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I HC M THNH PH H CH MINH KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC LP SH05A2

BO CO TI

ACID LACTIC
SN PHM CA QU TRNH LN MEN T MT R NG

Ging vin hng dn :

Phm Minh Tun


Nhm lm ti: 1. Nguyn Hu Phc 2. Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn 3. L M Phng 4. L Th Thu Phng 5. Phan Th Bch Thu

Phn 1: Gii thiu v Acid lactic

1. nh ngha: Acid lactic l hp cht hu c thu c bng phng php ln men do tc nhn ln men ch yu l vi sinh vt.

2. Cng thc cu to:

C3H6O3
Cng thc tng qut: CH3-CHOH-COOH *CT phn t: Acid lactic l hn hp ca 2 dng ng phn D-acid lactic v L-acid lactic:

D-acid lactic

L-acid lactic

Nu D-acid lactic v L-acid lactic c trong mt hn hp theo t l 50:50 ngi ta gi l hn hp raxemic. Hn hp ny c k hiu l DL-acid lactic.
Trong qu trnh ln men khng c mt hn hp l tng ny m ch c c khi tin hnh tng hp hu c.

3. Tnh cht:
DL acid lactic l dch lng dng tinh th, tan trong H2O, cn, khng tan trong CHCl3, nhit nng chy 16,8oC, nhit si 122oC. Acid lactic c khi lng phn t l 98,08,l cht hu c khng mu, mi nh.

Acid lactic l mt cht c ht m cao l cht lng snh c c sn trn th trng nhng dng khc nhau v cht lng; v ph thuc vo tinh sch c nhiu tiu chun khc nhau: acid lactic k thut, thc phm, dc phm v acid lactic plastic.

Ch l dng ng phn D-acid lactic hoc L-acid lactic ln lt c nhit nng chy l nhit si l 28 v 103 (oC). Mt tiu chun cht lng quan trng ca acid lactic tinh sch cao l s bn nhit, v d: khng mu to thnh khi lm nng dung dch 80% acid lactic n 180oC.

Phn 2: Ging vi sinh vt trong sn xut acid lactic


Cc vi khun lactic ng vai tr quan trng trong nhiu loi thc phm c truyn nh sa chua, nem chua, da rau qu Sn lng acid lactic khng thay i ln trong thp k cui th k 20 v c tnh khong 50 ngn tn trn nm, khong 2/3 c sn xut bi s ln men.

Vi khun lactic thuc h Lactobacterium. Nhm vi khun ny gm nhiu loi khc nhau v hnh dng, sinh l v kh nng ln men.
Do cc vi khun khc nhau khi tham gia c ch khc nhau to ra cc sn phm chnh, ph khc nhau nn chng c chia lm 2 loi: ng hnh v d hnh.

c im chung ca nhm vi khun ln men lactic:


Thuc nhm n bo, kch thc nh t 0,3-1m, hnh cu, que, bu dc. Nhit t 10-50oC. pH t 4,5-6,8. m d to iu kin k kh cho vi khun lactic lm cho acid lactic tch ly nhanh chng trong qu trnh ln men.

Vi khun nhit trung v chu nhit: dy nhit ti u cho s pht trin ca vi khun lactic nhit trung( Mesophilic) l 28-45oC v ca vi khun lactic chu nhit( Thermophilic) l 45-62oC. Hot ng phn gii protein km. Vi khun lactic l sinh vt k kh khng bt buc. Do , trong thc t khi nng oxygen thp th hot ng sng c duy tr bnh thng, nhng khng bt buc lun phi nh vy. Vi khun lactic c cc nhu cu dinh dng phc tp: cc nhu cu ny bao gm cc vitamin, amino acid v thm ch l peptide ngn.

Trong mi trng mui khng thun khit cha glucose, NH4+ chng khng th pht trin. Ch s dng ng monodisaccarit, khng s dng dng lactoflavin, thiamin, acid pantotenic, acid folic, biotin, amin. Ngun carbon l glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose v sucrose. Vi chng vi khun lactic c th s dng tinh bt nh L. amylophilus v L. amylovorus. Cc chng sn xut ch yu: L.delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus, L. Bulgaricus.

a. Vi khun len men lactic ng hnh


Sn phm chnh l acid lactic 90-98%. Sn phm ph ethanol, acid acetic, CO2, acetone. C6H12O6 2CH3CHOH-COOH. Ging vi khun ny ch yu thuc hai ging Lactobacterium ( trc khun) v Streptococcus. c dng trong sn xut lactic v cng nghip thc phm, c bit trong cng nghip ch bin sa.

Mt s vi khun in hnh:
Ging Lactobacterium: Lactobacterium bungaricum. Lactobacterium planetarium. Lactobacterium easein. Lactobacterium delbrueckii. Ging Streptococcus: Streptococcus lactic. Streptococcus cremorie.

Mt s vi khun in hnh:
Ging Lactobacterium: Lactobacterium bungaricum. Lactobacterium planetarium. Lactobacterium easein. Lactobacterium delbrueckii. Ging Streptococcus: Streptococcus lactic. Streptococcus cremorie.

b. Vi khun len men lactic d hnh


Ngoi acid lactic qu trnh ln men lactic d hnh cn to ra acid succinic,acid acetic, ethanol... C men decacboxylase phn hu acid pyruvic, CO2, CH3CHO. Tuy nhin khng phn hu ht c acid pyruvic. Ln men d hnh cho tinh khit khng cao v phc tp. C6H12O6 CH3CHOHCOOH + HOOC-(CH2)2-COOH+CH3COOH+CO2+H2+...

Mt s vi khun in hnh:
Bacterium coli. Bacterium aeogenes. Bacterium pentoacetium. Lactobacillus brevis.

Phn 3: Ln men lactic:


1. Khi nim ln men lactic:

Ln men lactic l qu trnh chuyn ho k kh to acid lactic di tc dng ca vi khun lactic.

Lch s pht trin ca qu trnh ln men


Nm 1780 nh bc hc Thu in Shale ln u tin tch c acid lactic t sa b ln men chua. Nm 1857 Pasteur chng minh c ln men sa l do nhm vi khun lactic. Nm 1878 Joseph Lister (1827 1912) phn lp thnh cng vi khun lactic t tn l Bacterium lactic nay gi l Streptococcus lactic.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men lactic


Cc qu trnh ln men d khc nhau v c ch iu kin nhng u b nh hng bi cc nhn t: Nhit : Mi loi vi sinh vt u c mt yu cu nhit thch hp cho s pht trin ca mnh. V d: Vi khun lactic nhit t 30-32oC, nhit khng thch hp enzyme gim i khi xy ra hin tng ln men ph.

pH ca mi trng: pH<4 vi khun lactic ngng hot ng. Nng dch men: Trong ln men lactic c ch ca qu trnh ln men cha khong 10% ng. Oxy: N quyt nh chiu hng ln men din ra theo kiu ym kh hay k kh.

Phn 4: Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic:


1. Ging vi sinh vt: Lactobaccillus delbrueckii: Vi khun ny thng gp trn ht i mch. Dng trc khun ln, kch thc 2-7. 0,40,8m. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh chng c kh nng to thnh hnh si di 100-1000 m.

Chng khc vi nhng vi sinh vt khc chng khng ln men lactose v th khng c s dng trong ch bin sa. Trong mi trng dch th chng c kh nng 70% acid lactic so vi ng. Nhit ti u cho chng pht trin l 4550oC, ti thiu l 18oC v ti a l 55oC.

2.Qui trnh sn xut acid lactic:


Theo phng php truyn thng, cng ngh sn xut acid lactic phi qua 3 giai on chnh: Giai on 1: Chun b mi trng ln men. Giai on 2: iu khin qu trnh ln men. Giai on 3: To lactate canxi v thu nhn acid lactic.

1. Chun b mi trng ln men: Nguyn liu thng c s dng l mt r ng v r tin v d kim. Pha long theo t l nc: r = 3:1, sau cho dung dch ny chy qua than hot tnh.Than hot tnh s hp th cc cht mu v to cc cht keo c trong mt r, khi mt r s sng mau hn.

Ngi ta li lm long mt r n nng cht kh 15% v acid ha mi trng bng acid sulfuric 0,5% so vi lng r ng. Acid sulfuric c ngha nh mt cht iu ha pH, acid sulfuric nh cht ph v h keo, acid sulfuric nh cht chuyn ha ng saccaro thnh ng nghch o gip qu trnh ln men sau ny tt hn. Sau , un dung dch ny n 90-95oC trong 6h. Tip tc pha long dung dch ng xung cn 5-10% v iu chnh pH ngc li n 6,3-6,5. Lm ngui dung dch ng xung 50oC v bm chng vo thng ln men.

2. iu khin qu trnh ln men: Vi khun lactic c nui cy ring lng men ging chim 3-5% th tch thng ln men. Thng ln men c trang b cnh khuy v rut r cp nhit .

Trong sn xut lactic ngi ta thng s dng cc loi vi khun lactic ng hnh trong vi khun Lactobaccillus denbruckii c s dng nhiu hn c. i vi vi khun ny, ln men lactic c tin hnh nhit 50oC. nhit 46-48oC vi khun Lactobaccillus denbruckii ln men km ng thi cc tp khun s pht trin. Ngc li, nhit 53-55oC hot tnh vi khun ny s gim st. Do , ln men vi vi khun trn ngi ta thng duy tr nhit 50oC trong sut qu trnh ln men.

pH duy tr 5-6. Thi gian ln men 7-10 ngy.


Nhng iu kin ln men trn c th thay i ty theo ging vi khun m ta s dng. Qu trnh ln men lactic s tin hnh thun li khi mi trng c phn ng acid. Tuy nhin phi vi khun lactic s khng chu c khi nng acid trong dch ln men qu ln. Do , nu lng acid lactic tha khng c trung ha th s ln men s b dng li trc khi ng b chuyn ha hon ton thnh acid lactic. V vy, bin php kinh t tng ng trong sn xut l phi trung ha lng acid lactic tha n pH 6,3-6,5.

Trong qu trnh ln men ngi ta s dng vi mn trung ha lng acid to thnh nhm trnh hin tng acid ha dung dch ln men v to ra lactate canxi. Hng ngy ngi ta cho vi mn vo 3-4 ln trong ngy. Cch trung ha ny vn gi c phn ng acid ca mi trng ln men lm cho cc vi sinh vt ngoi ri vo khng pht trin c. S lng CaCO3 cho ty thuc vo lng acid lactic to thnh v s lng CaCO3 cho vo dung dch ln men trung ha lng acid lactic.\

3.Giai on to lactate canxi v thu nhn acid lactic: Dung dch sau khi ln men c un nng n 80-90oC. Dng CaCO3 iu chnh pH dung dch ln men n 10-11 v gi yn pH ny trong 3-5 gi. Trong khong thi gian ny cc cht lng v sinh khi vi sinh vt s lng xung y. Loi b cht lng ny ly dch trong. em lc dch trong bng my lc khung bn nhit 7080oC.

Lc xong ton b dch ln men c chuyn qua thit b to ta lactate canxi mt t 10-16h. Qu trnh to kt ta kt thc em lc bng my lc khung bn. Lc xong ring kt ta v dch lc. Dch lc c em i c dc li v em kt ta li ln na thu hi ton b acid lactic c trong dch ln men. Phn kt ta ny c trn chung vi phn trc v em sang thit b thu nhn acid lactic.

*Thu nhn acid lactic: Cho acid sulfuric vo phn kt ta khi phn ng s xy ra v to thnh CaSO4 kt ta, loi b phn kt ta ny th thu c acid lactic. Acid lactic c to thnh theo phng trnh sau: Ca(C3H5O3) + H2SO4 CaSO4+ C3H6O3 Dung dch acid lactic m kh mu bng than hot tnh v em c chn khng thu nhn acid lactic tinh khit.

Phn 5: ng dng sn phm ca qu trnh ln men acid lactic:


A. ng dng trong thc phm: 1. Ln men sa chua: Ln men sa chua lm tng gi tr dinh dng c tc dng tr bnh ng rut gip n ngon d tiu ha bo qun sa ti lu hn khi b h hng.

2. Sn xut da chua: Trong rau qu vi khun s pht trin to ra acid lactic v acid acetic cng vi mt s cht hu c khc. Cc acid hu c ny lm gim pH ca dch chng li hin tng gy thi rau qu. Bn cnh lm tng hng v ca khi chua rau qu. V vy sn xut sa chua cng nh mui chua rau qu l qu trnh va mang ngha ch bin va mang ngha bo qun.

3. Sn xut tng: Trong sn xut tng qu trnh ln men lactic to pH thch hp cho sn phm v tng hng v cho sn phm.

4. Sn xut cc sn phm ln men t sa: Cc sn phm ln men t sa nh: sa chua, phomat, b,...Cc qu trnh chuyn ha trong sn xut u lm cho sn phm thm giu dinh dng v to hng v c trng cho sn phm.

5. ng dng trong sn xut cc loi sa bt v bt giu canxi: B sung Lactate calcium vo thnh phn sa bt dinh dng, bnh ngt, bnh nng,

6. Acid lactic c ch sinh sn mt s vi khun c hi to iu kin phn hy nhanh cc i phn t hu c m khng to ra cc sn phm c hi cho cc vi sinh vt sng chung trong ch phm cng nh cho mi trng sng v cy trng.

B. ng dng trong y hc phu thut chnh hnh: Trong phu thut chnh hnh ngi ta thng s dng loi vt liu c tn l Purasorb. Purasorb l mt hp cht cao phn t c sn xut t acid lactic. N gip gn cc phn xng li vi nhau khi xng nh hnh Purasorb s t tiu hy.

C. Cc ng dng khc:

Sn xut cht do trong tng lai: ngi ta ang nghin cu sn xut cht do mi thay th cht do c kh b phn hy. Cht do mi ny l mt loi polymer gi l poly acid lactic( PLA) l sn phm c to ra t phn ng trng hp acid lactic. Ngi ta hy vng trong tng lai n s thay th cht do lm t du m v tnh cht d b phn hy ca n. C ngha ln trong vic bo v mi trng.

Phn 5:Cc vn tn ti v hng pht trin:


1. Tc hi ca ln men lactic: Tuy c nhiu ng dng quan trng nh trn, s ln men lactic cng gy ra nhiu tc hi nh: to nht trong mi trng, to gas c hi cho sn phm, lm chua v vn c bia, nc ngt, nc gii kht

Vi khun lactic thng d xm nhp vo cc thit b ln men ru, t n ln men lactic lm h hi c mt giai on ca s ln men ru, lm ru b km phm cht do n to acid lactic, acetic, manit. Ln men ny cn gy hng, lm chua mt s sn phm c ng khi bo qun. Ngoi ra cn c mt s vi khun lactic gy bnh do tip nhn nhng gen gy bnh khc ca vi khun.

Ln men acid lactic t mt r ng rt tin li nhng cng i hi k thut, cc ch s k thut phi c m bo nu khng cht lng sn phm s b gim st. Mt r ng c coi l nguyn liu tt nht m r tin trong cc loi ng ln men nhng hin nay vn ngun nguyn liu ang gy nhiu kh khn cho cc nh sn xut.

2. Hng pht trin:


Tp trung m rng cng ngh m tp trung l my mc t ng ho cc ch s k thut nng cao cht lng sn phm. Cng ngh ln men sn xut to acid lactic i vo ng dng t rt lu nhng n vn l mt mnh t y tim nng cho cc nh khoa hc cng nh cc nhn xut. So vi cc nguyn liu khc mt r ng xem nh ti u nn cn gii quyt ngun nguyn liu,ng thi nn chng c s nhn tay bng phng php gen ci thin tc ti ca cc vi khun ln men lactic i vi cht lng sn phm.

Ti liu tham kho:


Phm Thnh H-Nhp mn Cng ngh Sinh hc, NXB Gio dc 2004. ng Th Thanh Thu- Sinh ho ng dng, NXB H Quc gia TPHCM nm 2000. T Minh Chu-Vi sinh vt hc c s, Nm 2005. Dip Phng Thanh-Nghin cu cc iu kin sn xut acid lactic trong mi trng mt r ng. Cng cc ti liu v hnh nh khc trn Internet.

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