PHNG PHP GI TR TRUNG BNH

1. Khi lng mol trung bnh

V d: Cho 31,84 gam hn hp hai mui natri ca hai halogenua k tip X v Y (MX < MY),
vo dung dch AgNO3 d c 57,34 gam hai kt ta. Tm hai mui halogenua?
p n: NaBr; NaI
Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:

Cch gii lp h phng trnh.

Thay hai mui halogenua NaX v NaY bng

t 2 mui halogen ln lt l NaX v NaY, s

mt mui tng ng: Na R (vi X < R <Y)

mol tng ng l a v b.

Phng trnh ha hc:

Phng trnh ha hc:

NaX + AgNO3 AgX+ NaNO3

Na R + AgNO3 Ag R + NaNO3

(1)

Theo phng trnh ha hc, phng php

NaY + AgNO3 AgY+ NaNO3 (2)

tng gim khi lng ta c:

H phng trnh ton:

23 + R
108 23

=
31,84 57,34 31,84

mhh= a(23 +X) + b(23+Y) =31,84

m = a(108 +X) + b(108+Y) = 57,34

Gii h ta c: a + b = 0,3
a X + b Y = 24,94

= 83,1(3)

X < 83,1(3) < Y.

Hai mui halogenua k tip ph hp NaBr; NaI

t X < Y X < 83,13 < Y

Hai mui halogenua k tip ph hp NaBr; NaI

2.Khi lng mol trung bnh - Kt hp phng php ng cho

V d: Mt hn hp gm Kali v kim loi kim X. Ha tan ht 5,4 gam hn hp trn vo
nc th thu c 1,68 lt kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi kim X, bit t l s mol ca X v
Kali trong hn hp ln hn 1/9.
p n: Natri
Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:
Thay hai kim loi kim bng mt kim loi tng ng: M
Phng trnh ha hc: M + H2O M OH + 1/2 H2
Theo phng trnh ha hc v ra ta c:

M
22, 4
M = 36
=
5, 4 2*1, 68

X < 36 < K. Ta c s ng cho:

Nguyn Ngc MA

3
M

=36

39

3
1
Theo :
>
36 X
9

36 - X

X >9 Vy 9 < X < 36.

Kim loi kim ph hp vi X l Natri.(23)

3. Bi tp khng dng iu kin c bn c a v phng php khi lng mol
trung bnh
2

V d: Ho tan ht 28,35 gam hn hp A gm 2 mui HCO 3 v CO 3 ca 1 kim loi kim

bng dung dch HCl c 5,04 lt kh (ktc). Tm kim loi kim?

p n: Kali
Cch gii lp h phng trnh:

Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:

Cc phng trnh ha hc:

Thay AHCO3 v A2CO3 bng mt cht tng

MHCO3 + HCl MCl + H2O + CO2 (1)

M2CO3 + 2HCl 2 MCl + H2O + CO2 (2)
nCO2 =

ng M CO3 vi A+H(1) < M < A+A

Phng trnh ha hc:

5, 04
= 0,225
22, 4

M CO3 + 2 HCl M Cl2 + H2O +CO2

M + 60 22, 4
M = 66
=
28,35 5, 04

t s mol MHCO3 v M2CO3 ln lt l x v

y, ta c h phng trnh:

vi A + 1 < M = 66 < A+A 33 <A < 65

(M+61) x + (2M+60) y = 28,35

nCO2 = = x + y = 0,225

M=

14, 625 + y
0, 225 + y

Kim loi kim ph hp l: Kali

33 < M < 65

0 < y < 0,225

Kim loi kim ph hp l: Kali

4. S nguyn t, nhm nguyn t trung bnh.

V d 1/4: Cho 73,3 gam hn hp gm 1 kim loi kim th v oxit ca n tc dng vi dung
dch HCl d thu c 104 gam mui khan. Tm kim loi M?
p n: Bari

Cch gii lp h phng trnh:

Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:

Cc phng trnh ha hc:

Thay hn hp M v MO bng mt cht tng

Nguyn Ngc MA

MO + 2 HCl MCl2 + H2O (1)

M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2

(2)

t s mol MO v M ln lt l x v y, ta c h

ng: MOX vi 0 < x < 1

Phng trnh ha hc:
MOX + 2HCl MCl2 + H 2OX

phng trnh:
(M+16) x + My = 73,3

Theo phng trnh ha hc v ra ta c

(M +71)* (x+y) = 104

M + 16 x
73,3
=
71 16 x 104 73,3

55x + 71y = 30,7

73,3 16 x
M = x + 30, 7 51x
71

0 < x < 0,5582

Thay 0 < x < 1

115,32 < M < 169,52.

Kim loi kim th ph hp l Ba

115,32 < M < 169,52.

Kim loi kim th ph hp l: Ba

V d 2/4: Ha tan hon ton 12,5 gam hn hp gm 1 kim loi kim v oxit ca n vo
nc thu c 20 gam hidroxit kim loi. Tm kim loi kim?
p n: Natri
Cch gii lp h phng trnh:

Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:

Cc phng trnh ha hc:

Thay hn hp M v M2O bng mt cht tng

M2O + H2O 2MOH (1)

2M + 2 H2O 2MOH + H2

(2)

t s mol M2O v M ln lt l x v y, ta c

ng: MOX vi 0 < x < 1/2

Phng trnh ha hc:
MOX + (1- x )H2O MOH + (1/2 - x ) H2

h phng trnh:
(2M+16) x + My = 12,5
(M +17)* (2x+y) = 20
18 x + 17 y = 7,5

12,5 16 x
7,5 18 x
M=
2x +
17

Vi: 0 < x < 0,4167

+H O
S lin quan: MOX
MOH
2

Theo

ra

ta

M + 16 x
12,5
=
17 16 x 20 12, 5
Thay 0 < x < 1/2 7 < M < 28,(3).
Kim loi kim ph hp l Na

7 < M < 28,(3).

Kim loi kim ph hp l: Natri

V d 3/4: X gm O2 v O3 c dX/He = 9,6. Hn hp Y gm CO v H2 c dY/He = 1,8. Tnh th

tch ca X cn t hon ton 12 lt Y. (Th tch o cng iu kin).
p n: 5 lt
3

Nguyn Ngc MA

Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:

Thay O2 v O3 bng mt cht tng ng: OX vi 16 x = 9,6*4 x = 2,4
1

t
t
Phng trnh ha hc: CO + OX
CO2 v H2 + OX
H2O
x
x

VX =

1
1
VY = 2, 4 12 = 5
x

Bi 6: Hn hp X gm O2 v O3 c t khi so vi H2 l x. t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp

Y gm CO v H2 cn 0,4 lt hn hp X. Bit t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 7,5 v cc th tch
kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 19,2

B. 22,4

C. 17,6

Cch gii lp h phng trnh:

D. 20

Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:

t s mol O2 v O3 ln lt l x v y

Thay O2 v O3 bng mt cht tng ng: OX

Phng trnh ha hc (qui v nguyn t O):

Phng trnh ha hc:

t
CO + O
CO2

t0
x CO + OX
x CO2

t
H2 + O
H2 O

t0
x H2 + OX
x H2O

Dung ng cheo V(CO) = V(H2) = 0,5lit.

VY
1
= 2,5
x = V =
0, 4
X

O = 0,5 + 0,5 = 1= 2x + 3y = 1
x + y = 0,4

M X = 16*2,5 = 40

x = 0,2; y = 0,2.

M X = (0,2*32 + 0,2*48)/0,4 = 40

d X / H 2 = 40/2 = 20

d X / H 2 = 40/2 = 20

CC BI TP KHC:
Bi 7: Ho tan hon ton 16,8 gam Fe trong 495 ml dung dch HNO3 2M thu c V lt
hn hp kh X gm N2 v N2O c d X / H = 18 . un nh dung dch thu c m gam mui khan.
2

Xc nh gi tr ca m v V.
p n: 61,44 gam v 3,024 lt
Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:
Thay 2 kh N2 v N2O bng 1 kh tng ng: N 2Oa vi 28 + 16 a = 18*2 a = 0,5

Nguyn Ngc MA

Gi x (2 x 3) l ha tr trung bnh ca st trong mui (v khng xc nh c s oxi ha

ca st trong mui)

nFe = 16,8/56 = 0,3 mol; nHNO3 = 0,495* 2 = 0,99 mol

9 Fe + 11 x HNO3 9 Fe( NO3 ) X + x N2O0,5 + 5,5 x H2O
8 11x
x = 2,4 m = mFe + mNO = 16,8 + 0,3*2,4*62 = (61,44 gam)
=
0,3 0,9

Dng bo ton nguyn t tnh s mol kh th tch kh (ktc)

VN 2O0,5 = 1/2 (0,99 0,3*2,4)*22,4 = 3,024 lt.

Bi 8: Ha tan 5,6 gam Fe vo dung dch H2SO4 c, nng c dung dch X. Thm dung
dch NaOH vo X c kt ta Y. Nung Y trong iu kin khng c khng kh c cht rn
E. Cn nung Y trong iu kin c khng kh c cht rn Z, E v Z chnh lch nhau 0,48
gam. Tnh khi lng ca Y?
p n: 9,68 gam
Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:
Gi x (2 x < 3) l ha tr trung bnh ca st trong mui v hidroxit Y.

Fe

+ H2SO4 dac

Fe2(SO4)x

+NaOH

1/2 Fe2Ox

Fe(OH)x

t,

(E)

t0, c kk
1/2 Fe2O3

(Z)

Qu trnh oxi ha: Fe+x Fe+3 +(3-x)e

Qu trnh kh: 1/2 O2 + 2e O-2
Theo nh lut bo ton e v bo ton nguyn t Fe:
5, 6

0, 48

(3-x)* nFe (OH ) = 2 nO (3 x)* 56 = 2* 16 x = 2,4

x

mY = mFe + m(OH) = 5,6 + 0,1*17*2,4 = 9,68 (gam)

Bi 9: Cho hn hp A gm C2H2 v H2 qua xc tc Ni nung nng c hn hp B ch gm

3 hirocacbon c t khi ca B so vi H2 l 14,5. T khi ca A so vi H2 l:
p n: 5,8
Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh t chn lng cht:
Ni ,t
Phng trnh ha hc: C2H2 + k H2
C2 H 2+ 2k (B)
0

Nguyn Ngc MA

MB = 26 + 2 k = 14,5*2 k = 1,5; t nB = 1

= 2,5

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: mA = mB = 29 d A / H2 =

29
2, 5 * 2

5=, 8

Bi 10: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH3COOH (t l mol 1:1), hn hp Y gm

C2H5OH v CH3OH (t l mol 2:3). Ly 16,96 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 8,08 gam hn
hp Y (c xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este
ho u bng 80%). Xc nh gi tr ca m.
p n: 12,48 gam
Bi 11: Cho V lt hn hp kh X gm H2, C2H2, C2H4 trong s mol ca C2H2 bng s mol
ca C2H4 i qua Ni nung nng (hiu sut t 100%) thu c 11,2 lt hn hp kh Y ( ktc),
bit t khi hi ca hn hp Y i vi H2 l 6,6. Nu cho V lt hn hp X i qua dung dch
brom d th khi lng bnh brom bao nhiu?
p n: 5,4 gam
Cch gii theo phng php tr trung bnh:
Thay C2H2 v C2H4 c cng s mol bng mt cht tng ng: C2H3
Vi MY = 6,6*2 = 13,2. Do phn ng hon ton, nn H2 d.
Ni ,t
Phng trnh ha hc: C2H3 +3/2 H2
C2H6
0

Dng phng php ng cho;

H2

16,8
13,2

C2H6
VH 2
VC2 H 6

30

16,8
= 1,5. Ta c
11, 2

11,2

nC2 H 3 = nC2 H 6 =

2*11, 2
= 0,2
5* 22, 4

Khi lng bnh brom tng l ca C2H3 l: 0,2* 27 = 5,4

Trn y u l cc bi ton c rt nhiu cch gii. Ti ch a 1 phng php theo
chuyn gii bi tp.

Nguyn Ngc MA