ANTENNA THEORY

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

THIRD EDITION

Constantine A. Balanis

WILEYINTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS. INC.. PUBLICATION

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Contents

Preface 1 Antennas 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Introduction Types of Antennas Radiation Mechanism Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna Historical Advancement Multimedia References

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1 4 7 17 20 24 24
27 27 27 38 40 42 44 58 64 65 69 70 70 80 85 87 92 94 104 108 112 114

Fundamental Parameters of Antennas 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 Introduction Radiation Pattern Radiation Power Density Radiation Intensity Beamwidth Directivity Numerical Techniques Antenna Efficiency Gain Beam Efficiency Bandwidth Polarization Input Impedance Antenna Radiation Efficiency Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation Antenna Temperature Multimedia References Problems

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CONTENTS

Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Introduction The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J The Vector Potential F for a Magnetic Current Source M Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources 3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 3.6 Far-Field Radiation 3.7 Duality Theorem 3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems References Problems

133 133 135 137 138 139 142

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144 150 15 151 151 151 162 165 170 182 184 205 214 217 218 219 231 231 232 246 255 261 263 266 268 269 273 275 283 283 284 290 313

Linear Wire Antennas 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 4.3 Small Dipole 4.4 Region Separation 4.5 Finite Length Dipole 4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 4.7 Linear Elements Near or on Infinite Perfect Conductors 4.8 Ground Effects 4.9 Computer Codes 4.10 Multimedia References Problems

Loop Antennas 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Introduction Small Circular Loop Circular Loop of Constant Current Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops Polygonal Loop Antennas Ferrite Loop Mobile Communication Systems Applications Multimedia References Problems

Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Introduction Two-Element Array N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing /V-Element Linear Array: Directivity

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6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13

Design Procedure iV-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution Af-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude Superdirectivity Planar Array Design Considerations Circular Array Multimedia References Problems

318 320 322 324 345 349 362 365 369 370 371 385 385 386 388 393 399 406 410 417 418 419 423 423 424

Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Introduction Continuous Sources Schelkunoff Polynomial Method Fourier Transform Method Woodward-Lawson Method Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions Line-Source Phase Distributions Continuous Aperture Sources Multimedia References Problems

Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Introduction Integral Equation Method Finite Diameter Wires Moment Method Solution Self-Impedance Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements Mutual Coupling in Arrays Multimedia References Problems

433 433 434 442 450 458 468 478 491 491 494 497 497 500 506 508

Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Introduction Biconical Antenna Triangular Sheet. Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation Cylindrical Dipole

CONTENTS

9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8

Folded Dipole Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole Matching Techniques Multimedia References Problems

515 521 523 541 542 543 549 549 549 566 600 600 602 611 611 612 614 619 637 641 648 648 650 653 653 653 660 662 663 683 692 697 701 721 726 726 728 739 739 739

10 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Introduction Traveling Wave Antennas Broadband Antennas Multimedia References Problems

11 Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Introduction Theory Equiangular Spiral Antennas Log-Periodic Antennas Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas Fractal Antennas Multimedia References Problems

12 Aperture Antennas Introduction Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens' Principle Radiation Equations Directivity Rectangular Apertures Circular Apertures Design Considerations Babinet's Principle Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 12.11 Multimedia References Problems 13 Horn Antennas 13.1 Introduction 13.2 -Plane Sectoral Horn 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10

CONHN1S

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13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11

//-['lane Sectoral Horn P\ramidal Horn Conical Horn Corrugated Horn Aperture-Matched l i o n Multimode Horns Dielectric-Loaded Horn Phase Center Multimedia References Problems

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Microstrip Antennas 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Introduction Rectangular Patch Circular Patch Quality [-'actor. Bandwidth, and Efficient') Input Impedance Coupling Circular Polarization Arrays and Iced Networks Multimedia References Problems

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Reflector Antennas 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Introduction Plane Reflector Corner Reflector Parabolic Reflector Spherical Reflector Multimedia References Problems

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Smart Antennas 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8
16.9

Introduction Smart-Antenna Analog) Cellular Radio Systems Evolution Signal Propagation Smart Antennas' Benefits Smart Antennas' Drawbacks Antenna Antenna Bcamforming
Mobile Ad hoc Networks I M A N E T S I

16.10

Smart-Antenna S w e m Design. Simulation, and Results

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CONTENTS

16.11

Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation 16.12 Other Geometries 16.13 Multimedia References Problems 17 Antenna Measurements 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 Introduction Antenna Ranges Radiation Patterns Gain Measurements Directivity Measurements Radiation Efficiency Impedance Measurements Current Measurements Polarization Measurements Scale Model Measurements References f(x) = sin (A7*) N = 1,3,5,10,20 N si Cosine and Sine Integrals Fresnel Integrals Bessel Functions Identities Vector Analysis Method of Stationary Phase Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums

990 993 994 995 999

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1001 1003 1021 1028 1034 1036 1036 1038 1038 1044 1045

Appendix I:

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Appendix II: Appendix III: Appendix IV: Appendix V: Appendix VI: Appendix VII: Appendix VIII: Appendix IX:

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1095 1099

Index