n mn hc

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Li ni u
Vic s dng ng c in trong sn xut v i sng l rt rng ri , c bit l ng c in chiu bi v ng c in 1 chiu c rt nhiu u im so vi ng c xoay chiu . Nhng gn lin vi vic s dng ng c in 1 chiu l qu trnh iu chnh, o chiu tc ca ng c sao cho ph hp vi yu cu ca thc t L 1 sinh vin ca khoa in v b mn T ng Ho c trang b vi nhng kin thc v nhiu mn hc trong c mn in t cng sut, qua cc bi ging ca cc thy c v qu trnh tm hiu em hon thnh bn n ny. y l mng ti kh rng, vi khi lng cng vic ln v mi m i vi chng em cho nn em gp mt s kh khn trong qa trnh thit k, song c s hng dn tn tnh ca cc thy gio, c gio trong b mn, c bit l thy gio Phm Quc Hi v s gip nhit tnh ca cc bn cng lp, nn em hon thnh bn n ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n s gip qu bu . Tuy nhin do hn ch v thi gian cng nh v trnh ca bn thn, nn khng trnh khi cn nhiu ch thiu st, em rt mong c s ch bo ca cc thy c gio v cc bn em hon thin hn bn n ny. Trong bn n ny em xin trnh by mt s ni dung sau : Chng 1 : Gii thiu Chung v ng c in mt chiu. Chng 2 : Cc phng n tng th. Chng 3: Phn tch s hot ng ca mch thit k. Chng 4 : Thit k v tnh ton mch lc Chng 5 : Tnh ton v thit k mch iu khin.

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Chng I Gii thiu Chung v ng c in mt chiu

I.ng c in mt chiu

1. Tm quan trng ca ng c in mt chiu Trong nn sn xut hin i , ng c mt chiu vn c coi l mt loi my quan trng mc d ngy nay c rt nhiu loi my mc hin i s dng ngun in xoay chiu thng dng . Do ng c in mt chiu c nhiu u im nh kh nng iu chnh tc rt tt , kh nng m my ln v c bit l kh nng qu ti . Chnh v vy m ng c mt chiu c dng nhiu trong cc nghnh cng nghip c yu cu cao v iu chnh tc nh cn thp , hm m, giao thng vn ti ... m iu quan trng l cc nghnh cng nghip hay i hi dng ngun in mt chiu . Bn cnh , ng c in mt chiu cng c nhng nhc im nht nh ca n nh so vi my in xoay chiu th gi thnh t hn ch to v bo qun c gp in phc tp hn ( d pht sinh tia la in )... nhng do nhng u im ca n nn ng c in mt chiu vn cn c mt tm quan trng nht nh trong sn sut . Cng sut ln nht ca ng c in mt chiu hin nay vo khong 10000 KW , in p vo khong vi trm cho n 1000 V . Hng pht trin hin nay l ci tin tnh nng ca vt liu , nng cao ch tiu kinh t ca ng c v ch to nhng ng c c cng sut ln hn ... 2.Cu to ca ng c in mt chiu. ng c in mt chiu c th phn thnh hai phn chnh : phn tnh v phn ng. 2.1.Phn tnh hay stato. y l ng yn ca my , bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: a, Cc t chnh : l b phn sinh ra t trng gm c li st cc t v dy qun kch t lng ngoi li st cc t . Li st cc t lm bng nhng l thp k thut in hay thp cacbon dy 0,5 n 1mm p li v tn cht . Trong ng c in nh c th dng thp khi . Cc t c gn cht vo v my nh cc bulng . Dy qun kch t c qun bng dy ng bc cch in v mi cun dy u c bc cch in k thnh mt khi tm sn cch in trc khi t trn cc cc t . Cc cun dy kch t c t trn cc cc t ny c ni tip vi nhau. b, Cc t ph : Cc t ph c t trn cc cc t chnh v dng ci thin i chiu . Li thp ca cc t ph thng lm bng thp khi v trn Trang 1

 n mn hc

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thn cc t ph c t dy qun m cu ro ging nh dy qun cc t chnh. Cc t ph c gn vo v my nh nhng bulng. c, Gng t : Gng t dng lm mch t ni lin cc cc t, ng thi lm v my. Trong ng c in nh v va thng dng thp dy un v hn li. Trong my in ln thng dng thp c. C khi trong ng c in nh dng gang lm v my. d, Cc b phn khc. Bao gm: - Np my : bo v my khi nhng vt ngoi ri vo lm h hng dy qun v an ton cho ngi khi chm vo in. Trong my in nh v va np my cn c tc dng lm gi bi. Trong trng hp ny np my thng lm bng gang. C cu chi than : a dng in t phn quay ra ngoi. C cu chi than bao gm c chi than t trong hp chi than nh mt l xo t chy ln c gp. Hp chi than c c nh trn gi chi than v cch in vi gi. Gi chi than c th quay c iu chnh v tr chi than cho ng ch. Sau khi iu chnh xong th dng vt c nh li. 2.2 Phn quay hay rto. Bao gm nhng b phn chnh sau : a, Li st phn ng : Dng dn t. Thng dng nhng tm thp k thut in dy 0,5mm ph cch in mng hai mt ri p cht li gim tn hao do dng in xoy gy nn. Trn l thp c dp hnh dng rnh sau khi p li th t dy qun vo. Trong nhng ng c trung bnh tr ln ngi ta cn dp nhng l thng gi khi p l thnh li st c th to c nhng l thng gi dc trc. Trong nhng ng c in ln hn th li st thng chia thnh nhng on nh, gia nhng on y c mt khe h gi l khe h thng gi. Khi my lm vic gi thi qua cc khe h lm ngui dy qun v li st. Trong ng c in mt chiu nh, li st phn ng c p trc tip vo trc. Trong ng c in ln, gia trc v li st c t gi rto. Dng gi rto c th tit kim thp k thut in v gim nh trng lng rto. b, Dy qun phn ng. Dy qun phn ng l phn pht sinh ra sut in ng v c dng in chy qua. Dy qun phn ng thng lm bng dy ng c bc cch in. Trong my in nh c cng sut di vi kW thng dng dy c tit din trn. Trong my in va v ln thng dng dy tit din ch nht. Dy qun c cch in cn thn vi rnh ca li thp. trnh khi quay b vng ra do lc li tm, ming rnh c dng nm cht hoc ai cht dy qun. Nm c lm bng tre, g hay bakelit. Trang 1

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c, C gp : Dng i chiu dng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. C gp gm nhiu phin ng c c m cch in vi nhau bng lp mica dy t 0,4 n 1,2mm v hp thnh mt hnh trc trn. Hai u trc trn dng hai hnh p hnh ch V p cht li. Gia vnh p v tr trn cng cch in bng mica. ui vnh gp c cao ln mt t hn cc u dy ca cc phn t dy qun v cc phin gp c d dng. d, Cc b phn khc. - Cnh qut : Dng qut gi lm ngui my. My in mt chiu thng ch to theo kiu bo v, hai u np my c l thng gi. Cnh qut lp trn trc my , khi ng c quay cnh qut ht gi t ngoi vo ng c. Gi i qua vnh gp, cc t li st v dy qun ri qua qut gi ra ngoi lm ngui my. - Trc my : Trn t li st phn ng, c gp, cnh qut v bi. Trc my thng lm bng thp cacbon tt. 3. Phn loi my in ng c in mt chiu phn loi theo cch kch thch t thnh ng c in kch hch c lp, ng c in kch thch song song ,kch thch ni tip,kch thch hn hp Trn thc t c tnh ca ng c kch t c lp v kch thch song song l ging nhau nn khi cn cng sut ln ngi ta thng dng ng c kch t c lp c th iu chnh dng in kch thch c thun tin do m iu chnh tc d dng v kinh t hn mc d n i hi c dng bn ngoi. Trong n ny ta xt n ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp S
U E Rf U CKT Ikt Ukt Rkt Rf

Khi m ngun mt chiu c cng sut khng qu ln th mch phn ng v mch t mc vo hai ngun mt chiu c lp nhau nn gi l ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp Trang 1

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4 Nguyn l lm vic ng c in mt chiu Khi cho in p U vo hai chi than A,B trong dy qun phn ng sinh ra dng in I .Cc thanh dn ab,cd c dng in nm trong t trng s chu tc dng ca lc Ft tc dng lm cho Roto quay ,khi phn ng quay na vng th v tr cc thanh dn ab,cd i ch cho nhau do cc phin gp i chiu dng in gi cho chiu tc dng khng i m bo ng c c chiu quay khng i,khi ng c quay cc thanh dn ct t trng s cm ng sc in ng E ,chiu quay xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri Phng trnh phn ng U = E +R.I
II. iu chnh tc ng c v o chiu

1) Phng trnh c tnh c U = E +(R +Rf)I U : in p phn ng E : Sut in ng phn ng R ,Rf : in tr phn ng,in tr ph trong mch phn ng I : Dng in mch phn ng R =r +rct +rb +rtc r : in tr cun dy phn ng rct : in tr cc t ph rb : in tr cun b rtx : in tr tip xc chi in E=
K= P.N . = K . . 2 .a P.N 2. .a I

U E Rf

U
CKT

Rkt Ukt

Ikt

P : S cc t chnh N : S i mch nhnh song song ca cun dy phn ng : T thng kch t di mt cc t Wb : Tc gc (Rad/s) E = Ke . .n
=
U ( Ru + R f ).I u ( Ru + R f ) Eu U = = Iu K . K . K K Mmen in t Mt =K. .I

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 n mn hc Suy ra I =
M dt K .

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Nu b qua tn tht coi mmen in t bng mmen c u trc Mt =Mc =M

= U u Ru + R f .M (1) K . ( K . ) 2

Mmen ph thuc vo t thng v dng phn ng T phng trnh (1) suy ra : thay i tc ng c ta c th dng phng php thay i in p phn ng U ,t thng tc l thay i dng kch t Ikt v thay i in tr phn ng R ,Rf M =K. .I .do mun o chiu ng c tc l o chiu mmen M ta c th dng phng php o chiu t thng (tc l o chiu dng kch t Ikt ) hoc l o chiu dng in phn ng I 2. Cc phng php thay i tc a) Phng php thay i t thng ,thay i dng kch t Ikt .Vi mt ph ti Mc nht nh .Khi gim tc ng c tng ln
n

nodm

dm
M(Iu) Iu

Khi kch thch dng khc nhau c tnh c nhn c khc nhau v dc khc nhau.Giao im mmen cn M =f(I) vi cc ng trn cho bit tc xc lp ng vi thng s khc nhau ca t thng . b) Thay i in p phn ng - iu chnh in p phn ng ng c in mt chiu cn c thit b ngun nh my pht in mt chiu kch t c lp , cc b chnh lu iu khin cc thit b ny c chc nng bin i lng xoay chiu thnh mt chiu c sut in ng Eb iu chnh c l nh tn hiu Uk
LK BB

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- Phng trnh c tnh c ca h thng nh sau:

=
Eb R + Rb ud .I u K dm K dm

V t thng ca ng c c gi khng i nn cng ca c tnh c cng khng thay i cn tc khng ti l tng tu thuc vo gi tr in p Uk ca h thng do c th ni phng php iu chnh ny l trit - xc nh di iu chnh tc ta thy rng tc ln nht ca h thng b chn bi c tnh c bn l c tnh ng vi in p nh mc v t thng cng gi gi tr nh mc. Tc nh nht ca di iu chnh b gii hn bi yu cu v sai s tc v mmen khi ng , khi mmen ti l nh mc th gi tr ln nht va nh nht ca tc l

max

= =

0 max

M dm

min

0 min

M dm

tho mn kh nng qu ti th c tnh thp nht ca di iu chnh phi c mmen ngn mch l: Mnmmin = Mcmax = KM.Mm Trong : KM h s qu ti v mmen, do h c tnh c l nhng ng thng song song vi nhau nn theo nh ngha v cng c tnh c ta c th vit:

min

= ( M nm min M dm )

M dm 1 = ( K M 1)

D=

0 max

( KM

M dm 0 max 1 M dm = M dm KM 1 1)

* Phm vi iu chnh ph thuc tuyn tnh vo

omax max 0min min Mm Mnmmin k1 k2

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3.Vn o chiu Chiu quay ng c ph thuc vo chiu quay mmen c th dng hai phng php .Hoc thay i chiu dng phn ng I hoc i chiu t thng (i chiu dng kch t Ikt). Nu dng phng php o chiu dng kch t .Khi my ang quay th do h s in cm ca cun dy kch thch ln (do c nhiu vng dy) nn khi thay i dng kch thch Ikt th xut hin sut in ng cm ng rt cao gy ra in p lm nh thng cch in dy qun kch thch . Do o chiu quay ng c ta chon phng php o chiu dng phn ng I 4) Mt s yu cu k thut khc a) trn
= i+ 1 i

Trong : i , i + 1 l tc n nh ca ng c t c cp i ,i+1 1 tc l h truyn ng c th n nh mi v tr trong ton di iu chnh b) Di iu chnh tc L phm vi iu chnh l t s gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca tc lm vic ng vi mmen ti cho
D=

max min

Trong :

max b hn ch bi bn ng c v bn ca vnh gp min b chn bi yu cu v mmen khi ng ,kh nng qu ti

v sai s tc lm vic cho php. c) Chng mt kch t Khi m my phi m bo chng mt kch t m nguyn nhn l do ngn mch kch thch V khi E = 0 nn I =
U Eu U = Ru Ru

Do U khng i v R rt nh (in tr cun dy phn ng) nn I rt ln lm chy dy qun v vnh gp Cch khc phc iu ny l phi c b phn nhn bit c mt kch t ( = 0 v do I =0) th lp tc ngt ngun cp cho phn ng tc U = 0. Khi I khng ln v trnh c s c trn.

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nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com Chng 2 Cc phng n tng th

la chn c mt phng n thch hp vi yu cu Cp in cho ng c in 1 chiu kch t c lp c o chiu theo nguyn tc iu kin ring ta cn phi la chn 1 phng n iu chnh tc v s mch lc ph hp
I .La chn phng n iu chnh tc ng c

Ni chung ta c th tin hnh iu chnh tc ng c theo 2 phng php ch yu nh nu trn : iu chnh in p phn ng v iu chnh t thng Phng php iu chnh t thng . Phng php iu chnh t thng c th thay i tc c mt cch lin tc v kinh t nhng ch c th iu chnh c tc trong vng trn tc nh mc v b hn ch bi cc iu kin c kh Phng php iu chnh in p phn ng . Phng php iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p phn ng c th iu chnh tc 1 cch lin tc v d dng thc hin bng cch thay i gc iu kin . Mt khc phng php ny trong qu trnh iu kin thay i tc th khng tiu hao nng lng v momen ca ng c khng i . Nhn xt : T nhng phn tch trn ta la chn phng n iu chnh tc ca ng c bng cch thay i in p phn ng
II. La chn phng n mch lc.

thay i v o chiu ca ng c in 1 chiu chng ta buc phi thit k cc b chnh lu o chiu vi s nguyn l nh sau .

Ti

Rf

CL II

Da vo cng sut cung cp cho ti m ta la chn mch chnh lu l mt pha hay mch chnh lu 3 pha .Thng thng theo kinh nghim ta c : + Nu cng sut ca mch cung cp ln hn 5 7 kW ta s dng mch chnh lu 3 pha Trang 1

 n mn hc

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+ Nu cng sut ca mch cn cung cp nh hn 5 7 kW ta s dng mch chnh lu 1 pha - Cng sut mch phn ng : P = 600.5 = 3000W = 3kW < 5 7 kW nn ta s dng mch chnh lu 1 pha cung cp cho phn ng. - Cng sut mch phn cm : Pcm = 400.0,6 = 240W = 0,24kW < 5 7 kW nn ta s dng mch chnh lu 1 pha cung cp cho phn cm. Cc s chnh lu 1 pha 1. Chnh lu mt na chu k .
T U1

U2 R L

Vi s ny sng in p ra mt chiu b gin on trong mt na chu k khi in p ant ca van bn dn m , do khi s dng s chnh lu mt na chu k cht lng in p ti xu . in p ti trung bnh ln nht trn ti Udo = 0,45U2 V cht lng in p xu nn hiu sut ca my bin p cng thp . Sba = 3,09.Ud.Id +u im - L loi chnh lu c nguyn l n gin t van +Nhc im - Cht lng in p xu - Hiu sut s dng my bin p thp 2. Chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh
T1 U2 U1 U2 R T2

5 3 2 1 0

5 3 2 1 0

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Dng dng ,p trn ti v in p ngc trn van T1 trong trng hp ti in cm ln

Ud o a
2?

id
Id

Id

iT1
i

T1

Id

Ud

2?

Xt vi ti RL , in cm ln lc dng v p c cht lng tt - Bin p phi c hai cun dy th cp vi thng s ging ht nhau, mi na chu k c mt van dn cho dng chy qua - Khi = cho pht xung m T1 , T1 dn do in p u anot dng v c xung m . Khi = , in p trn anot = 0 nhng do c cun cm L nn vn cn dng in Id nn T1 cha kho , T1 tip tc dn cho n khi = + , pht xung m T2 th T1 b kho v T2 dn . T1 kho khng phi dng v 0 m l do T2 dn . T2 li dn cho n khi = 2 + , T1 c pht xung m , T1 dn v T2 b kho li. Qu trnh c nh vy cho n khi in p ti p mch c tn s bng 2 ln tn s in p xoay chiu . Vi : l gc iu khin m . + in p trung bnh trn ti

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 n mn hc Ud
2 = 2
+

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2. U2.sind = 2 2 .U2.cos = Udo.cos

Udo =

in p chnh lu khng iu khin khi ti l thun tr . + in p ngc trn van l ln Unv = 2 2 U2 Ti c in cm ln nn dng ti lin tc id = Id Mi van dn thng mt na chu k + Dng hiu dng qua van (chnh l dng hiu dng qua my bin p). Ihd =
1 2 . I d d 2 0
2

2 2 .U2 = 0,9.U2 :

Id 2

= 0,71.Id

+ H s p mch Km = 0,67. + Cng sut my bin p Sba = 1,48.UdId Nhn xt : + u im : - So vi chnh lu mt na chu k th chnh lu hnh tia c in p vi cht lng tt hn - Dng qua van khng qu ln - iu khin van n gin + Nhc im - Ch to my bin p phi c 2 cun ging nhau mi cun lm vic 1na chu k - Ch to bin p phc tp - Hiu sut s dng bin p xu hn - in p ngc trn van l ln . 3. Chnh lu cu mt pha

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 n mn hc

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Cc c tnh in p ti , dng qua ti , dng qua van v in p ngc trn van trong trng hp ti RL , R ln m bo dng qua ti l lin tc c biu din trn hnh v
U
d

0
d i

2 ?

Id

i T1T2

Id

i T3T4

Id

UT1

2 ?

2 i

Id

- Mch c T1 , T3 chung Katot T2 , T4 chung Anot Na chu k u U2 > 0 , Anot ca T1 dng , Katot ca T2 m . Nu c xung iu khin m ng thi T1 v T2 th c hai van ny c m thng v t in p li ln ti Ud = U2 . in p ti mt chiu bng in p xoay chiu (Ud = U2) cho n khi no T1 , T2 cn dn .(Khong dn ca cc van ph thuc vo ti ) . Na chu k sau, in p i du , anot ca T3 dng v katot T4 m , nu c xung iu khin m ng thi T3,T4 th cc van ny c m thng v Ud = - U2 , vi in p mt chiu c cng chiu vi na chu k trc + Gi tr trung bnh ca ti
2 Ud = 2
+

2.U 2 sin .d = 2 2 .U 2 cos = Udo cos. 2

Udo : in p trung bnh ti trong chnh lu cu khng iu khin . + Dng qua my bin p cng bng dng qua van (khi van m) . Trang 1

 n mn hc

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+ Gi tr hiu dng dng th cp bin p I2 =

2 2
+

Id

= Id

+ in p ngc ln nht van phi chu Unv = 2 U2 + Dng lm vic ca van tnh theo gi tr trung bnh IT =
1 2
+

Id

Id 2

= 0.71 Id

+ H s p mch km = 0,67 + Cng sut bin p Sba = 1,23Pd Nhn xt : Cht lng in p ca chnh lu cu mt pha ging nh chnh lu hnh tia . Hnh dng ng cong in p , dng ti , dng qua van bn dn , h s p mch nh trong chnh lu hnh tia . + u im : - in p ngc trn van nh hn mt na so vi chnh lu hnh tia Unv= 2 U2. - My bin p ch tao n gin hn , v c hiu sut cao hn so vi chnh lu hnh tia . + Nhc im : - S van nhiu hn - iu khin van T1 ,T2 v nhm T3 , T4 phi ng thi nn kh khn hn. Nhn xt chung T cc phn tch trn ta la chn mch lc l mch chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha. Do yu cu cp in cho ng c c o chiu theo nguyn tc iu kin ring nn y ta la chn s cu 1 pha i xng v s cu 1 pha khng i xng c h s cos cao hn nhng khng o chiu dng in ra ti . Vy ta la chn s mch lc cung cp cho phn ng v phn cm ca ng c nh sau:

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S mch lc cung cp cho phn ng .

Ru Lu T3 T4 Eu T3 T4 T1 T2

T1

T2

S mch lc cung cp cho phn cm.

T1 D2 Rf

Rf

T3

D4

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 n mn hc

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Chng 3 Phn tch s hot ng ca mch thit k i.nguyn l hot ng ca mch lc . Mch lc bao gm 2 s cu hot ng c lp ring r : b chnh lu I chy th b chnh lu II khng chy , ngc li b chnh lu II chy th b chnh lu I ngh . Do vy khi bnh thng 1 b hot ng ch chnh lu th s mch lc lc ny l s cu 1 pha . 1.S hot ng ca s cu 1 pha nh sau : Ti ta coi ti l RLE , cun cm L c thm vo lc in p v dng .

a) Mch hot ng khi La = o + = pht xung m T1 , T2 T1T2 dn T3 , T4 kho in p ra ti Ud = U2 + = + pht xung m T3 , T4 T1 , T2 kho ; T3 , T4 dn (m) in p ra ti Ud = - U2 + in p trung bnh ti Ud = + in p ngc ln nht trn van Unv = 2 .U 2 + Dng lin tc nn id =Id + Phng trnh mch ti
2U 2 . sin 2 2 U2cos

=R.id +XL .

di +E dt

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 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

1 + 1 + 1 + E + 2U 2 sin .d = R.id + X L .did + d

Ud =RId +E + Dng hiu dng th cp my bin p

1 I2 =
+

2 d

d = I d

b) Trng dn
Ud 0
2

id

iT1

iT3

Id

Rf

Trong my bin p c cun dy nn c in cm La nn trong mch s xy ra hin tng trng dn. Gi s T1 ,T2 ang m cho dng chy qua iT1 = iT2 =Id Khi = + pht xung m T3,T4 V c La nn dng iT1,iT2 khng gim t ngt v 0 v dng iT3,iT4 cng khng tng t ngt t 0 n Id Lc ny c 4 van cng m thng cho dng chy qua ,ph ti b ngn mch ud =0 Ngun e2 b ngn mch sinh ra dng ngn mch ic Phng trnh
2U 2 sin = X a

dia ( X a= .La ) d 2 .U 2 (cos cos( + )) Xc

ic = t

2 .U 2 sin( + ) = Xc

ic = ic1 + ic2 , ic1 = ic2 = 0,5.ic ic1 : lm tng dng trong T4 v lm gim dng trong T2 Ic2 : lm tng dng trong T3 v lm gim dng trong T1
iT 3,4 = 2 .U 2 ( cos cos( + 2. X c

))

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 n mn hc
iT 1,2 = I d

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

2. U 2 ( cos cos( + ) ) 2. X c Khi kt thc giai on trng dn tc khi = , th iT1,2 = 0 2. X c .I d cos cos( + ) = 2 .U 2

Ta thy so vi khng trng dn c tnh in p st mt phn v l st p gy ra do trng dn U

2 U = 2 .U 2 . sin ( + ) d = 2. 0 2. X c .I d U =

2 .U 2 .( cos cos( +

))

khi gi tr trung bnh in p trn ti l Ud = Ud Ud = R.Id +E

2. X c .I d 2. 2 2. X c .I d = .U 2 . cos

2. S hot ng ca mch trong qu trnh ta o chiu ng c Trong qu trnh ta o chiu ng c ta cn 1 b iu kin lgic thc hin cc bc o chiu nh sau : Gi s ta chuyn t s lm vic ca b chnh lu I sang b chnh lu II Ta cn thc hin th t cc bc nh sau 1. Ngt xung iu khin b chnh lu I 2. o dng chy qua ti xc nh dng in v khng 3. Sau khi pht hin dng v khng phi d tr 1 thi gian tr > tph m bo thyristor kho chc khi mi pht xung iu khin van kia 4. Pht xung iu kin cho cc van b chnh lu II Nu sut in ng Ed cha o chiu ,th khng c chy b chnh lu II vi < 900 v lc sut in ng Ed v Id cng chiu nhau , trng hp nay d gy sp nghch lu do dng in rt ln .Do bt u phi iu khin b chnh lu II ln hn 900 , lc b chnh lu II lm vic ch nghch lu ph thuc . a) Ch nghch lu ph thuc trong s cu 1 pha nh sau : Trong ng c in mt chiu c sc phn in ng ,trong iu kin no n c th lm vic ch nghch lu - l ch bin i nng lng dng mt chiu pha ti thnh dng in xoay chiu cp tr li li in, ch lm vic nh vy chnh l khi ta hm ti sinh tit kim nng lng . sc in ng E pht nng lng tr li li in th dng v p phi ngc chiu nhau Ud v Id ngc nhau Trang 1

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Do dng in ch chy theo mt chiu t A n K ca thyristor nn ta iu chnh sao cho - Chiu dng nh c - o chiu sc in ng Ed - trong ch chnh lu vi gc m l th Ud =Ud0.cos . Nn nu >

U d < 0 tc l in p trn ti thay i cc tnh v ngc 2

chiu van .Do duy tr dng chy qua van t A n K ca van th ta phi o chiu Ed v m bo E > U d vy ch chnh lu ,dng trong mch c duy tr bi Ud E > 0 th trong ch nghch lu ph thuc dng c duy tr bi E U d > 0 Trong ch nghch lu li in nhn nng lng t pha ti iu kin hot ng ch nghch lu ph thuc - >
2

- o chiu Ed - m bo E > U d Xt dng in p trn ti .

Ud

Trong mch c in cm bin p nn n c qu trnh trng dn vi gc trng dn Xt T1,T2 ang dn , = pht xung m T3 ,T4 ,UA > UK nn c dng qua van v T1,T2 vn cn dn t 4 van cng dn trong khong . Sau T1 ,T2 kho v T3,T4 m in p ngc trn van T1 ,T2 Unv = 2 .U 2 . sin = U 2 ( ) in p ngc ch xut hin trn van trong khoang t = + n = v sau in p trn T1 ,T2 li l thun (UA > UK ) Nh vy trong mt chu k lm vic mi van ch chu in p ngc trong khong t = + n = tc l trong khong thi gian = ( + ) khong thi gian ny kh nh . Nu ( + ) < off (ng vi thi gian phc hi Thyristor) Trang 1

 n mn hc

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Thyristor s t m tr li khng cn dng iu khin (m t nhin ) Khi trong mch c hai ngun cng pht nng lng khi Id rt ln gy s c sp nghch lu . Do an ton phi c ( + ) > off Chn off = 10 o ( ng vi toff =555 s th c th kho van Thyristor thng thng ) < ( + off ) Vy gc m phi tho mn trong nghch lu ph thuc l
< < ( + off ) 2

II.Phng php iu khin ring thc hin qu trnh o chiu cho ng c ta cn c 1 b iu khin Lgic. S ca b iu khin Lgic nh sau :

b1

b1

2L

b2

b2

iLd

Khi iu khin ring hai b bin i lm vic ring r nhau, ti mt thi im ch pht xung iu khin vo mt b bin i cn mt b bin i kia b kho do cha c xung iu khin. H c hai b bin i l B1v B2 vi cc mch pht xung iu khin tng ng l FX1 v FX2 . Trt t hot ng ca b pht xung ny c quy nh bi cc tn hiu lgic b1 v b2. Qu trnh hm v o chiu c m t bng th thi gian. Trong khong thi gian t 0 -> t1 b B1 lm vic ch chnh lu vi 1 < /2 cn b B2 th kho . Ti t1 pht lnh o chiu bi iL gc iu khin 1 tng t bin ln hn /2 dng in phn ng gim v khng lc ny cc xung kho b B1 . Thi im t2 c xc nh bi cm bin dng in SI1. Trong khong thi gian tr t= t3 t2 b B1 b kho hon ton, dng in phn ng b trit tiu. Ti t3 s E vn cn dng, tn hiu lgic b2 kch cho FX2 m B2 vi gc > /2 v sao cho dng in phn ng khng vt qu gi tr cho php ng c c hm ti sinh. Nu nhp iu gim 2 ph hp vi qun Trang 1

 n mn hc

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tnh ca h th c th duy tr dng in hm v dng in khi ng ngc khng i , iu ny c thc hin bi cc mch vng iu chnh t ng dng in ca h thng trn s ca khi lgic LOG , i L , iL1 , iL2 l cc tn hiu lgic u vo b1,b2 l cc tn hiu lgic u ra kho cc b pht xung iu khin. iL = 1 pht xung iu khin m B1. iL = 0 pht xung iu khin m B2. i1L (i2L) = 1 c dng in chy qua b B1 v B2 b1(b2) = 1 kho b pht xung FX1 v FX2. T mch lgic trn ta c:
b1 = iLD .i1L + i2 L b2 = iLD .i2 L + i1L
__ __ __

Nhn xt: H truyn ng van o chiu iu khin ring c u im l lm vic an ton ,khng c dng in cn bng chy gia cc b bin i nn khng cn thit k cun khng cn bng ,song cn mt khong thi gian tr trong dng in ng c bng khng.
R24 +E R23 UI R22

A5
-E

Do nguyn tc iu khin ring dng hai b bin i lm vic c lp, trong mt thi im th ch c mt b B lm vic cn b B kia phi chc chn kho( c ngha l dng in qua b B ny phi bng 0). Ta s dng xenx dng in nhn bit c dng in chy qua b B hay khng. xenxo dng ny ta dng in tr shunt .in tr ny khi c dng qua n th mt in p c 60 mV ly ra u ra .tn hiu ny qua b khuych i thut ton khuych i in p ny

Ta dng mt khu thut ton so snh LM311: tn hiu dng in qua xenx c h trn mt in tr RS to ra tn hiu in p Vi.

Trang 1

 n mn hc

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u ra chn 7 mc vi ngun nui +5V qua in tr ko ln 1k. t ca b so chn 1 c mc vo u ni t ca mch. Cch mc ny dn n u ra c cc trng thi kh d l 0 v 5V .Lgic ca mch l: V0 =5V i vi Vi > 0 V0 =0V i vi Vi < 0 Nu V0 = 5V ngha l b B c dng in chy qua. Nu V0 = 0V c ngha l b B khng c dng in chy qua . Do mch iu khin ring cn c thi gian to tr nn ta chn b to tr l mch 555
+U R1 R2
6 8 7 4 3 4 5 3 2 1 0 4 5 3 2 1 0

Ura

555
5

C1

C2

a.

Gc phc hi off =10o thi gian phc hi T off =555 s T = R1.C1 = 555.10-6 chn R1 = 470 v C1 = 1,5 F

Chng IV Thit k v tnh ton mch lc Trang 1

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I. Tnh chn Tiristo

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Khi la chn van ta da vo 2 thng s c bn quan trng nht l dng in qua van v in p ngc ln nht m van chu c , cc thng s c bn ca van c tnh nh sau : + in p ngc t ln van : Ulv = Ung.max = knv . U2 = knv . Udm / ku Trong : knv , ku ln lt l h s in p ngc v h s in p ca mch lc i vi s cu 1 pha th : knv = 1,41 ; ku = 0,92 Um l in p cung cp cho phn ng : Um = 600V Do : Ung.max = 1,41.
600 = 940V 0,9

+ Dng in lm vic ca van cn c Ilv = Ihd = khd.Im Trong : Ihd l dng in hiu dng qua van Khd l h s hiu dng ng vi s cu 1 pha khd = 0,71 Im l dng in qua ti ( cung cp cho phn ng ) Do : Ilv = 0,71.5 = 3,55 A s lm vic tin cy ta cn phi la chn cc van c d tr , do ta chn thng s ca van : + in p ngc ca van cn chn Ung-v = kdt-U . Ung-max Vi Kdt =1,6 2 l h s d tr in p , chn kdt -U = 1,6 Do : Ungmax = 1,6.940 = 1504V 1,5 kV + Dng in hiu dng ca van c chn Ihd-v = kdt-I .Ilv Vi kdt-i l h s d tr dng in , chn kdt-I = 4 Do : Ihd-v = 4.3,55 = 14,2 A - Da vo 2 thng s Ihd-v v Ung.max ta la chn van c s liu nh bng sau K hiu
T35N-1800 BOF

Un Ihd (V) (A) 1800 35

Ig Ug (A) (V) 0,12 1,4

Ih (A) 0,2

Ir (A) 0,02

U (V) 2

du TC (V/s) dt (s)

1000

120

Tmax (0C) 125

Trong : Trang 1

 n mn hc - in p ngc van - Dng hiu dng van - Dng xung iu khin - in p xung iu khin - Dng in gi - Dng in d - st p ln nht - Tc thay i in p - Thi gian chuyn mch - Nhit lm vic cho php
II. Tnh ton MBA chnh lu

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com : Un = 1800 (V) : Im = 35 (A) : Ik max = 120(mA) : Uk max = 2 (V) : Ih max = 200 (mA) : Ir max =20 (mA) : U max = 2(V )
dU = 1000(V / s ) dt : tcm = 120( s )

:Tmax =125 0C

Mch in phn ng l mch chnh lu cu 1 pha nn ta cn thit k MBA 1 pha . Ta la chn MBA c mch t l hnh ch E ( c 1 tr ) c lm mt bng cc l tn nhit . 1.Tnh ton thng s ca MBA : 1. in p s cp ca MBA l in p li : U1 = 220 V 2. in p th cp ca MBA - Phng trnh cn bng in p khi c ti : Ud0.cosmin = Ud + 2Uv + Uba +Udn Trong min = 100 gc d tr khi c suy gim in p li . Uv = 1,6(v) st p trn tiristor Udn = 0 st p trn dy ni Uba = Ur + Ux : st p trn in tr v in khng MBA. Chn s b Uba = 6%.Ud = 6% . 600 = 36(V) T phng trnh cn bng in p ti ta c:
U do = U do = U d + 2. U v + U dn + U ba cos min 600 + 2.2 + 0 + 36 = 649,87(V ) cos10 0

3. Cng sut biu kin ca MBA Sba = ks.Pd-max Trong : + ks : H s cng sut theo s , vi s cu 1 pha : ks = 1,23 + Pd-max Cng sut ca ph ti lc cc i Trang 1

 n mn hc

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Pd-max = Udo.Id = 649,87.5=3249,35 W Do : Sba = 1,23.3249,35 =3996,885VA in p pha th cp :

U2 = U do 649,87 = = 722,07(V ) ku 0,9

Dng in hiu dung th cp MBA:

I 2 = I d = I dm = 5( A) I 1 = k ba .I 2 =

Dng in hiu dng s cp MBA:

U2 722,07 .I 2 = .5 = 16,41( A) U1 220

- Tnh ton t mch Chn mch t hnh ch c ghp t nhng l tn Silic loi 310 c B dy tn : 0,35mm Tn hao l : 1,7 W/kg T trng : d = 7,8kg/dm3 - Chn loi thp 330 cc l thp c dy 0,5 mm - Chn s b mt t cm trong tr B =1(T) * Tnh tr Tit din tr s b ca tr T c tnh theo cng thc: QFe = kQ.
S ba m. f

Trong : Sba l cng sut pha ca my bin p KQ H s ph thuc vo phng php lm mt vi MBA lm mt khng kh : kQ = 6 m la s tr ca MBA :m =1 Thay s : QFe = 6.
3996,885 = 53,64cm2 1.50 b < 1,5 a

Ta c : QFe = a.b = 53,64 Trong qu trnh thit k ta thng chn : 1< Ta chn : a= 6cm ; b = 8,94cm khi
b = 1,49 a

V n = = 0,5 => c = 0,5a = 3cm

c a h m = = 2,5 => h = 2,5a = 15cm a

Chn chiu cao tr h = 15(cm) Trang 1

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Hnh 1 s kt cu my bin p

H h

c C

- Tnh ton dy qun S vng dy mi pha s cp MBA:

w1 = U1 220 = 184,74 (vng) 4,44. f1 .QFe .BT 4,44.50.53,64.10 4.1

Ly w1 = 185 (vng ) S vng dy mi pha th cp MBA:

w2 = U2 722,07 .w1 = .185 = 607,19 (vng) U1 220

Ly w2 = 608 (vng) - Chn s b mt dng in trong MBA vi dy dn bng ng MBA kh chn : J1 = J2 = 2,75(A/mm2) Tit din dy dn s cp MBA:
S1 = I 1 16,41 = = 5,97(mm 2 ) J 1 2,75

Chn dy dn tit din hnh trn , cch in cp B - Chun ho tit din theo tiu chun: S1 = 6,29(mm2 ). - ng knh dy dn d1 = 2,83mm - ng knh dy dn k c cch in dn1 = 2,95mm Tit din dy dn th cp MBA:
S2 = I2 5 = = 1,818(mm 2 ) J 2 2,75

Chn dy dn tit din ch nht, cch in cp B . - Chun ho tit din theo tiu chun: S2 = 1,9113(mm2). - ng knh dy dn d2 = 1,56mm - ng knh dy dn k c cch in dn2 = 1,65mm - Kt cu dy qun s cp : Trang 1

 n mn hc

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Thc hin dy qun theo kiu ng tm b tr theo chiu dc tr Tnh s b s vng dy trn mt lp ca cun s cp :
w11 = h 2.hg b1 .k e = 15 0,59 .0,95 = 46,4 (vng) 0,295

Ly w1l = 46 vng Trong : ke = 0,95 h s p cht h : chiu cao tr hg : khong cch t gng n cun dy s cp hg = 2.dn1 = 2.2,95 = 0,59cm - Tnh s b lp dy cun s cp:
n11 = w1 185 = = 4,02 (lp) w11 46

Chn lp n11 = 4lp. Nh vy c 185 vng chia lm 4 lp , chn 3 lp u 46 vng , lp th 4 c 197 3 . 46 = 47 (vng) Chiu cao thc t ca cun s cp :
h1 = w11 .b 0,295.46 = = 14,28(cm) ke 0,95

Chn ng qun lm bng vt liu cch in lt gia tr v dy qun c b dy : d01=0,3 (mm) Chn lp cch in gia cc lp dy qun c b dy cd1 = 0,1mm - ng knh ca cun dy trong cng Dt1 = a 2 + b 2 + 2.d01= 6 2 + 8,94 2 + 2. 0,03= 10,82 cm - ng knh ca cun dy ngoi cng Dn1 + 2( dn1 + cd1 )n1 = 10,82 + 2( 0,295+0,01).4 = 13,26cm - ng knh ca trung bnh ca cun dy s cp Dtb-1 =
10,82 + 13,26 Dt1 + Dn1 = = 12,04cm 2 2

- Chiu di dy qun s cp L1 = II.Dtb-1.w1 = 3,14.12,04.185 =6994,036cm 2.Kt cu dy qun th cp - Chn chiu di cao ca cun dy th cp h2 = h1 = 14,28cm Tnh s b s vng dy trn mt lp ca cun s cp :
w2l = h2 2.hg b2 .ke = 14,28 0,33 .0,95 = 80,3 (vng) 0,165

Ly w1l = 80 vng Trong : ke = 0,95 h s p cht h : chiu cao tr Trang 1

 n mn hc

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hg : khong cch t gng n cun dy s cp hg = 2.dn2 = 2.0,165 = 0,33mm - Tnh s b lp dy cun s cp:
n 2l = w2 608 = = 7,6 (lp) w21 80

Chn lp n21 = 8 lp. Nh vy c 608 vng chia lm 8 lp , chn 7 lp u 560 vng , lp th 8 c 608 7 . 80 = 49 (vng) Chn ng qun lm bng vt liu cch in lt gia tr v dy qun c b dy : d02 = 0,3 (mm) Chn lp cch in gia cc lp dy qun c b dy cd2 = 0,1mm - ng knh ca cun dy trong cng Dt2 = Dn1+ 2.d02 = 13,32m - ng knh ca cun dy ngoi cng Dn2=Dt2 + 2( dn2 + cd2 )n2 = 13,32+ 2(0,165+0,01).8 = 16,12cm - ng knh ca trung bnh ca cun dy s cp Dtb-2=
13,32 + 16,12 Dt 2 + Dn 2 = = 14,72cm 2 2

- Chiu di dy qun s cp L2 = II.Dtb-2.w2 = 3,14.14,72.608 = 281022,24cm = 2810m Kim tra iu kin ca ca s - Chiu dy ca dy qun s cp v th cp khi qun ln tr : D = ( d01+ d02 ) + (dn1 + cd1)w1+ ( d02 + cd02).w2 = 0,3+ 0,3 + ( 2,95+ 0,1).4 + ( 1,65 + 0,1).8 = 26,8mm - Khe h khng kh gia dy qun v mch t E = C- D = 3- 2,505 = 0,495 cm => lm mt v cch in Nh vy kch thc ca li thp m ta thit k l ph hp..
III. Tnh chn cc thit b bo v cho mch ng lc

1. Bo v qu nhit cho cc van bn dn Khi lm vic vi dng in chy qua trn van c st p , do c tn hao cng sut p ,tn hao ny sinh ra nhit t nng van bn dn . Mt khc van bn dn ch c php lm vic di nhit cho php Tcp no nu qu nhit cho php th cc van bn dn s b ph hng . cho van bn dn lm vic an ton, khng b chc thng v nhit, ta phi chn v thit k h thng to nhit hp l . +Tn tht cng sut trn 1 Tiristor P=U.Ilv = 2.3,55 = 7,1(W) Trong : U St p trn van : U = 2 (V) Trang 1

 n mn hc

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Ilv Dng lm vic chy qua van Ilv = 3,55A Ta bit rng nu P < 20W th van c th lm vic vi dng in ti a l 10%Im m khng cn cnh tn nhit .Nhng v Ilv >10%Im ( 3,55 > 10%.35) nn ta phi thit k cnh tn nhit gn ln van to nhit cho cc van
P k m .

- Tng din tch b mt to nhit :

S=

Trong : p : tn hao cng sut (W) T: chnh lch so vi mi trng Tmt = 400C Nhit lm vic cho php ca Tcp=1250C Chn nhit trn cnh to nhit Tlv=800C T=Tlv-Tmt =80 40 = 400C Km :H s to nhit bng i lu v bc x Chn Km=8 (w/m2. 0C) Vy:
Sm =

Chn loi cnh to nhit c 10 cnh Kch thc mi cnh a.b= 5.5(cm2) Tng din tch to nhit ca cnh S=10.2.5.5 = 250(cm2) 2.Bo v qu dng in ca van

7,1 = 0,0221875(m 2 ) = 221,875cm 2 8.40

Dng 1 aptmt ng ngt mch ng lc, t ng bo v khi qu ti v ngt mch Tiristor, ngt mch u ra bin i, ngt mch th cp MBA ngt mch ch nghch lu.Chn 1 ptmt da vo cc thng s sau: + in p nh mc : Udm =220V + Dng in lm vic nh mc : Im = 1,1.I1 = 1,1. 16,41 = 18,051A + Chnh nh dng ngn mch : Inm = 2,5. I1 = 1,5.16.41 = 41,025A + Dng qu ti : Iqt = 1,5. Im = 1,5. 16,41 = 24,615A Vy ta chn 1 ptmt c : Loi Um (A) Im( A) Trang 1 Inm (A) Iqr (A)

 n mn hc LK 220 20

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com 45 25

- Chn 1 cu giao to khe h an ton khi s cha h truyn ng. - Dng dy chy tc ng nhanh bo v ngn mch cc Tiristor ngn mch u ra ca b CL. + Nhm 1CC : Dng in nh mc dy chy nhm 1cc
I 1CC = 1,1.I lv = 1,1.5 = 5,5( A)

+ Nhm 2CC : Dng in nh mc dy chy nhm 2cc

I 2 CC = 1,1.I hd = 1,1.3,55 = 3,095( A)

+ Nhm 3CC : Dng in nh mc dy chy nhm 3cc , dng bo v ng c trong trng hp m my :

I 3CC = k mm .I dm DC = 5.5 = 25( A)

Vy chn cu chy nhm 1CC, 2CC v 3CC c Iday chy theo bng sau : Nhm Idc (A) 1CC 6 2CC 4 3CC 25

3.Bo v qu in p cho van Bo v qu in p : do qu trnh nh ct cc Tiristor c thc hin bng cch mc R-C song song vi Tiristor .Khi c s chuyn mch cc in tch tch t trong cc lp bn dn phng ra ngoi to ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian ngn ,s bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm lm cho qu in p gia anod v catod ca Tiristor . Khi c mch R-C mc song song vi Tiristor to ra mch vng phng in tch trong qu trnh chuyn mch nn Tiristor khng b qu in p . Theo kinh nghim R1 = ( 20 -> 100 ) C R C1 = ( 0,1-> 2) F Bo v xung in p t li in . ta mc mch R-C nh mch lc ny m nh xung gn nh nm li hon ton trn in tr ng dy . Chn R1= 40 ()v C1= 0,8F

Trang 1

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Chng V Tnh ton v thit k mch iu khin I.Yu cu i vi mch iu khin Mch iu khin l khu rt quan trng trong b bin i Tiristo v n ng vai tr ch o trong vic quyt nh cht lng v tin cy ca BB. Yu cu ca mch iu khin c th tm tt trong 6 im chnh sau: + Yu cu v rng xung iu khin. + Yu cu v ln xung iu khin. + Yu cu v dc sn trc ca xung (cng cao th vic m cng tt thng thng + Yu cu v s i xng ca xung trong cc knh iu khin. + Yu cu v tin cy. . in tr knh iu khin phi nh Tiristor khng t m khi dng r tng. .Xung iu khin t ph thuc vo dao ng nhit , dao ng in p ngun. . Cn kh c nhiu cm ng trnh m nhm. + Yu cu v lp rp vn hnh. . Thit b thay th d lp rp v iu chnh. . D lp ln v mi khi c kh nng lm vic c lp.
II. Nguyn l chung ca mch iu khin.
di DK 0,1A/, ). dt

1. Nhim v ca mch iu khin L to ra cc xung vo nhng thi im mong mun m cc van ng lc ca b chnh lu. - Tiristor ch m cho dng in chy qua khi c in p dng t trn Ant v c xung p dng t vo cc iu khin khng cn tc dng g na. - Chc nng ca mch iu khin : + iu chnh c v tr xung iu khin trong phm vi na chu k dng ca in p t trn ant katt ca tiristor. + To ra c cc xung iu kin m tiristor rng xung tx < 10s. Biu thc rng xung:
tx = I dt di dt

Trong : It l dng duy tr ca tiristor. di/dt : tc tng trng ca dng ti. i tng cn iu khin c c trng bi i lng iu khin l gc . Trang 1

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

2. Nguyn tc iu khin. Mch iu khin tiristor c th phn loi theo nhiu cch. Song cc mch iu khin u da theo nguyn l thay i gc pha v theo ta c hai nguyn l khng ch ngang v khng ch ng. - Khng ch ngang l phng php to gc thay i bng cch dch chuyn in p ra hnh sin theo phng ngang so vi in p ta. + Nhc im ca phng php khng ch ny l gc ph thuc vo dng in p v tn s li, do chnh xc ca gc iu khin thp. - Khng ch ng l phng php to gc thay i bng cch dch chuyn in p ch o theo phng thng ng so vi in p ta rng ca. + Phng php khng ch ng c chnh xc cao v khong iu khin rng ( t 0 -> 1800 ). + C hai phng php iu khin ng : . across . tuyn tnh Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh Tng i s ca Ur + Uk a n u vo ca mt khu so snh. Bng cch lm bin i Uk ta c th iu chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra tc l iu chnh c gc . Khi Uk = 0 ta c = 0. Khi Uk < 0 ta c > 0. Quan h gia v Uk nh sau:
= . U dk U rmax

Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng acrcoss. Nguyn tc ny dng hai in p: + in p ng b Ur vt trc in p ant catt mt gc bng /2 (Nu UAK = A.sinwt th Ur = B.coswt ) + in p iu khin c Uk l in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c bin theo hai hng (dng v m). Trn hnh v ng nt t l in p ant catt tiristor, t in p ny ngi ta to ra Ur . Tng i s Ur + Uk c a n u vo ca khu so snh . Khi Ur + Uk = 0 ta nhn c mt xung u ra ca khu so snh : Uk + B.cos = 0 Do = arccos(-Uk/B) Thng ly B = Uk max Khi Uk = 0 th =/2 Trang 1

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

Khi Uk = - Uk max th = 0 Nh vy khi cho Uk bin thin t - Uk max n + Ukmax th bin thin t 0 n . Nguyn tc ny c s dng trong cscs thit b chnh lu i hi cht lng cao. Nhn xt: Theo yu cu thit k mch iu khin ta thy nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh l ph hp, ta chn nguyn tc iu khin ny. Phng php iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh Khi in p xoay chiu hnh sin t vo anod ca Tiristo, c th iu khin c gc m ca Tiristo trong vng in p + anod, ta cn to mt in p ta dng tam gic, ta thng gi l in p ta l in p rng ca Urc. Nh vy in p ta cn c trong vng in p dng anod. Dng mt in p mt chiu Uk so snh vi in p ta. Ti thi im (t1,t4) in p ta bng in p iu khin (Urc = Uk), trong vng in p dng anod, th pht xung iu khin Xk. Tiristo c m t thi im c xung iu khin (t1,t4) cho ti cui bn k (hoc ti khi dng in bng 0) S nguyn l iu khin chnh lu

Udf

Urc Udk

t
Xdk Ud

t
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

Trang 1

 n mn hc S khi mch iu khin.

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

thc hin c nu trong phn nguyn l iu khin trn, mch iu khin bao gm ba khu c bn trn hnh 3

ng pha

So snh

To xung

Nhim v ca cc khu trong s khi hnh 3 nh sau: + Khu ng pha c nhim v to in p ta Urc (thng gp l in p dng rng ca tuyn tnh) trng pha vi in p anod ca Tiristo + Khu so snh c nhim v so snh gia in p ta vi in p iu khin Uk, tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau (Uk = Urc). Ti thi im hai in p ny bng nhau, th pht xung u ra gi sang tng khuch i. + Khu to xung c nhim v to xung ph hp m Tiristo. Xung m Tiristor c yu cu: sn trc dc thng ng, m bo yu cu Tiristo m tc thi khi c xung iu khin (thng gp loi xung ny l xung kim hoc xung ch nht); rng vi rng xung ln hn thi gian m ca Tiristo; cng sut; cch ly gia mch iu khin vi mch ng lc (nu in p ng lc qu ln) 1) Khi ng pha
Tr R2 C1

A U1

R1 A1

D1

R3

A2

Ur

d- dng khuch ngy ton. nhiu, cht lng ngy Ngy nay cc vi mch c ch toi thutcng b. cng cao, kch thc ngy cng gn, ng dng cc vi mch vo thit k mch ng pha c th cho ta cht lng in p ta tt, iu khin gc m ln gc
4 5 3 2 1 0 4 5 3 2 1 0

Trang 1
4 5 3 2 1 0 4 5 3 2 1 0

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

m c th t ti 1800. Trn s m t s to in p ta dng khuch i thut ton (KTT). 2) Khu so snh

Urc Udk
R5
R4

A3 Ura

Urc Udk

R5 R4

A33 Ura

c.
S khu so snh

b.

xc nh c thi im cn m Tiristo chng ta cn so snh hai tn hiu Uk v Urc. Vic so snh cc tn hiu c th c thc hin bng Tranzitor nhng Tranzitor khng lm vic ch ng ct nh ta mong mun, do nhiu khi lm thi im m Tiristo b lch kh xa so vi im cn m ti Uk = Urc. khc phc iu ny ta dng khuych i thut ton .KTT c h s khuych i rt ln nn ch cn mt tn hiu rt nh u vo ta c in p u ra ngun nui .u im ca n l c th pht xung chnh xc ti Uk=Ura 3) Khu to xung Vi nhim v to xung ph hp m Tiristo nh nu trn, tng khuch i cui cng thng c thit k bng Tranzitor cng sut, nh m t trn hnh 6a. c xung dng kim gi ti Tiristo, ta dng bin p xung (BAX), c th khuch i cng sut ta dng Tr, it D bo v Tr v cun dy s cp bin p xung khi Tr kho t ngt. Mc d vi u im n gin, nhng s ny c dng khng rng ri, bi l h s khuch i ca tranzitor loi ny nhiu khi khng ln, khuch i c tn hiu t khu so snh a sang. Tng khuch i cui cng bng s darlington nh trn hnh 6b thng hay c dng trong thc t. s ny hon ton c th p ng c yu cu v khuch i cng sut, khi h s khuch i c nhn ln theo thng s ca cc tranzitor. Trong thc t xung iu khin ch cn c rng b (c khong (10 200) s), m thi gian m thng cc tranzitor cng sut di (ti a ti mt na chu k - 0.01s), lm cho cng sut to nhit d ca Tr qu ln v kch thc dy qun s cp bin p d ln. gim nh cng sut to nhit Tr v kch thc dy s cp BAX chng ta c th thm t ni tng nh hnh 6c. Theo s Trang 1

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

ny, Tr ch m cho dng in chy qua trong khong thi gian np t, nn dng hiu dng ca chng b hn nhiu ln.
+E BAX +E BAX

D2 Tr1 Tr1

D2

R6
Uv Uv

R6
Tr2

a.

R7
+E BAX

b.

R7

Rf

D2 C2

R6
D

Tr1

Uv

Tr2

c.

Rf

S cc khu khuch i. a- bng tranzitor cng sut; b- bng s darlington; c- s c t ni tng. 3 .S mch iu kin - T nhng phn tch trn ta c s ca mch iu kin :
R2 Tr1 C1 A U1 R1 A1 D2 B D1 R3 A2 +E

BAX

Urc Ud

R5

C2

R6
Tr2

R4

A3

Ura

R7

4. Nguyn l hot ng ca s iu khin: Trang 1

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

in p vo ti im A (UA) c dng hnh sin, trng pha vi in p anod ca Tiristo T, qua khuch i thut ton (KTT) A1 cho ta chui xung ch nht i xng UB. Phn p dng ca in p ch nht UB qua it D1 ti A2 tch phn thnh in p ta Urc. in p m ca in p UB lm m thng tranzitor Tr1, kt qa l A2 b ngn mch (vi Urc = 0) trong vng UB m. Trn u ra ca A2 chng ta c chui in p rng ca Urc gin on. in p Urc c so snh vi in p iu khin Uk ti u vo ca A3. Tng i s Urc + Uk quyt nh du in p u ra ca KTT A3. Trong khong 0 t1 vi Uk > Urc in p UD c in p m. Trong khong t1 t2 in p Uk v Urc i ngc li, lm cho UD lt ln dng. Cc khong thi gian tip theo gii thch in p UD tng t. Cc xung ra UF lm m thng cc tranzitor, kt qu l chng ta nhn c chui xung nhn Xdk trn bin p xung, a ti m Tiristo T.
III. Tnh ton cc thng s ca mch iu khin

Mch iu kin c tnh xut pht t yu cu v xung m Tiristor , do ta c cc thng s c bn tnh mch iu kin : + in p iu kin Tiristor : Uk = 1,4V + Dng in iu kin Tiristor : Ik = Ig = 0,12A + Thi gian m Tiristor : tm = 120ms + rng ca xung iu kin :tx = 167ms + Tn s xung iu kin fx = 3kHz + mt i xng cho php : = 40 + in p nui mch iu khin U = 12V + Mc st bin xung : sx = 0,15

1. Tnh my bin p xung Chn vt liu lm li l Fit HM , li c dng hnh xuyn lm vic trn q fn ca c tnh t ha c B = 0,3T ;H = 30A/m khng c khe h khng kh + T s bin p xung chn m 3 + in p th cp ca MBA xung : U2 = Uk = 1,4V + in p t ln cun th cp MBA xung : U1 = mU2 = 3,14 = 4,2V +Dng in th cp ca MBA xung : I2 = Ik = 0,12A + Dng in s cp ca MBA xung : I1 = 2.I2/m = 2. 0,12/3 = 0,08A + t thm trung bnh tng i ca li thp tb = H . = 30.1,25.10 6 = 8.103 0 Trang 1
B 0,3

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

Vi 0 = 1,25.10-6 (H/m) l t thm ca khng kh Th tch ca li thp cn c : V = Q.l = (tb.0.tx.sx.U1.I1)/B2 Thay s : V= 8.103.1,25.10-6.0,15.167.4,2.0,08)/0,32 = 0,4676.10-6m3 = 0,4676.10-3cm3 Da vo bng tra cu ta la chn c mch t c th tch V= 0,645cm3 v kch thc c th nh sau: Q =0,1cm2, l = 6,45cm ; a = 2,5mm ; b = 4mm ; d =20mm ;

Rf

- S vng dy s cp my bin p xung : - Theo nh lut cm ng in t U1 = W1Q

dB B = W1Q dt tx U tx 4,2.167.10 6 = 233,8 (vng) W1 = 1 = BQ 0,3.0,1.10 6

Chn w1 = 234 vng - S vng dy th cp W2 =

W1 234 = = 78 (vng) m 3

Chn mt dng in J1= 6 (A/mm2) - Tit din dy cun th cp S1 =

I 1 0,08 = = 0,0067 (mm2) J1 6

+ ng knh dy cun th cp Trang 1

 n mn hc d2 =
4S1 =

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com
4.0,0067 = 0,092 (mm)

Chn d = 0,1 (mm) - Tit din dy cun th cp S2 = J = 4 = 0,03 (mm2) 2 Chn mt dng in J2 = 4(A/mm2) + ng knh dy cun th cp d2 =
4S 2 = 4.0,03 = 1,95 (mm) I2 0,12

Chn dy c ng knh d2 = 1,95 (mm) - Kim tra li h s lp y

S1 .W1 + S 2 .W2 d1 .W1 + d 2 .W2 0,12.234 + 1,95 2.78 = = = 0,747 < 1 Kl = d2 d 20 2 ( . ) 4
2 2

Nh vy ca s din tch cn thit . 2. Tnh khu khuch i xung

+E BAX D2 Tr1

R6
Uv

R7

Chn Tranzito cng sut loi Tr3 loi 2SC9111 Tranzito loi npn vt liu bn dn l Si. + in p gia colecto v baz khi h mch Emit UCB0 = 40 (V) . + in p gia Emito v baz khi h mch Colecto UEB0 = 4 (V) . + Dng in ln nht m colecto c th chu ng Imax = 500 (mA) . + Cng sut tiu tn colecto Pc = 1,7 (W) . + Nhit ln nht ca mt tip gip T1 = 1750C . + H s khuych i = 50 + Dng in lm vic ca colecto Ic3 = I1= 0,08 (mA) + Dng in lm vic ca baz Ib =
I c 0,08 = = 1,6 (mA) 50

Ta thy rng trong hai loi Tiristor chn c cng sut iu khin kh b Trang 1

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

Uk = 2,0 (V) Ik = 0,1 (A) Do ta ch cn 1 tng khuych i cng cng sut iu khin Tranzito - Chn ngun cp cho bin p xung E = 12(V) , vi ngun E =12 (V) ta phi mc thm in tr R10 ni tip vi cc Emito ca Ir3 , R1 . R7 =
E U 1 12 4,2 = = 92,5 () I1 0,08

Tt c cc Diod trong mch iu khin u dng loi 1N4009 c tham s . + Dng in nh mc Im = 10 (mA) + in p ngc ln nht Un = 25 (V) + in p cho Diod m thng Um = 1(V) 3.Chn t C2 v R6 - in tr R6 dng hn ch dng in a vo Baz ca Transistor Ir2 ta chn R9 tho mn iu kin: R6 I = 0,8.2.10 3 = 281,25 = 2,8k B3 Chn R6 = 3k Chn C2 sao cho C2.R6 tx
9 x => C2 R = 3.10 3 = 55,6.10 ( F ) = 55,6nF 6 Chn C2 = 33nF

4,5

167

4.Chn cc khut thut ton - Mi knh iu kin phi dng 4 khuych i thut ton , do ta chn 8 IC loi TL084 do hng texas instrument , mi IC ny c 4 khuch i thut ton - Thng s ca IC TL084 : + in p ngun nui : VCC = 18V, Chn VCC = 12V + Hiu in th gia 2 u vo : 30V + Nhit lm vic : T = - 2585 C0 + Cng sut tiu th P = 0,68W + Tng tr u vo : Rmin = 106 + Dng in u ra : Ira = 30pA + Dng in u vo : Iv = 1mA + Tc bin thin in p cho php : S chn IC TL084 :
du = 13(V / s) dt

Trang 1

 n mn hc
14 13 12 11

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com
10 9 8

+ + 1 2 3 4 Ucc 5

+ + 6 7

.S chn IC TL084

5.Tnh tng so snh

Urc Udk
R5 R4

A33 Ura

- Mi knh iu kin c 1 khuych i thun ton ng vai tr tng so snh ta chn loi IC TL084 nh trn
-

Chn R4 = R5 > I = 1.10 3 = 12k r Trong ngun nui VCC = 12V , th in p vo A3 Ur = 12V dng in vo hn ch Ilv < 10-3A do ta chn R4 = R5 = 15k khi dng vo A3 : Ilv-max =
12 = 0,8mA 15.10 3
Tr R2 C1

U dk

12

6.Chn khu ng pha

A U1

R1 A1

D1

R3

A2

Ur

d- dng khuch i thut ton. Trang 1

b.

5 3 2 1 0

5 3 2 1 0

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

in p t c hnh thnh do s np ca t C1 , mt khc m bo phm vi iu kin rng th gc iu kin = 0 1800 th hng s th gian t np c : Tr = R3.C1 = T/2 = 1/2f = 0,01s Chn C1 = 1F th in tr R3 = C = 1.10 6 = 10k 1 thun tin cho vic iu chnh khi lp rp mch R3 thngg chn bin tr R3 ln hn 10k iu chnh - Chon Tranzitor T1 loi A564 c cc thng s: + TRanzitor loai pnp lm bvng Si + in p gia Emitor v Baz lc h mch colector :UEB0 =7V + Dng in ln nht m colector c th chu c : IC-max = 100mA + Nhit ln nht mt tip gip : TCP = 1500 + H s khuych i = 250 + Dng cc i ca Baz : IB3 =
I C 100 = = 0,4 A 250 Tr 0,01

+ in tr hn ch dng in i vo baz Tranzitor Tr1 c chn nh sau : Chn R2 tho mn iu kin : R2

U N max 12 = = 30k IB 0,4.10 3

Chn R2 = 30k Chn in p ng pha : UA= 9V in tr R1 hn ch dng in i vo khuych ddaij thut ton A 1 thng chn R1 sao cho dng vo khuych i thut ton : Ir < 1mA. Do
A R1 > I = 1.10 3 = 9k r Chn R1 = 10 k

7.Tao ngun nui Ta cn chn ngun nui 12V cp cho BAX nui IC, cc b iu chnh dng in tc , in p t tc . Ta dng mch chnh lu cu ba pha dng it, in p t cp MBA ngun nui : n nh in p ra ca ngun nui ta dng hai vi mch n p 7812 v 7912, cc thng s chung ca vi mch ny: in p u vo : UV = 7 35V. in p u ra : Ura = 12V vi IC 7812 Ura = - 12V vi IC 7912. Dng in u ra : IR = 0 1A. St p nh nhttrn IC 7812 l U = 4V Trang 1

 n mn hc Ud = 12- 4 = 8V
U2 = 8 = 8,88(V ) 0,8

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

Ta chn U2 = 9V. T in C4 , C5 dng lc thnh phn sng hi bc cao. Chn C4 = C5 = C6 = C7 =470F.

7812

+12V

C4

C6

220~

C5

C7

7912

-12V

8.Tnh ton my BA ngun nui v ng pha Ta thit k MBA dng cho c 3 vic to in p ng pha v to ngun nui cho tt c cc mch iu kin bao gm cng sut cung cp cho 8 mch ng pha v cung cp ngun nui cho 8 IC TL084 to ra 32 khuych i thut ton. Chn kiu MBA 1 pha 1 r, trn mi tr c 2 cun dy : 1 cun s cp v 1 cun th cp. in p ly ra th cp MBA lm in p ng pha , ly ra th cp ca ngun nui : U2 = U2p = UN = 9(V). - Dng in th cp MBA ng pha : I2p = IA1-max = 1(mA) - Cng sut ca MBA cung cp cho vic to nn p ng pha Pp = 8.I2-dp .U2-p = 8.9.1.10-3 = 0,072( W) - Cng sut tiu th 8IC TL 084 s dng lm khuych thut ton . P8IC = 8.0,68 = 5,44W - Cng sut BA xung cp cho cc 8 iu khin Tiristor Px = 8. Uk . Ik = 8.1,4.0,12 = 1,344(W) Trang 1

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

- Tng cng sut ca MBA cung cp : P = Pp + P8IC + PX P = 0,072 + 5,44 +1,344 = 6,856(W) - Cng sut ca MBA c k n 5% tn tht trong my : S = 1,05.P = 1,05 .6,856 = 7,1988 (VA) - Dng in th cp MBA : I2 = 6.U = 6.9 = 0,133(A) 2 - Dng in s cp MBA: I1 = 3.U = 3.220 = 0,011(A) 1 - Tit din tr ca MBA c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim:
QT = kQ . S m. f = 6. 7,1988 3.50 = 1,32(cm 2 ) S 7,1988 S 7,1988

Trong : kQ = 6 : h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt. m = 3 : s tr ca MBA f = 50 : tn s in p li. - Ta chn li thp hnh ch E , c t cm B = 1T c kch thc nh hnh v :
b

H h

c C

Ta c : QFe = a.b = 1,32cm2 Trong qu trnh thit k ta thng chn 1 < =1,32cm V m = n=
h = 2,5 => h = 2,5.1 = 2,5 cm a c = 0,5 => c = 0,5.1 = 0,5 cm a b < 1,5 . Ta chn a = 1cm ; b a

- Chn mt t cm B = 1T trong tr ta c s vng dy s cp : Trang 1

 n mn hc
w1 =

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com
U1 220 = = 7507,5 (vng) 4,44.f.B.Q Fe 4,44.50.1.1,32.10 4

Chn w1 = 7508 ( vng) - Chn mt dng in J1 = J2 = 2,75A/mm2. - Ta c tit din dy qun s cp :

S1 = I1 0,011 = = 0,004(mm 2 ) J1 2,75

Chn dy dn trn , tit din theo qui chun : S1 = 0,00785mm2 ng knh thc ca li dy qun s cp : d1 = 0,1mm ng knh c k cch in l D1 = 0,12mm. - S vng dy th cp :
w 2 = w1 . U2 9 = 7508. = 307,1 (vng) U1 220

Chn w1 = 308 ( vng) Chn mt dng in J1 = J2 = 2,75A/mm2. - Ta c tit din dy qun th cp :

S2 = I 2 0,133 = = 0,048(mm 2 ) J2 2,75

Chn dy dn trn , tit din theo qui chun : S2 = 0,095mm2 ng knh thc ca li dy qun s cp : d2 = 0,11mm ng knh c k cch in l D2 = 0,14mm. Chiu di mch t : L = 2c +3a =2.0,5 +3.1 = 4cm Chiu cao mch t H = 2a + h =2.1 + 2,5 = 4,5 cm Chn cc it cho b chnh lu Dng in hiu dng qua it I =
I2 0,133 = 0,094 ( A) = 1,41 2

- Chn it c dng nh mc I-m = ki.I = 10.0,094 = 0,94 A ( ki = 10 h s d tr v dng ) - in p ngc ln nht m it phi chu Ung-max = 6.U 2 = 6.9 = 22(V ) - Chn it c in p ngc ln nht U ng-max = ku.Ung-max = 2.22 = 44 (V) Vi ku = 2 h s d tr v in p Chn it loi : kY Z70 c Ung-max = 50 (V) ; Im = 20 (A)

Trang 1

 n mn hc

nguyenvanbientbd47@gmai.com

Ti Liu tham kho

1. in t cng sut

- Nguyn Bnh ( Nh xut bn KHKT) 2. Truyn ng in - Nguyn Vn Lin ( Nh xut bn KHKT ) 3. My in Tp 1,2,3 Nguyn Khnh H - V Gia Hanh ( Nh xut bn KHKT ) 4. Ti Liu Hng Dn Thit K TCS - Phm Quc Hi

Trang 1