Cng thc tnh nhanh bi ton pha long dung

dch axit hoc baz c pH = a thnh dung

dch c pH = b
Th Ba, 22/03/2011, 09:18 SA | Lt xem: 2538

y l mt bi ton c bn v n gin trong chng in ly ha hc lp 11. C s ca bi ton

ny l da vo nguyn tc khi pha long dung dch axit hoc baz coi nh s mol H + (hoc s mol
OH- khng thay i).
1. Bi ton 1: Pha long dung dch axit c pH = a c dung dch mi c pH = b
(b > a)
Gi V1 l th tch dung dch axit ban u c pH = a
V2 l th tch dung dch axit sau c pH = b
- Dung dch axit c pH = a [H+] = 10-a S mol H+ ban u = 10-a.V1
- Dung dch axit c pH = b [H+] = 10-b S mol H+ sau = 10-b.V2
V s mol H+ coi nh khng i nn: S mol H+ ban u = S mol H+ sau
10-a.V1 = 10-b.V2
V2 = 10b a.V1 = 10pH.V1 Vi pH = b a > 0
V1 + V(H2O) = 10pH.V1
V(H2O) = (10-pH 1).V1
2. Bi ton 2: Pha long dung dch baz c pH = a c dung dch mi c pH = b
(a > b)
- Dung dch baz c pH = a pOH = 14 a [OH-] = 10-14 + a
S mol OH- ban u = 10-14 + a.V1
- Dung dch baz sau khi pha long c pH = b pOH = 14 b [OH-] = 10-14 + b
S mol OH- sau = 10-14 + b.V2
V s mol OH- coi nh khng i khi pha long nn:
10-14 + a.V1 = 10-14 + b.V2
V2 = 10a b.V1 = 10-pH.V1 vi pH = b a < 0
V1 + V(H2O) = 10-pH.V1
V(H2O) = 10-pH 1)V1
Tng hp li ta c:
V2 = 10pH.V1
V(H2O) = (10pH 1)V1
Vi V1 l th tch dung dch axit hoc baz ban u
V2 l th tch dung dch axit hoc baz sau khi pha long.
3. Mt s V d:
Bi 1:
a. Cho dung dch HNO3 c pH = 4. Hi phi thm mt th tch nc gp bao nhiu ln th tch
dung dch ban u c dung dch c pH = 5?
b. T mt th tch dung dch axit c pH = 4 c pha long bng nc thnh dung dch c th
tch gp mt nghn ln. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Bi gii:
a. Cch 1: Tnh thng thng
- Dung dch HNO3 c pH = 4 [H+] = 10-4 (mol/l)
=> S mol H+ = 10-4V1 (mol)
- Dung dch HNO3 c pH = 5 [H+] = 10-5 (mol/l)
=> S mol H+ = 10-5V2 = 10-5(V1 + V) vi V l th tch H2O.
V khi pha long s mol H+ khng i nn:
10-4V1 = 10-5(V1 + V) V = 9V
Vy phi pha long dung dch bng th H2O gp 9 ln th tch dung dch axit ban u.
Cch 2: Theo cng thc:
V(H2O) = (10pH 1)V1
V(H2O) = (105 4 1)V1 = 9V1.
Hay V2 = 10pH.V1 = 105 4.V1 = 10V1
Vy th tch H2O cn pha long dung dch gp 9 ln th tch ban u. Th tch dung dch
sau gp 10 ln th tch dung dch ban u.
b. Cch 1: Tnh thng thng
- Dung dch HNO3 c pH = 4 [H+] = 10-4 (mol/l)

=> S mol H+ = 10-4V1 (mol)

- Dung dch HNO3 c pH = b [H+] = 10-b (mol/l)
=> S mol H+ = 10-bV2 = 10-b.1000V1
S mol H+ khng i nn:
10-4V1 = 10-b.1000V1 => b = 7 hay pH = 7.
Cch 2: Theo cng thc
V2 = 10pH.V1
1000V1 = 10b 4V1
103 = 10b 4
3=b4
b = 7 hay pH = 7.
Bi 2: Thm 90 ml nc vo 10 ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 12 th thu c dung dch c pH
bng:
A. 13
B. 14
C. 11
D. 10
Gii:
Ta c:
V2 = 10pH.V1
Hay 90 + 10 = 1012 b.10 => 10 = 1012 b => 1 = 12 b => b =11
Vy pH = 11 p n C.
Bi tp tng t
1. Th tch ca nc cn thm vo 15 ml dung dch axit HCl c pH = 1 thu c dung
dch axit c pH = 3 l:
A. 1,485 lt
B. 14,85 lt
C. 1,5 lt
D. 15 lt
2. Dung dch HCl c pH = 3 cn thm vo dung dch ny th tch nc gp bao nhiu ln dung
dch ban u c dung dch c pH = 4?
A. 10 ln
B. 9 ln
C. 8 ln
D. 5 ln