp D tng ng:
a) y = ) 2 1 ( x x ;
D = [1/4 , 1]; [1/4 , 1); (1/4 , 1); (1/4 , 1]; [1/4 , + ) .
b) y =
| | ln 6 2 /
2
x x x
e

D = [1 , 4]; (1 , 4]; [1 , 4); (1 , 4); [1 , + ); ( , 1).
c) y =
x x
e x
5
2
3

D = [4/3 , 2]; (4/3 , 2); [4/3 , 2); (4/3 , 2); ( , 4/3); [2 , + ); R.
d) y =
4 / 1 x x +

D = [1 , 4]; [1, 4); (1 , 4]; (1 , 4); (1, + ); [4 , + ).
e) y =
2 3
1 5
2
+

x x
x

D = [2, 0]; (2, 0); [2, 0); (2 , 0]; (2, + ); ( , 0]

f)
4
2
x 1
y
x 1
+
=
+

D = [1, 1]; [2, 0); (2, 0]; (2, 0); R.
g)
2
4
x 1
y
x 1
+
=
+

D = [1, 1]; [0, 2); ( 0, 2]; (0, 2); R.

20. Tm cc khong li lm v im un ca th ca cc hm s sau y:
a) y =
| | ln
2
2
x
x
+
; b) y =
x
xe
/ 1
; c) y = (x+2)e
1/x
.

58

21. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm. Bit hm cu Q
D
= 300 P (P l n
gi) v hm tng chi ph l C = Q
3
19Q
2
+ 333Q + 10 (Q l sn lng). Hy xc nh mc sn
lng Q x nghip t li nhun ti a.
22. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm. Bit hm cu l Q
D
= 2640 P (P l
n gi) v hm tng chi ph l C = Q
2
+ 1000 Q + 100 (Q l sn lng). Hy xc nh mc
thu t trn mt n v sn phm c th thu c nhiu thu nht t x nghip.
23. Cho bit hm cung v hm cu ca mt loi sn phm trong th trng ni a ln lt l Q
S

= P 200 v Q
D
= 1800 P (P l n gi). Bit rng gi bn ca loi sn phm trn th
trng quc t cng vi chi ph nhp khu (nhng cha tnh thu) l P
1
= 500. Mt cng ty c
c quyn nhp loi sn phm trn. Hy xc nh mc thu nhp khu t trn mt n v sn
phm thu c t cng ty nhiu thu nht.
24. Cho bit hm cung v hm cu ca mt loi sn phm trong th trng ni a ln lt l Q
S

= P 20 v Q
D
= 400 P (P l n gi). Bit rng gi bn ca loi sn phm trn th trng
quc t tr chi ph xut khu (nhng cha tr thu) l P
1
= 310. Mt cng ty c c quyn
xut khu loi sn phm trn. Hy xc nh mc thu xut khu t trn mt n v sn phm
thu c t cng ty nhiu thu nht.

59

CHNG 2
PHP TNH TCH PHN HM MT BIN
A-TCH PHN BT NH
1. KHI NIM V TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. nh ngha nguyn hm. Hm s F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn (a,b) nu
F(x)= f(x), x(a,b).
V d. 1)
4
x
4
l mt nguyn hm ca x
3
trn R.
2) cosx l mt nguyn hm ca sinx trn R.

Khi ni n nguyn hm ca f(x) m khng ch r khong (a,b) th ta hiu l nguyn
hm ca f(x) trn cc khong xc nh ca f(x).

1.2. nh l. Cho F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn (a,b). Khi
1) Vi mi hng s C, F(x) + C cng l nguyn hm ca f(x) trn (a, b).
2) Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca f(x) trn (a,b) u c dng F(x) + C.

1.3. nh ngha tch phn bt nh
Tp hp tt c cc nguyn hm ca f(x) c gi l tch phn bt nh ca hm f(x), k
hiu l f (x)dx
. Nu bit F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) th:

f (x)dx F(x) C. = +

V d.
4
3
x
x dx C;
4
= +
sin xdx cos x C. = +

1.4. Tnh cht
1) Nu f(x) c nguyn hm th
( )
f (x)dx f (x).

2) 2) f (x)dx f (x) C. = +

3) Vi k l hng s, ta c
kf (x)dx k f (x)dx C. = +

4) [f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx. + = +

60

1.5. Bng cc tnh phn c bn
1
x
x dx C (-1 : Const)
1
+
= +
+

dx
2 x C
x
= +

2
dx 1
C
x x
= +

dx
ln | x | C
x
= +

x x
e dx = e + C

x
x
a
a dx= +C
lna
(0 < a 1: Const)
sinxdx = cosx + C

cosxdx = sinx + C

2
2
dx
(1 + tg x)dx
cos x
= tgx +C
=

2
2
dx
(1+ cotg x)dx
sin x
cot gx C
=
= +

tgxdx ln|cos x| C = +
cot gxdx ln|sin x| C = +

2 2
dx x
arcsin + C
a
a x
=

(0< a: Const)
2
2
dx
n x x h C
x h
= + + +
+
/

(h: Const)
2 2
dx 1 x
arctg C
a x a a
(0 a: Const)
= +
+

2 2
dx 1 x a
ln C
2a x a
a x
+
= +

(0 a: Const)
2 2
d x 1 x a
l n C
2 a x a x a
= +
+

(0 a:Const)

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 x
a x dx x a x a arcsin C (0 < a: Const)
2 2 a
= + +

2 2 2
1 1
x h dx x x h h.ln|x x h | C (h: Const)
2 2
+ = + + + + +

Ch . Nu f (x)dx F(x) C = +
th vi a 0 v b l cc hng s, ta c
( )
1
f ax b dx F(ax b) C
a
+ = + +
.
V d.
3x 4 3x 4
1
e dx e C.
3

= +

61

2. CC PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN
2.1. Phng php phn tch
Mun tnh tch phn bt nh ca mt hm s f(x) ta dng cc tnh cht ca tch phn v
phn tch f(x) a tch phn cn tnh v cc dng tch phn c bn.
V d. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1/ 2
x 1 2
1) dx x dx xdx= x x 2 x C.
3
x
+
= + + +

4 4
2 2
2 2 2 2
3
x x 16 16 16 dx
2) dx dx (x 4 )dx x dx 4 dx 16
x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4
x x
= 4x 8arctg C.
3 2
+
= = + = +
+ + + +
+ +

1 1 1
3) sin5x.sin3xdx (cos2x cos8x)dx cos2xdx cos8xdx
2 2 2
1 1
sin2x sin8x C.
4 16
= =
= +

2
1 cos4x 1 1 1
4) sin 2x dx dx (1 cos4x)dx x sin4x C.
2 2 2 8
= = = +

2 2 2 4 3 5
4 4
5) (1 2x ) dx (1 4x 4x )dx x x x C
3 5
+ = + + = + + +

10 11 11
1 1 1
6) (1 2x) dx (1 2x) C (1 2x) C.
2 11 22
+ = + + = + +

2.2. Phng php i bin s
1. i bin s dng 1: Gi s tch phn c dng: [ ]
I f u(x) u'(x)dx =

, trong u(x) v
u'(x) lin tc. t t = u(x) dt = u'(x)dx. Ta c
[ ]
I f u(x) u '(x)dx f (t)dt = =

(1)
Tnh tch phn sau cng trong (1) theo t, sau thay t = u(x) suy ra I.
2. i bin s dng 2: Xt tch phn I f (x)dx =

. t x = (t), trong (t) c o hm
'(t) lin tc v x = (t) c hm ngc t =
1
(x). Khi dx = '(t)dt v
I f (x)dx f[ (x)] (t)dt = =

(2)
Tnh tch phn sau cng trong (2) theo t, sau thay t =
1
(x) suy ra I.
2 3 4
1) I x (3 2x ) dx. = +

62

3 2 2
dt
a t t 3 2x dt 6x dx x dx .
6
= + = =

Suy ra
5 3 5
4
1 t (3 2x )
I t dt C C
6 30 30
+
= = + = +
.
2
2x 1
2) I dx.
x x 3
+
=
+

t
2
t x x 3 dt (2x 1)dx. = + = + Suy ra
I =
2
dt
ln t C ln x x 3 C.
t
= + = + +

2
xdx
3) I .
x x 3
=
+
Ta c
2
2 2
J
1 2x 1 1 dx 1 1
I dx ln|x x 3| J.
2 2 2 2 x x 3 x x 3
+
= = +
+ +

_

Xt
2
dx
J
x x 3
=
+
. Ta c
2 2
1 13
x x 3 (x ) .
2 4
+ = +

Suy ra
2 2
2
2
1 1 13
d(x ) x
dx dx 1
2 2 2
J n C
1 13 x x 3
13 1 13
1 13 (x )
2. x
(x )
2 4
2 2 2
2 2
1 2x 1 13
ln C.
13 2x 1 13
+ +
= = = = +
+

+
+ +
+

+
= +
+ +

/

Vy
2
1 1 2x 1 13
I ln|x x 3| ln C.
2
2 13 2x 1 13
+
= + +
+ +

4
xdx
4) I .
1 x
=
+

2
dt
at t = x dt 2xdx xdx
2
= = . Suy ra
63

I=
2 2 4
2
1 dt 1 1
I ln t 1 t C ln x 1 x C.
2 2 2
1 t
= = + + + = + + +
+

2
ln x 1
5) I dx.
x ln x
+
=

t t = lnx
x
dx
dt = . Suy ra
I =
2 2 2
t 1 1 t ln x
I dt (t )dt ln t C ln ln x C.
t t 2 2
+
= = + = + + = + +

3x 5
6) I dx.
4x 1
+
=
+

2
t 1 1
at t = 4x 1 x dx tdt
4 2
+ = = . Suy ra
2
3
2 3
t 1
3 5
1 3 17 t 17t 1 17
4
I tdt ( t )dt (4x 1) 4x 1 C.
t 2 8 8 8 8 8 8
+
= = + = + = + + + +

2 2
7) I a x dx (0 < a: Const). =

t x = asint, t
2 2

t = arc sin
a
x
. Khi
2 2
a x a|cos t| a cos t; dx a cos tdt. = = =
Suy ra
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
I a cos tdt a 1 cos2t dt a (t sin2t) C a t a sin2t C.
2 2 2 2 4
= = + = + + = + +

Mt khc,

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
a sin2t a sint cos t a sinta cos t x a x .
4 2 2 2
= = =

Vy
2 2 2
1 x 1
I a arcsin x a x C.
2 a 2
= + +

2.3. Phng php tch phn tng phn
Cho cc hm s u = u(x) v v= v(x) co1ca1c o hm u = u(x) v v = v(x) lin tc. Khi
(uv) = uv + uv nn uv= (uv) vu. Suy ra
uv dx (uv) dx u vdx uv u vdx. = =

Ta chng minh cng thc tch phn tng phn:
64

uv dx uv vu dx =

Ta cn vit cng thc trn di dng:
udv uv vdu =

Ch . 1) tnh g(x)h(x)dx
bng phng php tch phn tng phn c 2 cch t:

du g (x)dx
u g(x)
v h(x)dx (thng chon C = 0) dv h(x)dx
=
=

= =

hoc
du h (x)dx
u h(x)
v g(x)dx (thng chon C = 0) dv g(x)dx
=
=

= =

Ta thng chn cch t no tnh c vdu
.
2) i vi mt s bi ton, sau khi p dng tch phn tng phn, ta c m h thc c
dng
f (x)dx F(x) f (x)dx, (1 : Const). = +

Khi
( )
1
f x dx F(x) C.
1
= +

3) Cc tch phn sau y dc tnh bng phng php tch phn tng phn vi cch t
tng ng ( y p(x) l a thc theo x c a l hng s):

LOI CCH T
ax
p(x) sinaxdx, p(x) cosaxdx, p(x)e dx,...

u = p(x); dv = sinaxdx (cosaxdx, e
ax
dx,)
p(x) lnaxdx, p(x)arctgaxdx, p(x) arcsinaxdx,...

u = lnax (arctgax,arcsinax,); dv = p(x)dx

1) I x cos xdx =

. t
u x du dx
dv cos xdx v sin x
= =

= =

Suy ra I xsin x sinxdx xsinx cos x C. = = + +

2
xdx
2) I .
sin x
=

t
2
u x
du dx
dx
v cot gx dv
sin x
=
=

= =

Suy ra
65

cos x d(sinx)
I xcot gx cot gxdx xcot gx dx xcot g x xcot g x ln sinx C.
sinx sinx
= + = + = + = + +

x
3) I e sin xdx =

. t
=
=
=
=
x x
e v
dx x cos du
dx e dv
x sin u

1
x x
I
Suy ra I e sinx e cos xdx. =
_

Tnh I
1
: t
=
=
=
=
x x
e v
dx x sin du
dx e dv
x cos u

Suy ra
x x x
1
I e cos x e sin xdx e cos x I. = + = +
Vy

x x
I e sin x e cos x I. =
T
x
1
I e (sinx cos x) C.
2
= +

4) I x ln xdx ( 1 : Const)
. t
1
dx
du
u ln x
x
dv x dx x
v
1
+
+
. Ta c

1 1 1 1 1
2
x x dx x x x x
I ln x ln x dx ln x C
1 1 x 1 1 1 ( 1)
+ + + + +
= = = +
+ + + + + +

2 3x
5) I x e dx. =

t
=
=
=
=
3
e
v
xdx 2 du
dx e dv
x u
x 3
x 3
2
. Suy ra
1
2 3x
3x
I
x e 2
I xe dx.
3 3
=

_

Tnh I
1
: t
=
=
=
=
3
e
v
dx du
e dv
x u
x 3
x 3 .Ta c

3x 3x
3x 3x
1
xe 1 xe 1
I e dx e C
3 3 3 9
= = +

Vy
66

2 3 x 3 x
3 x 3 x 2
x e 2 xe 1 1
I ( e ) C e (9x 6x 2) C
3 3 3 9 27
= + = + +

6) I x arc tg x dx. =

t
2
2
dx
du
u arc tgx
1 x
dv x 1 x
v
2
=
+

= +
.Ta c

2 2 2
2
1 x 1 x dx 1 x 1
I arctgx arctgx x C.
2 2 2 2 1 x
+ + +
= = +
+

2 2
7) I a x dx (0 < a: Const) =

t
2 2
2 2
xdx
du
u a x
a x
dv dx
v x
=
=

=

.Ta c

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
x (a x ) a
I x a x dx = x a x dx
a x a x
dx x
x a x a x dx a x a x a arcsin I.
a
a x

=

= + = +

Suy ra
2 2 2
1 1 x
I x a x a arcsin C.
2 2 a
= + +
2
8)I x h dx (h: Const) = + =

t
2
2
xdx
du
u x h
x h
dv dx
v x
=
= +

+
=

.Ta c

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
x (x h) h
I x x h dx = x x h dx
x h x h
dx
x x h x hdx h x x h h.ln|x x h| I.
x h
+
= + +
+ +
= + + + = + + + +
+

Suy ra
2 2
1 1
I x x h h.ln | x x h | + C.
2 2
= + + + +
67

3. TCH PHN HM HU T
3.1. Tch phn ca cc phn thc n gin
Xt cc tch phn c dng sau:
( )
k k
A
I dx
x a
=
,
( )
m m
2
Mx N
J dx
x px q
+
=
+ +
,
trong A, M, N, a, p, q R ; k , m nguyn dng v p
2
4q < 0.
1)
( )
k k
A
I dx
x a
=
c tnh nh sau:
1
A
I dx Aln x a C.
x a
= = +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 k k 1
A A
I dx C (k > 1).
x a k 1 x a

= = +

2) Tnh tch phn

( )
1 m
2
Mx N
J dx
x px q
+
=
+ +
:
Ta c
2
2
2
p p
x px q x q .
2 4

+ + = + +

V p
2
4p < 0 nn
2
p
q 0
4
> . t
2
p
a q
4
= . Thc hin i bin
p
t x dt dx.
2
= + =
Ta c x
2
+ px + q = t
2
+ a
2
v Mx + N = Mt +

2
Mp
N . Do
J
1
=

+
+
=
+ +
+
dt
a t
2
Mp
N Mt
dx
p px x
N Mx
2 2 2
=

+
+
+
2 2 2 2
a t
dt
2
Mp
N
a t
tdt 2
2
M

=
( )
+
+
+
C
a
t
arctg
2
Mp
N
a
1
a t
a t d
2
M
2 2
2 2
= ( ) C
a
t
arctg
2
Mp
N
a
1
a t ln
2
M
2 2
+
+ +
=
( )
2
2 2
M 2N Mp 2x p
ln x px q arctg C
2
2 4q p 4q q
+
+ + + +

3) Tnh tch phn
( )
m m
2
Mx N
J dx
x px q
+
=
+ +
(m > 1):
Bin i ging nh J
1
ta c
68

( )
( )
( ) ( )
m m
m
m m m m 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
K L
Mp
Mt N
2
Mx N M 2tdt Mp dt
dt
J dx N .
2 2 t a
x px q t a t a

+

+
= = = +

+

+ + + +

_ _
Ta tnh K
m
bng cch i bin tdt 2 du a t u
2 2
= + = .

m 2 2 m m m 1 2 2 m 1
2tdt du 1 1
K 1 C C.
(t a ) u (m 1)u (m 1)(t a )

= = = + = +
+ +

Ta tnh
m 2 2 m
dt
L
(t a )
=
+
bng cng thc truy hi nh sau:

4) Tnh tch phn
m 2 2 m
dt
L
(t a )
=
+
(m nguyn dng)
t
2 2 m 2 2 m 1
1 2mt
u du dt
(t a ) (t a )
dv dt v t
+

= =

+ +

= =

. Ta c
( ) ( )
2
m m m 1
2 2 2 2
L
t t
L 2m dt
t a t a
+
= +
+ +
_
,
2 2 2
2 2
m m 1 2 2 m 1 2 2 m 2 2 m 1
(t a ) a dt dt
L dt a L a L .
(t a ) (t a ) (t a )
+ + +
+
= = =
+ + +

Do
2
m m m 1 2 2 m
t
L 2mL 2ma L .
(t a )
+
= +
+

Suy ra
m 1 m 2 2 2 m 2
1 t 2m 1 1
L L
2m 2ma (t a ) a
+

= +
+

y l cng thc truy hi tnh L
m
, trong
1 2 2
dt 1 t
L arctg C.
a a t a
= = +
+

3.2. Tch phn cc hm hu t
Hm hu t l mt hm s c dng:
n
n 1 0
m
m 1 0
x a ... x a a
x b ... x b b
) x ( Q
) x ( P
) x ( f
+ + +
+ + +
= =
(1)
69

vi a
i
, b
i
R v a
n
, b
m
0 v P(x), Q(x) khng c nghim chung.
Ta thy nu bc ca P(x) ln hn hoc bng bc ca Q(x) (m n) th bng cch chia t
cho mu ta c th biu din (1) di dng:
2
1
P (x)
f (x) P (x)
Q(x)
= + ,
trong P
1
(x), P
2
(x) l cc a thc theo x vi bc ca P
2
(x) b hn bc ca Q(x). V P
1
(x) l a
thc nn tch phn P
1
(x) tnh c d dng. V vy ta gi thit rng f(x) c dng (1) vi bc ca
t b hn bc ca mu (m < n). Khi
P(x)
Q(x)
uc phn tch thnh tng cc phn thc n
gin nh sau:
minh ha, ta gi s Q(x) c bc 10 v c phn tch di dng:
Q(x) = (x a)(x b)
3
(x
2
+ px + q)(x
2
+ rx + s)
2

(p
2
4q < 0; r
2
4s < 0 ). Khi
3 1 2 1 1 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 2
B B B E x F E x F P(x) A Cx D
,
Q(x) x a x b (x b) (x b) x px q x rx s (x rx s)
+ + +
= + + + + + +
+ + + + + +

trong A, B
1
,.., E
2
, F
2
R. cc nh cc h s trn ta c 2 cch nh sau:
Cch 1 (Phng php h s bt nh): Nhn hai v cho Q(x) ri ng nht h s ca cc
s hng cng bc hai v, a n h phng trnh tuyn tnh i vi A, B
1
,.., E
2
, F
2 .
Gii h
phng trnh ny ta tm c A, B
1
,.., E
2
, F
2
.
Cch 2 (Phng php gi tr ring): Cho x nhn 10 gi tr ty (s 10 ng vi s lng
cc h s cn xc nh) ri th vo ng thc trn c mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh i
vi A, B
1
,.., E
2
, F
2 .
Gii h phng trnh ny ta tm c A, B
1
,.., E
2
, F
2
.
4 3 2
x 2
a) I dx
x 2x 2x 2x 1
+
=
+ + + +
,
4
dx
b) I
x 1
=
+
.

Gii.
4 3 2
x 2
a) I dx
x 2x 2x 2x 1
+
=
+ + + +
. Ta phn tch
4 3 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x 2 x 2 A B Cx D
x 1
x 2x 2x 2x 1 (x 1) (x 1) (x 1) x 1
x 2 A(x 1)(x 1) B(x 1) (Cx D)(x 1) (1)
+ + +
= = + +
+
+ + + + + + + +
+ = + + + + + + +

T (1) ta c
- chn x = 1 B = 1/2.
- chn x = 0 A + B + D = 2.
- chn x = 1 4A + 2B + 4C + 4D = 3.
- chn x = 2 5A + 5B 2C + D = 0.
70

Ta c h
3
A D
A 1
2
4A 4C 4D 2 C 1
5 1
5A 2C D D
2 2

+ =

+ + = =

+ = =

Vy
4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
x
x 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2x 1 1
2
.
x 1 2 x 1 2 2 2
x 2x 2x 2x 1 (x 1) x 1 (x 1) x 1 x 1
+
= + = + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +

Suy ra
2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 2x 1 1
I dx dx dx dx
x 1 2 2 2
(x 1) x 1 x 1
1 1 1 1
ln|x 1| ln(x 1) arctgx C.
2 x 1 2 2
= + +
+
+ + +
= + + + +
+

4
dx
b) I .
x 1
=
+
Ta c
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
x 1 (x 2x 1) 2x (x 1) (x 2)
(x x 2 1)(x x 2 1)
+ = + + = +
= + + +

Ta phn tch
2 2
4
2 2
3 2
1 Ax B Cx D
1 (Ax B) (x x 2 1) (Cx D)(x x 2 1)
x 1
x 2x 1 x 2x 1
(A C)x ( A 2 B C 2 D)x (A B 2 C D 2)x B D 1
+ +
= + = + + + + + +
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + =

ng nht cc h s tng ng hai v ta c:
1
A
2 2
A C 0
1
B
A 2 B C 2 D 0
2
1
A B 2 C D 2 0
C
2 2
B D 1
1
D
2
+ =

+ + + =

+ + =

=

+ =

Vy
1 2
2 2
I I
1 x 2 1 x 2
I
2 2 x x 2 1 2 2 x x 2 1
+
=
+ + +

_ _

71

Ta c
2
1
2
2 2
2
d(x )
1 2x 2 2 1
2
I dx = ln(x x 2 1) arctg(x 2 1) C.
2 2 2
x x 2 1 2 2
(x ) ( )
2 2
+
+
= + + + + + +
+ +
+ +

Tng t,
2
2
1
I ln(x x 2 1) arctg(x 2 1) C.
2
= + +

Do
2
2
1 x x 2 1 1 1
I ln arctg(x 2 1) arctg(x 2 1) C
4 2 x x 2 1 2 2 2 2
+ +
= + + + +
+

4. TCH PHN HM LNG GIC
Xt tch phn dng I R(sinx, cos x)dx, =

trong R l mt hm hu t i vi sinx, cosx.
4.1. Phng php tng qut
Thc hin php i bin
x
t tg , ( x )
2
= < <

Khi
2
2dt
dx
1 t
=
+
v ta c cng thc
2
2 2 2
2t 1 t 2t
sin x , cos x , tgx .
1 t 1 t 1 t
= = =
+ +

Do I c dng tch phn hm hu t xt phn trc.
V d: I =
+ 5 x cos x sin 2
dx
=
x
3tg 1
1
2
arctg C
5 5
+
+

4.2. Mt s phng php khc
Sau y ta xt mt s dng c th i bin a v cc tch phn hm hu t n gin
hn:
1) Tch phn dng
I R(sin x). cos xdx =

t t sinx dt cos x dx. = = Khi I =
. dt ) t ( R
2) Tch phn dng I R(cos x).sinxdx. =

72

t t cosx dt sinxdx = = . Khi I R(t)dt. =

3) Tch phn dng I R(tgx)dx. =

2
2
dt
a t t tgx dt (1 tg x)dx hay dx=
1 t
= = +
+

Khi
2
R(t)
I dt.
1 t
=
+

4) Tch phn dng I =
2n 2m
(sin x) (cos x) dx
. Dng cng thc h bc:

2 2
1 cos2x 1 cos2x 1
sin x , cos x , sinx.cosx sin2x.
2 2 2
+
= = =
5) Tch phn dng
2 2
I R(sin x, cos x) dx =

.
2
2
dt
a t t tgx dt (1 tg x)dx hay dx=
1 t
= = +
+

Ta c cng thc
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
t 1 2t
sin x , cos x , tg x .
1 t 1 t 1 t
= = =
+ +

6) Tch phn dng sinaxcos bxdx; sinaxsinbxdx; cosaxcos bxdx.

Ta dng cng thc bin i tch thnh tng:
[ ]
1
sinaxcos bx sin(ax bx) sin(ax bx)
2
= + +

[ ]
1
sinaxsinbx cos(ax bx) cos(ax bx)
2
= +

[ ]
1
cosaxcos bx cos(ax bx) cos(ax bx)
2
= + +

2 3
a) sin x cos xdx
;
4 2
dx
b)
sin xcos x
;
c) sin7x.sin5xdx

4 2
d) sin x. cos xdx
;

Gii.
2 3 2
a)I sin x cos xdx (1 sin x). cos xdx. = =

t t sinx dt cosxdx = = . Ta c
3 5 3 5
2 2
t t sin x sin x
I t (1 t )dt C C.
3 5 3 5
= = + = +

4 2
dx
b)
sin xcos x
. t
73

2
2
dt
t tgx dt (1 tg x)dx hay dx= .
1 t
= = +
+

Ta c

4 2
2
4 2 2 4 2 4
2
2 2
3 3
dt
dx t 2t 1 2 1
1 t
I dt 1 dt
sin xcos x t t t
t 1
1 t 1 t
2 1 2 1
t C tgx C.
t tgx 3t 3tg x
+ +
+
= = = = + +

+ +

= + = +

( )
1 1 1
c)I sin7x.sin5xdx cos2x cos12x dx sin2x sin12x C.
2 4 24
= = = +

4 2
d)I sin x. cos xdx =

. Ta c
2
2
2
1 cos2x 1 cos2x 1
I dx (1 cos2x)(1 cos 2x)dx
2 2 8
1 1 1 cos4x
(1 cos2x) sin 2xdx (1 cos2x) dx
8 8 2
1
(1 cos4x cos2x cos2xcos4x)dx
16
1 1 1 1
x sin4x sin2x (cos2x cos6x)dx
16 64 32 32
1 1 1
x sin4x sin2x
16 64 64
+
= =

= =
= +
= + +
=

1
sin6x C.
192
+ +

5. TCH PHN HM V T
5.1. Php th lng gic
Xt cc tch phn dng:
2 2
1) I R (x, a x )dx =
( 0 < a: Const)
t
x
x asint ( t ) t arcsin .
2 2 a

= =

Ta c
2 2
dx a cos tdt; a x a cos t . = =
2 2
2) I R x, x a dx

= +

(0 < a: Const).
74

x
a t x atgt ( t ) t arctg .
2 2 a

= < < =
2 2 2
a
Ta co dx a(1 tg t)dt; x a .
cos t
= + + =

2 2
3) I R(x, x a )dx =
(0 < a: Const).
t
a a
x (0 t ) t arccos .
cos t 2 x
= =
Ta c
2 2
2
sin t
dx a dt; a x a|tgt |.
cos t
= =

2 2
a x
a) dx
x
;
2 2
dx
b)
x (x 1 x ) + +
.
Gii.
2 2
a x
a)I dx
x
=

. t
x
x asint ( a ) t arcsin .
2 2 a

= =
Ta c
2 2
dx a costdt , a x a cost = = . Suy ra
2 2
cos t 1 sin t
I a dt a dt
sint sint
= =

1
I
dt dt
a a sindt a a cos t C
sint sint
= = + +

_

Xt
1
. t
2
t 2du
u tg dt .
2
1 u
= =
+
Ta c
1
du t
I ln|u| ln|tg | C.
u 2
= = = +

Vy
2
t t
sin 2sin
t
2 2
I a ln|tg | a cos t C a ln a cos t C a ln a cos t C
t t t 2
cos 2sin cos
2 2 2
1 cos t
a ln a cos t C
sint
= + + = + + = + +
= + +

2 2
x a x
V sint , cos t ne n
a a
= =
75

2 2
2 2
a a x
I aln a x C.
x

= + +
2 2
dx
b)I .
x (x 1 x )
=
+ +
t
x tgt ( t ) t arctgx.
2 2

= < < =
Ta c
2 2
1
dx (1 tg t)dt; 1 x .
cos t
= + + = Suy ra
2
2
2
(1 tg t)dt cos tdt
I
1
sin t(sint 1)
tg t(tgt )
cos t
+
= =
+
+

t tdt cos du t sin u = = . Ta c
2 2
du 1 1 1 1 sint 1 1
I ( )du ln u 1 ln|u| C ln C
u 1 u u sint sint u (1 u) u
+
= = + = + + = +
+ +

V
2 2
tgt x
sint
1 tg t 1 x
= =
+ +
nn
2 2
x 1 x 1 x
I ln C
x x
+ + +
= + .
5.2. Tch phn mt s hm v t
1) Tch phn dng
m n
ax b ax b
I R x, , ..., dx,
cx d cx d

+ +
=

+ +

trong R(x, y, z, ) l hm hu t; m, n, l cc s nguyn dng; a, b, c, d, l cc hng s.
tnh tch phn ny ta dng php i bin:
k
ax b
t
cx d
+
=
+

vi k l bi s chung nh nht ca cc ch s cn m, n,
V d. Tnh I =

4
1 x 2 1 x 2
dx

Gii. t
4 4 3
t 2x 1 t 2x 1 dx 2t dt. = = = Ta c
76

3 2
2
2
4
2t dt t dt 1
I 2 2 (t 1 )dt t 2t 2ln t 1 C
t 1 t 1
t t
2x 1 2 2x 1 2 n 2x 1 1 C
= = = + + = + + +

= + + +

/

2) Tch phn dng: I = dx ) c bx ax , x ( R
2
+ +
Bin i
2
2 2
b b
ax bx c a(x ) c .
2a 4a
+ + = + +
t
a 2
b
x t + = , ta a c tch phn v dng php th lng gic.
V d. Tnh
2 3
dx
I .
(x 4x 7)
=
+ +

Gii.Ta c

3
2
dx
I .
(x 2) 3
=

+ +

t dx dt 2 x t = + = . Ta c
2 3
dt
I .
(t 3)
=
+

t
2
3du
t 3tgu ( u ) dt .
2 2 cos u

= = Suy ra
2 3
3
3 3
(t 3) ,
cos u
+ =

2 2
1 1 1 t x 2
I cosudu sinu C C C
3 3 3
t 3 3 x 4x 7
+
= = + = + = +
+ + +

3) Tch phn dng
r 2
dx
I .
(mx n) ax bx c
=
+ + +

Dng phng php i bin t
t
1
n x m = + .
V d. Tnh tch phn I =
1 x 2 x x
dx
2
(x > 0).
77

Gii. t
2
1 dt
x dx .
t t
= =

Ta c
2
2
2
dt
dt 1 t x 1
t
I arc sin C arc sin C
1 1 2 2 x 2 2 (1 t)
1
t t t
+ +
= = = + = +
+

78

B -TCH PHN XC NH - TCH PHN SUY RNG
1. TCH PHN XC NH
1.1. nh ngha. Xt hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a,b]. Chia on [a,b] thnh cc on nh
bi cc im x
0
, x
1
,..., x
n
nh sau:
b x x ... x x x a
n 1 n 2 1 0
= < < < < < =

Trn mi on nh [ ]
i 1 i
x , x

ly mt im
i
ty
i 1 i i
x x (i 1, n)
= v t
i i i 1
x x x (i 1, n).
= =
Lp tng
n
n 1 1 0 1 2 1 n n n 1 i i
i 1
I f ( )(x x ) f ( )(x x ) ... f ( )(x x ) f ( ) x .
=
= + + + =

Xt gii hn:
i i
n
n i i
n n
i 1
max x 0 max x 0
lim I lim f ( ) x .
+ +
=

=

Nu gii hn trn tn ti, hu hn v bng I R th ta ni f(x) kh tch trn [a,b] v I c gi
l tch phn xc nh ca ) x ( f trn on [a,b], k hiu l
b
a
I f (x)dx =

.
Ta gi:
A l cn di;
b l cn trn;
f(x) l hm s ly tch phn;
f(x)dx l biu thc di du tch phn.
Ch . 1) Tch phn xc nh khng ph thuc vo k hiu bin s di du tch phn, ngha
l
b b b
a a a
f (x)dx f (t)dt f (u)du ... = = =

2) Ta cng t
0 dx ) x ( f
a
a
=
;
79

b a
a b
f (x)dx f (x)dx. =

1.2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh
1) ) const k ( dx ) x ( f . k dx ) x ( f . k
b
a
b
a
= =

2) [ ]
+
b
a
) x ( g ) x ( f dx= dx ) x ( g dx ) x ( f
b
a
b
a

+ .
3) Vi a, b, c bt k ta c
dx ) x ( f dx ) x ( f dx ) x ( f
b
c
c
a
b
a

+ = .
(Gi s cc tch phn trn u tn ti).
4) Nu [ ]
f (x) g(x) , x a, b , th dx ) x ( g dx ) x ( f
b
a
b
a

.
c bit, nu f(x) 0, x [a,b], th
b
a
f (x)dx 0
.
4) Nu [ ]
m f (x) M, x a, b th
b
a
1
m f (x)dx M.
b a

Ta gi
b
a
1
f (x)dx
b a

l gi tr trung bnh ca f(x) trn [a,b].
1.3. nh l (Tch phn xc nh vi cn trn bin thin).
Gi s hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. Khi
dt ) t ( f ) x ( F
x
a
=

l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a,b], ngha l F(x) = f(x), x [a,b].
Ch . T kt qu trn ta suy ra vi (x) l hm kh vi, ta c
(x)
a
f (t)dt f ( (x)) (x).

=

V d. Tnh gii hn sau:
80

2
x
2 3t
0
10
x 0
(t 2t)(lncos t)(e 1)dt
L lim
x

=

Gii. Ta thy L c dng v nh 0/0. p dng Qui tc lHospital ta c

( )
2
2
2
x
x
2 3t
2 3t
0
0
10
x 0 x 0
10
2 2 2
4 2 2 3x 2
9 9
x 0 x 0
L lim lim
x
x
1
2x x 3x 2x
2 (x 2x )(lncos(x ))(e 1)(x ) 3
lim lim .
5
10x 10x

= =

= = =

1.4. nh l (Cng thc Newton Leibniz).
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] v F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a,b] th
b
b
a
a
f (x)dx F(x) F(b) F(a) = =

V d.
1
1
1 2
1
dx
1) arctgx arctg1 arctg( 1) .
4 4 2 1 x

= = = + =
+
e e 2
2 3 e
1
1 1
ln x 1 1
2) dx ln xd( nx) ln x .
x 3 3
= = =

/
.
4
4 4
2
0 0
0
1 cos2x 1 1 1 1 2
3) sin xdx dx x sin2x ( ) .
2 2 2 2 4 2 8

= = = =

4
4 4
4
2
3
3 3 3
dx 1 1 x 2 4
4) ( )dx ln x 2 ln x 1 ln ln .
x 2 x 1 x 1 3 x 3x 2

= = = =

+

1.5. Phng php i bin s
Dng 1: Xt tch phn
b
a
I f (x)dx =

vi f(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. t t = (x) tha
1) (x) c o hm lin tc trn [a,b].
2) f(x)dx tr thnh g(t)dt trong g(t) l mt hm lin tc trn on c hai u mt l (a)
v (b).
81

Khi
(b) b
a (a)
f (x)dx g(t)dt.
=

Dng 2: Xt tch phn dx ) x ( f
b
a
vi f(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. t x = (t) tha

1) (t) c o hm lin tc trn [,].
2) a = () v b = ( ).
3) Khi t bin thin trn [,] th x bin thin trn [a,b].
Khi
[ ]
b
a
f (x)dx f (t) (t)dt
=

.
2
2
0
a) 4 x dx
;
3
0
b) x 1 xdx +
;
2
2
0
cos x
c) dx
1 sin x
;
2
1 x
2
1
e
d) dx
x
.
Gii.
2
2
0
a)I 4 x dx. =
t x 2sin t ( 2 t 2) = . Ta c dx = 2costdt;
2
4 x 2cos t. =
i cn
x 0 2
t 0 /2
Suy ra
2
2 2
2
0 0 0
1 cos2t sin2t
I 4 cos tdt 4 dt 2 t .
2 2

+
= = = + =

3
0
b)I x 1 xdx. = +
t
2
t 1 x x t 1 dx 2tdt. = + = =
i cn
x 0 3
t 1 2
Suy ra
2
2
5 3
2 2
1
1
t t 116
I 2(t 1)t dt 2( ) .
5 3 15
= = =

82

2
2
0
cos x
c)I dx.
1 sin x
=
+
a t t sin x dt cos xdx = = .

i cn
x 0 /2
t 0 1
1
1
0
2
0
dt
Suy ra I arctg .
4
1 t
= = =
+

2 1 x
2
1
e
d)I dx.
x
=

t
2
1 1
t dt dx.
x
x
= =
i cn
x 1 2
t 1 1/2
Suy ra
1/ 2
1/ 2
t t
1
1
I ( e )dt e e e = = =
.

1.6. Phng php tch phn tng phn
Gi s u = u(x) v v = v(x) l nhng hm s c o hm lin tc trong [a,b]. Khi t
cng thc tch phn tng phn trong tch phn bt nh ta suy ra cng thc tch phn tng phn
trong tch phn xc nh nh sau:
b b
b
a
a a
udv (uv) vdu =

e
1
a) lnxdx
;
2
o
b) xcos xdx
;
/ 2
x
0
c) e cos xdx
;
1
0
d) arc tg xdx
.
Gii.
e
1
a)I lnxdx =

. t

83

dx
u lnx du
x
dv dx
v x
= =

=

=

Suy ra
e
e e
1 1
1
dx
I xlnx x e x e e 1 1.
x
= = = + =
.
2
o
b) I xcos xdx.
=

t
u x du dx
dv cos xdx v sin x
= =

= =

Suy ra
2
2 2
0 0
0
I = xsin x sin xdx cos x 0.

= =

/ 2
x
0
c) I e cos xdx.
=

t
x x
u e du e dx
dv cos xdx v sin x

= =

= =

Suy ra
1
/ 2 / 2
/ 2
x x / 2 x
0
0 0
I
I e sinx e sinxdx e e sinxdx.

= =

_

Xt I
1
. t
x x
u e du e dx
dv sin xdx v cos x

= =

= =

Suy ra

2
x 2 x
1 0
0
I e cos x e cos xdx 1 I.
= + = +
.
2
Vay I e (1 I).
= + Do
2
e 1
I .
2

=
84

1
0
d) I arc tg xdx. =
t
2
dx
u arctgx du
1 x
dv dx
v x
= =

+
=

Suy ra
( )
2
1 1
1
1 2
0
2 2
0
0 0
d 1 x
x 1 1 1
I = xarc tgx dx = ln 1 x ln2.
4 2 4 2 4 2
1 x 1 x
+

= + =
+ +

V d. Chng minh rng nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,a] th

a
a
a
0
0 ne u f(x) la ha m so le
f (x)dx
2 f (x)dx neu f(x) la ham so chan

Gii. Ta c
a 0 a
a a 0
I
f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx

= +

_

Xt I. t t = x dt = dx. Ta c

0 0 a
a a 0
I f (x)dx f ( t)dt f ( t)dt.
= = =

Suy ra
a a a a a a
a 0 0 0 0 0
a
0
f (x)dx f ( t)dt f (x)dx f ( x)dx f (x)dx [f ( x) f (x)]dx
0 ne u f(x) la ha m so le

2 f (x)dx neu f(x) la ham so chan
= + = + = +

2. TCH PHN SUY RNG
2.1. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn (loi I)
2.1.1. nh ngha. Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh trn [a; +) v kh tch trn mi on hu
hn [a,b]. Ta nh ngha
85

t
t
a a
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx (1)
+
+
=

v gi l tch phn suy rng ca hm s f(x) trn [a; +). Tch phn suy rng c gi l hi
t (tng ng, phn k) khi gii hn trong v phi ca (1) tn ti v hu hn (tng ng, khng
c gii hn hoc c gii hn v cng).
Tng t nh ngha tch phn suy rng ca hm s f(x) trn [ ; a):
a a
u
u
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
=

v trn ( ; +):
a a t
u t
a u a
f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx lim f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
+ +
+

= + = +

(*)
(a c chn ty , tch phn suy rng s khng ph thuc vo cch chn a).
Trong (*), nu c hai gii hn u tn ti hu hn th tch phn suy rng f (x)dx
+
mi hi t.
Ngc li, nu c t nht mt trong hai gii hn khng tn ti (hoc bng v cng) th f (x)dx
+

phn k.
Ta thy rng tch phn suy rng l gii hn ca tch phn xc nh khi cho cn tch phn
dn ti v cc. V vy tnh tch phn suy rng ta c th dng cng thc Newton-Leibniz nh
sau:
a
f (x)dx F(x) F( ) F(a),
a
+
+
= = +

trong F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) v
x
F( ) limF(x).
+
+ =
Tng t, ta c
a
a
f (x)dx F(x) F(a) F( )
= =
v f (x)dx F(x) F( ) F( )
+
+
= = +

vi ( )
x
F( ) limF x
+
+ = ; ( )
x
F( ) limF x
= .
V d 1.
0 2
x
0
dx
a) arc tgx limarc tgx arctg0 .
2 1 x
+
+
+
= = =
+

0
0
2
x
dx
b) arctgx arctg0 limarctgx .
2 1 x

= = =
+

86

0
2 2 2
0
dx dx dx
c) .
2 2 1 x 1 x 1 x
+ +

= + = + =
+ + +

.
V d 2. Chng minh rng
1
dx
I
x
+

=

hi t vi > 1 v phn k vi 1.
Gii. 1) Vi 1 ta c
( ) ( )
1 1
x
1
1
dx 1 1 1
I lim .
1 x 1 x 1 x
+
+

+

= = = +

Nu < 1 th
( )
1
x
1
lim I
1 x

+
= = +

nn I
phn k.
Nu > 1 th
( )
1
x
1 1
lim 0 I
1 1 x

+
= =

nn I
hi t.
2) Vi = 1 ta c
1 x
1
dx
I lnx lim ln x ln1
x
+
+
+
= = = = +
nn I
phn k.

2.2. Tch phn ca hm khng b chn (loi II)
2.2.1. nh ngha. 1) Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a, b) v khng b chn ti b, ngha l
( ) =
x f lim
b x
(khi x = b cn c gi l im bt thng ca f(x)), th ta t
b t
t b
a a
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
=

.
2) Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn (a, b] v khng b chn ti a, ngha l ( ) =
+
x f lim
a x
(ngha
l x = a l im bt thng ca f(x)), th ta t
b b
u a
a u
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
+
=

.
3) Nu hm s f(x) khng b chn ti im c (a,b) v lin tc ti mi x [a,b]\{c} th ta
t
b c b t b
t c u c
a a c a u
f (x) dx f (x) dx f (x) dx lim f (x)dx lim f (x)dx (*)
+

= + = +

87

4) Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti v hu hn th ta ni cc tnh phn suy rng tng ng hi
tu, ngc li ta ni chng phn k. Ch rng trong (*), tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x) dx
ch hi t
khi c hai gii hn tng ng u tn ti hu hn.
Ch . Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) th ta cng c cng thc tng t nh cng
thc Newton-Leibniz nh sau: Vi F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x), ta c
a) Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b) v c im bt thng l x = b th
b
b
a
a
f (x)dx F(x) F(b ) F(a)
= =
,
trong
( )
x b
F(b ) limF x
= .
b) Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn (a, b] v c im bt thng l x = a th
b
b
a
a
f (x)dx F(x) F(b) F(a )
+
+
= =
,
trong
x a
F(a ) limF(x).
+
+
=
V d 1. Xt

=
2
1
1 x
xdx
J c im bt thng x = 1. Ta c
( )
( )
( )
3
x 1 1
xdx dx 2
dx x 1dx x 1 2 x 1 C.
3
x 1 x 1
x 1
+
= = + = + +

Do
( ) ( )
2
3 3
t 1
1
2 2 2 8
J x 1 2 x 1 2 lim t 1 2 t 1 .
3 3 3 3
+
+

= + = + + =

Vy J hi t v J = 8/3.

V d 2. Tch phn suy rng
( )

=
2
0
2
1 x
dx
I c im bt thng l x = 1. Ta c
2 1
1 2
2 2
0 1
I I
dx dx
I
(x 1) (x 1)
= +

_ _

( )
1
1
1
2
x 1
0 0
dx 1 1
I lim 1 .
x 1 x 1
x 1

= = = = +

Vy I
1
phn k nn I cng phn k (ta khng cn kho st I
2
).
88

V d 3. Chng minh rng
b
a
dx
J
(x a)

=
(a < b) hi t khi < 1 v phn k khi 1.

Gii. 1) Vi 1 ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
b
b
1 1 1
x a
a
a
dx 1 1 1
J lim .
(x a) 1 (x a) 1 (b a) 1 (x a)
+
+

= = = +

Nu < 1 th
( ) ( )
1 1
x a
1 1
lim 0 J
1 (x a) 1 (b a)
+

= =

nn J
hi t.
Nu > 1 th
( )
1
x a
1
lim J
1 (x a)
+

= + = +

nn J
phn k.
2) Vi = 1 ta c
b
b
a x a
a
dx
J ln|x a| ln(b a) lim ln|x a|
x a
+ +

= = = = +
nn J
phn k.

3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN
3.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng thng x = a, x = b, y = f
1
(x), y = f
2
(x), vi
f
1
(x), f
2
(x) l cc hm s lin tc trong [a,b] c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) ( )
b
1 2
a
S f x f x dx =
(1)
tnh tch phn trong (1) ta cn gii phng trnh hanh giao im f
1
(x) = f
2
(x)
tm tt c cc nghim x
1
< x
2
<...< x
n
thuc [a,b]. Khi
1 2
1 n
x x b
1 2 1 2 1 2
a x x
S [f (x) f (x)]dx [f (x) f (x)] dx ... [f (x) f (x)] dx = + + +

V d 1. Tnh din tch S ca hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng y = x
2
+ 1 v x + y = 3.
Gii. Phng trnh honh giao im
x
2
+ 1 = 3 x
=
=
2 x
1 x

Suy ra din tch cn tm l
1
1 1
3 2
2 2
2 2 2
x x 9 9
S [(x 1) (3 x)]dx (x x 2)dx ( 2x) .
3 2 2 2

= + = + = + = =

89

V d 2. Tnh din tch S ca hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng y = x
3
2x
2
+ 2x v y
= x
2
.

Gii. Phng trnh honh giao im
3 2 2 2
x 0
x 2x 2x x x(x 3x 2) 0 x 1
x 2
=
+ = + = =

Suy ra din tch cn tm l
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
4 4
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
0 1 0 1
x x
S x 3x 2x dx x 3x 2x dx x x x x
4 4
1 1 1
.
4 4 2

= + + + = + + +

= + =

3.2. Tnh th tch
1) Trong khng gian Oxyz vi h ta trc chun cho vt th c th tch V. Gi s S(x)
l din tch ca thit din c to bi mt mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox ti im c ta
x (trn Ox). Khi nu vt th gii hn bi hai mt phng x = a v x = b (a < b) v S(x) lin tc
trn [a, b] th
b
a
V S(x)dx =

2) Th tch vt th trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng y = f(x), trc honh,
x = a, x = b (a < b) quay xung quanh Ox c tnh theo cng thc
( )
b
2
a
V f x dx =

.
V d. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau:
a) y 2 x = , y = 0, x = 0, x = 4 quay quanh Ox.
b) y
2
= 4 x, x = 0 quay quanh Oy.
Gii.
4
2 4
0
0
a)V 4xdx 2 x 32 = = =
.
b) Ta c:
2 2
y 4 x x 4 y = =

ng cong x = 4 y
2
giao vi trc tung Oy ti cc im c tung l nghim ca
phng trnh
4 y
2
= 0 y = 2.

Suy ra th tch cn tm l
90

( ) ( )
2
2 2
5
2
2 2 4 3
2 2 2
1 y 374
V 4 y dy 16 8y y dy (16y y ) .
8 5 5

= = + = + =

4. KHI NIM V PHNG TRNH VI PHN
4.1. nh ngha. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 l phng trnh gia bin x, hm cha
bit y = y(x) v o hm y = y(x):
F(x, y, y) = 0 (1)
Nu t (1) ta tnh c y th (1) cn c vit di dng:
dy
y f (x, y) hay f (x, y) (2)
dx
= =

Ta cn bin i (2) v dng:
P(x,y)dx + Q(x,y) dy = 0 (3)
Trong (3) ta c th xem y l hm, x l bin hoc y l bin, x l hm u c.
4.2. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring
Xt phng trnh vi phn cp 1:
F(x, y, y) = 0 (1)
1) Nghim tng qut ca (1) trn min D R
2
l h hm y = (x,C) ph thuc h hng
s CC tho hai tnh cht:
Tnh cht 1: Vi mi CC, y = (x,C) l nghim ca (1), ngha l y = (x,C) tha
(1).
Tnh cht 2: Vi mi (x
0
,y
0
) D, tn ti duy nht C
0
C sao cho nghim y = (x,C)
tha y(x
0
) = y
0
.
Thng thng, nghim tng qut c vit di dng hm n:
(x,y,C) = 0.
2) Nghim ring ca (1) tho iu kin ban u
0
|x x 0
y y
=
= (hay y(x
0
) = y
0
) l nghim y
= (x,C
0
) c suy t nghim tng qut y = (x,C) bng cch xc nh hng s C da
vo iu kin .
Thng thng, nghim ring c vit di dng hm n:
(x,y,C
0
) = 0.
Gii mt PTVP l tm nghim tng qut ca n. Nu c km theo iu kin ban u,
th ta phi tm nghim ring tho mn iu kin .
4.3. Phng trnh vi phn tch bin (hay c bin phn ly). l phng trnh c
dng:
M
1
(x)N
1
(y)dx + M
2
(x)N
2
(y)dy = 0 (1)

91

Cch gii. Vi M
2
(x)N
1
(y) 0, chia hai v ca (1) cho i lng ny, ta c:
1 2
2 1
M (x) N (y)
dx dy 0
M (x) N (y)
+ =

Suy ra nghim tng qut l:
1 2
2 1
M (x) N (y)
dx dy C
M (x) N (y)
+ =

Nu M
2
(x) = 0 ti x = a th bng cch th trc tip ta thy x = a, y tu thuc min
xc nh, cng l mt nghim ca (1).
Nu N
1
(y) = 0 ti y = b th bng cch th trc tip ta thy y = b, x tu thuc min
xc nh, cng l mt nghim ca (1).
V d. Gii phng trnh vi phn:
(xy
2
+ y
2
)dx + (x
2
x
2
y)dy = 0 (1)

Gii. Ta vit li phng trnh (2) nh sau:

(x+ 1)y
2
dx + x
2
(1 y)dy = 0 (2)

Gi s xy 0. Chia hai v ca (2) cho x
2
y
2
ta c:
2 2
x 1 1 y
dx dy 0
x y
+
+ = .
Nghim tng qut l
2 2
x 1 1 y
dx dy C
x y
+
+ =

,
ngha l
1 1
ln|x| ln|y| C
x y
= hay
x x y
ln C
y xy
+
= .
Ngoi ra, bng cch th trc tip ta thy x = 0 (y tu ); y = 0 (x tu ) cng l hai
nghim ca (2).
4.4. Tm hm s y = y(x) t h s co gin
yx
Nh xt chng 2, nu hai i lng x v y lin h nhau theo mt hm kh vi y =
y(x) th ta tm c h s co gin
yx
nh l mt hm theo x nh bi:
yx
x dy x
y (x) .
y dx y
= =

Do , nu bit h s co gin
yx
= (x)

l mt hm theo x, ta c mt phng trnh vi phn tch
bin:
92

dy (x)
dx
y x
=

c nghim tng qut l
(x)
ln|y| dx C
x
= +

V d. Bit h s co gin ca hm cu Q = Q
D
l
D
P
1000 P
=

Hy xc nh hm cu Q
D
bit Q
D
(0) = 2000.
Gii. Ta c
dQ P P
dP Q 1000 P
=

Suy ra
dQ dP
Q 1000 P
=

Ly tch phn hai v ta c ln|Q| = ln|1000 P| + C. T suy ra Q = A(1000 P). T iu
kin Q(0) = 2000, ta c A = 2. Vy Q
D
= 2(1000 P).
4.5. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 l phng trnh c dng:
y + p(x)y = q(x) (1)
Nu q(x) 0 th ta c phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht cp 1:
y + p(x)y = 0 (2)

Cch gii. 1) Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht cp 1:
y + p(x)y = 0 (2)
c nghim tng qut l:
p(x)dx
y Ce
=

2) Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1:
y + p(x)y = q(x) (1)
c nghim tng qut ca (1) l
93

p(x)dx p(x)dx
y e q(x)e dx C

= +

Ch . a) Dng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange ta tm nghim tng qut
ca (1) di dng:
p(x)dx
y C(x)e
=

trong
p(x)dx
C(x) q(x)e =

.
b) Ta c th ghi nh cng thc nghim tng qut cu phng trnh (1) di dng:
y = u(x)v(x,C)
trong
p(x)dx
q(x)
u(x) e ; v(x, C) dx C
u(x)
= = +

Chng minh. 1) Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht cp 1:
y + p(x)y = 0 (2)
Trc ht, xt trng hp y 0. Ta vit li (2) nh sau:
dy dy
p(x)y hay p(x)dx
dx y
= =
Nghim tng qut l:
p(x)dx
dy
= p(x)dx
y
hay ln|y|= p(x)dx +ln|C|=ln|Ce | (C 0)

T
p(x)dx
y Ce
=

vi C 0. Ch rng y = 0 cng tho (2) nn y cng l mt
nghim ca (2). Suy ra nghim tng qut ca (2) l:
p(x)dx
y Ce
=

vi C l hng s tu .

2) Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1:
y + p(x)y = q(x) (1)
94

Dng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange ta tm nghim tng qut ca (1)
di dng:
p(x)dx
y C(x)e
=

Khi :
p(x)dx p(x)dx
p(x)dx p(x)dx
y C(x)e C(x)e ( p(x)dx)
C(x)e C(x)e ( p(x))

= +
= +

Th vo (1) ta c:
p(x)dx p(x)dx p(x)dx
C(x)e C(x)e ( p(x)) p(x)C(x)e q(x)

+ + =

Suy ra
p(x)dx
C(x)e q(x)
hay
p(x)dx
C(x) q(x)e =

Do :
p(x)dx
1
C(x) q(x)e dx C = +

Suy ra nghim tng qut ca (1) l

p(x)dx p(x)dx
1
y e q(x)e dx C

= +

V d. Gii phng trnh vi phn:
2
xy y 3x (3) + =
Gii. Bin i (3):
1
y y 3x
x
+ =

y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 dng y + p(x)y = q(x) nn c nghim tng
qut l: y = u(x)v(x,C), trong :
1
1
p(x)dx dx
x
ln|x| ln|x| 1
2 3
u(x) e e e e |x| ( 1)
x
q(x) 3x 1 1
v(x, C) dx C dx C 3x dx C x C
u(x)
x

= = = = = = =
= + = + = + = +

ngha l
95

3 2
1 C
y ( x C) hay y x
x x
= + = +

Ch : Khi gii cc phng trnh trn ta thng dng cc ng nht sau:
k ln|A(x)| k k
kl n|A(x)|
k k
e |A(x)| (A(x)) ;
1
e ( 1)
|A(x)| (A(x))
= =
= = =

BI TP
1. Tnh cc tnh phn sau:
a)
( )

dx
1 x
x
2
3
; b)
3
dx
x x +
; c)
2x 5
dx
x
+
;
d)
5 2 3
x x 8dx
; e)
+ 1 e
dx
x
; f)
1 x
2
3
dx
x
;
g)
( )
dx
x 1
arctgx
2
100
+
; h)
( )
( )
+
+
x
xe 1 x
dx 1 x
; i)
2
xdx
x x
;
j)
2
(x 4)dx
x 2x
+
; k)
2
dx
x x 1 +
; l)
2 2
dx
x x 1 +
.
2. Tnh cc tnh phn sau:
a)
dx
4sinx 3cosx 5 + +
; b)
cos x
dx
5 cos x
; c)
3 5
2 4
cos x cos x
dx
sin x sin x
+
+
;
d)
3
sinx sin x
dx
c os2x
+
; e)
2 2
dx

4sin x 9cos x +
; f)
sinx
dx
1 cos x cos2x + +
;
g)
3
dx
sin x
; h)
4
dx
cos x
; i)
dx
3
x
sin
2
x
sin . x sin
;
j)
. xdx 5 sin . x 3 cos

2 2
k)
sin x
dx
cos x
; l)
2
tgx
dx
1 sin x +
.
3.Dng phng php tch phn tng phn tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
2
x arctgxdx
; b) sin(lnx)dx
; c)
2
ln(x 1 x )dx + +
;
d)
2 2
xarctgx
dx
(1 x ) +
; e)
x
arcsin dx
x 1 +
; g)
2 3
arcsin x
dx
(1 x )
.
4. Tnh tch phn cc hm phn thc hu t sau:
a) dx
9 x 4 x
5 x 6
2
+ +
+
; b)
+
+
dx
5 x 2 x
3 x 5
2
; c)
+ + +
+
dx
6 x 11 x 6 x
4 x
2 3
;
96

d)
+
+
dx
16 x 8 x
1 x
2 4
5
; e)
+ 1 x
xdx
3
; f)
1 x
dx
4
;
g)
( )
dx
x 1 x
1 x 3
2
2
+
+
; h)
( )
+
4
2
x 1
dx
.
5. Tnh tch phn cc hm v t sau:
a)
4
1 x
dx
1 x
+
+
; b)
+ +
dx
1 x 8 x 2
3 x 5
2
; c)
+
+
dx
x x
x
8 6
4 3
2
;
d)
+ 1 x 2 x 5 x
dx
2
; e)
( )
2
3x 2
dx
x 1 x 3x 3
+
+ + +
; f) ( ) ( ) dx 1 x 2 x 1 x
3
2
3
+ +
.

6. Dng phng php i bin, tnh:
a)
28
3
7
x 1 x dx
; b)
2
3
0
sin xcos2xdx
; c)
63
3
x
dx
1 x +
;

d)
4
2
2 2
3x x 7 dx
; e)
3
2 2
0
2x 9 x dx
; f)
( )
1
3
2 2
0
dx
2x 1 x 1 + +
;
g)
1
1
xdx
5 4x
; h)
1
0
arcsin x
dx
x(1 x)
; i)
ln2
x
0
e 1dx
.

3
2
x 0
2 t 2
0 x
12 10
x 0 x 0
(t 3t 2)(cos t 1) s in2tdt (e 1) ln(cos t)dt
a) lim b) lim
x x

+ +

8. p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn, tnh:
a) dx xe
1
o
x 2
; b)
2
2
1
xlog xdx
; c)
1
0
arccos xdx
;
d)
1
1
x arcsin xdx
; e)
e
1
e
|ln x|dx
; f)

3
3
2
. dx
x cos
x sin x

9. Kho st s hi t v tnh cc tch phn suy rng sau (nu c):
97

a) ;
2 x x
dx
2
2
+
+
b)
+
+
0
3
;
x 1
dx
c)
( )
;
x 1
tgxdx arc
0
2 3
2
+
+

d)
2 2
dx
(x 1)
+
; e)
0
x
x
dx
e
; f)
1
xdx
.
x 1
+
+

10. Kho st s hi t v tnh cc tch phn suy rng sau (nu c):
a)
0
1 x
3
1
e
dx
x
b)
1
3 5
1
x 1
dx;
x
c)
2
2
1
dx
x x 1

d)
1
0
dx
;
(2 x) 1 x
e)
1
3 2
0
dx
x x +
f)
1
0
ln(1 x)dx
.

11. Tnh din tch cc hnh phng c gii hn bi cc ng:
a) y = 4x x
2
v trc Ox; b)
3 x , 2 x , 0 y , 1 x
2
1
y
2
= = = + =
;
c)
2
y
x
= , y = 2x, y = 0, x = 4; d) y = x
3
+ 2x
2
+ x v y = 2x + 2;
e)
2
4x
y
1 x
=
+
, y = 2x
3
; f)
3
2
4x
y
1 x
=
+
, y = 2x.
12. Tnh th tch ca cc vt th trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng:
a) y = lnx, y = 0, x = 1, x = 2 quay quanh trc Ox;
b) x = ye
y
, x = 0, y = 0, y = 1 quay quanh trc Oy.
13. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
a)
0 ln 1
2
= + + xdy xy dx y
. b)
0 1 1
2 2
= + dy x y dx y
.
c)
0 1 1
4 4
= + + dy x y dx y x
. d)
) 2 cos( ) 2 cos( ' y x y x y = + +
.

14. Xc nh hm cu Q = Q
D
bit h s co gin l
D D
P
a) vi Q (0) = 1000
500 P
;
2
D D
2
4P
b) v i Q (0) = 2500000.
500 P

98

15. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
a) . 0 3 1 4 '
2
= + y x x y b) . 0 4 2 ' = + y x tg y
c)
2
cos
sin
'
2
x
xtg
x
y
y =
. d) arctgx y y x = + + ' ) 1 (
2
.
e) x y xy
2
cos 2 ' = + . f)
x x y y x x
5
ln 2 ' ) ln ( =
.

99

CHNG 3
PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN
1. KHI NIM V HM NHIU BIN
1.1. nh ngha hm nhiu bin
Cho tp hp khc rng D R
2
. Nu ng vi mi cp s thc (x,y) ca D c mt v ch mt
s thc f(x,y) th ta ni hm f = f(x,y) l hm theo hai bin x, y c min xc nh l D.
V d: Hm
2 2
y x 4
1
z

=
l hm theo hai bin x,y c min xc nh l
D = {(x,y) R
2
|4 x
2
y
2
> 0} = {(x,y)R
2
| x
2
+ y
2
< 4}.
nh ngha tng t cho hm 3 bin.
1.2. th hm ca hm hai bin
Cho hm hai bin z = f(x,y) c min xc nh l D. th ca z = f(x,y) l tp
G = {(x,y,z) R
3
| (x,y) D, z = f(x,y)}. Sau y l th ca mt s hm hai bin.
1) Elipsoid
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
1
a b c
+ + = :

2) Paraboloid
2 2
2 2
x y
z
a b
= + :

100

3) Mt nn bc hai:
2 2
2 2
x y
z
a b
= + :

Tng qut hn, mt nn bc hai
2 2
2
2 2
x y
z
a b
= + c th nh sau:

4) Mt tr bc hai:
- Mt tr elip:
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
+ =

- Mt tr parabol:
2
y 2px =
101

1.3. Gii hn ca hm hai bin
S L c gi l gii hn ca hm z = f(x, y) khi (x,y) (a,b) nu vi mi > 0 cho trc
nh bao nhiu ty , c th tm > 0, sao cho nu 0 < < vi =
2 2
) b y ( ) a x ( + l
khong cch gia cc im (x,y) v (a,b), th bt ng thc:
f(x, y) L <
c tha mn. K hiu
(x,y) (a,b)
lim f (x, y) L
= hay
x a
y b
lim f (x, y) L
=

V d: Tm cc gii hn sau:
2 2
2
x 2 x 0
y 0 y 0
1 cos xy 1
a) lim b) lim (x y ) sin
xy xy

+

Gii.
2 2 2
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
y 0 y 0 y 0 y 0
1 cos xy 1 cos xy 1 cos xy 1
a) lim lim x limx lim 0. 0.
2 xy (xy) (xy)

= = = =

2 2
x 0
y 0
1
b) lim (x y ) sin
xy
+ . Ta c
2 2 2 2
1
(x y ) sin x y 0 khi (x, y) (0, 0).
xy
+ +
Theo gii hn kp ta suy ra
2 2
x 0
y 0
1
lim (x y ) sin 0.
xy
+ =
1.4. S lin tc ca hm hai bin.
102

Hm f(x,y) c gi l lin tc ti im M
0
(a,b) nu f(x,y) xc nh trn mt mt trn cha
M
0
(a,b) v
(x,y) (a,b)
lim f (x, y) f (a, b)
= .
Nu f(x,y) lin tc ti mi im M
0
(a,b)D th ta ni f(x,y) lin tc trn D.

2. O HM RING
2.1. o hm ring cp 1
Xt hm hai bin f = f(x, y), nu c nh y, xem y nh l mt hng s, hm f tr thnh hm
theo bin x. o hm ca hm mt bin c gi l o hm ring (cp 1) ca f theo bin x,
k hiu l f
x
hay
f
x
. Vy
x 0
f f (x x, y) f (x, y)
(x, y) lim
x x

+
=

.
Tng t, ta nh ngha c o hm ring (cp 1) ca f theo bin y, k hiu l f
y
hay
f
y
.
Nhn xt: Cc quy lut tnh o hm ring hon ton ging vi cc quy lut tnh o hm
ca hm mt bin s, ch c iu cn lu l o hm ring tnh theo bin s no.
V d: Tm cc o hm ring ca hm s:
y
z arctg
x
=
.
Gii.
2
x
x 2 2 2 2 2
x
2
y
y
y y x
x
z arctg .
x y x x y
y
1
x
x
= = = =

+ +

+

y
y 2 2 2 2 2
y
2
y
1
x
y x
x
z arctg .
x y x x y
y
1
x
x
= = = =

+ +

+

2.2. o hm ring cp 2.
o hm ring cp 2 ca hm f = f(x, y) l o hm ring ca o hm ring cp 1 ca
n. C th:
1) o hm ring cp 2 ca f theo bin x, k hiu l
2
2
2 x
f
f hay
x
, nh bi:
103

2
2
x x
2 x
f f
f (f ) hay
x x x

= =

.
2) o hm ring cp 2 ca f theo bin y, k hiu l 2
2
2 y
f
f hay
y
, nh bi:
2
2
y y
2 y
f f
f (f ) hay
y y y

= =

.
3) Cc o hm ring cp 2 ca f theo hai bin x, y nh bi:

2
xy x y
f f
f (f ) hay
x y y x

= =

.

2
yx y x
f f
f (f ) hay
y x x y

= =

.
Ch : Vi gi thit

xy yx
f va f
lin tc, c th chng minh c rng:
=
xy yx
f f

(nh l Schwarz). iu ny chng t o hm ring cp 2 theo hai bin x, y khng ph thuc
vo th t ly o hm, nu chng lin tc. T , kt qu trn cng ng cho cc o hm
ring cp cao hn nu chng lin tc. Khi o hm ring cp k ca f(x,y) nh bi:
k k p p k p k p
p k p k p p k p p p k p
f f f f
( )
x y y x y x x y

= = =

V d: Tm cc o hm ring cp 2 ca hm s:
y
z arctg
x
=
.
Gii. Trong v d trc ta bit:
x
2 2
y
z
x y
=
+
v y
2 2
x
z .
x y
=
+

Do :
( )
2
x x 2 2 2 x
2 2
x
y 2xy
z (z ) = .
x y
x y

= =

+
+

( )
2
y y 2 2 2 y
2 2
y
x 2xy
z (z ) = .
x y
x y

= =

+
+

104

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
xy x y 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
y
y x y 2yy y x
z (z ) = .
x y
x y x y
+
= = =

+
+ +
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
yx y x 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x
x x y 2xx y x
z (z ) = .
x y
x y x y
+
= = =

+
+ +

3. O HM RING CA HM HP
3.1. Trng hp f = f(x, y) vi x = x(t), y = y(t):
Trong trng hp ny, hm hp f(x(t),y(t)) c o hm theo bin t nh bi:
df f dx f dy
dt x dt y dt

= +

c bit, khi y = y(x), hm hp f(x,y(x)) c o hm theo x nh bi:
df f f dy
dx x y dx

= +

3.2. Trng hp f = f(x, y) vi x = x(u,v), y = y(u,v):
Trong trng hp ny, hm hp f(x(u,v),y(u,v)) c cc o hm ring theo u, v nh bi:
f f x f y
u x u y u
f f x f y
v x v y v

= +

= +

V d 1. Cho z = x
2siny
vi y = e
x
. Tm
dz
dx
.
Gii. Ta c:
x x
2sin y 2sin y 1
x 2sin(e ) 1 x x 2sin(e )
2sin y 2sin y
x x
dz z z dy
dx x y dx
z
(x ) 2(sin y)x
dz
x x
2sin(e )x 2e cos(e )x lnx
z dx
(x ) 2(cos y)x lnx
y y
dy d
(e ) e
dx dx

= +

= =

= +

= =
= =

V d 2: Cho z = x
2siny
vi x = lnt, y = arctgt. Tm
dz
dt
.
Gii. Ta c
105

2siny 2siny 1
2siny 2siny
2
2sin(arctgt) 1 2sin(arctgt)
2
dz z dx z dy
dt x dt y dt
z
(x ) 2(siny)x
x x
z
(x ) 2(cos y)x lnx
y y
dx d 1
(lnt)
dt dt t
dy d 1
(arctgt)
dt dt 1 t
dz 2 2
sin(arctgt)(lnt) cos(arctgt)(lnt) ln(
dt t 1 t

= +

= =

= =

= =
= =
+
= +
+
lnt)

V d 3. Cho z = x
2siny
vi x = u + v, y = uv. Tm
z z
,
u v

.
Gii. Ta c
2sin y 2sin y 1
2sin y 2sin y
z z x z y z z x z y
; ;
u x u y u v x v y v
z
(x ) 2(sin y)x
x x
z
(x ) 2(cos y)x lnx
y y

= + = +

= =

= =

x y
(u v) 1; (uv) v
u u u u

= + = = =

2sin(uv) 1 2sin(uv)
2sin(uv) 1 2sin(uv)
x y
(u v) 1; (uv) u
v v v v
z
2sin(uv)(u v) 2vcos(uv)(u v) ln(u v)
u
z
2sin(uv)(u v) 2u cos(uv)(u v) ln(u v)
v

= + = = =

= + + + +
= + + + +

4. O HM RING CA HM N
4.1. nh ngha. Cho phng trnh f(x,y) = 0, trong f(x,y) l mt hm hai bin xc nh
trn D R
2
. Nu y = y(x) l mt hm s xc nh trn (a,b) sao cho (x,y(x)) D v f(x,y(x)) = 0
vi mi x (a,b) th ta ni y = y(x) l mt hm n xc nh bi phng trnh f(x,y) = 0.
V d:
2 2
y 1 x ; y 1 x = = l hai hm n xc nh bi phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
= 1.

106

4.2. nh l. Cho phng trnh f(x,y) = 0, trong f(x,y) l mt hm hai bin c cc o
hm ring lin tc trn D R
2
v (x
0
,y
0
) D l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Khi , nu
y 0 0
f (x , y ) 0 th vi mt s > 0 bt k nh, tn ti > 0 sao cho:
1) Vi mi x (x
0
, x
0
+ ), phng trnh f(x,y) = 0 c duy nht mt nghim y = y(x)
(y
0
, y
0
+ ).
2) Hm s y = y(x) l hm n xc nh bi phng trnh f(x,y) = 0 c o hm trn (x
0
-,
x
0
+ ) nh bi:
x
y
f (x, y)
y (x)
f (x, y)

vi y = y(x).

V d. Cho phng trnh 2y siny 2x = 0. Tnh o hm hm n y = y(x) xc nh bi
phng trnh trn ti x
0
= 0. (S: 2)
Gii. t f(x,y) = 2y siny 2x . Ta c
x y
f 2; f 2 cos y = = . Suy ra
x
y
f
2
y (x)
f 2 cos y
= =

Ti x = x
0
= 0 ta c 2y siny = 0 nn y = y
0
= 0. Do
2 2
y (0) 2.
2 cos y 2 cos0
= = =

4.3. nh l. Cho phng trnh f(x,y,z) = 0, trong f(x,y,z) l mt hm ba bin c cc o
hm ring lin tc trn D R
3
v (x
0
,y
0
,z
0
) D l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Khi , nu
z 0 0 0
f (x , y , z ) 0 th vi mt s > 0 bt k nh, tn ti > 0 sao cho:
1) Vi mi (x,y) (x
0
, x
0
+ )(y
0
, y
0
+ ), phng trnh f(x,y,z) = 0 c duy nht
mt nghim z = z(x,y) (z
0
, z
0
+ ).
2) Hm s z = z(x,y) l hm n xc nh bi phng trnh f(x,y,z) = 0 c o hm ring trn
(x
0
, x
0
+ )(y
0
, y
0
+ ) nh bi:
y
x
x y
z z
f (x, y, z)
f (x, y, z)
z (x, y) , z (x, y) ,
f (x, y, z)) f (x, y, z)
= =

vi z = z(x,y).
V d. Tm cc o hm ring cp 1, 2 ca cc hm n hm n z = z(x,y) xc nh bi cc
phng trnh:
a) xyz = x + y + z;
b) x + y + z = e
z
;
c) x/z = ln(z/y) + 1.
Gii. S dng cng thc trn ta tnh c:
107

2
2
x y
x 2
xy
y 2 2
yz 1 xz 1 2y(yz 1)
a)z ; z ; z ;
xy 1 xy 1
(xy 1)
2x(xz 1) xyz x y z
z ; z
(xy 1) (xy 1)

= = =

+
= =

2 2
z
x y xy
x y z z 3
1 e
b)z z ; z z z
e 1 (e 1)
= = = = =

5. VI PHN
Cho hm f = f(x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc ti im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
). Khi vi mi x,
y kh b, ta c:
f(x
0
+x,y
0
+y) f(x
0
,y
0
) = f
x
'(x
0
,y
0
)x + f
y
'(x
0
,y
0
)y + o()
trong
2 2
x y = +
v
0
) ( 0
lim
0
=

, ngha l o() l VCB cp cao hn khi 0.
5.1. Vi phn ton phn
t df(x
0
,y
0
) = f
x
'(x
0
,y
0
)x + f
y
'(x
0
,y
0
)y. Ta gi df(x
0
,y
0
) l vi phn ton phn ca f(x,y)
ti (x
0
,y
0
).
Tng qut, vi phn ton phn ca ca f(x,y) nh bi:
df = f
x
'x + f
y
'y.
Ch rng vi g(x,y) = x, ta c:
dg = g
x
'x + g
y
'y = x.
Do dx = x. Tng t, dy = y. Do vi phn ton phn ca f(x,y) c biu thc nh sau:
x y
df = f dx + f dy

Khi x v y kh b, ta c:
f(x
0
+x,y
0
+y) f(x
0
,y
0
) f
x
'(x
0
,y
0
)x + f
y
'(x
0
,y
0
)y

Suy ra cng thc tnh gn ng:

0 0 0 0 0 0
f(x + x, y + y) f(x ,y ) + df(x ,y )

2 2
2
x y
2 2 2 2
xy
x y 3 2 3 3
z z
c)z ; z ;
x z y(x z)
z x z xz
z ; z ; z
(x z) y (x z) y(x z)
= =
+ +
= = =
+ + +
108

V d. Cho z = x
y
. Tm dz; dz(2,3). Tnh gn ng A = 2,02
2,97
.
Gii:
dz = z
x
dx + z
y
dy = yx
y1
dx + x
y
lnxdy.
dz(2,3)= 3.2
31
dx + 2
3
ln2dy = 12dx + 8ln2dy.
t (x
0
,y
0
) = (2,3); (x;y) = (0,02;-0,03). Theo cng thc tnh gn ng, ta c:
A = z(x
0
+x,y
0
+y) z(x
0
,y
0
) + dz(x
0
,y
0
) z(2,3) + dz(2,3)
8 + 12.0,02 + 8.ln2.(0,03) 8,24 0,24ln2
5.2. Vi phn cp 2.
Vi phn cp 2 ca hm f(x, y), k hiu d
2
f, l vi phn ca vi phn ton phn ca n, ngha
l
d
2
f = d(df)
Ta c:
d
2
f = d(f
x
'dx + f
y
'dy) = (f
x
'dx + f
y
'dy)
x
'dx + (f
x
'dx + f
y
'dy)
y
'dy
= (f
x
')
x
'dx
2
+ (f
y
')
x
'dydx + (f
x
')
y
'dxdy + (f
y
')
y
'dy
2
= 2 2
" 2 " " 2
xy
x y
f dx 2f dxdy f dy + +

Vy:
2 2
2 2 2
xy
x y
d f f dx 2f dxdy f dy = + +

hay
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
f f f
d f dx dy f dx 2 dxdy dy
x y x x y y

= + = + +

5.3. Vi phn cp n.
Vi phn cp n ca hm f(x, y), k hiu d
n
f, l vi phn ca vi phn cp n-1 ca n, ngha l
d
n
f = d(d
n1
f)
Tng qut, ta c cng thc tnh vi phn cp n trong trng hp cc o hm ring u lin
tc nh sau:
n
n
n
n k n k k
n n k k
k 0
f
d f dx dy f C dx dy
x y x y
=

= + =

V d. Cho z = 2x
3
cos
2
y 3x
2
+ y
2
. Tm vi phn cp 2 ca z.
Gii. Vi z = 2x
3
cos
2
y 3x
2
+ y
2
, ta c:

x
z
= 6x
2
cos
2
y 6x .
109

y
z = 2x
3
sin2y + 2y.
2
x
z
= 12xcos
2
y 6.

xy
z
= 6x
2
sin2y.
2
y
z
= 4x
3
cos2y + 2.
Suy ra:
2 2
2 2 2
xy
x y
d z z dx 2z dxdy z dy = + + = (12xcos
2
y6)dx
2
12x
2
sin2ydxdy+(4x
3
cos2y+2)dy
2

6. CC TR
6.1. nh ngha. Xt hm f(x,y). Ta ni f(x,y) t cc i (cc tiu) ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) nu vi
mi im M(x,y) kh gn M
0
(x
0
,y
0
), M M
0
, ta c:
f(x, y) < f(x
0
,y
0
)
[f(x, y) > f(x
0
,y
0
)].
Cc i hay cc tiu c gi chung l cc tr.
6.2. Cch tm cc tr:
Qui tc tm cc tr ca hm f(x,y) gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Tm cc im dng:
Gii h
x
y
f 0;
f 0.
=

Mi nghim (x
0
,y
0
) ca h trn c gi l mt im dng ca f(x,y).
Bc 2: Tm cc o hm ring:
2 2
xy
x y
A : f ; B : f ; C : f = = =

t = B
2
AC.
Bc 3: Xc nh cc tr:
Vi mi im dng M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) tm c Bc 1, xt:
= (x
0
,y
0
); A = A(x
0
,y
0
).
Ta c:

> 0 f khng t cc tr ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
)
< 0 A > 0 f t cc tiu ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
)
A < 0 f t cc i ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
)
= 0 Cha th khng nh f c t cc tr ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) hay khng

V d. Tm cc tr ca hm z = x
3
+ y
3
6xy.
110

Gii. Bc 1: Tm im dng
2
2 2
x
2
2 2 3
y
1
1
y x ;
z 0; y x 3x 6y 0 x 0, y 0
2
2
1 x 2, y 2 z 0. 3y 6x 0
3( x ) 6x 0 3x(x 8) 0
2
=
= = = = =

= = = =

= =

Vy z c 2 im dng: M
1
(0,0) v M
2
(2, 2).
Bc 2: Vi x
3
+ y
3
6xy, ta c:
z
x
= 3x
2
6y .
z
y
= 3y
2
6x.
A = 2
x
z
= 6x.
B =
xy
z = 6.
C = 2
y
z
= 6y.
= B
2
AC = 36(1 xy)

Bc 3: Xc nh cc tr:
M
1
(0,0): = 36(1 xy) = 36 > 0 nn z khng t cc tr ti M
1
(0,0).
M
2
(2,2): = 36(1xy) = 108 < 0; A = 6x = 12 > 0 nn z t cc tiu ti M
2
(2,2) vi
z(2,2) = 8.

7. CC TR C IU KIN
7.1. nh ngha. Xt hm f(x,y). Ta ni f(x,y) t cc i (cc tiu) ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) vi
iu kin:
(x,y) = 0 (*)
nu hai tnh cht sau c tha:
1) im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) c ta tha (*), ngha l ( x
0
,y
0
) = 0.
2) Vi mi im M(x,y) c ta tha (*), kh gn M
0
(x
0
,y
0
), M M
0
, ta c:
f(x, y) < f(x
0
,y
0
)
[f(x, y) > f(x
0
,y
0
)].
Cc i c iu kin hay cc tiu c iu kin c gi chung l cc tr c iu kin.
7.2. Cch tm cc tr c iu kin:
tm cc tr ca hm f(x,y) vi iu kin:
(x,y) = 0 (*)
ta c 2 phng php:
111

1) Phng php th:

T (*) ta tnh y theo x (hoc x theo y) ri th vo f(x,y) ta c hm mt bin. Cc tr ca
hm mt bin cho ta cc tr c iu kin ca f(x,y).
V d : Tm cc tr ca hm z = x
2
+ y
2
tha iu kin rng buc x + y = 10 (*).
Gii. T iu kin (*) ta suy ra: y = 10 x. Th vo z ta c hm mt bin:
z
1
= x
2
+ (10 x)
2
= 2x
2
20x + 100.
Hm z
1
t cc tiu ti x = 5 vi z(5) = 50. Do , vi iu kin (*), z

t cc tiu ti (x,y)=(5,5)
vi z(5,5) = 50.

2) Phng php nhn t Lagrange:

Phng php nhn t Lagrange gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Lp hm Lagrange:
L
(x,y) = f(x,y) + (x,y),

Trong l tham s thc, gi l nhn t Lagrange.
Bc 2: Xc nh cc im dng v nhn t:
Gii h
x x
y y
L
f (x, y) (x, y) 0;
x
L
f (x, y) (x, y) 0;
y
(x, y) 0.

= + =

= + =

tm tt c cc im dng cng vi cc gi tr tng ng ca nhn t .
Bc 3: Tm vi phn cp 2:
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
L L L
d L dx 2 dxdy dy
x x y y

= + +

Bc 4: Xc nh cc tr c iu kin:
Vi mi im dng M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) cng vi nhn t
0
tm c Bc 2, xt:
D =
0
2
0 0
d L (x , y )

trong dx, dy tha rng buc biu th bng phng trnh:
0 0
d (x , y ) 0 =

hay
x 0 0 y 0 0
(x , y )dx (x , y )dy 0 + =
(**)
Ta c: Cho dx, dy thay i, khng ng thi bng 0 tho (**). Khi

112

D khng i du khi dx, dy
thay i
D > 0 f t cc tiu ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) vi iu kin (*)
D < 0 f t cc i ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) vi iu kin (*)
D i du khi dx, dy thay i f khng t cc tr ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) vi iu kin (*)

V d. Tm cc tr ca hm z = x + 2y tha iu kin rng buc x
2
+ y
2
= 5.
Gii. iu kin cho c vit li nh sau:
x
2
+ y
2
5 = 0 (*)
Bc 1: Lp hm Lagrange:
L
(x,y) = x + 2y + (x
2
+ y
2
5).
Bc 2: Xc nh cc im dng v nhn t:
Ta c:
2 2
2
L 1
0; x ;
x 2 1
1 2 x 0;
(x, y) ( 1, 2); ;
L 1
2
0; 2 2 y 0; y ;
1 y
(x, y) (1, 2); .
x y 5 0.
1
2 (x, y) 0.
.
4

= =

+ =
= =

= + = =

= =
+ =

=
=

Vy L
c hai im dng: M
1
(1, 2) ng vi
1
= 1/2 v M
2
(1,2) ng vi
2
= 1/2.
Bc 3: Tm vi phn cp 2:

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
L L L
d L dx 2 dxdy dy 2 dx 2 dy .
x x y y

= + + = +

Bc 4: Xc nh cc tr c iu kin:
2 2
x y
(x, y) x + y 5 2x; 2y; d (x, y) 2xdx 2ydy = = = = +
Ti M
1
(1,2) ng vi
1
= 1/2:
D
1
=
1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
d L ( 1, 2) 2 dx 2 dy dx dy
= + = + ,
trong dx, dy tha: d ( 1, 2) 0 = , ngha l
(x,y) ( 1, 2)
(2xdx 2ydy) 0
=
+ =
hay 2dx 4dy = 0 (**)
Ta thy D
1
> 0 vi mi dx, dy khng ng thi bng 0 tha (**). Do , z t cc tiu ti M
1
(
1,2) vi iu kin (*), trong z(1,2) = 5.

Ti M
2
(1,2) ng vi
2
= 1/2:
D
2
=
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
d L (1, 2) 2 dx 2 dy (dx dy )
= + = + ,
trong dx, dy tha: d (1, 2) 0 = , ngha l
113

(x,y) (1,2)
(2xdx 2ydy) 0
=
+ =

hay 2dx + 4dy = 0 (***)
Ta thy D
2
< 0 vi mi dx, dy khng ng thi bng 0 tha (***). Do , z t cc i ti
M
2
(1,2) vi iu kin (*), trong z(1,2) = 5.

8. GI TR LN NHT- GI TR NH NHT
8.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s f(x,y) xc nh trn D. Ta nh ngha:
1) M R l gi tr ln nht (GTLN) ca f(x,y) trn D nu
1 1 1 1
(x, y) D, f (x, y) M;
(x , y ) D, f (x , y ) M.

2) m R l gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca f(x,y) trn D nu
2 2 2 2
(x, y) D, f (x, y) m;
(x , y ) D, f (x , y ) m.

8.2. nh l. Cho hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min ng, b chn D (D ng nu D cha
lun phn bin; D b chn nu D nm trong mt ng trn no ). Khi f(x,y) t GTLN v
GTNN trn D.
8.3. Cch tm GTLN v GTNN
Cho hm s f(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trn min ng, b chn D. Khi f(x,y)
lin tc trn D, do t GTLN v GTNN trn D. Cch tm cc gi tr nh sau:
Bc 1: Tm cc im dng
Gii h
x
y
f 0;
f 0.
=
tm tt c cc im dng thuc phn trong ca D (tc l thuc D nhng

khng thuc bin D).
Bc 2: Tm cc im nghi ng trn bin D
Gi s bin D c phng trnh nh bi:
(x,y) = 0 (*)
Khi cc im thuc bin D m ta nghi ng ti hm s f(x,y) t GTLN, GTNN c xc
nh nh sau:
Nu dng phng php th th l cc im ng vi cc gi tr u mt v cc gi tr
ti o hm ca hm mt bin trit tiu.
Nu dng phng php Nhn t Lagrange th l cc im dng ca hm Lagrange.
Bc 3: Xc nh GTLN v GTNN
So snh gi tr ca f(x,y) ti cc im dng tm c trong Bc 1 v ti cc im nghi
ng tm c trong Bc 2, khi gi tr ln nht trong chng chnh l GTLN v gi tr nh
nht trong chng chnh l GTNN.
V d: Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s :
114

z = x
2
+ y
2
xy + x + y
trn min D nh bi: x 0; y 0; x + y 3.
Gii. Bc 1: Min D c biu din nh sau:

x
y
z 0
2x y 1 0
x y 1.
z 0 2y x 1 0
= + =
= =

= + =

Vy z ch c mt im dng M
0
(1, 1) thuc phn trong ca D, trong
z(1,1) = 1 (1)
Bc 2: Xt bin D ta c:
Trn OA: y = 0, 3 x 0. Hm z tr thnh:
z
1
= x
2
+ x z
1
= 2x + 1 (z
1
= 0 x = 1/2)
Cc im nghi ng trn OA l:
x = 3 ( 3,0) vi z( 3,0) = 6
x = 0 (0,0) vi z(0,0) = 0 (2)
x = 1/2 ( 1/2,0) vi z( 1/2,0) = 1/4

Trn OB: x = 0, 3 y 0. Hm z tr thnh:
z
2
= y
2
+ y z
2
= 2y + 1 (z
2
= 0 y = 1/2)
Cc im nghi ng trn OB l:
y = 3 (0, 3) vi z(0, 3) = 6
y = 0 (0,0) a xet tren OA (3)
y = 1/2 (0, 1/2) vi z(0, 1/2) = 1/4

Trn AB: y = x 3, 3 x 0. Hm z tr thnh:
z
3
= 3x
2
+ 9x + 6 z
3
= 6x + 9
z
3
= 0 x = 3/2 (y = 3/2)
Cc im nghi ng trn AB l:
115

x = -3 ( 3,0) a xe t tren OA
x = 0 (0, 3) a xet tren OB (4)
x = 3/2 ( 3/2, 3/2) vi z( 3/2, 3/2) = 3/4

So snh (1)-(4) ta suy ra GTLN v GTNN ca z trn D nh sau:
GTLN = 6 = z(3,0) = z(0,3);
GTNN = 1 = z(1,1).

9. MT S BI TON KINH T
9.1. Bi ton lp k hoch sn xut trong iu kin cnh tranh hon ho
1. Bi ton: Mt x nghip sn xut hai loi sn phm. n gi ca hai loi sn phm trn
th trng ln lt l P
1
; P
2
v hm tng chi ph l C = C(Q
1
,Q
2
) (Q
1
, Q
2
l cc sn lng). Hy
nh cc mc sn lng Q
1
v Q
2
x nghip t li nhun cao nht.
2. Phong php gii: iu kin v cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
l Q
1
0; Q
2
0. Khi
- Doanh thu l R = P
1
Q
1
+ P
2
Q
2
.
- Li nhun l:
= R C = P
1
Q
1
+ P
2
Q
2
C(Q
1
,Q
2
).
t li nhun cao nht, cn xc nh cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
dng sao cho ti
t cc i. Lu cn kim tra li cc i lng khc nh chi ph, li nhun phi dng ph
hp vi thc t.
3. V d: Mt x nghip sn xut hai loi sn phm vi cc n gi trn th trng ln lt
l P
1
= 56 v P
2
= 40. Hm tng chi ph l C = 2Q
1
2
+ 2Q
1
Q
2
+ Q
2
2
. Hy nh cc mc sn lng
Q
1
, Q
2
Gii. iu kin v cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
l Q
1
0; Q
2
0. Ta c
- Doanh thu l R=P
1
Q
1
+P
2
Q
2
= 56Q
1
+ 40Q
2
.
- Li nhun l
= R C = (56Q
1
+ 40Q
2
) (2Q
1
2
+ 2Q
1
Q
2
+ Q
2
2
)
= 56Q
1
+ 40Q
2
2Q
1
2
2Q
1
Q
2
Q
2
2

Ta cn xc nh cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
dng sao cho ti t cc i.
Xt h:
1
2
Q
1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 2 Q
0
56 4Q 2Q 0 2Q Q 28 Q 8 0
40 2Q 2Q 0 Q Q 20 Q 12 0 0

=
= + = = >

= + = = > =

Vy ch c mt im dng l (Q
1
;Q
2
) = (8;12).
116

Ta c
2
1
Q
A 4; = =
1 2
Q Q
B 2; = =
2
2
Q
C 2 = =
;
= B
2
AC = 4 < 0.
Suy ra t cc i ti (Q
1
;Q
2
) = (8;12). Khi :
- Chi ph l C = 2Q
1
2
+ 2Q
1
Q
2
+ Q
2
2
> 0.
- Li nhun l = 464 > 0.
Kt lun: t li nhun cao nht, cn nh mc sn lng ca hai loi sn phm ln lt l
Q
1
= 8 v Q
2
= 12.
9.2. Bi ton lp k hoch sn xut trong iu kin sn xut c quyn
1. Bi ton: Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi sn phm. Bit hm cu ca hai
loi sn phm trn ln lt l Q
D1
= D
1
(P
1
,P
2
); Q
D2
= D
2
(P
1
,P
2
) (P
1
, P
2
l cc n gi) v hm
tng chi ph l C = C(Q
1
,Q
2
) (Q
1
, Q
2
l cc sn lng). Hy nh cc mc sn lng Q
1
v Q
2

2. Phng php gii. iu kin v cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
l Q
1
0; Q
2
0. Do sn
xut c quyn, vi cc mc sn lng trn, tiu th ht sn phm, x nghip s bn vi cc
n gi P
1
, P
2
sao cho:
1
2
D 1
1 1 2 1
D 2 2 1 2 2
Q Q
D (P , P ) Q
Q Q D (P , P ) Q
=

= =

Gii h trn ta c
1 1 1 2
2 2 1 2
P P (Q , Q )
P P (Q , Q )
=

Khi ;
- Doanh thu l R = P
1
(Q
1
,Q
2
) Q
1
+ P
2
(Q
1
,Q
2
)Q
2
.
- Li nhun l:
= R C = P
1
(Q
1
,Q
2
) Q
1
+ P
2
(Q
1
,Q
2
)Q
2
C(Q
1
,Q
2
).
t li nhun cao nht, cn xc nh cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
dng sao cho ti
t cc i. Lu cn kim tra li cc i lng khc nh: n gi, chi ph, li nhun phi
dng ph hp vi thc t.
3. V d: Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi sn phm vi cc hm cu ln lt l:
1
2
1 2
D
1 2
D
1230 5P P
Q
14
1350 P 3P
Q
14
+
=

117

v hm tng chi ph l C = Q
1
2
+ Q
1
Q
2
+ Q
2
2
. Hy nh cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
x nghip
t li nhun cao nht.
Gii. iu kin v cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
l Q
1
0; Q
2
0. Do sn xut c quyn,
vi cc mc sn lng trn, tiu th ht sn phm, x nghip s bn vi cc n gi P
1
, P
2

sao cho:
1
2
1 2
1
D 1
D 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 2 2 2 1 2
1230 5P P
Q
Q Q
14
Q Q 1350 P 3P
Q
14
5P P 14Q 1230 P 360 3Q Q

P 3P 14Q 1350 P 570 Q 5Q
+
=
=

= +
+ = =

= =

Khi :
- Doanh thu l
R = P
1
Q
1
+ P
2
Q
2
= (360 3Q
1
Q
2
)Q
1
+ (570 Q
1
5Q
2
)Q
2
= 3Q
1
2
5Q
2
2
2Q
1
Q
2
+ 360Q
1
+ 570Q
2

- Li nhun l
= R C = 4Q
1
2
6Q
2
2
3Q
1
Q
2
+ 360Q
1
+ 570Q
2
.
Ta cn xc nh cc mc sn lng Q
1
, Q
2
dng sao cho ti t cc i.
Xt h:
1
2
Q
1 2 1
2 1 2
Q
0
8Q 3Q 360 0 Q 30
12Q 3Q 570 0 Q 40
0

=
+ = =

+ = = =

Vy ch c mt im dng l (Q
1
;Q
2
)= (30;40).
Ta c:
2
1
Q
A 8; = =
1 2
Q Q
B 3; = = 2
2
Q
C 12 = = ; = B
2
AC = 87 < 0.
Suy ra t cc i ti (Q
1
;Q
2
) = (30;40). Khi
- Chi ph l C = Q
1
2
+ Q
1
Q
2
+ Q
2
2
> 0.
- Li nhun l = 16800 > 0.
Kt lun: t li nhun cao nht, cn nh mc sn lng ca hai loi sn phm ln lt l
Q
1
= 30 v Q
2
= 40.
9.3. Bi ton ngi tiu dng.
1. Bi ton: Mt ngi dnh mt s tin B mua hai loi sn phm c n gi ln lt l
P
1
v P
2
. hm hu dng ng vi hai loi sn phm trn l U = U(x
1
,x
2
) (x
1
,x
2
ln lt l s
118

lng ca cc sn phm). Hy xc nh s lng ca hai loi sn phm trn sao cho hm hu
dng t gi tr cao nht.
2. Phng php gii: Gi x
1
,x
2
ln lt l s lng ca cc sn phm. iu kin: x
1
0;
x
2
0.
Khi x
1
P
1
+ x
2
P
2
= B. Do hm hu dng t gi tr ln nht ta cn tm cc i ca
hm hu dng U = U(x
1
,x
2
) vi iu kin x
1
P
1
+ x
2
P
2
= B.
3. V d: Mt ngi mun dng s tin 4.000.000 mua hai mt hng c n gi
400.000 v 500.000. Hm hu dng ca hai mt hng trn l U = (x + 5)(y + 4) (x, y ln lt
l s lng hai mt hng). Hy xc nh s lng cn mua ca hai mt hng trn hm hu
dng t gi tr cao nht.
Gii. Vi x, y ln lt l s lng hai mt hng, ta c iu kin: x 0; y 0. Khi
400000x + 500000y = 4000000 4x+5y =40(*)
Ta cn tm x, y 0 hm hu dng U = (x + 5)(y + 4) t cc i vi iu kin (*).
T (*) ta suy ra: y = 8
4
5
x. Th vo U, ta c
U
1
= (x + 5)(12
4
5
x).
Ta c U
1
= (12
4
5
x)
4
5
(x + 5) =
8
8 x
5
.
U
1
= 0 x = 5 > 0 (y = 4 > 0).
U
1
=
8
0
5
< .
Do U
1
t cc i ti x = 5. Suy ra hm hu dng U t cc i ti (x,y) = (5,4) vi
U(5,4) = 80.
Kt lun: hm hu dng t gi tr cao nht, ngi cn mua hai mt hng trn vi s
lng ln lt l 5 v 4. Khi gi tr hm hu dng l U(5,4) = 80.

BI TP

( )
2
2 1
x 2xy
2 2
x 0 x 0
x 0 y 3
2 2
2 2 2 2
x x
y y
(x y)
a) lim b) lim 1 xy
x y
xsin y ysin x x y
c) lim d) lim
x y x y
+

+
+
+
+
+ +

2.Tm vi phn ton phn cp 1 v cp 2 ca cc hm s sau:
119

a) z = x
3
+ y
3
3xy b)
x y
z arctg .
1 xy
+
=

2 2
2 2
x y
c) z .
x y
=
+
d) z = x
y
.
3.Tnh gn ng cc gi tr sau nh vi phn cp 1:
a) (2,01)
3,03
b) (2,02)
2,97
c) sin29
o
cos62
o
.
4. Tm o hm c ch ra ca cc hm s sau:
a) z = ln(e
x
+ e
y
) vi y = x
3
, tnh
z dz
, .
x dx

b) z = e
x2y
vi x= sint, y = t
3
, tnh
dz
.
dt

c) z = x
2
y xy
2
vi x = ucosv, y = usinv, tnh
z z
, .
u v

5. a) Tm df(t) vi
t
y
f , x e , y lnt.
x
= = =
b) Tm df(x,y) vi f = u
2
lnv,
2 2
y
u , v x y .
x
= = +
6. Tm o hm n cp ch ra ca cc hm s sau:
a)
2 2
z ln(x x y ) = + + , tnh
2 2
2 2
z z
, .
x y

b) z xln(xy) = , tnh
3
2
z
.
x y

c) z = x
3
siny + y
3
sinx , tnh
6
3 3
z
.
x y

7. Cho hm s
2 2
x y
z .
x y
=
+
Chng minh rng:
2 2
2
z z z
x y 2 .
x x y x

+ =

8. a) Tnh
2
2
dy d y
,
dx dx
vi y l hm n xc nh bi x + y = e
x y
.
b) Tnh
2
2
dy d y
,
dx dx
vi y l hm n xc nh bi x y + arctgy = 0.
c) Tnh
z z
,
x y

vi z l hm n xc nh bi
xy
z ln(x z) 0
z
+ = .
d) Tnh d
2
z vi z l hm n xc nh bi x + y + z = e
z
.

9. Tm cc tr ca cc cc hm s sau:
120

a) z = 8/x + x/y + y (x > 0, y > 0).
b) z = e
2x
( x + y
2
+ 2y).
c) z = x
2
+ xy + y
2
2x y.
d) z = 2x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
x + y +2.
e) z = 2x
3
+ 6xy 6x 3y
2
30y + 2.
f) z = x
3
+ 3xy
2
15x 12y.
h) z = x
4
+ y
4
2x
2
+ 4xy 2y
2
.
10. Tm cc tr c iu kin ca cc cc hm s sau:
a) z = 6 4x 3y, vi iu kin x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
b) z = xy khi x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
c) d) z = x
2
+ y
2
khi . 1
3
y
2
x
= +
11. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s sau trn min cho:
a) z = x
3
+ y
3
3xy trn min 0 x 2; 1 y 2.
b) z = x
2
+ y
2
xy x y trn min x 0; y 0; x + y 3.
c) z = xy
2
trn min x
2
+ y
2
1.
d) z = x
2
+ 2y
2
x trn min x
2
+ y
2
25.
12. Mt x nghip sn xut hai loi sn phm vi cc n gi trn th trng ln lt l P
1
= 60
v P
2
= 75. Hm tng chi ph l C = Q
1
2
+ Q
1
Q
2
+ Q
2
2
1
, Q
2
x
nghip t li nhun cao nht.
13. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi sn phm vi cc hm cu ln lt l:
1
2
D 1 2
D 1 2
Q 40 2P P
Q 15 P P
= +
= +

v hm tng chi ph l C = Q
1
2
+ Q
1
Q
2
+ Q
2
2
1
, Q
2
x nghip
t li nhun cao nht.
14. Mt ngi mun dng s tin 178.000.000 mua hai mt hng c n gi 400.000 v
600.000. Hm hu dng ca hai mt hng trn l U = (x + 20)(y + 10) (x, y ln lt l s lng
hai mt hng). Hy xc nh s lng cn mua ca hai mt hng trn hm hu dng t gi
tr cao nht.
-------------------------

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1

TRNG I HC CNG NGH SI GN

= > > < < <

= > > < < < R

= > > < < < R

= (x: rad) 1 cosx

, ngha l khi x a ta c f(x) 1 v g(x) . t u

. p dng cng thc cho gii hn dng v nh 1

f (x) lien tuc tren (a; b);

(1 < x < 1).

th ta c th s dng tip qui tc ny. Lu : Nn kt hp vi qui tc thay th hm

. i vi cc dng v nh khc, mun p dng ta cn a v mt trong hai dng v nh

. Ap dng Qui tc LHospital, ta

. Ap dng Qui tc LHospital, ta c

. Ap dng Qui tc LHospital, ta c

. Ap dng Qui tc LHospital, ta c

. Khi tin thu m x nghip phi

. Nu bit F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) th:

sin xdx cos x C. = +

cot gxdx ln|sin x| C = +

bng phng php tch phn tng phn c 2 cch t:

bng cng thc truy hi nh sau:

. Dng cng thc h bc:

vi f(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. t x = (t) tha

a t t sin x dt cos xdx = = .

(a < b) hi t khi < 1 v phn k khi 1.

. xdx 5 sin . x 3 cos

(x,y) = f(x,y) + (x,y),

tm tt c cc im dng thuc phn trong ca D (tc l thuc D nhng

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