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BO CO TI
ACID LACTIC
SN PHM CA QU TRNH LN MEN T MT R NG
Nhm lm ti: 1. Nguyn Hu Phc 2. Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn 3. L M Phng 4. L Th Thu Phng 5. Phan Th Bch Thu
1. nh ngha: Acid lactic l hp cht hu c thu c bng phng php ln men do tc nhn ln men ch yu l vi sinh vt.
C3H6O3
Cng thc tng qut: CH3-CHOH-COOH *CT phn t: Acid lactic l hn hp ca 2 dng ng phn D-acid lactic v L-acid lactic:
D-acid lactic
L-acid lactic
Nu D-acid lactic v L-acid lactic c trong mt hn hp theo t l 50:50 ngi ta gi l hn hp raxemic. Hn hp ny c k hiu l DL-acid lactic.
Trong qu trnh ln men khng c mt hn hp l tng ny m ch c c khi tin hnh tng hp hu c.
3. Tnh cht:
DL acid lactic l dch lng dng tinh th, tan trong H2O, cn, khng tan trong CHCl3, nhit nng chy 16,8oC, nhit si 122oC. Acid lactic c khi lng phn t l 98,08,l cht hu c khng mu, mi nh.
Acid lactic l mt cht c ht m cao l cht lng snh c c sn trn th trng nhng dng khc nhau v cht lng; v ph thuc vo tinh sch c nhiu tiu chun khc nhau: acid lactic k thut, thc phm, dc phm v acid lactic plastic.
Ch l dng ng phn D-acid lactic hoc L-acid lactic ln lt c nhit nng chy l nhit si l 28 v 103 (oC). Mt tiu chun cht lng quan trng ca acid lactic tinh sch cao l s bn nhit, v d: khng mu to thnh khi lm nng dung dch 80% acid lactic n 180oC.
Vi khun lactic thuc h Lactobacterium. Nhm vi khun ny gm nhiu loi khc nhau v hnh dng, sinh l v kh nng ln men.
Do cc vi khun khc nhau khi tham gia c ch khc nhau to ra cc sn phm chnh, ph khc nhau nn chng c chia lm 2 loi: ng hnh v d hnh.
Vi khun nhit trung v chu nhit: dy nhit ti u cho s pht trin ca vi khun lactic nhit trung( Mesophilic) l 28-45oC v ca vi khun lactic chu nhit( Thermophilic) l 45-62oC. Hot ng phn gii protein km. Vi khun lactic l sinh vt k kh khng bt buc. Do , trong thc t khi nng oxygen thp th hot ng sng c duy tr bnh thng, nhng khng bt buc lun phi nh vy. Vi khun lactic c cc nhu cu dinh dng phc tp: cc nhu cu ny bao gm cc vitamin, amino acid v thm ch l peptide ngn.
Trong mi trng mui khng thun khit cha glucose, NH4+ chng khng th pht trin. Ch s dng ng monodisaccarit, khng s dng dng lactoflavin, thiamin, acid pantotenic, acid folic, biotin, amin. Ngun carbon l glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose v sucrose. Vi chng vi khun lactic c th s dng tinh bt nh L. amylophilus v L. amylovorus. Cc chng sn xut ch yu: L.delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus, L. Bulgaricus.
Mt s vi khun in hnh:
Ging Lactobacterium: Lactobacterium bungaricum. Lactobacterium planetarium. Lactobacterium easein. Lactobacterium delbrueckii. Ging Streptococcus: Streptococcus lactic. Streptococcus cremorie.
Mt s vi khun in hnh:
Ging Lactobacterium: Lactobacterium bungaricum. Lactobacterium planetarium. Lactobacterium easein. Lactobacterium delbrueckii. Ging Streptococcus: Streptococcus lactic. Streptococcus cremorie.
Mt s vi khun in hnh:
Bacterium coli. Bacterium aeogenes. Bacterium pentoacetium. Lactobacillus brevis.
pH ca mi trng: pH<4 vi khun lactic ngng hot ng. Nng dch men: Trong ln men lactic c ch ca qu trnh ln men cha khong 10% ng. Oxy: N quyt nh chiu hng ln men din ra theo kiu ym kh hay k kh.
Chng khc vi nhng vi sinh vt khc chng khng ln men lactose v th khng c s dng trong ch bin sa. Trong mi trng dch th chng c kh nng 70% acid lactic so vi ng. Nhit ti u cho chng pht trin l 4550oC, ti thiu l 18oC v ti a l 55oC.
1. Chun b mi trng ln men: Nguyn liu thng c s dng l mt r ng v r tin v d kim. Pha long theo t l nc: r = 3:1, sau cho dung dch ny chy qua than hot tnh.Than hot tnh s hp th cc cht mu v to cc cht keo c trong mt r, khi mt r s sng mau hn.
Ngi ta li lm long mt r n nng cht kh 15% v acid ha mi trng bng acid sulfuric 0,5% so vi lng r ng. Acid sulfuric c ngha nh mt cht iu ha pH, acid sulfuric nh cht ph v h keo, acid sulfuric nh cht chuyn ha ng saccaro thnh ng nghch o gip qu trnh ln men sau ny tt hn. Sau , un dung dch ny n 90-95oC trong 6h. Tip tc pha long dung dch ng xung cn 5-10% v iu chnh pH ngc li n 6,3-6,5. Lm ngui dung dch ng xung 50oC v bm chng vo thng ln men.
2. iu khin qu trnh ln men: Vi khun lactic c nui cy ring lng men ging chim 3-5% th tch thng ln men. Thng ln men c trang b cnh khuy v rut r cp nhit .
Trong sn xut lactic ngi ta thng s dng cc loi vi khun lactic ng hnh trong vi khun Lactobaccillus denbruckii c s dng nhiu hn c. i vi vi khun ny, ln men lactic c tin hnh nhit 50oC. nhit 46-48oC vi khun Lactobaccillus denbruckii ln men km ng thi cc tp khun s pht trin. Ngc li, nhit 53-55oC hot tnh vi khun ny s gim st. Do , ln men vi vi khun trn ngi ta thng duy tr nhit 50oC trong sut qu trnh ln men.
Trong qu trnh ln men ngi ta s dng vi mn trung ha lng acid to thnh nhm trnh hin tng acid ha dung dch ln men v to ra lactate canxi. Hng ngy ngi ta cho vi mn vo 3-4 ln trong ngy. Cch trung ha ny vn gi c phn ng acid ca mi trng ln men lm cho cc vi sinh vt ngoi ri vo khng pht trin c. S lng CaCO3 cho ty thuc vo lng acid lactic to thnh v s lng CaCO3 cho vo dung dch ln men trung ha lng acid lactic.\
3.Giai on to lactate canxi v thu nhn acid lactic: Dung dch sau khi ln men c un nng n 80-90oC. Dng CaCO3 iu chnh pH dung dch ln men n 10-11 v gi yn pH ny trong 3-5 gi. Trong khong thi gian ny cc cht lng v sinh khi vi sinh vt s lng xung y. Loi b cht lng ny ly dch trong. em lc dch trong bng my lc khung bn nhit 7080oC.
Lc xong ton b dch ln men c chuyn qua thit b to ta lactate canxi mt t 10-16h. Qu trnh to kt ta kt thc em lc bng my lc khung bn. Lc xong ring kt ta v dch lc. Dch lc c em i c dc li v em kt ta li ln na thu hi ton b acid lactic c trong dch ln men. Phn kt ta ny c trn chung vi phn trc v em sang thit b thu nhn acid lactic.
*Thu nhn acid lactic: Cho acid sulfuric vo phn kt ta khi phn ng s xy ra v to thnh CaSO4 kt ta, loi b phn kt ta ny th thu c acid lactic. Acid lactic c to thnh theo phng trnh sau: Ca(C3H5O3) + H2SO4 CaSO4+ C3H6O3 Dung dch acid lactic m kh mu bng than hot tnh v em c chn khng thu nhn acid lactic tinh khit.
2. Sn xut da chua: Trong rau qu vi khun s pht trin to ra acid lactic v acid acetic cng vi mt s cht hu c khc. Cc acid hu c ny lm gim pH ca dch chng li hin tng gy thi rau qu. Bn cnh lm tng hng v ca khi chua rau qu. V vy sn xut sa chua cng nh mui chua rau qu l qu trnh va mang ngha ch bin va mang ngha bo qun.
3. Sn xut tng: Trong sn xut tng qu trnh ln men lactic to pH thch hp cho sn phm v tng hng v cho sn phm.
4. Sn xut cc sn phm ln men t sa: Cc sn phm ln men t sa nh: sa chua, phomat, b,...Cc qu trnh chuyn ha trong sn xut u lm cho sn phm thm giu dinh dng v to hng v c trng cho sn phm.
5. ng dng trong sn xut cc loi sa bt v bt giu canxi: B sung Lactate calcium vo thnh phn sa bt dinh dng, bnh ngt, bnh nng,
6. Acid lactic c ch sinh sn mt s vi khun c hi to iu kin phn hy nhanh cc i phn t hu c m khng to ra cc sn phm c hi cho cc vi sinh vt sng chung trong ch phm cng nh cho mi trng sng v cy trng.
B. ng dng trong y hc phu thut chnh hnh: Trong phu thut chnh hnh ngi ta thng s dng loi vt liu c tn l Purasorb. Purasorb l mt hp cht cao phn t c sn xut t acid lactic. N gip gn cc phn xng li vi nhau khi xng nh hnh Purasorb s t tiu hy.
C. Cc ng dng khc:
Sn xut cht do trong tng lai: ngi ta ang nghin cu sn xut cht do mi thay th cht do c kh b phn hy. Cht do mi ny l mt loi polymer gi l poly acid lactic( PLA) l sn phm c to ra t phn ng trng hp acid lactic. Ngi ta hy vng trong tng lai n s thay th cht do lm t du m v tnh cht d b phn hy ca n. C ngha ln trong vic bo v mi trng.
Vi khun lactic thng d xm nhp vo cc thit b ln men ru, t n ln men lactic lm h hi c mt giai on ca s ln men ru, lm ru b km phm cht do n to acid lactic, acetic, manit. Ln men ny cn gy hng, lm chua mt s sn phm c ng khi bo qun. Ngoi ra cn c mt s vi khun lactic gy bnh do tip nhn nhng gen gy bnh khc ca vi khun.
Ln men acid lactic t mt r ng rt tin li nhng cng i hi k thut, cc ch s k thut phi c m bo nu khng cht lng sn phm s b gim st. Mt r ng c coi l nguyn liu tt nht m r tin trong cc loi ng ln men nhng hin nay vn ngun nguyn liu ang gy nhiu kh khn cho cc nh sn xut.