kim ch tiu nhim nc (Quan trc mi trng lin tc Phn tch mi trng lin tc)

13 Thng 5 kim biu th kh nng thu nhn proton H+ ca nc. kim trong nc do 3 ion chnh to ra: hydroxide, carbonate v bicarbonate. Trong thc t cc mui acid yu nh borate, silicate cng gy nh hng ln n kim. Mt vi acid hu c bn vi s oxy ha sinh hc nh acid humic, dng mui ca chng c kh nng lm tng kim. Nhng ngun nc nhim, mui ca acid yu nh acid acetic, propionic cng lm thay i kim. Ngoi ra, s c mt ca ammonia cng nh hng n kim tng cng ca mu nc. kim c trng cho kh nng m ca nc. ngha mi trng Ngun nc mt, iu kin thch hp, c s xut hin ca to. Chnh qu trnh pht trin v tng trng ca to gii phng mt lng ng k carbonate v bicarbonate lm cho pH nc tng dn c th ln n 9 10. Ngoi ra mt s ngun nc c x l vi ha cht ( lm mm bng vi hay soda) c cha nhm carbonate v OH- lm tng kim. Phng php xc nh (phng php chun ) Xc nh kim bng phng php nh phn th tch vi ch th phenolphtalein v methyl cam (hoc ch th hn hp bromoresol lc + methyl ) trong tng giai on v ty trng hp: - Ch th phenolphtalein s c mu tm nht trong mi trng c ion hydroxide v ion carbonate, mu tm s tr nn khng mu khi pH < 8,3. - Ch th methyl cam cho mu vng vi bt k ion kim no v tr thnh mu khi dung dch tr thnh acid. Vic nh phn c xem l hon tt khi dung dch c mu da cam (pH = 4,5). V s i mu ca methyl cam kh nhn thy, nn chn nh phn vi ch th hn hp bromocresol lc + methyl c khong i mu r rng. Cc yu t nh hng - Lng chlorine d trong nc ung nh hng n kt qu nh phn lm nht mu cht ch th. - Mu nc c mu v c cao phi dng phng php chun in th.

- Nhng cht kt ta, x bng, cht du, cht rn l lng c th ph in cc thy tinh lm cho im cui n chm. khc phc hin tng ny, c th chi electrode mi khi tin hnh th nghim. Khng lc, pha long hay c c mu

cng ca nc gy ra bi s c mt ca cc mui Ca v Mg trong nc. cng ca nc c gi l tm thi khi c mt mui cacbonat hoc bicacbonat Ca, Mg. Loi nc ny khi un si s to ra cc kt ta CaCO3 hoc MgCO3. cng vnh cu ca nc do cc loi mui sunfat hoc clorua Ca, Mg to ra. cng vnh cu ca nc thng rt kh x l v to ra nhiu hu qu kinh t cho vic s dng chng.

cng ca nc c xc nh bng phng php chun hoc tnh ton theo hm lng Ca, Mg trong nc: cng (mg CaCO3/lit) = 2,497 Ca (mg/l) + 4,118 Mg (mg/l) DO, BOD, COD l g? DO l lng oxy ho tan trong nc cn thit cho s h hp ca cc sinh vt nc (c, lng th, thu sinh, cn trng v.v...) thng c to ra do s ho tan t kh quyn hoc do quang hp ca to. Nng oxy t do trong nc nm trong khong 8 - 10 ppm, v dao ng mnh ph thuc vo nhit , s phn hu ho cht, s quang hp ca to v v.v... Khi nng DO thp, cc loi sinh vt nc gim hot ng hoc b cht. Do vy, DO l mt ch s quan trng nh gi s nhim nc ca cc thu vc. BOD (Biochemical oxygen Demand - nhu cu oxy sinh ho) l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ho cc cht hu c theo phn ng: Vi khun Cht hu c + O2 = CO2 + H2O + t bo mi + sn phm trung gian

Trong mi trng nc, khi qu trnh oxy ho sinh hc xy ra th cc vi sinh vt s dng oxy ho tan, v vy xc nh tng lng oxy ho tan cn thit cho qu trnh phn hu sinh hc l php o quan trng nh gi nh hng ca mt dng thi i vi ngun nc. BOD c ngha biu th lng cc cht thi hu c trong nc c th b phn hu bng cc vi sinh vt. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand - nhu cu oxy ha hc) l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho cc hp cht ho hc trong nc bao gm c v c v hu c. Nh vy, COD l lng oxy cn oxy ho ton b cc cht ho hc trong nc, trong khi BOD l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho mt phn cc hp cht hu c d phn hu bi vi sinh vt. Ton b lng oxy s dng cho cc phn ng trn c ly t oxy ho tan trong nc (DO). Do vy nhu cu oxy ho hc v oxy sinh hc cao s lm gim nng DO ca nc, c hi cho sinh vt nc v h sinh thi nc ni chung. Nc thi hu c, nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ho cht l cc tc nhn to ra cc gi tr BOD v COD cao ca mi trng nc

pH l g? Nc tinh khit iu kin bnh thng s b phn ly theo phng trnh phn ng: H2O = H+ + OHGi tr pH ca nc c xc nh bng logarit c s 10 nng ion H+ theo cng thc: pH = - lg (H+) i vi nc ct pH = 7, khi nc cha nhiu ion H+, pH < 7 v ngc li, khi nc nhiu OH- (kim), pH > 7. Nh vy, pH l axit hay chua ca nc. pH c nh hng ti iu kin sng bnh thng ca cc sinh vt nc. C thng khng sng c trong mi trng nc c pH < 4 hoc pH > 10. S thay i pH ca nc thng lin quan ti s c mt ca cc ho cht axit hoc kim, s phn hu cht hu c, s ho tan ca mt s anion SO-24, NO-3, v.v... pH ca nc c th xc nh bng phng php in ho, chun hoc cc loi thuc th khc nhau.

P/H v cng ca nc
Nguyn Thanh Bnh, TP.HCM, 14/08/2011 16:21:55

pH (potential of hydrogen) l ch s o hot ng ca cc ion hir (H+) trong dung dch. Trong cc h dung dch nc, hot ng ca ion hir c quyt nh bi hng s in ly ca nc (Kw) = 1,011 1014 25C v tng tc vi cc ion khc c trong dung dch. Do vy mt dung dch trung ha ( hot ng ca cc ion hir cn bng vi hot ng ca cc ion hirxt) c pH xp x 7. Cc dung dch nc c gi tr pH nh hn 7 c coi l c tnh axt, ngc li gi tr pH ln hn 7 c coi l c tnh kim (baz). cng ca nc l hiu s ca KH (Carbonate hardness) GH (General hardness). Khi CO2 tan trong nc to ra Carbonic acid v vy nc s gim pH, nu nc vn tip tc gim pH tr thnh mi trng Acid th s sng khng th no tn ti c. Tuy nhin quy lut sinh tn lm cho thin nhin to ra mt s thnh phn Carbonate tan ra t mui khong c kh nng gi li Acid tan trong nc v gip cho pH ca nc khng bin i nhiu. Ch s kh nng lm cho pH ca nc khng t bin thay i ca tp cht trong nhm Carbonate c gi l KH, cn ch s ca tt c cc Ion+ trong nc khc c gi l GH.

pH l axit hay chua ca nc. pH c nh hng ti iu kin sng bnh thng ca cc sinh vt nc. C thng khng sng c trong mi trng nc c pH < 4 hoc pH > 10. S thay i pH ca nc thng lin quan ti s c mt ca cc ho cht axit hoc kim, s phn hu cht hu c, s ho tan ca mt s anion SO-24, NO-3, v.v... pH ca nc c th xc nh bng phng php in ho, chun hoc cc loi thuc th khc nhau

CHT RN TRONG NC THI Cht rn trong nc thi bao gm cc cht rn l lng, cht rn c kh nng lng, cc ht keo v cht rn ha tan. Tng cc cht rn (Total solid, TS) trong nc thi l phn cn li sau khi cho nc thi bay hi hon ton nhit t 103 105oC. Cc cht bay hi nhit ny khng c coi l cht rn. Tng cc cht rn c biu th bng n v mg/L. Tng cc cht rn c th chia ra lm hai thnh phn: cht rn l lng (c th lc c) v cht rn ha tan (khng lc c). Cht rn l lng l cc ht nh (hu c hoc v c) trong nc thi. Khi vn tc ca dng chy b gim xung (do n chy vo cc h cha ln) phn ln cc cht rn l lng s b lng xung y h; nhng ht khng lng c s to thnh c (turbidity) ca nc. Cc cht l lng hu c s tiu th oxy phn hy lm gim DO ca ngun nc. Cc cn lng s lm y cc b cha lm gim th tch hu dng ca cc b ny. xc nh hm lng cc cht rn l lng phi tin hnh phn tch chng bng cch lc qua giy lc bng s thy tinh Whatmann 934AH v 948H (Whatmann GF/C) c kch thc cc l khong 1,2 micrometter (m) hoc ca c loi A/E. Lu l cc giy lc cu to bng Polycarbonate cng c th s dng c, tuy nhin cc s liu c th chnh lch do cu trc

ca cc loi giy ny khc nhau. Cc cht rn l lng b gi li giy lc. em giy lc ny sy kh tuyt i nhit 105oC. Hm lng cht rn l lng s c tnh bng cng thc:

trong TSS: tng cc cht rn l lng (mg/L) A: trng lng ca giy lc v cc cht rn l lng sau khi sy kh tuyt i (mg) B: trng lng ban u ca giy lc (mg) V: th tch mu nc thi qua lc (L) Hm lng cht rn l lng ph thuc ch yu vo lng nc s dng hng ngy ca mt ngi. Lng nc tiu th cng ln th hm lng cc cht rn l lng ni ring v cc cht gy nhim ni chung cng nh v ngc li. Ty theo kch thc ht, trng lng ring ca chng, tc dng chy v cc tc nhn ha hc m cc cht l lng c th lng xung y, ni ln mt nc hoc trng thi l lng. xc nh hm lng cc cht rn c kh nng lng (settable solid) ngi ta dng mt dng c thy tinh gi l nn Imhoff c chia vch th tch. Cho 1 lt nc thi vo nn Imhoff cho lng t nhin trong vng 45 pht, sau khuy nh st thnh nn ri cho lng tip trong vng 15 pht. Sau c th tch cht l lng lng c bng cc vch chia bn ngoi. Hm lng cht rn l lng lng c biu th bng n v mL/L. Ch tiu cht rn c kh nng lng biu din gn ng lng bn c th loi b c bng b lng s cp. Ngoi cc cht lng c, trong nc thi cn cha cc tp cht ni (floating solid) c trng lng ring nh hn trng lng ring nc. Khi lng cc cht ny ni ln b mt cng trnh. Theo cc tnh ton ca S KHCN & MT Cn Th lng cht rn l lng tng cng do mt ngi khu vc Cn Th thi ra trong mt ngy m l 200 g. Cc cht rn ha tan (khng lc c bao gm cc ht keo v cc cht ha tan. Cc ht keo c kch thc t 0,001 1 mm, cc ht keo ny khng th loi b bng phng php lng c hc. Cc cht ha tan c th l phn t hoc ion ca cht hu c hay v c. xc nh hm lng hu c ca cc cht rn l lng ngi ta s dng ch tiu VSS (volatile suspended solid) bng cch em ha tro cc cht rn 550 50oC trong 1 gi. Phn bay hi l cc cht hu c (VSS), phn cn li sau khi ha tro l cc cht v c FSS (Fixed suspended solid). Lu hu ht cc mui v c u khng b phn hy nhit di 825oC, ch tr magnesium carbonate b phn hy thnh MgO v CO2 nhit 350oC. Ch tiu VSS ca nc thi thng c xc nh bit r kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca n.

Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn cht rn trong nc v nc thi Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Diposal, Reuse, 1989

mn
Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia Bc ti: menu, tm kim mn hay mui c k hiu S (S vit tt t ch salinity - mn) l tng lng (tnh theo gram) cc cht ha tan cha trong 1 kg nc. Trong hi dng hc, ngi ta s dng mui (salinity) c trng cho khong ca nc bin, n c hiu nh tng lng tnh bng gam ca tt c cc cht khong rn ho tan c trong 1 kg nc bin. V tng nng cc ion chnh (11 ion) chim ti 99,99 tng lng cc cht khong ho tan nn c th coi mui nc bin chnh bng gi tr ny. iu cng c ngha l i vi nc bin khi, mui c th c tnh ton thng qua nng ca mt ion chnh bt k.[1]

[sa] Khi nim

Trn c s quy lut itmar, vic xc lp mi quan h gia mui v Clo ca nc bin c Hi ngh Quc t v hi dng hc hp ti Stckhm nm 1899 giao cho mt nhm chuyn gia thc hin. Nhm ny bao gm Knudsen, Jacobsen, Xeresen, Forxo thc hin nhim v trong 13 nm. Nm 1902, h a ra nh ngha mui v mi lin h ca n vi Clo ca nc bin nh sau: " mui l hm lng tng cng tnh bng gam ca tt c cc cht khong rn (cc mui) ho tan c trong 1000 gam nc bin vi iu kin: cc halogen c thay bng lng clo tng ng, cc mui cacbonat c chuyn thnh xt, cc cht hu c b t chy 480C." mui c k hiu l S, Clo - Cl v mi lin h gia hai i lng ny l: S = 0,030 + 1,8050 Cl y, hay ppt (phn nghn) khng phi l n v o ca mui, ch l k hiu biu din n v o nng (g/kg) ca cc mui ho tan trong nc bin. Cng khng nn ng nht mui vi " mn" nh cch hiu mt s a phng v v mn ca mui NaCl trong nc bin. nh ngha mui nh trn c xy dng t thc t cng vic xc nh n thng qua xc nh clo bng phng php phn tch ho hc - phng php Knudsen (cn gi l phng php chun bc nitrat). Theo phng php ny, khi chun nc bin bng dung dch bc nitrat (AgNO3) th khng ch c ring ion clo m cc ion flo, brm, it cng b kt ta: AgNO3 + X- = AgX +NO3 y X = [Cl-]+[F-]+ [Br-]+[I-], trong nng F-, Br-v I- c quy chuyn tng ng theo nng ca Cl-. Nh vy, Clo thc cht l tng lng tnh bng gam ca cc halogen ( c quy i tng ng theo lng Clo) c trong 1000 gam nc bin. Vi cng bn cht vn nh trn, nm 1940 Jacobsen v Knudsen khi so snh Clo (xc nh theo nc bin tiu chun Copenhagen) vi ng lng thc ca ion Clo (xc nh qua lng bc cn thit kt ta n) a ra nh ngha mi v Clo nh sau: " Clo, v gi tr tng ng vi s gam bc nguyn cht cn thit kt ta ht cc halogen c trong 0,3285234 kg nc bin".[1] Gi tr trung bnh mui nc mt i dng th gii l 35 ppt.

[sa] Phn loi nc theo mn

Cn c vo mui, nm 1934, Zernop phn chia gii hn cc loi nc t nhin nh sau: Nc ngt: S = 0.02 - 0.5 ppt Nc l: S = 0.5 - 16 ppt Nc mn: S = 16 - 47 ppt Nc qu mn: S = trn 47 ppt Sau ny c A.F.Karpevits b sung v chi tit ha nh sau:

Nc ngt: 0.01 - 0.5 ppt (cc sng h, h cha) Nc ngt nht: 0.01 - 0.2 ppt Nc ngt l: 0.2 - 0.5 ppt Nc l: 0.5 - 30 ppt (cc h, bin ni a, ca sng) Nc l nht: 0.5 - 4 ppt Nc l va: 4 - 18 ppt Nc l mn: 18 - 30 ppt Nc mn: trn 30 ppt Nc bin: 30 - 40 ppt (i dng, bin h, bin ni a, vnh vng, ca sng) Nc qu mn: 40 - 300 ppt (mt s h, vnh, vng dn in ca nc lin quan n s c mt ca cc ion trong nc. Cc ion ny thng l mui ca kim loi nh NaCl, KCl, SO2-4, NO-3, PO-4 v.v... Tc ng nhim ca nc c dn in cao thng lin quan n tnh c hi ca cc ion tan trong nc. xc nh dn in, ngi ta thng dng cc my o in tr hoc cng dng in.

kim ca t
chua, kim ca t c o bng pH. t thng c tr s pH t 3 n 9. Cn c vo tr s pH ngi ta chia t thnh : t chua (pH < 6,5), t trung tnh (pH = 6,6 - 7,5) v t kim (pH > 7,5). Ngi ta xc nh t chua, t kim v t trung tnh c k hoch ci to v s dng

chua (hay kim ) ca t - pH t

Xc nh chua (hay kim ) ca t bng pH, pH l ch s o hot ng ca cc ion Hydro trong dung dch v v vy l acid hay baz ca n. Trong cc h dung dch nc, hot ng ca ion Hydro c quyt nh bi hng s in ly ca nc v tng tc vi cc ion khc c trong dung dch. Do hng s in ly ny nn mt dung dch trung ha ( hot ng ca ion Hydro cn bng vi hot ng ca ion hydrocit) c pH xp x bng 7. Cc ung dch c pH < 7 c coi l c tnh acid, Cc ung dch c pH > 7 c coi l c tnh kim. t thng c tr s pH t 3 n 9. Cn c vo tr s pH ngi ta chia t thnh : t chua (pH < 6,5), t trung tnh (pH = 6,6 - 7,5) v t kim (pH > 7,5). Ngi ta xc nh t chua, t kim v t trung tnh c k hoch ci to v s dng