Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I TRANZITO

GII THIU CHUNG

Chng ny cung cp cho ngi hc cc kin thc c bn v mch khuch i, bao gm cc vn sau: - nh ngha mch khuch i, cc ch tiu v tham s chnh ca mt b khuch i: H s khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in, h s khuch i cng sut, tr khng vo, tr khng ra, mo tn s, mo phi tuyn, hiu sut. - Nguyn tc chung phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i. Vi tranzito lng cc thun PNP cn cung cp in p mt chiu UBE < 0, UCE < 0. Vi tranzito ngc NPN cn cung cp in p mt chiu UBE > 0, UCE > 0. Mch in cung cp ngun mt chiu phn cc cho tranzito c: bn phng php: phng php nh dng cho cc gc, phng php nh p cho cc gc, phng php cung cp v n nh im lm vic dng hi tip m in p mt chiu, phng php cung cp v n nh im lm vic dng hi tip m dng in. - Vn hi tip, hi tp trong cc tng khuch i: hi tip dng, hi tip m, hi tip dng in, hi tip in p, hi tip mc song song, hi tip mc ni tip. nh hng ca hi tip n cc ch tiu k thut ca mch. - Cc s khuch i c bn dng tranzito lng cc: tng khuch i pht chung, tng khuch i gp chung v tng khuch i gc chung. - Cc s khuch i dng tranzito trng xt hai loi: tng khuch i cc ngun chung, tng khuch i cc mng chung. - Tng khuch i o pha c: mch khuch i o pha chia ti, mch khuch i o pha ghp bin p. - Phng php ghp tng trong b khuch i: phng php ghp tng bng t in, ghp tng bng bin p, ghp tng trc tip. - Mt s mch khuch i khc: mch khuch i Darlingtn, mch khuch i Casct, mch khuch i gii rng, mch khuch i cng hng. - Mch khuch i cng sut: c im ca mch khuch i cng sut, cc ch lm vic ca tng khuch i A, B, AB, C. Yu cu ca tng khuch i cng sut cho cng sut ra ln, mo nh v hiu sut cao. Mch khuch i cng sut n lm vic ch A gim mo nhng c hiu sut thp. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng hai tranzito thng cho lm vic ch AB (gn B) c cng sut ra ln, mo nh m hiu sut cao. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito cng loi c mch ghp bin p, mch khng dng bin p. Cc mch khuch i ny cn c mch khuch i y pha pha

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito trc. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi c u im khng cn tng khuch i o pha. Kt thc chng 1 yu cu ngi hc nm c cc mch khuch i nu. Hiu c tc dng cc linh kin trong mch. Ch cp in mt chiu v nguyn l lm vic ca mch. Tnh ton c mt s ch tiu k thut ch yu theo iu kin cho trc. Khi phn tch tng khuch i tn hiu nh, ta dng phng php mch in tng ng xoay chiu, tn s trung bnh. Phn mch khuch i cng sut, do tn hiu vo ln nn dng phng php th c chnh xc cao.

NI DUNG
1.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V CC THAM S C BN CA MCH KHUCH I
1.1.1. nh ngha mch khuch i Mt trong s nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca tranzito l s dng n trong cc mch lm tng cng in p hay dng in ca tn hiu m thng gi l mch khuch i.Thc cht khuch i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng mt chiu ca ngun cung cp, khng cha thng tin, c bin i thnh nng lng xoay chiu theo tn hiu iu khin u vo, cha ng thng tin, lm cho tn hiu ra ln ln nhiu ln v khng mo. Phn t iu khin l tranzito. S tng qut ca mch khuch i nh hnh 1-1, trong En l ngun tn hiu vo, Rn l in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu, Rt ti ni nhn tn hiu ra.

Iv Uv t Rn En ~
Uv

Ir Mch khuych i Rt Ur

Ur

Ngun cung cp (EC)

Hnh 1-1: S tng qut ca mch khuch i. Hnh 1-2 a ra cu trc nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i. Phn t c bn l phn t iu khin tranzito c in tr thay i theo s iu khin ca in p hay dng in t ti cc iu khin (cc gc) ca n, qua iu khin quy lut bin i dng in ca mch ra bao gm tranzito v in tr RC. Ti li ra gia cc gp v cc pht, ngi ta nhn c mt in p bin thin cng quy lut vi tn hiu vo nhng ln c tng ln nhiu ln. n gin, gi thit in p t vo cc gc c dng hnh sin. T s hnh 1-2 ta thy rng dng in v in p xoay chiu mch ra (t l vi dng in v in p tn hiu vo) cn phi coi l tng cc thnh phn xoay chiu dng in v in p trn nn ca thnh phn mt chiu I0 v U0. Phi m bo sao cho bin thnh

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

) ) phn xoay chiu khng vt qu thnh phn mt chiu, ngha l I 0 I v U 0 U . Nu

iu kin khng c tho mn th dng in, in p mch ra trong tng khong thi gian nht nh s bng khng v s lm mo dng tn hiu. Nh vy m bo cng tc cho tng khuch i (khi tn hiu vo l xoay chiu) th mch ra ca n phi to nn thnh phn dng mt chiu I0 v in p mt chiu U0. Chnh v vy, mch vo ca tng, ngoi ngun tn hiu cn khuch i, ngi ta cng phi t thm in p mt chiu UV0 (hay dng in mt chiu IV0). Cc thnh phn dng in v in p mt chiu xc nh ch lm vic tnh ca tng khuch i. Tham s ca ch tnh theo mch vo (IV0, UV0) v theo mch ra (I0, U0) c trng cho trng thi ban u ca s khi cha c tn hiu vo.

+E Uv t B Uv

RC C PK E

Ur t
0

I0
ura

R Ur

U
U0
0 a. Nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i. b. b. Biu thi gian.

Hnh 1-2: a.

1.1.2. Cc ch tiu v tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i nh gi cht lng ca mt tng khuch i ngi ta a ra cc ch tiu v tham s c bn sau: 1.1.2.1. H s khuch i.

i lng u ra (1-1) i lng tng ng u vo Ni chung v tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc. K=

K = K exp(j.k)
Phn m un |K| th hin quan h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u ra v u vo, phn gc k th hin dch pha gia chng. Nhn chung ln ca |K| v k ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu vo. Nu biu din |K| = f1() ta nhn c ng cong gi l c tuyn bin - tn s ca tng khuch i. ng biu din k=f2() gi l c tuyn pha - tn s ca n. Thng ngi ta tnh |K| theo n v logarit, gi l n v xi ben (dB)

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

K (dB) = 20 lg K

(1-2)

Khi ghp lin tip n tng khuch i vi cc h s khuch i tng ng l K1, K2,...Kn th h s khuch i chung ca b khuch i xc nh theo: K = K1.K2...Kn. hay K(dB) = K1(dB) + K2(dB) +... + Kn(dB) (1-3) c tuyn bin ca tng khuch i l ng biu din quan h Ura=f3(Uv) ly mt tn s c nh ca gii tn ca tn hiu vo. Dng in hnh ca K =f1() v Ura=f3(Uv) i vi mt b khuch i in p tn s thp cho ti hnh 1-3. 1.1.2.2. Tr khng li vo v li ra Tr khng vo, tr khng ra ca tng khuch i c nh ngha (theo hnh 1-1a)

ZV =

UV ; IV

Zr =

Ur Ir

(1-4)

Ni chung chng l cc i lng phc: Z = R+jX. 1.1.2.3. Mo tn s Mo tn s l mo do khuch i ca mch khuch i b gim vng hai u gii tn. vng tn s thp c mo thp Mt, vng tn s cao c mo tn s cao MC. Chng c xc nh theo biu thc:

Mt =
Trong :

K0 ; Kt

MC =

K0 KC

(1-5)

K0 l h s khuch i vng tn s trung bnh. KC l h s khuch i vng tn s cao. Kt l h s khuch i vng tn s thp.

Mo tn s cng c th c tnh theo n v xi ben. |K| Ura

(V)

K0 K0

Uvo 0

0 10

(a)

10 2.10

(Hz)

(b)

(mV)

Hnh 1-3: a. c tuyn bin - tn s b. c tuyn bin 6 = 1kHz) ca mt b khuch i tn s thp (f

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

1.1.2.4. Mo khng ng thng (mo phi tuyn). Mo khng ng thng do tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc phn t nh tranzito gy ra th hin trong tn hiu u ra xut hin thnh phn tn s mi (khng c u vo). Khi uvo ch c thnh phn tn s th ura ni chung c cc thnh phn n (vi n = 0,1,2...) vi cc bin tng ng l n. Lc h s mo khng ng thng do tng khuch i gy ra c nh gi l: ) 2 ) 2 ) 2 ( U 2 + U 3 + ... + U n )1 / 2 (1-6) = % ) U1 1.1.2.5. Hiu sut ca tng khuch i Hiu sut ca mt tng khuch i l i lng c tnh bng t s gia cng sut tn hiu xoay chiu a ra ti Pr vi cng sut mt chiu ca ngun cung cp P0.

Pr P0

Trn y nu mt s ch tiu quan trng ca mt tng (hay mt b khuch i gm nhiu tng). Cn c vo cc ch tiu ny ngi ta c th phn loi cc b khuch i vi cc tn gi vi c im khc nhau. V d theo h s khuch i K c b khuch i in p. Lc ny yu cu c bn l c KUmax, Zvo >> Zngun v Zra << Zti; b khuch i dng in vi Ki max, Zvo<< Zngun, Zra >> Zti hay b khuch i cng sut cn KPmax, Zvo Zngun, Zra Zti. Cng c th phn loi theo dng c tuyn tn s K = f1(), t c b khuch i mt chiu, b khuch i tn s thp, b khuch i tn s cao, b khuch i chn lc tn s...v.v.

1.2. PHN CC V CH LM VIC MT CHIU

1.2.1. Nguyn tc chung phn cc tranzito Mun tranzito lm vic nh l mt phn t tch cc th cc tham s ca n phi tho mn iu kin thch hp. Nhng tham s ny ca tranzito nh phn cu kin in t nghin cu, chng ph thuc rt nhiu vo in p phn cc cc chuyn tip gp, pht. Ni mt cch khc cc gi tr tham s ph thuc vo im lm vic ca tranzito. Mt cch tng qut, d tranzito c mc theo kiu no, mun n lm vic ch khuch i cn c cc iu kin sau: chuyn tip gc-pht lun phn cc thun, chuyn tip gc - gp lun phn cc ngc. i vi tranzito n-p-n iu kin phn cc n lm vic ch khuch i l: UBE = UB - UE > 0 UCE = UC - UE > 0 v UE < UB < UC (1-7)

Trong UE, UB, UC l in th cc cc pht, gc, gp ca tranzito nh trn hnh 1-3. Vi tranzito p-n-p th iu kin phn cc c du ngc li. 7

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Hnh 1-4 biu din in p v dng in phn cc ca tranzito ch khuch i

IC IB UB U UBE>0
E

U
C

UCE >0

IB UB

IC U
C

UCE <0

U
E

UBE <0 (a) (b)

Hnh 1-4: a) Biu din in p v dng in phn cc tranzito n-p-n. 1.2.2. Mch cung cp in p phn cc cho tranzito b) Tranzito p-n-p. cung cp in p phn cc cho tranzito ngi ta thng dng mt ngun chung. Hnh 1-4 biu th cc mch cp in .

+EC RB CP1 IB0 CP2 UB UBE0 CP1 IP R2 RC IP+IB0 R1 IB0 CP2 RC

+EC

(a) (b) Hnh 1-5a cp in p cho cc gc theo phng php nh dng. in p UBE0 c ly Hnh 1-5: Mch cp in cho tranzito t ngun EC dn qua in tr RB vo cc gc. in tr RB c tr s ln hn nhiu so vi in tr mt chiu ca mt ghp gc-pht, do dng nh thin IB0 c xc nh gn ng.

I B0

EC RB
(1-8)

Dng in mt chiu u ra (dng cc gp) IC0 v in p mt chiu u ra UCE0: IC0 = .IB0; UCE0 = EC-IC0.RC Mch ny n gin nhng n nh im lm vic km.

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Hnh 1-5b cung cp in cho cc gc theo phng php nh p nh b phn p R1, R2 mc song song vi ngun cung cp cc gp EC. in p ti im lm vic ca cc gc c xc nh theo biu thc: UBE0 = IP.R2 = EC -(IP+IB0).R1 (1-9) Trong IP l dng phn p chy qua in tr R1, R2. Thng chn IP>>IB0, do biu thc trn gn ng:

U BE E C I p .R1

(1-10)

Ta thy UBE0 khng ph thuc vo cc tham s ca tranzito v nhit nn n nh. R rng dng IP cng ln UBE0 cng n nh, nhng khi R1, R2 phi c gi tr nh. Thng chn IP =(0,33).IBmax (1-11) Trong IBmax l dng xoay chiu trong mch cc gc vi mc tn hiu vo ln nht. Lc ny thin p UBE0 hu nh khng ph thuc tr s dng cc gc IB0, do c th dng cho mch khuch i tn hiu ln (ch B). Tuy nhin khi tr s R1, R2 nh th cng sut tiu th ngun cng tng. nng cao n nh im lm vic ngi ta hay dng cc mch cung cp in p phn cc sau. Hnh 1-6 l s cung cp v n nh im lm vic bng hi tip m in p mt chiu.

Hnh 1-6: Mch cung cp v n nh im lm vic bng hi tip m in p mt chiu.

RB IB Cp1 UBE0

RC Cp2 UCE0

+EC

+EC R1
Hnh 1-7: S cung cp v n nh im lm vic nh hi tip m dng in mt chiu.

RC Cp2

Cp1 UBE UR2 R2 UE RE

CE

S hnh 1-6 ch khc s hnh 1-5a ch in tr RB c ni ln cc gp. y RB va lm nhim v a in p vo cc gc bng phng php n nh dng cc gc, va dn in p hi tip v mch vo. Nguyn l n nh nh sau:

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Nu c mt nguyn nhn mt n nh no lm cho dng mt chiu IC0 trn cc gp tng ln th in th UCE0 gim lm UBE gim, ko theo dng IB0 gim lm cho IC0 gim (v IC0= . I B 0 ), ngha l dng IC0 ban u c gi nguyn. Hnh 1-7 l s cung cp v n nh im lm vic nh hi tip m dng in mt chiu. Trong s ny RE lm nhim v hi tip m dng in mt chiu. Nguyn tc n nh nh sau: khi IC0 tng do nhit tng hay do tp tn tham s ca tranzito th in p h trn RE (UE0=IE0.RE) tng. V in p UR2 ly trn in tr R2 hu nh khng i nn in p UBE0 = UR2 - UE0 gim, lm cho IB0 gim, do IC0 khng tng ln c, tc l IC0 c gi n nh. Nu nhit gim lm IC0 gim th nh mch hi tip m dng in mt chiu, UBE0 li tng, lm cho IB0 tng, IC0 tng gi cho IC0 n nh.

1.3. HI TIP TRONG CC TNG KHUCH I

Hi tip l vic thc hin truyn tn hiu t u ra v u vo b khuch i. Thc hin hi tip trong b khuch i s ci thin hu ht cc ch tiu cht lng ca n v lm cho b khuch i c mt s tnh cht c bit. Di y ta s phn tch nhng quy lut chung khi thc hin hi tip trong b khuch i. iu ny cng c bit cn thit khi thit k b khuch i bng IC tuyn tnh. Hnh 1-8 l s cu trc b khuch i c hi tip

u vo

u ra

Mch hi tip c h s truyn t , khiquan h giai c s (in p, dng in) Hnh 1-8: S ch r b khuch tham hi tip ca tn hiu ra mch vi tham s (in p, dng in) ca mch ra b khuch i. H s khuch i K v h s truyn t ca mch hi tip ni chung l nhng s phc.

K = K.exp(jK)

= .exp(j)
Ngha l phi ch n kh nng dch pha min tn s thp v tn s cao do tn ti cc phn t in khng trong mch khuch i cng nh mch hi tip. Nu b khuch i lm vic tn s trung bnh, cn trong mch hi tip - khng c thnh phn in khng th h s K v l nhng s thc. Nu in p hi tip t l vi in p ra ca b khuch i ta c hi tip in p, nu t l vi dng in ra ta c hi tip dng in. C th hi tip hn hp c dng in v in p. Iv Ir Rn Iv Ir Rn It

It Rt

En

uv
uht

uy

ur

Rt

En

uv

uy

ur

uht 10 It

a. Hnh 1-9: Mt s mch hi tip thng dng: Iht Ir

Rn

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

b.

Xt u vo, khi in p a v hi tip ni tip vi ngun tn hiu vo th ta c hi tip ni tip. Khi in p hi tip t ti u vo b khuch i song song vi in p ngun tn hiu th c hi tip song song. Hai c im trn xc nh mt loi mch hi tip c th: hi tip in p ni tip hoc song song, hi tip dng in ni tip hoc song song, hi tip hn hp ni tip hoc song song. Hnh 1-9 minh ho mt s th d v nhng mch hi tip ph bin nht trong khuch i. Nu khi hi tip ni tip nh hng n tr s in p vo bn thn b khuch i uy, th khi hi tip song song s nh hng n tr s dng in vo b khuch i. Tc dng ca hi tip c th lm tng, khi K + = 2n, hoc gim khi + = (2n +1). (n l s nguyn dng) tn hiu tng hp u vo b khuch i c gi l hi tip dng v tng ng gi l hi tip m. Hi tip m cho php ci thin mt s ch tiu ca b khuch i, v th n c dng rt rng ri. nh gi nh hng ca hi tip n cc ch tiu ca b khuch i ta s xt th d hi tip in p ni tip hnh 1-9a. H s khuch i khi c hi tip:

K ht =

Ur UV
(1-12)

U Y = U V + U ht
Chia c hai v ca (1-12) cho Ura, ta c:

U Y U V U ht = + Ur Ur Ur
hay y =

1 1 = + K K ht u ht l h s truyn t ca mch hi tip. ur

(1-13)

T (1-13) ta tm c:

11

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

K ht =

K 1 .K
K 1 K .

(1-14)

n gin vic phn tch ta a vo tr s thc K v:

K ht =

(1-15)

Theo (1-15) khi 1 > K. > 0 th h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip Kht ln hn h s khuch i ca bn thn b khuch i K. chnh l hi tip dng, Uht a ti u vo b khuch i cng pha vi in p vo Uv, tc l Uy = Uv +Uht. in p ra b khuch i khi c hi tip dng l: Ur = K.(Uv + Uht) > K.Uv v do Kht >K Trng hp K. 1 (khi hi tip dng) c trng cho iu kin t kch ca b khuch i. Lc ny u ra ca b khuch i xut hin mt ph tn s khng ph thuc vo tn hiu u vo. Vi tr s phc K v bt ng thc K . 1 tng ng vi iu kin t kch mt tn s c nh v tn hiu u ra gn vi dng hnh sin. B khuch i trong trng hp ny lm vic nh mt mch to dao ng hnh sin. Khi K.<0 th

K ht =

K <K 1 + K .

(1-16)

l hi tip m (Uht ngc pha vi Uv) v Uy = Uv - Uht, ngha l h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip m Kht nh hn h s khuch i khi khng c hi tip. nh gi n nh h s khuch i khi c hi tip, thc hin vi phn biu thc

K ht =
C

K 1 + K .
dK .(1 + K ) dK .K (1 + K ) 2 .
=

dK ht =

dK (1 + K . ) 2

(1-17)

Bin i (1-17) v ch n (1-16) ta nhn c biu thc c trng cho s thay i tng ng ca h s khuch i.

dK ht dK / K = K ht 1 + K .

(1-18)

T (1-18) thy s thay i tng i h s khuch i ca b khuch i khi c hi tip m nh hn 1 + K. ln so vi khi khng hi tip. n nh h s khuch i s tng khi tng su hi tip. V d, gi thit s thay i tng i ca h s khuch i dK/K = 20% v 1+K.=100 th s thay i tng i ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip l dKht /Kht = 0,2%.Tnh cht ny c bit qu gi trong iu kin h s khuch i thay i do s thay i ca tham s theo nhit nht l i vi tranzito v s ho gi ca chng. Nu h s khuch i K ln v hi tip m su th thc t c th loi tr s ph 12

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito thuc ca h s khuch i vo s thay i cc tham s trong b khuch i. Khi trong mu s ca (1-16) c th b qua 1 v h s khuch i ca n do h s truyn t ca mch hi tip quyt nh.

K ht

(1-19)

Ngha l thc t khng ph thuc vo K v mi s thay i ca n. V d K = 104 v = 10-2 th

K ht =

= 100

ngha vt l ca vic tng n nh ca h s khuch i c hi tip m l ch khi thay i h s khuch i K th in p hi tip s b thay i dn n thay i in p Uy (hnh 1.9a) theo hng b li s thay i in p ra ca b khuch i. Gi s khi gim K do s thay i tham s b khuch i s lm cho Uht gim v Ur gim, in p Uy = Uv Uht tng dn n Ur tng, chnh l ngn cn s gim ca h s khuch i K (hnh 1-9a). Tng n nh ca h s khuch i bng hi tip m c dng rng ri ci thin c tuyn bin , tn s (hnh 1-10) ca b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung. V min tn s thp v cao h s khuch i b gim. Tc dng hi tip m min tn s k trn s yu v h s khuch i K nh v s dn n tng khuch i gii bin tn v m rng gii thng f ca b khuch i.

K
Ku 2
Hnh 1-10: nh hng ca hi tip m n c tuyn bin tn s

Ku

K uht 2

Kuht

fht Hi tip m cng lm gim mo khng ng thng ca tn hiu ra v gim nhiu (tp m) trong b khuch i.
Di y ta s kho st nh hng ca hi tip m n in tr vo b khuch i.

RV =

UV IV

Hnh 1-9a thc hin hi tip m ni tip.

U V = U Y + U ht .
Mt khc ta c

U ht = K . .U Y . V vy:

13

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

RVht =

(1 + K . ).U Y = RV .(1 + K . ) IV

(1-20)

Nh vy thc hin hi tip m ni tip lm tng in tr vo ca b khuch i ln (1+K.) ln. iu ny rt cn thit khi b khuch i nhn tn hiu t b cm bin c in tr trong ln hoc b khuch i dng tranzito lng cc. Tng t, in tr ra ca b khuch i l:

Rrht =

Rr (1 + K . )

(1-21)

Ngha l gim i (1+K.) ln. iu ny m bo in p ra ca b khuch i t ph thuc vo s thay i in tr ti Rt. T nhng phn tch trn, c th rt ra nhng quy lut chung nh hng ca hi tip m n ch tiu b khuch i l: Mi loi hi tip m u lm gim tn hiu trn u vo b khuch i (Uy hay Iy) v do lm gim h s khuch i Kht, lm tng n nh ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i. Ngoi ra hi tip m ni tip hnh 1-9a,b lm tng in tr vo. Hi tip in p ni tip (hnh 1-9a) lm n nh in p ra, gim in tr ra Rrht. Cn hi tip dng in ni tip (hnh 1-9b) lm n nh dng in ra It, tng in tr ra Rrht. Hi tip m song song (hnh 1-9c) lm tng dng in vo, lm gim in tr vo Rvht, cng nh in tr ra Rrht. Cn ni thm l hi tip dng thng khng dng trong b khuch i nhng n c th xut hin ngoi mun do ghp v in bn trong hay bn ngoi gi l hi tip k sinh, c th xut hin qua ngun cung cp chung, qua in cm hoc in dung k sinh gia mch ra v mch vo ca b khuch i. Hi tip k sinh lm thay i c tuyn bin - tn s ca b khuch i do lm tng h s khuch i cc on ring bit ca gii tn hoc thm ch c th lm cho b khuch i b t kch ngha l xut hin dao ng mt tn s xc nh. loi b hin tng trn c th dng cc b lc thot, dng dy dn bc kim, b tr mch in v cc linh kin hp l. Di y l cc th d v nhng mch hi tip m thng gp (hnh 1-11)

R1 CP1 Rn En Uv

RC

+E R1 CP1 Ur Rn 14 En Uv T1 R2 RC1 CP2 R RE1 R4 R3 C RC2 CP3

+E

CP2

Ur RE2

R2

RE

a)

b)

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

Hnh 1-11: S cc mch hi tip m. a) Hi tip dng in trn RE; b) Hi tip in p nh khu RC hnh 1-11a trn in tr RE c hi tip m dng in mc ni tip. Trong mch hnh 1-11b ta thy, nu xt tng tng ring bit th trn RE1 , RE 2 u thc hin hi tip m dng in mc ni tip. Ngoi ra cn c hi tip m in p ni tip ly t cc gp ca tranzito T2 v cc pht ca tranzito T1 qua C v R. Nh vy trn RE1 c c hai loi hi tip m in p v dng in.

1.4. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT).

Di y s trnh by phng php phn tch tng khuch i dng tranzito lng cc theo ba cch mc mch: pht chung (EC), gp chung (CC), v gc chung (BC). Gi thit tn hiu vo l hnh sin min tn s trung bnh v vy tr khng ca t coi nh bng khng, cn nh hng in dung k sinh ca s v tranzito, cng nh s ph thuc v h s khuch i dng , ca tranzito vo tn s coi nh khng ng k. 1.4.1. Tng khuch i pht chung (EC) Mch in nguyn l mt tng khuch i EC cho trn hnh 1-12. Trong s ny CP1, CP2 l cc t ni tng. T Cp1 loi tr tc dng nh hng ln nhau ca ngun tn hiu v mch vo v dng mt chiu. T CP2 ngn thnh phn mt chiu v ch cho thnh phn xoay chiu ra ti. R1, R2 xc nh ch tnh ca tng, cp in mt chiu cho cc B. RC: ti mt chiu ca tng. RE: in tr n nh nhit, CE t thot thnh phn xoay chiu xung mt. En: ngun tn hiu vo, Rn: in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu. Rt: in tr ti.
+EC
R1 I B0 IV CP1 IC T U
CE0

RC

CP2

Hnh 1-12: Tng khuch i E chung

Rn

IP

UBE IE0

It CE

Rt

Ur

En

UV

15

R2 UE0

RE

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

Nguyn l lm vic ca tng EC nh sau: khi a in p xoay chiu ti u vo xut hin dng xoay chiu cc gc ca tranzito v do xut hin dng xoay chiu cc gp mch ra ca tng. Dng ny gy h p xoay chiu trn in tr RC. in p qua t CP2 a n u ra ca tng tc l ti Rt. C th thc hin bng hai phng php c bn l phng php th i vi ch mt chiu v phng php gii tch dng s tng ng i vi ch xoay chiu tn hiu nh. Phng php th da vo c tuyn vo v ra ca tranzito c u im l d dng ) tm c mi quan h gia cc gi tr bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu (in p ra U r v ) dng in ra I r ) v l s liu ban u tnh ton. Trn c tuyn hnh (1-13a), v ng ti mt chiu (A-B). S ph thuc UCE0 = f(IC0) c th tm c t phng trnh cn bng in p mch ra ca tng: UCE0 = EC - IC0.RC - IE0RE = EC - IC0RC V h s gn ng 1, nn c th vit UCE0 = EC - IC0 (RC+RE) (1-23) Biu thc (1-23) l phng trnh ng ti mt chiu ca tng. Da vo c tuyn vo IB = f(UBE) ta chn dng cc gc tnh cn thit IB0, chnh l xc nh c to im P l giao im ca ng IB = IB0 vi ng ti mt chiu trn c tuyn ra hnh 1-13a. xc nh thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng ra cc gp ca tranzito phi dng ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch rng in tr xoay chiu trong mch cc pht ca tranzito bng khng (v c t CE mc song song vi in tr RE) cn ti Rt c mc vo mch cc gp, v in tr xoay chiu ca t Cp2 rt nh b qua.

IC0

.RE

(1-22)

IC D B

PCCP

IB P IB=IB0 IB2 IB1 IB=0

C IC0(E) A
IB

uC

IC
IC0

IB

uC 16

0 b)

uBE

a)

uC

uB
uv
uB0

UC0
Hnh 1-13: Xc nh ch tnh ca tng EC

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp EC bng khng, th in tr xoay chiu ca tng gm hai in tr RC v Rt mc song song, ngha l Rt~ =Rt//RC. T thy r in tr ti mt chiu ca tng Rt==RC + RE ln hn in tr ti xoay chiu Rt~. Khi c tn hiu vo, in p v dng in l tng ca thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu, ng ti xoay chiu i qua im tnh P. dc ca ng ti xoay chiu ln hn dc ng ti mt chiu. Xy dng ng ti xoay chiu theo t s s gia ca in p v dng in U CE = I C .(RC // Rt). Khi cung cp in p vo ti u vo ca tng th trong mch cc gc xut hin thnh phn dng xoay chiu ib lin quan n in p vo Uv theo c tuyn vo ca tranzito.V dng cc gp t l vi dng cc gc qua h s , trong mch cc gp cng c thnh phn dng xoay chiu iC v in p xoay chiu Ura lin h vi iC bng ng ti xoay chiu. Khi ng ti xoay chiu c trng cho s thay i gi tr tc thi dng cc gp iC v in p trn tranzito UC hay ngi ta ni l s dch chuyn im lm vic. im lm vic dch t P i ln ng vi 1/2 chu k dng v dch chuyn i xung ng vi 1/2 chu k m ca tn hiu vo. Nu chn tr s tn hiu vo thch hp v ch tnh ng th tn hiu ra ca tng khuch i khng b mo dng. Vic chn im lm vic tnh v tnh ton s c thc hin theo mt tng khuch i c th. ) ) Nhng tham s ban u tnh ton l bin in p ra U r v dng in ti I t , cng sut ti Pt v in tr ti Rt. Gia nhng tham s ny c quan h cht ch vi nhau, nn v nguyn tc ch cn bit hai trong nhng tham s l tnh cc tham s cn li. tn hiu ra khng b mo dng, cc tham s ca ch tnh phi tho mn nhng iu kin sau: (hnh 1-13a). ) (1-24) U C 0 > U r + U C 0 ) (1-25) I C0 > I C + I C0 (E) y U C 0 l in p cc gp ng vi on u ca c tuyn ra (cn gi l in p UCE bo ho) I C 0 ( E ) l dng cc gp ban u ng vi nhit cc i, chnh l cao ca ng c tuyn ra tnh ng vi dng IB=0. ) Quan h dng I C vi in p ra c dng

) IC =

Ur Ur = R C // R t Rt ~
17

(1-26)

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito tng h s khuch i ca tng, tr s RC phi chn ln hn Rt t 35 ln. Da vo dng IC0 chn, tnh dng cc gc tnh: IB0 =

I C0 I C0 (E)

(1-27)

t da vo c tuyn vo ca trazito tm c in p U BE 0 ng vi I B 0 tm c. Dng cc pht tnh c quan h vi dng I B 0 v IC0 theo biu thc.

I E 0 = (1 + ).I B 0 + I C 0 ( E ) =

I C0 I C0 (E)

.(1 + ) + I C 0 ( E ) = I C 0

(1-28)

Khi chn EC (nu nh khng cho trc), cn phi theo iu kin: EC=UC0+IC0.Rc+UE0. y UE0 = IE0.RE Khi xc nh tr s UE0 phi xut pht t quan im tng in p UE0 s lm tng n nh nhit cho ch tnh ca tng (v khi RE ln s lm tng su hi tip m mt chiu ca tng), tuy nhin lc cn phi tng in p ngun cung cp EC. V vy m UE0 thng chn bng (0,10,3) EC Ch n biu thc (1-29) ta c: (1-29)

EC =

U C 0 + I C 0 .RC 0,7 0,9

(1-30)

in tr RE c th tnh t

RE =

U E0 I C0

(1-31)

Khi tnh cc phn t ca b phn p u vo cn lu vi quan im n nh nhit cho ch tnh ca tng, sao cho s thay i ca dng cc gc tnh IB0 (do khng n nh nhit ca in p UBE0) phi t nh hng n s thay i in p UB0.Mun vy th dng phn p IP qua b phn p R1 R2 phi ln hn dng IB0 qua in tr R1. Tuy nhin vi iu kin IP >> IB0 th R1, R2 s phi nh v chng s gy ra r mch tn hiu vo, lm gim in tr vo ca tng khuch i. V th khi tnh cc phn t ca b phn p vo ta phi hn ch theo iu kin:

R B = R1 // R2 = (2 5)rV . I P = (2 5) I B 0 .

(1-32) (1-33)

y rV l in tr vo ca tranzito, c trng cho in tr xoay chiu mch gc - pht (rV= U BE / I B ) in tr R1,R2 c th tnh theo:

18

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

R2 = R1 =

U B 0 U BE + U E 0 = Ip Ip EC U B 0 I p + I B0

(1-34) (1-35)

Khi chn tranzito cn ch n cc tham s gii hn nh: di tn s cng tc (theo tn s f hay f) cng nh cc tham s v dng in, in p v cng sut. Dng in cc gp cho php cc i IC.C.P phi ln hn tr s tc thi ln nht trong khi lm vic, ngha l

I C max = I CO + C < I C.C.P . V mt in p ngi ta thng chn tranzito theo UC0.C.P > EC. I
Cng sut tiu hao trn cc gp PC =UC0.IC0 phi nh hn cng sut cc i cho php ca tranzito PC.C.P. ng cong cng sut gii hn cho php l ng hypecbon. i vi mi im ca n ta c UC0.CP.IC.CP=PC.CP. Tm li vic tnh ch ca tng khuch i l gii quyt nhim v chn hp l cc phn t ca s nhn c nhng tham s cn thit ca tn hiu ra trn ti. Cc h s khuch i dng in Ki, in p Ku v cng sut Kp cng nh in tr vo RV, in tr ra Rr l nhng ch tiu quan trng ca tng khuch i. Nhng ch tiu c th xc nh c khi tnh ton tng khuch i theo dng xoay chiu. Phng php gii tch da trn c s thay th tranzito v tng khuch i bng s tng ng dng xoay chiu ch tn hiu nh. S thay th tng EC v trn hnh 1-14, y tranzito c thay bng s thay th tham s vt l. Tnh ton theo dng xoay chiu c th thc hin c khi s dng s thay th tranzito vi cc tham s r , trong rB l in tr khi vng cc gc, rE l in tr vi phn ca tip gip pht, rC in tr vi phn ca tip gip gp. n gin ta gi thit tng khuch i c tnh min tn s trung bnh, tn hiu vo l hnh sin v in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng xoay chiu bng khng. Cc t Cp1, Cp2, CE c tr khng rt b, xem nh bng khng. Dng in v in p trong s tnh theo tr s hiu dng. in tr vo ca tng: RV=R1//R2//rV (1-36)

IB

IV Rn En ~

B IB UV

rB

<<

IC

C It

rC IE rE CC RC

R1 R2 E

Rt

Ut

V in tr trong ca ngun dng IB hnh 1.14 rt ln, cn rC(E) + RC//Rt >> rE nn: Hnh 1-14: S thay th tng khuch i EC bng tham s vt l. U BE = I B .rB + I E .rE hay l

U BE = I B [ rB + (1 + ).rE ]
19

(1-37)

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Chia c hai v ca phng trnh (1-37) cho IB ta c: rV= rB + (1+).rE. Tnh gn ng bc mt ca RV theo rV v gi tr c th ca rB, , rE vi iu kin R1//R2 (23)rV ta s c RV ca tng EC khng vt qu (13)K Xc nh h s khuch i dng in ca tng: Ki = It/IV t hnh 1-14 c:

I B = IV

RV rV

(1-38)

Khi xc nh dng It qua IB th khng tnh n rE v n rt nh so vi in tr ca cc phn t mch ra:

I t = .I B .

r C ( E ) // RC // Rt Rt

(1-39)

n biu thc (1-38) ta c:

I t = I V . .

RV rC ( E ) // RC // Rt . rV Rt

(1-40)

v h s khuch i dng xc nh bi:

Ki = .

RV rC ( E ) // RC // Rt . rV Rt

(1-41)

H s khuch i dng Ki t l vi h s ca tranzito, cc in tr phn p cp in mt chiu cc gc v in tr RC, Rt. Biu thc (1-41) cho ta thy cn chn R1//R2 >>rV v RC > Rt. Nu coi RV rV v rC(E) >>RC//Rt th h s khuch i dng gn ng.

Ki = .

RC // Rt Rt

(1-42)

Nh vy tng EC c h s khuch i dng tng i ln, v nu nh RC>> Rt th n gn bng h s khuch i ca tranzito. Xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng

Ku =

Ur En
I t .Rt Rt = Ki . I V .( Rn + RV ) Rn + RV
(1-43)

Ku =

Thay (1-42) vo (1-43) ta c:

Ku = .

RC // Rt Rn + RV

(1-44)

20

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito T (1-44) ta thy nu cng ln v in tr mch ra ca tng cng ln so vi in tr mch vo th h s khuch i cng ln. c bit, h s khuch i in p s tng khi in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu gim. Tng khuch i EC thc hin o pha ca in p ra i vi in p vo. Vic tng in p vo s lm tng dng cc gc v dng cc gp ca tranzito, h p trn Rc tng lm gim in p trn cc gp. Vic o pha trong tng khuch i EC c biu th bng du - trong biu thc Ku H s khuch i cng sut K P = ln. in tr ra ca tng.

Pr = Ku .Ki trong s EC khong (0,2 5).103 PV

Rr = RC // rC ( E )
V rC(E) >> RC nn Rr = RC 1.4.2. Tng khuch i gp chung (CC)

(1-45)

R1 IV Rn En CP1 Ibo UBE

+ EC

IB

IC0 T CP2
Rt

IV Rn

rB

<<

C IC

Uv R2

IE

RE It

Ur

En

UV

rE R1//R2 E

IB

IE

rC

RE D

It

Rt Ur

a. b. Hnh 1-15a l s tng khuch i CC, cn gi l tng lp E v in p ra ca n Hnh 1-15: a. S tng khuch i CC; b. S thay th ly cc E ca tranzito, v tr s gn bng in p vo ( U r = U V U BE U V ) v trng
pha vi in p vo. in tr RE trong s ng vai tr nh RC trong EC, ngha l to nn mt in p bin i u ra trn n. T C c nhim v a tn hiu ra ti Rt. in tr R1, R2 l b phn p cp in mt chiu cho cc gc, xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo thng ngi ta khng mc in tr R2. Tnh ton ch mt chiu tng t nh tnh ton tng EC. kho st cc tham s ca tng theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuyn sang s thay th (hnh 1.15b) in tr vo ca tng: Ta c RV=R1//R2//rV.

U V = I B [ rB + (1 + ).(rE + R E // Rt ) ].

21

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Chia UV cho IB ta c:

rV = rB + (1 + ).(rE + R E // Rt ).

(1-46)

T biu thc (1-46) ta thy rV ca tranzito trong s CC ln hn trong s EC. V rE thng rt nh hn RE//Rt, cn rB nh hn s hng th hai ca v phi biu thc (1-46), nn in tr vo ca tng lp cc pht E bng:

R V R 1 // R 2 //(1 + ).(R E // R t ).

(1-47)

Nu chn b phn p u vo R1, R2 ln th in tr vo s ln. Tuy nhin khi khng th b qua in tr rC(E) mc song song vi mch vo, nn in tr vo phi tnh:

R V = R 1 // R 2 // [ (1 + ).(R E // R t ) ]//rC(E)

(1-48)

in tr vo ln l mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca tng gp chung, dng lm tng phi hp vi ngun tn hiu c in tr trong ln. Vic xc nh h s khuch i dng Ki cng theo phng php ging nh s EC. Cng thc (1-38) ng vi tng CC. V dng It y ch l mt phn ca dng IE nn biu thc (1-39) c dng:

I t = (1 + ).I B .
V xt n (1-39) ta c:

R E // R t Rt

(1-49)

I t = I V .(1 + ).

R V R E // R t . rV Rt

(1-50)

H s khuch i dng trong s CC:

K i = (1 + ).

R V R E // R t . rV Rt R E // R t Rt

(1-51)

ngha l n ph thuc vo quan h RV v rV, RE v Rt. Gi thit RV=rV th

K i = (1 + ).

(1-52)

Khi RE = RC v in tr Rt ging nhau th h s khuch i dng in trong s pht chung v gp chung gn bng nhau. H s khuch i in p tnh theo (1-43) ta c:

K u = (1 + ).

R E // R t Rn + RV

(1-53)

Khi RV >> Rn v gn ng RV (1 + ).(R E + R t ) th Ku 1. Nh vy tng khuch i gp chung khuch i cng sut tn hiu trong khi gi nguyn tr s in p ca n. V Ku=1 nn h s khuch i Kp xp x bng Ki v tr s. in tr ra ca tng CC:

22

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

R r = R E //( rE +

rB + R n // R 1 // R 2 ) = R E // rE 1+

(1-54)

in tr ra ca tng nh c (1 50). N c dng phi hp mch ra ca tng khuch i vi ti c in tr nh, khi tng gp chung dng lm tng ra ca b khuch i c vai tr nh mt tng khuch i cng sut n ch A khng c bin p ra. 1.4.3 Tng khuch i gc chung (BC). Hnh (1-16a) l s mt tng khuch i gc chung. Cc phn t R1, R2, RE dng xc nh ch tnh IE. Cc phn t cn li cng c chc nng ging s EC. kho st cc tham s ca tng khuch i BC theo dng xoay chiu ta s dng s tng ng hnh 1-16b.

RV = R E //[ rE + (1 ).rB ]

(1-55)

T (1-55) ta thy in tr vo ca tng c xc nh ch yu bng in tr rE vo khong (1050). in tr vo nh l nhc im c bn ca tng BC v tng s l ti ln i vi ngun tn hiu vo. i vi thnh phn xoay chiu th h s khuch i dng in ca tranzito l:

IC v <1. H s khuch i dng ca tng l: IE

K i = . R C // R t Rt
+EC RC CP2 R1 Rn U Ur
(1-56)

IC IV R En
uV

. IV E IE rE RE IB rB
<<

C RE
CB

rC IC RC I1 B Rt Ur

IB Rt
R2

Hnh 1-16: a. S khuych i BC H s khuch i in p: b. S thay th R C // R t K u = . Rn + RV

a.

b.

(1-57)

T (1-57) ta thy khi gim in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu vo s lm tng h s khuch i in p. in tr ra ca tng BC l:

23

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

Rr = RC // rC ( E ) RC

(1-58)

Cn ch rng c tuyn tnh ca tranzito mc BC c tuyn tnh ln nn tranzito c th dng vi in p cc gp ln hn s EC. Chnh v vy tng khuch i BC c dng khi cn c in p u ra ln.

1.5. TNG KHUCH I O PHA

Tng o pha dng khuch i tn hiu v cho ra hai tn hiu c bin bng nhau nhng pha lch nhau 1800 (hay ngc pha nhau). S tng khuch i o pha chia ti v hnh 1-17a. Tn hiu ly ra t cc pht v cc gp ca tranzito. Tn hiu ra U r 2 ly t cc pht ng pha vi tn hiuvo UV cn tn hiu ra U r1 ly t cc gp ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Dng tn hiu v trn hnh 1-17b, c, d. Ta s kho st ch tiu ca tng tnh tng t nh tng CC.

R V = R 1 // R 2 //[ rB + (1 + ).(rE + R E // R t 2 ) ]
hoc tnh gn ng:

(1-59) (1-60)

R V (1 + ).(rE + R E // R t 2 ) UV +EC R1 CP1 Rn En UV R2 RE Rt

a)
b)

RC T

t 0 Ur2 c) UC0 t

CP2

CP3 Rt Ur2

Ur1

Ur 2

_ d)

Ur

Ur1

UC0 Hnh 1-17: a) S tng o pha H s khuch i in p u ra 1 xc nh tng t nh s EC, cn u ra 2 t b) CC. xc nh tng t nh s c) d) Biu thi gian 0

K u1 .

(R C // R t1 ) Rn + RV (R E // R t 2 ) Rn + RV

(1-61) (1-62)

K u 2 (1 + ).

24

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Nu chn RC=RE v c R t1 = R t 2 th gi tr h s khuch i K u1 gn ng bng

K u 2 v s ny cn gi l mch o pha chia ti.

Tng o pha cng c th dng bin p, s nguyn l nh hnh 1-18.

+EC R1 CP Rn

L1 T

L2

Ur1 Ura2

UV

R2

RE

En

CE _

Hai tn hiu ly Hnh hai na cun tngcp c pha lch bin p 0 so vi im 0. ra t 1-18: S th o pha dng nhau 180 Khi hai na cun th cp c s vng bng nhau th hai in p ra s bng nhau. Mch ny c h s khuch i ln, d dng thay i cc tnh ca in p ra v cn c tc dng phi hp tr khng nhng cng knh, nng n v mo ln nn hin nay t c dng.

1.6. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO TRNG(FET).

Nguyn l xy dng tng khuch i dng tranzito trng cng ging nh tng dng tranzito lng cc. im khc nhau l tranzito trng iu khin bng in p. Khi chn ch tnh ca tng dng tranzito trng cn a ti u vo (cc ca G) mt in p mt chiu c gi tr v cc tnh cn thit. 1.6.1. Tng khuch i cc ngun chung (SC) S khuch i SC dng MOSFET c knh n t sn cho trn hnh 1-19a. Ti RD c mc vo cc mng D, cc in tr R1, RG, RS dng xc lp UGS0 ch tnh. in tr RS s to ra hi tip m dng in mt chiu n nh ch tnh khi thay i nhit v do tnh tn mn ca tham s tranzito. T CS dng kh hi tip m dng xoay chiu. T CP1 ghp tng vi ngun tn hiu vo. Nguyn tc chn ch tnh cng ging nh s tranzito lng cc hnh 1-12. Cng thc (1-24) v (1-25) dng chn ch tnh, y c th vit di dng:

U DS0 > U r + U DS

(1-63) (1-64)

I D0 > I D

im lm vic tnh P dch chuyn theo ng ti mt chiu s qua im A v B (hnh 1-19b). i vi im A: IDS = 0, UDS = +ED, i vi im B: UDS= 0, ID = ED/(RD+RS). in tr ti xoay chiu xc nh theo Rt= RD//Rt. Trong b khuch i nhiu tng th ti ca tng 25

ID
+E

PDMax

IDMax D

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito trc chnh l mch vo ca tng sau c in tr vo RV ln. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th ti xoay chiu ca tng xc nh ch yu bng in tr RD c chn ti thiu cng nh hn RV mt bc na. Chnh v vy i vi tng tin khuch i th dc ca ng ti xoay chiu (ng C-D) khng khc lm so vi ng ti mt chiu v trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta coi chng nh l mt ng.

Trong ch tnh:

U DS0 = E D I D 0 (R D + R S )
trong : ID0 l dng mng tnh

(1-65)

U DS0 l in p cc mng - ngun tnh.

in p U GS0 l tham s ca c tuyn ra tnh i qua im P (hnh 1-19b). Da vo c tuyn ca FET, ta thy ch tnh in p cc G c th c cc tnh dng hoc m i vi cc ngun v thm ch c th bng khng. Kho st trng hp U GS0 < 0 in tr RS v RG xc nh in p U GS0 < 0 trong ch tnh. Tr s v cc tnh ca in p trn in tr RS l do dng in IS0=ID0 chy qua n quyt nh, in tr RS c xc nh bi:

RS =

U GS0 I D0

(1-66)

in tr RG dn in p U GS0 ly trn RS ln cc ca G ca FET. in tr RG phi chn nh hn in tr vo. iu ny rt cn thit loi tr nh hng ca tnh khng

26

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito n nh theo nhit v tnh tn mn ca cc tham s mch vo n in tr vo ca tng. Tr s RS thng chn t (15)M. Ngoi vic m bo in p U GS0 yu cu, in tr RS cn to ra hi tip m dng in mt chiu trong tng, ngn cn s thay i dng ID0 do tc dng ca nhit v tnh tn mn tham s ca tranzito v v th n nh ch tnh ca tng. tng tnh n nh th cn tng RS nhng phi bo m U GS0 . Trong trng hp ny phi b in p U S0 bng cch cung cp cho cc ca in p UG0 qua in tr R1.

U GS0 = U S 0 U G 0 = I D 0 .RS E D . R1 = E D .RG RG U S 0 U GS0

RG RG + R1

(1-67) (1-68)

in p ngun cung cp:

E D = U DS 0 + U S 0 + I D 0 .R D

(1-69)

Tr s RD c nh hng n c tnh tn s ca tng, n c tnh theo tn s trn ca gii tn. Vi quan im m rng di tn th phi gim RD. Sau khi chn in tr trong ca tranzito ri, th ta c th chn RD=(0,050,15).ri. Vic chn in p U S0 cng theo nhng iu kin ging nh in p UE0 trong tng EC, ngha l tng in p U S0 s lm tng n nh ca im lm vic tnh do RS tng, tuy nhin khi cn tng ED. V th U S0 thng chn trong khong (0,10,3)ED. Cng tng t (1-30) ta c:

ED =

U D 0 + I D 0 .R D 0,7 0,9

(1-70)

Khi U GS0 0 phi mc in tr RS t yu cu v n nh ch tnh. Lc bt buc phi mc R1. Chn cc phn t da vo cng thc (1-67) n (1-70), khi (1-67), (1-68) phi cho U GS0 = 0 hoc l thay i du trc in p U GS0 .Ch U GSO >0 l ch in hnh ca MOSFET c knh cm ng loi n.V th nu thc hin i du trc

UGSO trong cng thc (1-67), (1-68) c th dng chng tnh mch thin p R1, RG ca
tng ngun chung. Chn loi FET phi ch n cc tham s tng t nh trong tng EC, phi tnh n dng mng cc i IDmax, in p mng cc i U DS max, v cng sut tiu tn cc i trong tranzito PDmax. Ging nh s EC dng tranzito lng cc, tng ngun chung cng lm o pha tn hiu vo. V d t vo u vo na chu k in p dng, s lm tng dng mng v gim in p mng; u ra s nhn c na chu k in p cc tnh m. Di y ta s phn tch tng khuch i v mt xoay chiu.

27

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito S tng ng thay th tng SC v trn hnh 1-20a c tnh n in dung gia cc in cc ca tranzito. CG

UV
a)

CGS R1 // RG SU
CG

ri

CDS

RD

Rt Ur

UV
b)

CGS ri R1// RG UV

CDS

RD

Rt Ur

S thay th da trn c s s dng ngun dng mch ra. in tr RD, Rt mc Hnh 1-20: S tng ng =RD th in tr R1, song song mch ra xc nh ti xoay chiu Rt~thay//Rt. tng S chungRG cng c mc song song. V in tr vo thng ln hn in tr Rn nhiu, nn in p vo ca tng coi nh bng E n T ni tng C p1 , C p 2 v t CS kh ln nn in tr xoay chiu coi nh bng khng.V th trong s thay th khng v nhng t . H s khuych i in p tng tn s trung bnh :

Ku =
Hay l: Ku= -

Ut S.U V .(ri // Rt ~ ) = = S.(ri // Rt ~ ) UV UV

(1-71) (1-72)

S.ri .R t ~ ri + R t ~

Tr s Sri gi l h s khuych i tnh ca FET.Thay = Sri v ta c:

Ku =

.Rt ~ ri + Rt ~

(1-73)

Da vo (1-73) c th v s thay th tng SC vi ngun in p .U v (hnh 1-20b). Trong trng hp nu tng SC l tng khuych i trong b khuych i nhiu tng th R t ~ = R D // R V = R D .Nu nh tnh R D << ri th h s khuych i in p ca tng c tnh:

K U = S.R D
in tr vo ca tng SC l:

(1-74) (1-75) (1-76) 28

R V = R 1 // R G
in tr ra ca tng:

R r = R D // ri R D

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Khi chuyn sang min tn s cao th phi ch n in dung vo v ra ca tng, ngha l cn ch n in dung gia cc in cc C GS , C GD ca tranzito, cng nh in dung lp rp mch vo C L (in dung ca linh kin v dy dn mch vo i vi cc m ca ngun cung cp). tn s cao nhng in dung k sinh k trn s to nn thnh phn in khng ca dng in mch vo

I Cv = I CGS + I CGD + I CL

(1-77)

Dng ICGS, ICL xc nh bng in p vo UV, cn dng ICGD xc nh bng dng cc mng - ca. V in p cc mng ngc pha vi in p vo, nn in p gia cc ca v cc mng s bng:

u v + u r = (1 + K u )u v
Dng in vo in dung ca tng:

I CV = j..CGS.uv + j.CGD.(1+Ku).UV+j..CL.UV
hay

I CV j..UV[CGS+(1+Ku).CGD+CL]=j..CV.UV
CV=CGS+(1+Ku).CGD+CL (1-78)

y CV l in dung vo ca tng: in dung ra ca tng ph thuc vo in dung gia cc in cc khong mng ngun v mng - ca, cng nh in dung lp rp mch ra. Tnh in dung ra cng theo phng php nh tnh in dung vo, c kt qu:

C r = C DS +

1+ Ku .C GD + CS Ku

(1-79)

1.6.2. Tng khuch i cc mng chung (DC) S tng khuch i cc mng chung gn ging s CC. Hnh 1-21a v s DC dng FET c knh t sn. in tr R1, RG cng RS dng xc nh ch lm vic tnh ca tranzito. CGD + ED

CP1 Rn En UV UG

R1
UGS

CP2 US0 RS Rt

Ur

UV Ri // RG

CGS

ri 1+

RS

RG

Ur 1+

Rt

Ur

a)

b)

Hnh 1-21: Tng khuch i cc mng chung Vic chn v tnh ton a) S bo ch tnh ctng ng. m nguyn l; b) S tin hnh tng t nh tng SC. Ti mt chiu ca tng l RS, cn ti xoay chiu l: Rt=RS//Rt.

29

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito i vi tng DC in p ra ti trng pha vi in p vo

U t = U V U GS U t = S.U GS (ri // Rt ~ )
hay

(1-80)

Theo s thay th th Ut li l hm s ca UGS tc dng ln u vo ca tranzito.

U GS =

Ut S.(ri // Rt ~ )

(1-81)

H s khuch i in p ca tng tnh theo:

Ku =
V ri >>Rt~ nn:

Ut S.(ri // R t ~ ) = U V 1 + S.(ri // R t ~ ) S.R t ~ 1 + S.R t ~

(1-82)

Ku =

(1-83)

H s khuch i Ku ph thuc vo h dn ca tranzito v ti xoay chiu Rt~ ca tng. H s khuch i tin ti 1 khi tng S v Rt~. V vy i vi tng DC nn dng tranzito c h dn ln. tm c cc tham s tng ng ca s thay th ta s bin i cng thc (182) sau khi thay vo n S=/ri v khai trin:

ri // Rt ~ =
Sau khi bin i ta c:

ri .Rt ~ Rt ~ + ri

Ku =

.Rt ~ ri + (1 + ).Rt ~
1+

(1-84)

Chia c t s v mu s v phi cng thc (1-84) cho 1 + v thay Ku=Ut/UV, ta c:

Ut =

.U V .

Rt ~ ri /(1 + ) + Rt ~

(1-85)

Da vo (1-85) ta s c s thay th ca tng hnh 1-21b. mch ra ca s thay th c ngun in p tng ng

+1

.U V

Vi in tr tng ng ri /(1 + ) . Mch vo ca s thay th hnh 1-21b gm ba phn t ging nhau nh s thay th SC. Da vo s hnh 1-21b xc nh c in tr ra ca tng DC

30

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

R r =RS //

1 1 1+ S

(1-86)

in tr ra ca tng DC nh hn tng SC, v vo khong (1003000) . V in p gia cc ca v cc ngun ca tranzito trong s lp li cc ngun bng U V U r nn dng in vo bn thn ca tranzito s nh hn trong s SC, v khng n nh nhit ca in tr gia ca v ngun nh. Do cho php ta dng R1, RG ln. V vy tng DC c in tr vo RV ln (ti vi M) hn tng SC. in dung vo ca tng DC s nh hn ca tng SC. i vi tng DC th cn thit phi tnh n thnh phn dng in dung vo mch ca - mng v ca - ngun ca tranzito, cng nh thnh phn dng in dung lp rp mch vo ca tng. V in p cc mng khng i, thnh phn dng in dung CGD v C1 c xc nh bng in p vo. Thnh phn dng in dung CGS ph thuc vo in p

U GS = U V U t = (1 K u ).U V
Dng vo tng l:

I CV = j..U V [ C GD + C GS .(1 Ku ) + C L ]
t :

CV = C GD + C GS .(1 Ku ) + C L

(1-87)

Nh vy in dung vo ca tng DC nh hn ca tng SC. T (1-87) ta thy nu Ku 1 trong tng DC th nh hng ca in dung CSG n in dung vo s gim nhiu.

1.7. CC PHNG PHP GHP TNG TRONG B KHUCH I

Mt b khuch i thng gm nhiu tng mc ni tip nhau nh hnh 1-22 (v thc t mt tng khuch i khng m bo h s khuch i cn thit). y tn hiu ra ca tng u hay tng trung gian bt k s l tn hiu vo cho tng sau n v ti ca mt tng l in tr vo ca tng sau n. in tr vo v ra ca b khuch i s c tnh theo tng u v tng cui.

Rn En

UV
1

Ur1=UV2 1 2

Ur
2

UV(NN-1 N

Ur
N

Rt

Hnh 1-22: S khi b khuch i nhiu tng Theo h thc (1-88) h s khuch i ca b khuch i nhiu tng bng tch h s khuch i ca mi tng (tnh theo n v s ln) hay bng tng ca chng (tnh theo n v dB)

31

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

U t U ra 1 U r 2 U rN = . ... = Ku1 .Ku2 ...KuN En E n U V2 U VN Ku (dB) = Ku1 (dB) + ... + KuN (dB) Ku =
Vic ghp gia cc tng c th dng t in, bin p hay ghp trc tip. 1.7.1. Ghp tng bng t in

(1-88)

B khuch i nhiu tng ghp t in v trn hnh 1-23. Cc iu phn tch trong mc 1.6, ng cho mt tng trung gian bt k nu thay Rt cho RV. S tng trong b khuch i nhiu tng xc nh theo cng thc (1-88) xut pht t h s khuch i yu cu. Vic tnh ton cc tng (chn v m bo ch lm vic tnh, tnh ton ch xoay chiu) phi theo th t t tng cui cng tr v tng u tin.

R2 R1 CP1 Rn En ~ UV R2 R4 CE1 R6 R8 CE2 R3 T1 CP2 C2 R5 T2 R7 CP3 R9 T3 R11

+EC

Ur R10 R12 CE3

Trc ht taHnh tng cui b khuch i nhiu tng ghp ra ti dung. sut tn tnh 1-23: S cng. Tng ny phi m bo a in Rt cng hiu yu cu. Da vo h s khuch i tng cui, ta xc nh cc tham s tn hiu vo ca n. V chnh l s liu ban u tnh tng trc cui, v tip tc cho n tng u tin ca b khuch i. u tin ta tnh tn s trung bnh f0, b qua nh hng ca t in trong b khuch i v khng tnh n s ph thuc ca cc tham s ca tranzito vo tn s. Trong trng hp cn thit phi ch n c tnh ca tranzito v nh hng ca t in bin tn ca tn hiu cn khuch i, iu ny s lm cho in p u ra ca b khuch i thay i c bin ln pha khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i. min tn s thp, khi ti thun tr th nhng s ph thuc k trn l do t in trong s quyt nh, cn min tn s cao th ch yu l do cc tham s ca tranzito quyt nh. Trong thc t ngi ta c th nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t trn mt cch c lp hai min tn s thp v cao. Di y ta xt c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn s thp. Trong (1-4) khi tnh h s khuch i ca tng n gi thit in tr xoay chiu ca t in bng khng. Nhng gi thit nh vy ch ng tn s trung bnh. Khi tn s gim th dn in ca cc t ni tng s gim. Do c h p trn t nn in p ca ngun tn hiu t vo tng u tin hay in p ra tng trc t vo tng sau s b gim.

32

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito H p trn t s lm gim bin tn hiu u ra mi tng ca b khuch i ni chung tc l lm gim h s khuch i min tn s thp (hnh 1-24). nh hng ca t ni tng th hin rt r trong b khuch i ghp t ch h s khuch i Ku 0 khi f 0. Nh vy l tr s ca t ni tng c nh hng n h s khuch i min tn thp. T CE cng nh hng n h s khuch i min tn thp. V khi tn s gim s lm gim tc dng r mch ca t i vi in tr RE v do lm tng mc hi tip m dng xoay chiu trn RE v do lm gim h s khuch i. Vic gim mun h s khuch i tn s thp Kt c c trng bng h s mo tn s thp ca b khuch i.

Mt =

K0 Kt
(1-89)

chnh l tch h s mo tn s ca mi t trong b khuch i.

M t = M t1 .M t 2 ....M t N

Di tn trung bnh

KU C''P > CP' > CP

K UO M1
0

KUO ft fC f

K UO Mt

KU0

f''t f't ft
b)

Di thng a)

Hnh 1-24: a) Dng tng qut c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i ghp in dung; b) nh hng H s mo tn s tnh theo: ca t ni tng n c tuyn tn thp

Mt = 1 + (

1 2 ) t . t

(1-90)

i vi t CP1 hnh 1-88 th hng s thi gian = C P1 .(R n + R V1 ) trong Rn l in tr ca ngun tn hiu vo, R V1 l in tr vo ca tng u tin. Tng t ta s xc nh c hng s thi gian cho cc t khc trong s . Tn s thp nht ca gii thng s c chn lm s liu ban u khi tnh b khuch i vng tn s thp. H s mo tn s ng vi tn s thp ca gii thng c gi tr tu thuc vo nhim v ca b khuch i. V d i vi b khuch i m thanh thng chn bng

2.

Nh trn gi thit, min tn s trung bnh cc t in khng gy nh hng g v s dch pha ca tn hiu u ra ca b khuch i i vi tn hiu u vo s l n, y n l s tng khuch i lm o pha tn hiu. 33

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito min tn s thp v trong mch c t in nn dng in nhanh pha hn so vi in p. Nh vy s dch pha ca in p ra b khuch i so vi in p vo min tn s thp c c tnh vt trc. Gc dch pha ca b khuch i bng tng gc dch pha ca mi t, v gc dch pha ca mi t l:

t = acrtg

1 . t . t

(1-91)

c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s ca b khuch i min tn thp v trn hnh 1-25. ng nt lin l c tuyn xt khi nh hng ca mt t, cn ng t nt l c tuyn xt khi nh hng ca tt c cc t trong b khuch i. c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn s cao l s ph thuc h s khuch i ca tranzito vo tn s v s tn ti in dung mt ghp gp CCE. Nhng nhn t ny nh hng n c tuyn tn s ca b khuch i min tn cao. min tn cao s gim mun h s ca tranzito cng nh tc dng r mch ca in dung CCE lm gim h s khuch i. H s mo tn s cao xc nh theo cng thc:

KU
a)
O

2
0 t

KU
O

b)

/2 /4
0 ft f

Hnh 1-25: nh hng ca t ni tng n c tuyn

M C = 1 + (C . C ) 2
(1-92) y C l hng s thi gian tng ng ca tng min tn s cao. Gc dch pha do mt tng khuch i gy ra l:

C = arctg C . C
c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s min tn cao hnh 1-26 Trong b khuch i c nhiu tng th: mo tn s cao bng tch mo ca cc tng, cn mo pha bng tng mo phaca tng tng Tc l:

(1-93)

KU KU a)

K 1UO MC
0 C 0

K1U0 f

M C = M C1 .M C 2 ....M Cn

(1-94) (1-95)

C = C1 + C 2 + ... + Cn

b)
34

-/4 -/2

Hnh 1-26: nh hng tnh cht tn s caTranzito n c tuyn a) Bin -tn s; b) Pha-tn s.

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito 1.7.2. Ghp bng bin p Hnh 1-27 l s b khuch i ghp bng bin p. Cun s cp W1 mc vo cc gp T1, cun th cp W2 mc vo cc gc T2 qua t CP2. Ghp tng bng bin p cch ly in p mt chiu gia cc tng m cn lm tng h s khuch i chung v in p hay dng in tu thuc vo bin p tng hay gim p. u im ca mch ny l in p ngun cung cp cho cc gp ca tranzito ln v in p mt chiu cun dy b, do cho php ngun c in p thp. Ngoi ra tng ghp bin p d dng thc hin phi hp tr khng v thay i cc tnh in p tn hiu trn cc cun dy. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong gii tn. Kt cu mch nng n, cng knh, h hng sa cha thay th phc tp.

+EC R1 CP Rn En R2 T RE CE R4 +EC R3 R5 T2 W1 W2 CP2 T2 Ur R3 RC

1.7.3. Mch ghp trc tip 1-27: Tng khuch i ghpbin Hnh Mch ghp trc tip cho hnh 1-28. mch ny cc gp ca tranzito trc u trc tip vo cc gc ca tranzito sau. Cch trc tip ny lm gim mo tn s thp trong b khuch i, c dng trong b khuch i tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu (tn hiu bin thin chm). Nhc im ca mch l khng tn dng c khuch i ca tranzito do ch cp in mt chiu.

R1 T1 R2

uV

R4

R6

ur

Hnh 1-28: Mch khuch i ghp trc tip

1.8. MT S MCH KHUCH I KHC

1.8.1. Mch khuch i arlingtn Khi cn tr khng vo tng khuch i ln dng vo nh, h s khuch i ln ta ni mch khuch i theo arlingtn. Mch gm hai tranzito T1 v T2 u nh hnh 1-29. Khi cp ngun tho mn T1,T2 lm vic ch khuch i ta c:

I C = I C1 + I C 2
cn

I E1 = I B 2

35

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito B qua thnh phn dng ngc ban u ta c: I C = 1 .I B1 + 2 .I B 2 = 1 .I B1 + 2 .(1 + 1 ).I B1

IC1 T1 IB1 T2 IE1=IB2

IC

= 1 .I B1 + 2 .I B1 + 1 . 2 .I B1 1 . 2 .I B1
V 1 , 2 >> 1 trong 1 , 2 th t l h s khuch i dng ca tranzito T1, T2. Vy h s khuch i dng ca s arlingtn:

IC2

IE2

= 1 . 2
Ta tnh c in p vo ca mch:

(1-96)

Hnh 1-29: Mch arlingtn

U BE = I B1 .rV1 + I B1 .(1 + ).rV 2 .

Nn in tr vo l:

R1

R2

RC T2

CP2

U rV = BE 2 = rV1 + (1 + 1 ).rV 2 I B1
1.8.2. Mch Casct (Kaskode) Mch gm hai tranzito ghp vi nhau, T1 mc pht chung cn T2 mc gc chung. S nh hnh 1-30. tip T2 khuch i tip cho U ra 2 .

(1-97)

CB
CP1

R3 T1

Ura Ura1

UV

Hnh 1-30: Mch khuch i Casct.

Khi c tn hiu vo T1 khuch i t tn hiu ra U ra1 ln cc pht gc T2 iu khin Ta chng minh c h s khuch i in p ca T1: K u1 = 1 ca T2: K u 2

2 .R C rV 2 2 .R C rV 2

nn h s khuch i chung:

K = K u1 .K u 2 =

(1-98)

trong rv2 l in tr vo ca tranzito T2. u im c bn ca mch ny l ngn cch nh hng ca mch ra n mch vo ca tng khuch i, c bit tn s cao. 1.8.3. Mch khuch i gii rng Tn hiu c gii tn rng in hnh l tn hiu video. khuch i c gii tn rng nh vy mch khuch i thng dng thm mt phn t hiu chnh. Mch in ca mt tng c hnh 1-31.

36

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito mch ny L, R3, C2 l cc phn t hiu chnh c chn ph hp sao cho khong 1 tn s trung bnh ca gii tn tb .L <<, << , xem 0 nn ti ca tng l R4. Thng tb .C 2 R4 chn nh hn cc tng khuch i khc. khong tn s cao fC c C.L ln nn ti ca tng gm R4 v C.L nn Ura tng ln. tn s thp t .L <<,

1 ln nn ti ca tng l R4 v R3. Nh vy nh cc t .C 2

phn t hiu chnh lm tng ti xoay chiu vng tn s hai u ca gii tn nh vy in p ra tng ln hai u vng . ng 1 biu th h s khuch i tng i khi khng c phn t hiu chnh, ng 2 l khi c cc phn t hiu chnh.

R3 R1 CP1
uV

+EC L 1 CP2
ura

K/K0

C2 R4

2 f

R2
a)

RE

ft

ftb
b)

fC

Hnh 1-31: a) Tng khuch i gii rng 1.8.4. Mch khuch i cng hng (chntuyn bin tn s. b) c lc) Mch khuch i cng hng dng ph bin cc tng khuch i c tn s cao. Ti ca tng l mch cng hng song song. Mch in hnh hnh 1-32. mch ny L1C2, L2C3 cng hng tn s vo. Khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i cc mch L1C2, L2C3 cn phi iu chnh tn s cng hng theo. Tc l:

1 L1C 2

1 L 2C3

= f 0V .
+E

C3

L2

L3

ur

CP

uv

L1

C2

37

C4

Hnh 1-32: Tng khuch i cng hng dng Tranzito trng

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

c im ca mch, ngoi tc dng khuch i tn hiu n cn c kh nng chn lc tn hiu theo tn s. Khi c tn hiu vo th thnh phn tn hiu c tn s bng v ln cn tn s cng hng ca khung C2L1, b khung ny chn li a vo tranzito khuch i. Dng in ra st p trn khung L2C3, cm ng qua L3 cho in p ra.

1.9. TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT

1.9.1. c im chung v yu cu ca tng khuch i cng sut Tng khuch i cng sut l tng khuch i cui cng ca b khuch i, c tn hiu vo ln. N c nhim v khuch i cho ra ti mt cng sut ln nht c th c. Vi mo cho php vo bo m hiu sut cao. Do khuch i tn hiu ln, tranzito lm vic trong min khng tuyn tnh nn khng th dng s tng ng tn hiu nh nghin cu m phi dng phng php th. Cc tham s c bn ca tng khuch i cng sut l: - H s khuch i cng sut Kp l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut vo.

Kp =

Pr PV

- Hiu sut l t s cng sut ra v cng sut cung cp mt chiu P0.

Pr P0

Hiu sut cng ln th cng sut tn hao trn cc gp ca tranzito cng nh. Cc ch lm vic ca tng khuch i. Tng khuch i c th lm vic cc ch A, AB, B v C tu thuc vo ch cng tc ca tranzito. Ch A l ch tng khuch i c tn hiu hnh sin vo. ch ny gc ct =1800, dng tnh lun ln hn bin dng in ra nn mo nh nhng hiu sut rt thp ch dng khi yu cu cng sut ra nh.

IC a)

IC

0 0

UBE UBE

t 0 2

IC t Khu vc bo ho

38

PCm

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

Ch AB tng khuch i hn na hnh sin ca tn hiu vo, gc ct 900< <1800. Lc ny dng tnh b hn ch A nn hiu sut cao hn. im lm vic ca ch AB gn khu vc tt ca tranzito. Ch B tng khuch i na tn hiu hnh sin vo, c gc ct =900. ch ny dng tnh bng khng nn hiu sut cao. Ch AB v B c hiu sut cao nhng gy mo ln. gim mo phi dng mch khuch i kiu y ko m ta s xt sau y. Ch C tng khuch i tn hiu ra b hn na hnh sin, gc ct <900. N c dng trong cc mch khuch i cao tn c ti l khung cng hng chn lc sng hi mong mun v c hiu sut cao. Ch D tranzito lm nhim v nh mt kho in t ng m. Di tc dng ca tn hiu vo iu khin khi tranzito thng bo ho l kho ng, dng IC t cc i, cn kho m khi tranzito tt, dng IC = 0.

39

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Hnh 1-33 minh ho ch cng tc ca tng khuch i cng sut. 1.9.2. Tng khuch i cng sut ch A Trong tng khuch i ch A, im lm vic thay i i xng xung quanh im tnh. So vi tng khuch i tn hiu nh, n ch khc l tn hiu vo ln nn IC0 phi ln theo. Xt tng khuch i n mc pht chung v c h s khuch i ln v mo nh. Mch in tng khuch i hnh 1-34.

IC

EC RC

O
Q

IC
P IB0

+EC RC RB CB
uV ur=uCE

IC0

IB=0 0 UC0 EC UCE UCE

Vi ngun EC chn, RC cho ta dng ng ti theo phng trnh. Chn im lm vic sao cho khi tn hiu vo ttn hiu ra ch bin i trong vng ) Hnh 1-34: Tng khuch i . khuch i, t xc nh c U , cng sut ch A mc pht chung I a) S b) Minh ho dng tn hiu trn h c tuyn ra Chn tranzito cn tho mn: ) (1-99) I CCP > I C max = I C 0 + IC ) U C.CP > E C = U C 0 + U C (1-100) (1-101) ) ) T hnh 1-34 ta thy cng sut ra ca tng Pr = IC .U C / 2 chnh l din tch tam gic OPQ. Theo gi tr IC0 tm c IB0, sau xc nh UB0 v RB. Cng sut ra ca tng: ) ) I .U Pr = C C 2 Cng sut tiu th ca ngun cung cp: 40
C

UC

UC + IC.RC = EC.

PC.CP > PC = E C .I C 0

(1-102)

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

P0 = I C 0 .E C
Hiu sut ca mch cc gp: ) ) U C . IC Pr = = P0 2.I C 0 .E C

(1-103)

) E T hnh v ta thy khi U C = U C 0 = C 2

) v IC = I C 0 th c max =25%.

Nu dng mch ra ghp bin p, thc hin c phi hp tr khng v tn dng c ngun nui EC, hiu sut cc i c th t 50%. Cng sut tiu hao trn mt ghp gp:

1 ) ) PC = P0 Pr = I C 0 .E C .U C .IC . 2

(1-104)

T 1-104 ta thy cng sut PC ph thuc vo tn hiu ra. Khi khng c tn hiu PC=P0 nn ch nhit ca tranzito phi tnh theo cng sut P0. 1.9.3. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B hay AB c bin p

iC R T1
W11

R2

UV

WV W12

- + EC

W21 Wt W22

Rt

T2
Hnh 1-35: Tng y ko ghp bin p S tng khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p ra v trn hnh (1-35) gm hai tranzito T1, T2. Ti c mc vi tng khuch i qua bin p ra BA2. Mch cc gp ca mi tranzito mc vi na cun s cp bin p. T s bin p l n2=W21/Wt=W22/Wt. Bin p BA1 c h s bin p l n1=WV/W11=WV/W12 m bo cung cp tn hiu vo cc gc ca hai tranzito. Tng c th lm vic ch B hay AB. Trong ch AB thin p ly trn cc gc ca hai tranzito c ly t ngun nui EC bng b phn p R1, R2. Trong ch B thin p ban u bng khng nn khng cn R1. Khi in tr R2 c dng m bo cng tc cho mch vo ca tranzito trong ch gn vi ch ngun dng. u tin xt s lm vic ch B. Lc khng c tn hiu vo in p trn cc gc ca hai tranzito bng khng. Nu khng tnh n dng in ngc cc gp th c th

41

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito coi dng in bng khng. in p trn ti bng khng. Trn cc gp cc tranzito c in p bng EC. Khi c tn hiu vo, bt u na chu k dng, khi trn W11 ca bin p BA1 c na chu k in p dng, cn trn W12 c na chu k in p m i vi im chung. Kt qu l tranzito T2 tt, T1 lm vic c dng I C1 = .I B1 . Trn cun W21 s to nn in p

U 21 = I C1 .R t ~ = I C1 .n 2 .R t Trn ti c na sng in p dng U t =

U 21 . n2 2

Khi tn hiu vo chuyn sang na chu k m, cc tnh trn cun th cp bin p vo i du. Lc T1 tt, T2 khuch i a ra ti na chu k tn hiu sau. tn hiu ra khng mo cn chn 1=2=. Nh vy hai tranzito T1, T2 thay nhau lm vic theo cc tnh ca tn hiu vo Qu trnh lm vic m t trn hnh (1-36). ng ti mt chiu xut pht t im to (0, EC) v in tr mt chiu ca cun dy khng ng k. Do U BE 0 = 0 nn dng cc gp xc nh t dng in ngc ca n. ng ti xoay chiu ct ng ti mt chiu ti (IC0, UC = EC) vi R t ~ = n 2 .R t .
2

IC

IC
iC

UCE

UCE

IC0

EC

UCE

u Cng sut ra ca tng tnh c theo din tch tamCgic: ) ) Hnh U .I 1-36: th tnh tng cng sut Pr = C C 2
Cng sut a ra ti c tnh n hiu sut ca bin p l:

(1-105)

Pt = Pr . b / a 2
Tr s trung bnh dng tiu th t ngun:

(1-106)

42

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

1 I0 =

) ) 2.I C IC sin .d =
0

(1-107)

Cng sut tiu th t ngun cung cp: ) 2.E C . IC P0 = Hiu sut ca mch cc gp:

(1-108)

C =
Hiu sut ca tng:

Pr .U C = P0 4.E C

(1-109)

U = b / a 2 . . C 4 EC
Nu b / a = 1 th = 78,5% khi U C = E C . Thc t U C < E C do vng cong ca c tuyn v b/a = 0,8 nn =0,6 0,7.
Cng sut tiu th trn mt ghp gp: ) 2.E C .IC 1 ) ) PC = P0 Pr = .U C IC 2 ) 2 2.U C EC 1 U C hay PC = 2 Rt ~ .Rt ~ ) PC ph thuc vo U C . ) PC max khi U C = 0,64.E C

(1-110) (1-111)

PC max =

2 .n 2

. 2

EC Rt

(1-112)

trnh mo do tnh khng ng thng on u c tuyn vo tranzito khi dng cc gc b, l hin tng mo gc nh v trn hnh 1-37.Ta cho tng lm vic ch AB. Khi cn c in p UBE v IB0 ban u (nh c R1, R2). ch ny UBE0, IB0, IC0 b nn cc cng thc dng cho ch B vn ng, xem hnh 1-38.

IB IB T1 UB ib1 0 UBE ib2

43
IB0 IB0

T1 ib1 t

ib2 UB T2

T2

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

1.9.4. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p 1.9.4.1. Mch dng tranzito cng loi: Cho trn hnh 1-39.a, b. Mch 1-39a cp ngun xng cn hnh 1-39b cp ngun n.Do tn hiu c bin bng nhau nhng pha ngc nhau nn hai tranzito T1, T2 thay nhau lm vic khuch i tn hiu ra ti. tng lm vic ch AB cn chn b phn p R1 R4 ph hp.

+EC R1 CP2 UV2 CP1 UV1 R2 R4 a) T1 iC1 _ R3 T2 iC2 Rt _ + UV1 R2 R4 b) UV2 CP1 T1 iC1 R1 CP2 R3 T2 iC2

+EC

Rt

1.9.4.2. Mch dng tranzito khc loi trn hnh 1-40. p dng tranzito cng loi. Hnh 1-39: Mch y ko khng bin

_ R1 R1 T2 Rt EC1 T2 C Rt

-EC

CP

EC2
UV

CP

UV

T1 R2

T1 R2

UV

+
Hnh 1-40: Mch y ko khng bin p ra dng tranzito khc loi 44

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito

Cc tranzito T1, T2 khc loi: n-p-n v p-n-p nhng phi cng tham s, c bit l h s (1 = 2). c im ca mch ny ch cn mt tn hiu vo hai n thay nhau lm vic cho tn hiu ra ti. trnh mo do tranzito lm vic ch B, mc hai it vo gia cc cc gc to in p U BEO ban u, khi tranzito cng sut lm vic sang ch AB.

U D1 = U D 2 = U BE 0T1 = U EB0T2 .
Mch in nh hnh 1- 41a; hnh 1-41b dng cho tranzito arlingtn .

+EC R3 R1 D1 D2 CP1 T1 R1 R3 D1 D2 D3

+EC

T1
T1'

2U BE 0

T2'

T2

Ur

Rt

CP1

D4 R2 T3

T2

Ur

Rt

UV

R2 a) -EC

UV

b)

-EC

Hnh 1-41: Tng khuych i y ko ni tip v tng kch a) Dng tranzito khc loi; b) Dng tranzito arlington khc loi.

TM TT
Vn chnh ca chng l khuch i tn hiu. Mch khuch i c nhim v khuch i tn hiu ln ln vi mo cho php. Kt thc chng yu cu ngi hc hiu v nm c: nh ngha mch khuch i, cc tham s c trng cho b khuch i: h s khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in, h s khuch i cng sut, tr khng vo, tr khng ra, mo tn s, mo phi tuyn, hiu sut. Vn phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i. Vi tranzito lng cc thun PNP cn cung cp in p mt chiu sao cho UBE <0, UCE < 0 tip gip pht phn cc thun, tip gip gp phn cc ngc. Loi tranzito NPN cn cung cp in p mt chiu UBE > 0, UCE > 0. Cn nm c bn kiu mch cung cp in p mt chiu phn cc cho tranzito, tc dng cc linh kin trong mch, so snh c u nhc im ca cc phng php .

45

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito Hi tip: hi tip l ly mt phn tn hiu u ra a tr v u vo. C hi tip dng v hi tip m. Hi tip dng l in p hi tip v cng pha vi tn hiu vo, loi hi tip ny dng trong cc mch to dao ng. Hi tip m l in p hi tip v ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Hi tip loi ny lm gim h s khuch i ca mch nhng ci thin c nhiu ch tiu cht lng ca mch khuch i: lm gim tp m, gim mo tn s, gim mo phi tuyn, tng n nh khuch i. Xt u ra ca mch khuch i c hi tip c khi nim hi tip in p, hi tip dng in. Khi in p hi tip t l vi dng in ra gi l hi tip dng in, t l vi in p ra gi l hi tip in p. Xt u vo mch khuch i c hi tip c khi nim hi tip mc ni tip, hi tip mc song song. Hi tip mc ni tip l in p hi tip mc ni tip vi tn hiu vo, hi tip song song l in p hi tip mc song song vi tn hiu vo. minh ho phn hi tip phn tch mch in hnh 1-11. hnh 1-11a c hi tip m dng in trn in tr RE: Uht = IE.RE. hnh 1-11b c hi tip m dng in trn RE1, RE2 v hi tip m in p t tng sau a v trn RE1: Uht = Ur.RE1 /(R + RE1). Cc s khuch i c bn dng tranzito lng cc: Tng khuch i cc pht chung: mch ny c cc pht ni t v xoay chiu chung cho u vo v u ra. Cn hiu c tc dng cc linh kin trong mch. Ti mt chiu ca tng RE ni tip vi RC, ti xoay chiu ca tng RC // Rt. Cch chuyn v s tng ng xc nh tr khng vo, tr khng ra, h s khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in ca tng. S hnh 1-14 c c khi cc t Cp1, Cp2, CE ti tn s lm vic rt nh, xem nh bng khng. Tranzito c thay bng in tr rE, rB, rC v ngun dng IB. Ngun cung cp EC c ni tr rt nh xem nh bng khng nn v xoay chiu im dng ngun v t l nh nhau. Tng ny c h s khuch i in p m c ngha l tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Tng khuch i gc chung, gp chung cng phn tch tng t nm c cc vn trn. c im ca hai tng ny l tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo, hai tng u c h s khuch i in p dng. Tng khuch i gp chung c ti mt chiu RE, ti xoay chiu RE //Rt. S khuch i dng tranzito trng nghin cu hai s cc ngun chung v cc mng chung. Tng khuch i cc ngun chung c cc ngun ni t v xoay chiu, tng khuch i mng chung c cc mng ni t v xoay chiu. Cn nm c cch v mch, tc dng cc linh kin trong mch, ti mt chiu, ti xoay chiu ca tng cng nh xc nh c cc thng s: tr khng vo, tr khng ra, h s khuch i in p ca cc tng. Tng khuch i cc ngun chung c ti mt chiu RS ni tip RD, ti xoay chiu RD//Rt. Tng khuch i cc mng chungc ti mt chiu RS, ti xoay chiu RS//Rt. Tng khuch i o pha: tng c nhim v khuch i v to ra hai tn hiu u ra c bin bng nhau, pha ngc nhau. C hai mch c bn l mch khuch i o pha chia 46

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito ti v mch khuch i o pha ghp bin p. Cn nm c nguyn l lm vic thc hin c nhim v trn. Phng php ghp tng trong b khuch i: c ba phng php ghp tng: phng php ghp bng t in. Cc tng ghp vi nhau qua t in cch li in p mt chiu, dn tn hiu xoay chiu qua. Cc t ni tng c chn sao cho i vi tn hiu tr khng ca chng rt nh, xem nh bng khng. u im ca phng php ny l mch gn nh, tuy nhin c nhc im khng phi hp c tr khng ra tng trc vi tr khng vo tng sau. Phng php ghp tng bng bin p: tng trc ghp vi tng sao qua bin p cch li in p mt chiu. Mch ny c im l phi hp c tr khng gia tng trc vi tng sau, tn dng c ngun nui. Tuy nhin mch c nhc im l nng, cng knh v bin p c kch thc ln khi lm vic tn s thp. Mch ch thch hp khi lm vic tn s cao. Phng php ghp tng trc tip gim c linh kin, gim mo tn s. Nhng vic phn cc cho cc tranzito kh khn v c s nh hng ln nhau. Mt s mch khuch i khc: Mch khuch i Darlingtn. Mch ny c h s khuch i dng in bng tch h s khuch i ca hai tranzito nn rt ln. N c th cho dng ra ln khi dng vo nh. Mch khuch i Casct gm c hai tranzito u ni tip vi nhau v mt mt chiu mch ny c dng khuch i tn hiu vng tn s cao trnh ghp k sinh gia u ra v u vo qua in dung thng ng CBC. Mch khuch i cng hng c ti l mch cng hng song song. Ngoi nhim v khuch i mch cn c nhim v chn lc tn hiu theo tn s, thng dng lm mch khuch i tn hiu c tn s cao. Tng khuch i cng sut dng khuch i cng sut ra ti. Yu cu mch khuch i cho cng sut ra ln vi mo cho php v hiu sut cao. c im ca tng l bin tn hiu vo ln. Khi phn tch v tnh ton dng phng php th trn c tuyn c chnh xc cao. Tng khuch i cng sut n lm vic ch A cho cng sut ra b. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko cho cng sut ra km lm vic ch AB gim mo v c hiu sut cao. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito cng loi c th dng mch ghp bin p hoc mch khng dng bin p. Khi dng mch khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p pha trc phi c tng o pha chia ti. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi c u im n gin, pha trc khng cn tng khuch i o pha v c hi tip m dng in ton phn trn ti Rt: Uht = Ir.Rt (hnh 141a) . Cn ch hai tranzito trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko c tham s ging nhau c bit l h s khuch i dng v kt cu mch i xng c mo phi tuyn nh.

CU HI V BI TP
1.1. Nu nh ngha v cc tham s ca mch khuch i? 1.2. Nu cc phng php cp ngun phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i? u nhc im ca cc phng php ? 1.3. Th no l hi tip trong mch khuch i? hi tip m, hi tip dng? 1.4. Th no l hi tip dng in, hi tip in p? 1.5. Th no l hi tip mc song song, hi tip mc ni tip? 47

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito 1.6. Nu cc u im ca hi tip mtong mch khuch i? 1.7. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc pht chung? 1.8. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc gp chung? 1.9. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc gc chung? 1.10. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc ngun chung? 1.11. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc mng chung? 1.12. Trnh by phng php ghp tng bng t, u nhc im? 1.13. Ti sao trong b khuch i ghp t, t ni tng gy mo tn s thp? 1.14. Trnh by phng php ghp tng bng bin p, u nhc im? 1.15. Trnh by phng php ghp tng trc tip, u nhc im? 1.16. Nguyn nhn gy mo tn s cao trong b khuch i? 1.17. Nu phng php nng cao cht lng ca b khuch i? 1.18. c im ca tng khuch i gii rng? 1.19. c im ca tng khuch i cng hng? 1.20. Trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi c hi tip khng? nu c thuc loi hi tip g? 1.21. Th no l ch A, B, AB, C ca tng khuch i? 1.22. Ti sao tng khuych i cng sut n cho lm vic ch A, tng y ko lm vic ch AB? 1.23. Th no l tng khuch i o pha ? Nu cc loi mch o pha hc? 1.24. Ti sao khi phn tch cc tng khuch i c bn ta dng phng php mch tng ng? 1.25. Ti sao khi phn tch tng khuch i cng sut phi dng phng php th (trn c tuyn vo, c tuyn ra ca tranzito)? 1.26. Nu c im ca tng khuch i Darlingtn? 1.27. Nu c im ca tng khuch i Casct? 1.28. Phn tch cc loi hi tip hnh 1-11? Xc nh biu thc tnh cc in p hi tip ? 1.29. Cho tng khuch i hnh P 1.29 bit cc tham s ca mch Ec = +12v,
+Ec

R1

Uv

T C2 C1

Hnh P1-29.

R2

Rt

R1 = 300k ; R2 = 2,7 k ; = 99, chn Ube0 = 0,6V. a. Xc nh cc gi tr dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca tranzito? 48

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito b. Bit Rt = 2,7k , xc nh ti mt chiu v ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i ? V ng ti mt chiu v xc nh im lm vic tnh Q ? R2 1.30. Cho tng khuch i hnh P1.30. Bit Ec = +12v, R1 = 20k, +Ec= 4k, R3 = 4k, R4 = 1k, = 99.

R1

R3 C2

C1 T

Hnh P1-30.
Rt R2 R4 C3

a. Xc nh ch dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca tranzito ? b. Bit Rt = 8k, xc nh gi tr ti mt chiu, ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i. V ng ti mt chiu v xc nh im lm vic Q? 1.31. Cho tng khuch i cng sut y ko trn hnh P1.31. Gi thit tranzito l tng. Bit Ube0 = Ud = 0,5v. Thin p cho tranzito c thc hin sao cho t bin tn hiu ra cc i khng mo. T C1, C2 tr khng xem nh bng khng ti tn s lm vic. a. Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca s ? b. Tnh R1, R2 sao cho dng phn cc qua chng l 1mA? c. Cho Rt = 100 . Tnh cng sut ra cc i v hiu sut ca tng (b qua cng sut tn hao trong mch thin p)?
+Ec
R1 T1

Hnh P1-31.

Uv C1

D1

C2
D2 T2 Rt R2

1.32. Th no l mo tn s trong mch khuch i? a. L mo m h s khuch i ca mch b thay i khong tn s hai u ca gii tn. b. L mo lm xut hin thm tn s mi u ra. c. L mo m h s khuch i khng thay i theo tn s. 1.33. Th no l mo phi tuyn trong mch khuch i?

49

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito a. L mo lm xut hin thm thnh phn tn s mi u ra. b. L mo lm gim tn hiu ra hai u gii tn. c. L mo lm tn hiu ra ngc pha tn hiu vo. 1.34. Th no l ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i? a. L cc in tr m dng mt chiu u ra chy qua. b. L cc in tr m dng xoay chiu u ra chy qua. c. L cc in tr m dng mt chiu v xoay chiu u ra cng chy qua. 1.35. Xc nh ti mt chiu trong tng khuch i cc pht chung? a. Rt- = RE + Rt. b. Rt- = Rt + RC. c. Rt- = RC + RE. 1.36. Xc nh ti mt chiu trong tng khuch i cc gp chung? a. Rt- = RE + Rt. b. Rt- = RE //Rt c. Rt- = RE. 1.37. Th no l ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i? a. L cc in tr m dng mt chiu v xoay chiu u ra cng chy qua. b. L cc in tr m dng mt chiu u ra chy qua. c. L cc in tr m dng xoay chiu u ra chy qua. 1.38. Xc nh ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i cc pht chung? a. Rt~ = RE //Rt. b. Rt~ = RC //Rt. c. Rt~ = Rt + RC. 1.39. Xc nh ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i cc gp chung? a. Rt~ = RE. b. Rt~ = RE //Rt. c. Rt~ = Rt + RE. 1.40. Xc nh ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i cc ngun chung? a. Rt- = RS + RD. b. Rt- = RS. c. Rt- = RD. 1.41 Xc nh ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i cc mng chung? a. Rt- = Rt //RS. b. Rt- = RS. c. Rt- = Rt + RS. 1.42 Xc nh ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i cc ngun chung? a. Rt~ = RD //Rt. b. Rt~ = RD + Rt. c. Rt~ = RS + Rt.

50

Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito 1.43. Xc nh h s khuch i in p ca b khuch i c n tng khi h s khuch i tng tng th t l K1, K2 .Kn? a. K = K1.K2 .Kn. b. K = K1 + K2 + + Kn. c. Bng tng i s cc h s khuch i. 1.44. Xc nh mo tn s ca b khuch i c n tng khi mo tn s ca cc tng th t l M1, M2 Mn? a, M = M1.M2 Mn. b, M = M1 + M2 + + Mn. c, Bng tn i s cc mo. 1.45. Xc nh h s khuch i dng in ca cp khuch ai Darlingtn khi h s khuch i ca cc tranzito l 1, 2? a. = 1.2. b. = 1 +2. c. = 2 - 1. 1.46. Nu tc dng ca it D1, D2 trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi? a. phn cc cho cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch AB v n nh im lm vic cho tng. b. cho cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch A. c. n nh im lm vic cho cc tranzito cng sut. 1.47. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi c hi tip m khng, nu c thuc loi hi tip g? a. C, hi tip m dng in. b. Khng. c. C, hi tip m in p.

51