B GIAO THNG VN TI

TRNG I HC HNG HI
B MN: K THUT MY TNH
KHOA: CNG NGH THNG TIN




BI GING

KIN TRC MY TNH




TN HC PHN : KIN TRC MY TNH
M HC PHN : 17302
TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUY
DNG CHO SV NGNH : CNG NGH THNG TIN














HI PHNG - 2010

- 1 -


MC LC

Chng I : GII THIU CHUNG .......................................................................................... 7
1.1. Lch s pht trin v phn loi ..................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. Lch s pht trin .................................................................................................. 7
1.1.2. Phn loi my tnh ................................................................................................ 8
1.2. Biu din thng tin trn my tnh ............................................................................... 10
1.2.1. H m ............................................................................................................... 10
1.2.2. i s thp phn ra s nh phn hoc ngc li................................................... 11
1.2.3. Cc loi m ......................................................................................................... 12
1.2.4. Biu din s nguyn theo m nh phn ................................................................ 12
1.2.5. Biu din s thc theo m nh phn .................................................................... 12
1.2.6. Biu din cc dng thng tin khc ....................................................................... 13
1.3. Cc loi my tnh c nhn .......................................................................................... 13
Chng II: B X L TRUNG TM ............................................................................... 15
2.1. T chc b x l ....................................................................................................... 15
2.2. T chc thanh ghi ...................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1. User-Visible Registers: ....................................................................................... 16
2.2.2. Control and Status Registers: .............................................................................. 17
2.3. n v s hc v logic ALU (Arithmetic and logic unit) ............................................ 18
2.4. n v iu khin CU(Control Unit).......................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Tn hiu iu khin: ............................................................................................. 20
2.4.2. n v iu khin vi chng trnh ...................................................................... 21
2.4.3. Mt s m rng ca vi x l my tnh cho n ngy nay.................................... 21
2.5. Cu trc kt ni - BUS .............................................................................................. 22
2.6. Tp lnh v cc Mode a ch .................................................................................... 23
2.6.1. Tp lnh ca CPU ............................................................................................... 23
2.6.2. Cc nhm lnh ca CPU ..................................................................................... 24
2.6.3. Hp ng (Assembly) .......................................................................................... 30
2.6.4. Cc Mode a ch ................................................................................................ 34
Chng III: H THNG NH ............................................................................................ 37
3.1. Khi qut v h thng nh ......................................................................................... 37
3.2. Phn cp b nh ........................................................................................................ 38
3.3. B nh bn dn ......................................................................................................... 38
3.3.1. Cc loi b nh bn dn ...................................................................................... 38
3.3.2. T chc b nh ................................................................................................... 39
3.4. Cache Memory .......................................................................................................... 39
3.4.1. Nguyn tc ......................................................................................................... 39
3.4.2. K thut nh x b nh cache ............................................................................. 40
3.5. Qun l b nh .......................................................................................................... 43
3.5.1. Cc k thut qun l b nh................................................................................ 43
- 2 -

3.5.2. B nh o ........................................................................................................... 46
3.5.3. S phn on ...................................................................................................... 48
3.6. K thut gii m a ch ............................................................................................. 49
3.6.1. Cu to mt vi mch nh .................................................................................... 49
3.6.2. Gii m a ch cho b nh ................................................................................. 50
Chng IV: H THNG VO RA ...................................................................................... 53
4.1. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 53
4.1.1. Cc thit b ngoi vi ............................................................................................ 53
4.1.2. Modul vo ra ...................................................................................................... 53
4.2. Ghp ni my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi ...................................................................... 54
4.2.1. Ghp ni song song ............................................................................................ 54
4.2.2. Ghp ni ni tip ................................................................................................ 56
4.3. Cc phng php iu khin vo ra ........................................................................... 56
4.3.1. Vo ra iu khin bng cch thm d .................................................................. 56
4.3.2. Vo ra iu khin bng Ngt ............................................................................... 57
4.3.3. Vo ra iu khin bng DMA ............................................................................. 61
Chng V: THIT B NHP D LIU .............................................................................. 64
5.1. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 64
5.2. Bn phm ................................................................................................................... 64
5.1.1. K thut d phm ................................................................................................. 64
5.1.2. K thut qut phm (Scan) ................................................................................... 65
5.3. Chut ........................................................................................................................ 66
5.4. Cc thit b nhp liu tin tin ................................................................................... 66
Chng VI: THIT B XUT D LIU ............................................................................. 67
6.1. Nhng khi nim c bn ............................................................................................ 67
6.1.1. Nguyn l ca phng php hin th hnh nh video. .......................................... 67
6.1.2. Nhng c im chung ca mn hnh ................................................................. 67
6.2. Mn hnh mu CRT (Cathod Ray Tube) .................................................................... 68
6.2.1. Cu to ............................................................................................................... 68
6.2.2. Phng php qut dng ...................................................................................... 69
6.2.3. S ghp ni v hot ng: .............................................................................. 69
6.2.4. K thut lm ti hnh nh .................................................................................. 70
6.3. My in ....................................................................................................................... 70
Chng VII: THIT B LU TR ...................................................................................... 71
7.1. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 71
7.2. a t (Magetic) ........................................................................................................ 71
7.2.1. Tham s c ghi (u t) ................................................................................... 71
7.2.2. Tham s a t .................................................................................................... 72
72.3. Cc cng ngh sn xut a t .............................................................................. 73
7.2.4. Chun b mt a cng a vo s dng ......................................................... 74
7.3. a Quang (Optical Disk) .......................................................................................... 74
7.3.1. c im ............................................................................................................ 74
7.3.2. Nguyn tc c/ghi thng tin .............................................................................. 74
- 3 -

7.3.3. Phn loi ............................................................................................................. 75
7.4. Cc thit b lu tr khc ............................................................................................ 75
Chng VIII: THIT B GHP NI V TRUYN THNG .............................................. 76
8.1. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 76
8.2. B chuyn i tn hiu ............................................................................................... 76
8.2.1. B chuyn i tn hiu s - tng t: DAC (Digital Analog Converter) .............. 76
8.2.2. B chuyn i tn hiu tng t - s: ADC (Analog Digital Converter) .............. 77
8.2.3. Modem (Modulation - Demodulation) iu ch v gii iu ch ......................... 78
8.3. Cc chun giao tip ................................................................................................... 79
8.3.1. Cc chun chung: ............................................................................................... 79
8.3.2. Cc chun v giao din ga DTE v DCE bao gm: ........................................... 79
8.3.3. Chun EIA-RS 232 (Electronic Industry Association-Recomand Standard) ........ 79
8.4. Mch iu khin truyn s liu .................................................................................. 81
8.4.1. Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................. 81
8.4.2. Mch iu khin truyn thng d b vn nng UART (VXL 8250A) ................... 82
8.4.3. Mch iu khin truyn thng ng b-d b vn nng USART (VXL 8251A) ... 89




- 4 -

YU CU V NI DUNG CHI TIT

Tn hc phn: Kin trc my tnh v thit b ngoi vi Loi hc phn: 2
B mn ph trch ging dy: K thut my tnh Khoa ph trch: CNTT
M hc phn: 17312 Tng s TC: 4

TS tit L thuyt Thc hnh/Xemina T hc Bi tp ln n mn hc
75 60 15 0 0 0

iu kin tin quyt:
Sinh vin phi hc xong cc hc phn sau mi c ng k hc phn ny:
Kin H iu hnh, Cu trc d liu, cc Ngn ng lp trnh cp cao, Mch v tn hiu,
K thut s.
Mc tiu ca hc phn:
Gii thiu cho sinh vin c khi nim tng quan v kin trc my tnh, cc k thut c
bn v phn cng, cc k thut iu khin v ghp ni.
Ni dung ch yu
- Phn I: Kin trc my tnh - gii thiu v cc phng php biu din thng tin trong
my tnh, kin trc chung ca my tnh in t v cc thnh phn bn trong cng nh
chc nng v cu trc trong ca cc thnh phn ny.
- Phn II: Cc thit b ngoi vi - gii thiu chung v h thng vo ra, cc thit b ngoi
vi, chc nng v cu trc trong ca chng cng nh qu trnh ghp ni cc thit b ny
vi my tnh in t.
Ni dung chi tit ca hc phn:

TN CHNG MC
PHN PHI S TIT
TS LT BT TH KT
Chng I : Gii thiu chung 6 6
1. Lch s pht trin 1
2. Phn loi 1.5
3. H m 0.5
4. Cc loi m 1
5. n v thng tin 0,5
6. Biu din s nguyn trong my 1
7. Mng v ngn xp 0,5
Chng II : B x l trung tm 14 8 5 1
1. T chc ca b x l trung tm 1
2. Tp cc thanh ghi 1
3. n v s hc v Logic 1,5
4. n v iu khin 2
5. Cu trc kt ni 0,5
6. Tp lnh Assembly v cc Mode a ch 2
Chng III: H thng nh 13 12 1
I. Tng quan 2
- 5 -


TN CHNG MC
PHN PHI S TIT
TS LT BT TH KT
1. H thng nh
2. Phn cp h thng nh
II. B nh bn dn 2
1. T chc ca b nh bn dn
2. Cc loi b nh bn dn
II. B nh Cache 3
1. Khi nim
2. Cc phng php nh x d liu
IV. K thut gii m a ch 4
1. Khi nim
2. K thut gii m a ch
V. K thut qun l b nh 1
1. Cc k thut qun l b nh
2. Qun l b nh o
Chng IV: H thng vo ra 9 8 1
I. Tng quan 2
1. Cc Thit b ngoi vi
2. Cc M un vo ra
II. Ghp ni vo ra 3
1. Ghp ni ni tip
2. Ghp ni song song
III. Cc phng php vo ra 3
1. Vo ra bng phng php thm d
2. Vo ra bng Ngt
3. Vo ra bng phng php truy nhp trc tip b nh
Chng V: Thit b nhp d liu 5 5
1. Khi nim 0,5
2. Bn phm 3
3. Chut 1
4. Cc thit b nhp liu tin tin 0,5
ChngVI : Thit b xut d liu 5 5
1. Gii thiu chung 0,5
2. Mn hnh 3,5
4. My in 1
Chng VII : Thit b lu tr 11 6 5
1. Cc khi nim 1
2. a t 3
3. a quang 0,5
4. Cc thit b lu tr khc 1,5
- 6 -


TN CHNG MC
PHN PHI S TIT
TS LT BT TH KT
Chng VIII : Thit b ghp ni v truyn thng 12 6 5 1
1. Gii thiu chung 1
2. B chuyn i ADC DAC 2
3. Cc chun ghp ni v truyn thng 1
4. Thit b iu khin ghp ni truyn thng 2

Nhim v ca sinh vin :
Tham d cc bui thuyt trnh ca gio vin, t hc, t lm bi tp do gio vin giao,
tham d cc bui thc hnh, cc bi kim tra nh k v cui k, hon thnh bi tp ln
theo yu cu.
Ti liu hc tp :
- William Stalling - Computer Organization and Architecture, 1997
- Mc. Graw - Computer Architecture, 1997
- Vn Th Minh - K thut vi x l - NXB gio dc 1997
- Nguyn Kim Khnh - Gio trnh kin trc my tnh - HBK H ni
- Nguyn nh Vit - Gio trnh kin trc my tnh - HQG H ni
- Trn Thi B - iu khin v ghp ni thit b ngoi vi - NXB thng k 2000
- Trn Quang Vinh - Cu trc my tnh - NXB gio dc 1997
- V Vn Thnh - My vi tnh s c chn on v cch gii quyt - NXB thng k 1996.
- William Stalling- Computer Architecture Advanced, 1997

Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:
- nh gi da trn tnh hnh tham d bui hc trn lp, cc bui thc hnh, im kim
tra thng xuyn v im kt thc hc phn.
- Hnh thc thi cui k : thi vit.
Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F
im nh gi hc phn Z = 0.3X + 0.7Y.

Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn K thut my tnh, Khoa
Cng ngh Thng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin.

Ngy ph duyt: 15 / 6 / 2010
Trng B mn: ThS. Ng Quc Vinh

- 7 -

Chng I : GII THIU CHUNG
1.1. Lch s pht trin v phn loi
1.1.1. Lch s pht trin
Nhiu th h tri qua con ngi thc hin cc php ton vi cc con s ch yu bng
tay hay bng cc cng c tnh th s (bng tnh, thc tnh ...).
Nm 1943,John Mauchley v cc hc tr ca ng ch to ra chic my tnh in t
u tin M - chic my tnh c t tn l ENIAC (Electronic Numerial Itergrator And
Calculator). N gm 18.000 n in t, 1500 r le, nng 30 tn, tiu th cng sut in
140KW.Chic my ny mc ch phc v qun i trong chin tranh th gii ln th 2 nhng
n nm 1946 n mi hon thnh.
Cho n ngy nay my tnh c nhng s pht trin vt bc, ng dng trong hu ht
cc hot ng ca x hi vi rt nhiu chng loi th h tu theo cng vic. Tuy nhin k t
n nay c th phn my tnh ra thnh cc th h sau:
Th h 1: (1950-1959):
- V k thut: linh kin dng n in t, tin cy thp, tn hao nng lng. Tc
tnh ton t vi nghn n vi trm nghn php tnh/giy.
- V phn mm:ch yu dng ngn ng my lp trnh.
- V ng dng: mc ch nghin cu khoa hc k thut.
Th h 2: (1959-1964):
- V k thut:linh kin bn dn ch yu l transistor. B nh c dung lng kh ln.
- V phn mm: bt u s dng mt s ngn ng lp trnh bc cao:Fortran,Algol,
Cobol,...
- V ng dng: tham gia gii cc bi ton kinh t x hi.
Th h 3 (1964-1974)
- V k thut: linh kin ch yu s dng cc mch tch hp (IC),cc thit b ngoi vi
c ci tin, a t c s dng rng ri.Tc tnh ton t vi triu php ton
trn giy;dung lng b nh t vi MB (Megabytes).
- V phn mm: Xut hin nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau.X l song song. Phn mm
a dng, cht lng cao, cho php khai thc my tnh theo nhiu ch khc nhau.
- V ng dng: tham gia trong nhiu lnh vc ca x hi.
Th h th 4 (1974-199?):
- V k thut: X dng mch tch hp c ln (Very large scale integration) VLSI,
thit k cc cu trc a x l. Tc t ti hng chc triu php tnh /giy.
y chng ta ch yu ni v cu trc my vi tnh tng thch IBM nn lch s
ca chic my PC gn lin vi s pht trin ca IBM-PC.chic my tnh c nhn
pht trin cng vi s pht trin ca cc b vi x l .
My IBM_PC coi nh c khi u t mt cng trnh ca phng th nghim
ti Atlanta ca IBM.
o T nm 1979-1980 IBM hon thnh chic my Datamaster. My ny dng vi
x l 16 bit ca Intel.
o Nm 1980 k hoch sn xut my PC bt u c thc hin. Chic my
IBM_PC u tin dng mt b vi x l 8 bits ca Intel, b VXL 8085.
o Nm 1981-1982 IBM sn xut my tnh PC s dng b vi x l 8086,8088.
o Nm 1984 my tnh x dng chp 80286.
o Nm 1987 my tnh x dng b VXL 32bits 80386.
o Nm 1990 b VXL 80486 ra i vi nhiu tnh nng hn.
- 8 -

o Nm 1993 B VXL Pentium ra i m ra mt th h vi tnh c nhn mi vi
64 bits d liu, 32 bit a ch.
o 1995-1999 cc th h VXL mi nh MMX,Pentium II,III vi kh nng biu
din khng gian 3 chiu, nhn dng ting ni...
o T nm 2000 cng vi Merced mt th h VXL 64 bit vi cu trc hon ton
mi ra i to ra mt th h my vi tnh mi.
- V ng dng : My tnh c p dng trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca x hi.
Th h th 5:
Theo n ca ngi Nht chic my tnh in t th h th 5 c cu trc hon
ton mi, bao gm 4 khi c bn.Mt trong cc khi c bn l my tnh in t c cu
trc nh hin nay v lin h trc tip vi ngi s dng thng qua khi giao tip tr
thc gm 3 khi con: b x l giao tip, c s tri thc v khi lp trnh.
1.1.2. Phn loi my tnh
My tnh (computer) l mt khi nim tng i rng, tu theo cu trc, chc nng,
hnh dng... m c th phn ra nhiu loi khc nhau. V cn bn my tnh c phn lm cc
loi chnh sau:
1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo kh nng
- My tnh ln (mainframe computer)
- My tnh con (mini computer)
- my vi tnh (Microcomputer).
My tnh ln (mainframe computer):
L nhng my tnh c ln, c kh nng h tr cho hng trm n hng ngn
ngi s dng. C kh nng gii nhng bi ton ln tc tnh ton nhanh.Chng c
thit k c bit vi chiu di bus d liu rng 64 bit hoc hn. Kch thc b nh lm
vic rt ln. Gi thnh cao ch c chuyn dng cho cc ng dng trong qun s, ngn
hng, kh tng. Thng c s dng trong ch cc cng vic sp xp theo l ln
(Large-Batch-Job) hoc x l cc giao dch (Transaction Processing), v d trong ngn
hng.
My tnh con (mini computer):
L mt dng thu nh ca my tnh ln. Chiu rng d liu vo khong 32 bit
n 64 bit. Do gi thnh thp hn my tnh ln,tnh nng mnh nn my tnh con rt
c a dng trong nghin cu khoa hc.
My vi tnh (MicroComputer):
Nhng my dng b vi x l (h Intel, Motorola) lm ct li, vi iu khin
(microcontroler) v my tnh trong mt vi mch (one-chip microcomputer) u thuc h
my vi tnh. c im chung v cng ngh ca h ny mc t hp ln VLSI (very
large scale integration) v dng cng ngh CMOS (complementary metal oxide silicon)
ch to cc mch logic. Tc pht trin cc vi x l 32 bit v 64 bit hin i lm
khong cch gia my tnh ln v my vi tnh ngy cng thu hp.
Trm lm vic (workstation):
Cng l mt loi my vi tnh, c im khc bit so vi my tnh c nhn PC l
c kh nng c nhiu ngi cng x dng cng mt lc.
My tnh c nhn PC (Personal Computer):
Ch c mt ngi s dng. Gi thnh ca chng r do cu hnh n gin,
c chun ho, v c sn xut hng lot vi s lng ln.Cng vi s pht trin ca
khoa hc cng ngh m my tnh c nhn ngy nay c th lm c nhng cng vic
m trc kia vn ch l c quyn ca my tnh ln.

- 9 -

1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo nguyn l
- My tnh c kh.
- My tnh tng t
- My tnh s
1.1.2.3. Phn loi theo kin trc
Kin trc tun t (kin trc VonNewman c in)








My tnh
gm CPU, Memory, I/O.
CPU gm:
thanh ghi (regiser)
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
CU (Control Unit).
c im :
Thc hin ln lt tng lnh mt
Tc chm
Cn c gi l kin trc SISD(Single Instruction Stream-Single Data Stream)
Kin trc song song
+ SIMD (Single Instruction Stream-Multiple Data Stream)
c im:
o C mt n v iu khin, n phn t x l
o n v iu khin: iu khin ng thi tt c cc phn t ti cng mt thi
im cc phn t x l thc hin cng mt thao tc trn cc tp d liu khc
nhau.
C U ALU 2 AL U1
T n h i u i u k h i n
memory
l n h
D L
DL
M e mo ry
R e g i s ter AL U
C U
I/O
- 10 -

+ MIMD (Multiple Instruction Stream-Multiple Data Stream)
c im:
o My gm hai hoc nhiu b vi x l tng t v kh nng, c th thc hin
nhng php ton khc nhau tren cc DL khc nhau.
o Tt c cc CPU cng chia x mt b nh chung. Mt s b nh cc b cng c
th c dng.
o Tt c CPU cng x dng chung cc thit b vo ra, c th dng chung mt s
knh hoc dng cc knh khc nhau dn n cng mt thit b.
o H thng c iu khin bi h thng hot ng tch hp .N cung cp s nh
hng ln nhau gia CPU v cc chng trnh chy trn chng task, file,cc
thnh phn d liu...
+ MISD (Multiple Instruction Stream-Single Data Stream)
c im:
o C nhiu n v iu khin
o Thc hin lnh theo cc cng on, ti mt thi im mi n v iu khin x
l mt cng on nh vy c th tit kim c s chu k my cn x l
lnh.
o y cng l nguyn tc ca Pipeling khi chia lnh thnh cc cng on: nhn
lnh F (Fetch), gii m lnh D (Decode), thc hin lnh E (Execute), v ghi kt
qu W (write back). Nh vy vi 4 lnh c th tit kim ti 9 chu k my
1.2. Biu din thng tin trn my tnh
1.2.1. H m
a. H m bt k
Bt k mt h m no u biu din mt s nguyn theo nguyn tc sau:
N = a
n-1
...a
0
= a
0
.s
0
+ a
1
.s
1
+ ... + a
n-1
.s
n-1
=
i
n
i
i
s a

=
1
0
(1.1)
Trong N l mt s nguyn c n ch s. Ch s a
i
ti v tr i (i=0...n-1) c gi l tr
s (hay cn gi l trng s). Gi tr s l c s ca h m . H m c t tn theo gi tr c
s s. Chng hn, vi s=2 ta c h m c s 2, vi s=10 ta c h m c s 10 v vi s=16 ta
c h m 16. Gi tr s cng xc nh s k t cn dng biu din tr s. Chng hn vi s=2
h m s cn hai k t biu din, v th ta c khi nim h nh phn(chia ra lm hai).
Tng t nh vy, h m 10 v 16 cn c gi l h thp phn v h thp lc phn.
b. H m thp phn
nh ngha: l h m quen thuc nht ca nhn loi. C l h m ny bt ngun t
vic ngi tin s dng mi u ngn tay m cc vt xung quanh. Ngy nay ton th
gii thng nht s dng nhng k t s Rp biu din h thp phn.Cc k t s l:
CU1 CU2 ALU1
Tn hi u i u khi n
memory
l nh
DL
DL
ALU2
Tn hi u i u khi n
- 11 -

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Vic pht minh ra s 0 mi c kh nng biu din s nguyn theo ng
nguyn tc nu trong phng trnh (1.1).
Ngoi ra nh chng ta bit mt s nn vn minh khc cng pht minh ra h m ca
mnh nh Trung Quc, La M c.... Tuy nhin v khng c k t s 0 nn cc h m ny u
cn nhiu hn 10 k t biu din s nguyn.
V d biu din s nguyn:
N = 1547d = 1.10
3
+ 5.10
2
+ 3.10
1
+ 7.10
0

c. H m nh phn
c hnh thnh trn c s i s lgic Boole, xut hin t cui th k 19. H m ny
v cc mn ton lin quan n n thc s pht huy c sc mnh khi c mch in hai trng
thi .Vi hai con s 0,1 c th biu din mt s nguyn bt k .Mi k t (hay mi tr s) ca
h nh phn c gi l mt bit (binary digit). i vi my tnh in t cc bit c biu din
bng mt hiu in th tng ng: mc 0 (0V-1 V), mc 1 (2v-5v).
gin tin trong vic s dng s nh phn, ngi ta cn t nhiu bi s ca h nh
phn nh sau:
4 bit l mt nibble.
8 bit l mt byte.
16 bit l mt t (word).
32 bit l mt t kp (double word)
2
10
bit l mt kilobit (Kbit).
2
20
bit l mt Megabit (Mbit).
2
30
bit l mt Gigabit (Gbit).
V d biu din mt s nguyn:
N = 1011b = 1.2
3
+ 0.2
2
+ 1.2
1
+ 1.2
0
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11d
d. H thp lc phn (hexa)
Xut hin nh mt cch biu din gin tin trong cng ngh tin hc. V mt s nh phn
qu di v bt tin khi vit v tnh ton. 4 ch s nh phn c gp thnh mt ch s thp lc
phn.Nh vy c s ca h thp lc phn l s=16.iu ny c ngha l cn c 16 k t khc
nhau biu din h thp lc phn.Cc k t l :0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
V d biu din mt s nguyn:
N = 2BC1h = 2.16
3
+ 11.16
2
+ 12.16
1
+ 1.16
0
= 11201d.
1.2.2. i s thp phn ra s nh phn hoc ngc li
i s s thp phn ra s nh phn hay thp lc phn, ta ch cn chia s thp phn
cho c s ca h (2 hoc 16).S d l tr s, thng s c chia tip tnh tr s tip theo.
Trong h nh phn, tr s u tin (ngoi cng bn phi) c gi lsg LSB (least significant
bit) v tr s cui cng (ngoi cng bn tri) c gi l MSB (most signifcant bit).
V d: N = 113d
Nh phn Thp lc phn
113/2=56 d 1 LSB 113/16=7 d 1
56/2=28 d 0 7/16=0 d 7
28/2=14 d 0
14/2=7 d 0
7/2=3 d 1
3/2=1 d 1MSB

Kt qu = 113d = 110001b = 71h
- 12 -

1.2.3. Cc loi m
a. M BCD
Dng 4 bit h 2 biu din mt s h 10
b. M ASCII
Dng 7 bit m ho, bit cui cng l bit kim tra chn l, pht hin li khi truyn
1.2.4. Biu din s nguyn theo m nh phn
Dng s nh phn khng du:
n bit biu din 2
n
s t 0 n 2
n
-1
Dng s nh phn c du:
n bit biu din 2
n
s t -2
n-1
n +2
n-1
-1
S b 2:
- S b 1: 1 i thnh 0, 0 i thnh 1
- S b 2: s b 1 cng 1
1.2.5. Biu din s thc theo m nh phn
a. Biu din du chm c nh
Cch biu din du chm c nh trong h nh phn hon ton ging cch biu din s
thc thng thng ca h thp phn
R = a
n-1
...a
0
, b
0
...b
m-1
=
i
n
i
i
s a

=
1
0
+
i
n
i
i
s a

=
1
0

Trong R s thc cn biu din gm n tr s ng trc v m tr s ng sau du
chm. Tu thuc vo h thp phn hay nh phn m c s s c gi tr l 2 hay 10.
b. Biu din du chm ng
Chia lm 4 thnh phn:
M: phn nh tr
E: phn m
R: c s
S: du
Nh vy X = (-1)
S
.M.R
E

V d: R=-750d = -0,75.10
3
= -0,75E3
nh dng du chm ng c th dng chun IEEE754-1985 (Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering) 32 bit hoc 64 bit.
y l chun c mi hng chp nhn v c dng trong b x l ton hc ca Intl.
Bit du nm v tr cao nht, kch thc phn m v khun dng phn nh tr thay i theo
tng loi s thc
Gi tr s thc IEEE754-1985 c tnh nh sau:
R = (-1)
S
.(1 + M
1
.2
-1
+ ...+M
n
2
-n
).2
E7...E0-127


S E
7
-E
0
nh tr(M
1
- M
23
)
V d:
428CE9FCh = 0100 0010 1000 1100 1110 1001 1111 1100
Phn du (bit cao nht): 0 = s dng
Phn m: 2
8
+ 2
2
+ 2
0
-127= 133-127

=6
Phn nh tr: 2
-4
+ 2
-5
+ 2
-8
+ 2
-10
+ 2
-12
+ 2
-15
+ 2
-16
+ 2
-17
+ 2
-18
+ 2
-19
+ 2
-20
+ 2
-21

- 13 -

= 0,1008906 nh vy gi tr ngm nh l 1,1008906
Quy tc i ngc li:
Chuyn s du phy ng v dng nh phn
a v dng 1.xxxxEyyyy
xc nh bit 31: du
Xc nh bit t 30-23: yyyy+7Fh
Xc nh bit 22-0: xxxx00..00
1.2.6. Biu din cc dng thng tin khc
a. Biu din hnh nh


b. Biu din m thanh


c. Cc i lng vt l khc


1.3. Cc loi my tnh c nhn
m bo tnh tng thch, cu trc phn cng bn trong cc my vi tnh c nhn v
c bn l ging nhau. V th chng ch c phn loi theo hnh dng vt l.
- Loi bn(desktop), loi bn thu nh (desktop slim-line)
- Loi t ng (tower),mini-tower
- Loi xch tay (notebook)
- Loi b ti (palmtop,palmpilot)
Kin trc chung ca my tnh in t














- B nh trung tm (Central Memory or Main Memory) C nhim v cha nhng
chng trnh v d liu trc khi chng trnh c thc thi
- B iu khin (Control Unit -CU) C nhim v iu khin s hot ng ca tt c
cc thnh phn ca h thng my tnh theo chng trnh m n c giao thi hnh.
Thit b vo
I NPUTDEVI CE
B nh ngoi
Thi t BRa
MAIN MEMORY
B S hc -l ogi c
ALU
B i u khi n CU
C c n vchc n ng c bn ca m y tnh i n t
(Cc ng v nt t ch mi quan h. Cc ng nt lin l ng truyn d liu)
- 14 -

- B s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logical Unit, thng c vit tt l ALU). C
nhim v thc hin cc thao tc tnh ton theo s iu khin ca CU.
- Thit b vo (Input Device). C nhim v nhn cc thng tin t th gii bn ngoi,
bin i sang dng s mt cch thch hp ri a vo b nh trong.
- Thit b ra (Output Device) C nhim v a thng tin s t b nh trong ra ngoi
di dng nhng dng m con ngi yu cu.

CU HI V BI TP
1.1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh ch v cc giai on pht trin ca my tnh in t
1.2. Trnh by v phn loi my tnh theo kin trc
1.3. i s 23786d, -17456d sang s nh phn nguyn c du 16 bt
1.4. i s 3476,0655d sang s thc nh phn 32 bt theo chun IEEE754 1995
1.5. Trnh by cu trc chung mt my tnh in t

- 15 -

Chng II: B X L TRUNG TM
2.1. T chc b x l
hiu c t chc ca CPU, chng ta hy xem xt nhng yu cu t ra trn CPU,
nhng th n phi lm:
- Fetch Instructions(ch lnh tm np): CPU phi c cc ch lnh t b nh.
- Interpret Instructions: ch lnh phi c gii m xc nh hnh ng no c
yu cu.
- Fetch data (d liu tm np): S thi hnh mt ch lnh c th yu cu thc hin mt
vi thao tc s hc hoc lgi trn d liu.
- Write Data: Nhng kt qu ca s thi hnh c th yu cu vit d liu vo b nh
hoc module vo ra.
Thng thng CPU phi thc hin cc cng vic ny, n c th r rng CPU cn mt
ch cha tm thi cha d liu. N phi nh v tr ca ch lnh sau cng n mc n c th
bit ni no cha lnh tip theo. N cn cha cc ch lnh v d liu tm thi trong khi mt
lnh c thc thi. Ni cch khc CPU cn mt b nh trong nh.















Hnh trn xc nh cc kt ni ca CPU vi phn cn li ca h thng thng qua bus h
thng. Mt giao din tng t c th cn n cho tt cc cc cu trc kt ni khc. Cc b
phn chnh ca mt CPU l n v s hc v logic (ALU) v n v iu khin (CU). ALU
lm cng vic tnh ton thc s hoc x l d liu. n v iu khin CU chuyn d liu v
cc ch lnh vo v ra khi CPU v iu khin cc thao tc ca ALU. Thm na, hnh trn
cn m t mt b nh trong, l ch cha tm thi gi l thanh ghi (Register)
Hnh nh chi tit hn cu trc CPU c m t trang sau. Cc ng truyn d liu
v cc ng iu khin logic u c xc nh, bao gm mt thnh phn gn nhn internal
CPU bus. Thnh phn ny c yu cu chuyn d liu gia cc thanh ghi khc nhau v
ALU, t ALU thc t hot ng ch trn d liu trong b nh trong CPU. Hnh v cng m t
cc thnh phn c bn tiu biu ca ALU. Ch s tng t gia cu trc trong ca my tnh
v cu trc trong ca CPU. Trong c hai trng hp, c mt s tp hp ca cc thnh phn
chnh (computer: CPU, I/O, b nh; CPU: CU,ALU, cc thanh ghi) c kt ni bng cc
ng d liu.

Regi st er s
Control Uni t
ALU
CPU
Control
BUS
Data
BUS
Address
BUS
SystemBUS
- 16 -














2.2. T chc thanh ghi
Mt h thng my tnh dng mt h thng cp bc b nh. Ti cc mc cao hn trong
h thng cp bc, b nh nhanh hn, nh hn, v t hn (tnh theo bit). Trong CPU, c tp
hp cc thanh ghi chc nng l mc nh trn b nh chnh v b nh cache trong h thng
cp bc. Cc thanh ghi trong CPU phc v 2 chc nng chnh:
- User-Visible Registers: N cho php ngi lp trnh ngn ng my hoc ngn ng
Asembly thu nh b nh chnh bng ti u ho vic s dng cc thanh ghi.
- Control and Status Registers: Cc thanh ghi ny c s dng bi n v iu
khin CU iu khin cc thao tc ca CPU v bng phn quyn, cc chng
trnh iu khin h thng iu khin s thc thi ca cc chng trnh khc.
Khng c s ring bit r rng gia cc thanh ghi trong hai loi trn. V d trn mt s
my chng trnh m l thanh ghi user-visible(v d VAX) nhng trn nhiu my khc li
khng phi vy. Cho cc mc ch s c tho lun di y, chng ta s s dng hai loi
ny
2.2.1. User-Visible Registers:
Thanh ghi User-Visible l mt trong nhng thnh phn c tham chiu bi cch thc
ca ngn ng my c CPU thi hnh. Thc s tt c cc thit k CPU ng thi cung cp
mt s cc thanh ghi User-Visible i lp vi mt thanh ghi tng n gin. Chng ta c th
m t c im ca chng trong cc loi sau:
- Mc ch chung
- D liu
- a ch
- M iu kin
Cc thanh ghi mc ch chung (general-purpose registers) c th b phn chia cho cc
chc nng khc nhau bi ngi lp trnh. Thnh thong, chng s dng trong tp lnh trc
giao vi thao tc. l, bt c mt thanh ghi mc ch chung no c th cha ng ton hng
cho opcode. N cung cp s dng thanh ghi mc ch chung thc s. Thng thng, c cc
gii hn v d c th c cc thanh ghi cho cc thao tc con tr ng.
Trong mt s trng hp cc thanh ghi mc ch chung c th c dng cho cc chc
nng a ch ho (v d thanh ghi gin tip, dch chuyn). Trong cc trng hp khc, c mt
phn hoc s phn chia r rng gi thanh ghi d liu v thanh ghi a ch. Cc thanh ghi d
liu c th c s dng ch gi d liu v khng th c dng trong vic tnh ton ca
Status Flags
Shifter
Complementer
Arithmetic and
Boolean Logic
Registers
Control Unit
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

C
P
U

B
u
s
Control BUS
Arthimetic and Logic Unit
- 17 -

mt a ch ton hng. Cc thanh ghi a ch c th t bn thn l thanh ghi mc ch chung,
hoc n c th c dnh ht cho ch a ch ring.
- Con tr on: Trong mt my vi phng php a ch on, mt thanh ghi on
gi a ch c s ca on. C th c nhiu thanh ghi: v d, mt cho h thng iu
khin v mt cho tin trnh hin ti.
- Thanh ghi ch s: c dng trong ch a ch ch sv c th c t ng
nh ch s.
- Con tr ngn xp: Nu c user-visible stack addressing, sau ngn xp tiu biu
l trong b nh v c mt thanh ghi ch n u ngn xp.N cho php nh a ch
tuyt i; l push,pop, v cc ch lnh ngn xp khc cn khng cha mt ton
hng ngn xp r rng.
2.2.2. Control and Status Registers:
C rt nhiu thanh ghi CPU khc nhau c s dng iu khin thao tc ca CPU.
Hu ht chng trn a s my l khng hu hnh vi ngi dng. Mt vi thanh ghi c th
hu hnh vi cc lnh my thc thi trong ch iu khin hoc trong operating-system
mode. Vi cc my tnh khc nhau s c t chc thanh ghi khc nhau v s dng thut ng
khc nhau.
Bn thanh ghi l ct tu i vi s thi hnh lnh.
- Program Counter (PC): cha a ch ca mt ch lnh c tm np.
- Thanh ghi lnh (Instruction Register): cha ch lnh c tm np gn nht.
- Thanh ghi a ch b nh (Memory Address Register): cha a ch ca cc v tr
trong b nh.
- Thanh ghi b nh m (Memory Fuffer Register): ch mt t d liu c ghi vao
trong b nh hoc t c c gn y nht.
V d cc t chc thanh ghi vi x l.
Cc v d cung cp ti liu nghin cu v so snh t chc thanh ghi ca cc h thng
c th so snh c.Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt 3 b vi x l 16 bit c thit k
cng mt thi im: Zilog Z8000(PEUT79), Intel 8086 [MORS78,HEYW83], V Motorola
MC6800 [STRI79].
V d vi b x l 8086:
Bao gm:
- 1 thanh ghi con tr lnh IP (instruction Pointer): Lu tr a ch lnh k tip s
c chy trong on CT hin thi. Mi 1 t lnh c c t b nh BIU s thay
i gi tr IP sao cho n ch n a ch ca t lnh k tip trong b nh.
- 8 thanh ghi chung
- 4 thanh ghi d liu AX,BX, CX, DX.
AX: (Accumulator Register) thanh ghi tch lu cc kt qu tnh ton.
BX (Base Register) thanh ghi c s: ch a ch c s ca vng nh thuc b
nh.
CX (Counter Register) thanh ghi m: Khai bo s ln 1 thao tc no phi
c thc hin trong cc vng lp, php dch, quay.
DX (Data Register) thanh ghi s liu: lu tr sl lm thng s chuyn giao CT
(2 byte).
Khi cn truy nhp ch vi 1 byte th byte cao hay thp c nhn din H,L.
*Cc thanh ghi con tr, ch s:
- SP (Stack pointer) con tr ngn xp: a ch nh ngn xp. SP cho php truy xut
d dng cc a ch trong on ngn xp SS (stack segment). Gi tr trong SP m t
- 18 -

phi offset ca a ch ngn xp k tip so vi a ch hin ti ang c lu trong
SS.
- BP (Base pointer) con tr c s: m t offset tnh t SS nhng cn c s dng
truy nhp DL trong SS.
- I (index) thanh ghi ch s: lu a ch offset i vi nhng lnh truy nhp DL ct
trong on DL
*Thanh ghi on:
B nh c chia thnh cc on logic (segment) di 64kb. CPU c th truy nhp 1 ln
ti 4 on.
a ch on cha trong thanh ghi on.
- Thanh ghi on m CS (code Segment) nhn din C bt u ca on chng
trnh hin hnh trong b nh.
- DS (data Segment) on DL : a ch bt u on s liu.
- SS (Stack Segment) on ngn xp: a ch logic on ngn xp.
- EX (extra Segment) on m rng: /c DL cc chui.
*Thanh ghi c: Flag Register
9 trong s 16 bit ca thanh ghi ny c s dng, mi bit c th c thit lp hay xo
d ch th kt qu ca mi thao tc trc hoc trng thi hin thi b XL
- CF Carry : nh
- PF perity: chn l
- ZF zero : kt qu php ton =0
- SF sign : 0 dng, 1 m.
- OF overflow : trn
2.3. n v s hc v logic ALU (Arithmetic and logic unit)
n v s hc v logic (ALU) l mt phn ca my tnh thc s thc hin cc thao tc
s hc v logic trn d liu. Tt c cc thnh phn khc ca h thng my tnh-n v iu
khin, thanh ghi, b nh, ch yu mang d liu vo cho ALU ALU x l v sau a kt
qu ra ngoi.
n v s hc v logic v tt c cc thnh phn in t trong my tnh u da trn vic
s dng cc thit b s n gin c th cha cc con s nh phn, v thc hin cc thao tc
boolean logic n gin.






Hnh trn ch ra trong mt gii hn chung, ALU c kt ni vi phn cn li ca CPU
nh th no. D liu c sn sng cho ALU trong cc thanh ghi, v kt ca ca mt thao tc
c cha trong cc thanh ghi khc. Cc thanh ghi l ch cha tm thi trong CPU c kt
ni bi cc ng tn hiu ti ALU. ALU s t c nh l kt qu ca mt thao tc. V d c
trn c t ln 1 nu kt qu ca vic tnh ton vt qu chiu di ca thanh ghi cha.Gi
tr c c cha trong cc thanh ghi trong CPU. n v iu khin cung cp tn hiu iu
khin thao tc ca ALU, v s di chuyn d liu vo v ra khi ALU. (Cu to ca ALU c
m t trong hnh trang sau)

ALU
Flags

Regi sters
Control Unit

Regi sters
- 19 -












Cc php ton c bn ca ALU
B cng, tr:


2.4. n v iu khin CU(Control Unit)
Nh bit cc thnh phn chc nng c bn ca CPU l:
- n v s hc v Logic (ALU)
- Tp cc Thanh ghi
- Cc ng d liu trong
- Cc ng d liu ngoi
- n v iu khin(CU)
ALU l thnh phn chc nng thc s ca my tnh, Cc thanh ghi dng cha d liu
trong CPU, Mt vi thanh ghi cha thng tin trng thi cn qun l ch lnh sp xp lin
tc (v d t trng thi chng trnh). Nhng thanh ghi khc cha d liu a n hoc ly t
ALU, b nh, module vo ra. Cc ng d liu trong c dng chuyn d liu gia cc
thanh ghi, gia cc thanh ghi v ALU. Cc ng d liu ngoi lin kt cc thanh ghi vi b
nh v module vo ra. thng bng phng tin ca bus h thng. n v iu khin to ra
cc thao tc xy ra trong CPU.
S thi hnh mt chng trnh bao gm cc thao tc lin quan n cc thnh phn CPU.
Nh chng ta thy, cc thao tc ny bao gm s lin tc ca cc vi thao tc (vi iu
khin). Tt c cc vi thao tc l mt trong cc loi sau:
- Truyn d liu t mt thanh ghi n thanh ghi khc.
- Truyn d liu t mt thanh ghi n mt giao din ngoi (v d system bus)
- Truyn d liu t mt giao din ngoi ti thanh ghi.
- Thc hin thao tc s hc v logic, s dng thanh ghi nhn v ghi d liu.
Tt c cc vi thao tc cn thc hin trong mt chu k ch lnh (bao gm tt c cc vi
thao tc thc hin mi ch lnh trong tp ch lnh, nm trong mt trong nhng loi trn)
n v iu khin thc hin hai cng tc chnh:
- S sp xp chui (sequencing): n v iu khin khin CPU sp xp chui vi
thao tc vo mt chui lin tc thch hp, da trn chng trnh ang c thc
hin
- S thi hnh (Execution): n v iu khin khin mi vi thao tc c thc hin.
n v iu khin thao tc da vo vic s dng cc tn hiu iu khin.
Shi f f er A& L
MUX
R
BUS
BUS
- 20 -

2.4.1 Tn hiu iu khin:
Chng ta nh ngha cc thnh phn to ra CPU (ALU, thanh ghi, ng dn d
liu) v cc vi thao tc ang c thc hin. i vi n v iu khin thc hin cc chc
nng ca n, n phi c d liu vo cho php n xc nh trng thi ca h thng v mc ra
cho php n iu khin tc ng ca h thng. C cc chi tit k thut ngoi ca n v iu
khin. Ni ti, n v iu khin phi c logc yu cu thc hin chui vi thao tc v thi hnh
cc chc nng.
Cc yu cu ca phn ny l lin quan vi s tng tc gia n v iu khin v cc
thnh phn khc ca CPU.












Cc tn hiu ca n v iu khin c th hin trong hnh trn. Bao gm:
Tn hiu vo
Tn hiu ra
a. Cc tn hiu vo
- Clock: y l cch n v iu khin gi thi gian n v iu khin to ra mt
vi thao tc (hoc mt tp cc thao tc ng thi) c thc hin vi mi xung ng
h. y l m vi ln nhc n nh l chu k thi gian x l, hoc chu k thi gian
ng h.
- Thanh ghi ch lnh: m ch lnh hin ti c dng xc nh vi thao tc no
c thc hin trong chu k thi hnh.
- C: C cc yu cu bi n v iu khin xc nh trng thi ca CPU v kt
qu ca thao tc ALU trc. V d, i vi ch lnh Increment and skip-if rezo
(ISZ), n v iu kin s lng gia PC nu c Rezo c t.
- Cc tn hiu iu khin t bus iu khin: Khu phn bus iu khin ca bus h
thng cung cp tn hiu cho n v iu khin, nh l tn hiu ngt v s cng nhn.
b. Cc tn hiu ra
- Tn hiu iu khin trong CPU: c 2 loi: N khin d liu b di chuyn t mt
thanh ghi ti cc thanh ghi khc, v lm hot ng cc chc nng ALU c th.
- Cc tn hiu iu khin iu khin bus: Cng c 2 loi: cc tn hiu iu khin b
nh, v tn hiu iu khin module vo ra.
Thnh phn mi c gii thiu trong hnh ny l tn hiu iu khin. Ba kiu tn
hiu c s dng: kch hot mt chc nng ALU, kch hot cc ng d liu, v l cc tn
hiu trn bus h thng ngoi hoc giao din ngoi. Tt c cc dng tn hiu ny c cung cp
cui cng trc tip nh cc tn hiu vo hay cc cng logic ring bit.
Control Unit
Instruction Register
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

B
u
s
Control Signals From
System bus
Control Signals to
System Bus
Control Signals
Within CPU
Flag
Clock
- 21 -

Chng ta hy xem xt li chu k tm np xem cch n v iu khin duy tri diu
khin. n v iu khin gi du vt ni n l trong chu k tm np. Ti im quy nh, n
bit chu k tm np oc thc hin tip. Bc u tin l di chuyn cc ni dung ca PC v
MAR. n v iu khin dng n bng vic kch hot tn hiu iu khin m cc cng gia
cc bit ca PC v cc bit ca MAR. Bc tip theo l c mt t trong b nh vo MBR v
gia lng PC. n v iu khin lm vic ny bng vc gi cc tn hiu km theo ng thi.
- Mt tn hiu iu khin m cc cng cho php ni dung ca MAR a vo bus a
ch.
- B nh c tn hiu iu khin trn bus iu khin.
- Mt tn hiu iu khin cc cng cho php ni dung bus d liu c cha trong
MBR.
- Cc tn hiu iu khin thm mt vo ni dung ca PC v cha kt qu tr li cho
PC
Theo , n v iu khin gi tn hiu iu khin m cc cng gia MBR (Memory
buffer register) v IR (Instruction Register)
2.4.2. n v iu khin vi chng trnh
Cc chc nng chnh ca n v iu khin ny:















thc hin mt lnh, n v logic tun t a ra mt lnh c ti b nh iu khin
- T m a ch c xc nh trong thanh ghi a ch iu khin c c vo thanh
ghi b m iu khin.
- Ni dung ca thanh ghi b m iu khin pht ra tn hiu iu khin v thong tin
a ch tip theo cho n v lgic tun t.
- n v logic tun t ti a ch mi vo trong thanh ghi a ch iu khin da vo
thng tin a ch tip theo t thanh ghi b m iu khin v cc c ALU.
Tt c xy ra trong mt xung ng h.
2.4.3. Mt s m rng ca vi x l my tnh cho n ngy nay
T s pht trin ca cc my tnh cha chng trnh u tin nhng nm 1950, c
mt s s cch tn thc s r rt trong cc khu vc ca t chc my tnh. Sau y khng phi
l mt danh sch hon chnh, m ch l mt vi tin b chnh k t ngy sinh ca my tnh.
ALU
Flags
Clock
Instruction Registers
Decorder
Control Address Register
Sequencing
Logic
Control Memory
Control Buffer Register
Decorder
Read
Control Unit
Next Address Control
Control Signals
Within CPU
Control Signals to
System Bus
- 22 -

- The Family Concept: c gii thiu bi IBM vi h thng System/360 nm 1964,
tip theo ngay sau l DEC vi PDP-S.Khi nim gia nh tch ring kin trc
ca my t s thi hnh ca n. M tp hp cc my tnh c ngh, vi s khc
nhau gia c trng gi/tnh nng a ra cng mt kin trc cho ngi dng.S
khc nhau trong gi v hiu sut l bi ti s thi hnh khc nhau ca cng mt kin
trc.
- n v iu khin vi chng trnh (Microprogrammed Control Unit): c
xut bi Wikes nm 1951, v c gii thiu bi IBM trn h thng S/360 line
trong nm 1964. Lp trnh vi chng trnh lm gim bt cng tc thit k v thc
hin n v iu khin v h tr cho family concept.
B nh Cache (cache Memory): u tin c gii thiu rng ri trn h thng
IBM S/360 Model 85 nm 1968.S thm vo thnh phn ny trong h thng phn
cp b nh ci thin r rt hiu sut
- Pipelining: Mt bin php a tnh ton song song vo bn cht tun t ca mt
chng trnh ch lnh my. Cc v d l ng dn ch lnh v x l vector
o Instruction Pipelining
Nh s tin ho ca cc h thng my tnh, hiu sut cao hn c th c t
c bi vic nm bt cc tin b ca s pht trin cng ngh.Hn na, s ci
tin t chc ca CPU c th lm tng hiu sut. Chng ta c mt s v d v
nh s dng cc thanh ghi bi hon l s dng mt thanh ghi cha n, v s
dng b nh cache. Mt phng php t chc khc rt thng dng l
Instruction Pipe. (Cn thiu)
o Chin lc ng dn
ng dn ch lnh tng t vic s dng mt dy chuyn trong k hoch sn
xut. Mt dy chuyn to ra cc thun li trong thc t mt sn phm i qua
nhiu trng thi khc nhau ca qu trnh sn xut. Bng cch b tr tin trnh
sn xut trong mt dy truyn, cc sn phm nhng trng thi khc nhau c
th c lm ng thi. Tin trnh ny cng c quy cho l pipelining, Bi v
nh trong mt ng dn, mt sn phm vo mi c chp nhn mt u cui
trc cc sn phm vo c chp nhn trc xut hin nh sn phm ra
u cui khc.
2.5. Cu trc kt ni - BUS
Mt my tnh bao gm cc b phn hay cc n v ca ba thnh phn chnh: CPU, h
thng nh, thit b vo ra, c lin lc vi nhau. V thc cht my tnh c coi l mt
mng ca cc n v c bn. Hn na cn phi c cc ng kt ni cc n v vi nhau.
Tp hp cc ng kt ni cc n v c gi l Interconnection Structure.
Cu trc kt ni thng dng nht c s dng trong my tnh l BUS
BUS l tp hp cc ng dy kt ni hai hay nhiu thit b vi nhau. Rt nhiu thit b
kt ni vi BUS, mt tn hiu c truyn i t bt k mt tht b no cng c th c gi
n tt c cc thit b kt ni vi BUS. Nu c hai thit b cng truyn d liu ng thi trong
mt thi im, nhng tn hiu ny s gi ln nhau v s b sai lc, nh vy ch mt thit b c
th truyn d liu thnh cng trong mt thi im.
Trong nhiu trng hp, BUS thc s gm nhiu ng lin lc, mi ng c kh
nng truyn cc tn hiu m t cc gi tr nh phn 0, 1. Cc s nh phn c truyn lin tc
thng qua mt ng, mt s ng ca BUS truyn cc bit nh phn ng thi (kt ni song
song).
Mt h thng my tnh cha ng mt s loi BUS khc nhau tu thuc cc ng kt
ni gia cc b phn cc mc khc nhau ca h thng. BUS kt ni cc b phn chnh ca
my gi l BUS h thng.
- 23 -

BUS h thng bao gm t 50 n 100 ng truyn ring bit, mi ng c phn
chia mt chc nng hay mt ngha ring bit. Mc d c rt nhiu cch tht k BUS khc
nhau, nhng trn bt k cch no cc ng BUS cng phn loi thnh ba nhm chnh: BUS
d liu, BUS a ch, BUS iu khin, ngoi ra c th c mt s ng cung cp nng lng
cho cc module tham gia BUS.
- BUS d liu: truyn ti d liu ti cc thit b. Mt BUS d liu tiu biu bao gm 8,
16 hay 32 ng, s ng c coi l rng ca BUS d liu. Mi ng ch c
th mang mt bit d liu ti mt thi im, s lng ng xc nh s lng bit c
th c truyn trong mt thi im.
- BUS a ch: dng ch nh r ngun gc hay ch n ca d liu trn BUS d liu.
a ch thng l a ch cc cng vo/ra, t nh trong ngn nh.
- BUS iu khin: iu khin vic truy nhp v vic s dng cc ng a ch v d
liu. Cc ng d liu v a ch c chia s cho tt c cc b phn, phi c s iu
khin vic s dng cc ng . Cc tn hiu iu khin truyn c lnh v thng tin
thi gian gia cc module h thng. Tn hiu thi gian ch ra nhng thng tin v a
ch v d liu hp l. Cc tn hiu lnh nh r thao tc c thc hin
Nhng ng iu khin tiu biu:
- Memory write: iu khin d liu trn BUS c vit vo v tr c xc nh bng
a ch
- Memory read: iu khin vic a d liu t mt v tr xc nh vo BUS
- I/O write: iu khin a d liu t BUS ra cng vo/ra xc nh
- I/O read: iu khin vic nhn d liu t cng vo/ra chuyn vo BUS
- Transfer ACK: ch ra d liu c chp nhn
- BUS request: ch ra module cn chim quyn iu khin BUS
- BUS grant: ch ra module ang yu cu c cp quyn iu khin BUS
- Interrupt request: yu cu ngt t thit b ngoi vi
- Interrupt ACK: chp nhn ngt t CPU
- Clock: xung ng h dng trong qu trnh ng b
- Reset: khi ng li cc module
Phn loi BUS theo ng truyn
- BUS ng b: c iu khin bi nhp ng h vi chu k nht nh. Hot ng ca
vi x l i hi thi gian l bi s ca chu k my
- BUS khng ng b: khng hot ng theo xung ng h nht nh, khi truyn tn
hiu thit b truyn pht tn hiu MSYN bo cho thit b nhn chy nhanh nht c th,
sau khi hon thnh thit b nhn pht li tn hiu SSYN.
2.6. Tp lnh v cc Mode a ch
2.6.1. Tp lnh ca CPU
Chc nng my tnh:
X l tin
Truyn thng
V c bn vic x l thng tin v truyn thng u da trn nguyn tc th hin lnh
(Instruction).
Lnh bao gm:
M lnh + Ton hng
Ton t
Ton t cha m lnh dng tng trng
M lnh: chc nng ca thao tc
- 24 -

Dn hng bin dch: ton t cha ton t gi(pseudo_op), cc ton t gi ny khng
c dch sang m my m ch bo cho chng trnh dch lm vic g .
Ton hng
Ton hng: xc nh d liu s c thao tc
Ton hng: ch, Ngun
2.6.2. Cc nhm lnh ca CPU
Ngn ng my (Machine Language):
Chng trnh a vo b nh cho my thc hin theo nhiu dng, dng c bn nht m
my c th hiu ngay c gi l ngn ng my. Tu theo CPU m ngn ng my c dng
nht nh, chng trnh vit bng ngn ng my thc hin rt nhanh v chim t ch trong b
nh, tuy nhin chng trnh kh vit v kh nh.
Hp ng (Assembly)
Ngn ng gip lp trnh vin vit chng trnh dng hn, thay cho ngn ng my.
Mt lnh ca hp ng tng ng nh mt lnh ca ngn ng my nhng thay vit chng
trnh di dng nh phn s dng k hiu tng trng.
biu din cc nhm lnh CPU, dng tp lnh Hp ng dng cho VXL 8086 Intel.
Cc nhm lnh bao gm:
Nhm lnh c s
Cc lnh vo ra
Nhm lnh s hc
Nhm lnh logic
Cc lnh iu khin, r nhnh.
a. Nhm lnh c s
Lnh MOV (move): chuyn d liu gia cc thanh ghi, gia 1 thanh ghi v 1 nh
hoc trc tip 1 s vo 1 thanh ghi hay nh
C php:
MOV ch,ngun; khng lm thay i ni dung ngun
Lnh XCHG (exchange): hon chuyn ni dung ca 2 thanh ghi, 1 thanh ghi v 1 nh
C php:
XCHG ch,ngun
Ch : 1 lnh trn khng hp l khi c ch v ngun l cc nh
Lnh LEA (load effective address): np a ch thc(hiu dng)
Hm 9h ca ngt 21h yu cu a ch tng i ca chui k t cha trong DX,
thc hin iu ny dng lnh LEA
C php:
LEA ch,ngun
ch: thanh ghi cng dng chung
Ngun: nh
b. Nhm lnh vo/ra
CPU lin lc vi cc thit b ngoi vi qua cc thanh ghi vo/ra hay cc cng vo/ra. C
2 lnh truy nhp trc tip cc cng l lnh IN v OUT, tuy nhin t s dng
Lnh INT: dng gi cc chng trnh con ngt ca DOS v BIOS
C php:
IN s hiu ngt
S hiu ngt l 1 s xc nh 1 chng trnh (ngt mm)
- 25 -

Ta xem xt cc ngt ca DOS:
Ngt 20h: kt thc chng trnh, 1 chng trnh c th dng ngt 20h tr iu
khin v cho DOS(dng trong chng trnh ui .COM)
Ngt 22h-26h: cc phc v qun l CTRL + BREAK, cc li nghim trng v
truy nhp trc tip a
Ngt 27h: kt thc chng trnh v li thng tr
Ngt 21h: gi cc hm:
Hm 0h: kt thc chng trnh
Hm 1h: vo t bn phm : i c 1 k t t thit b vo chun sau a k
t ti thit b ra v tr v m ASCII ca d liu trong DL
- AH = 01h
- AL = k t vo
Hm 2h: hin th: a k t trong DL ra thit b ra chun
- AH = 02h
- DL = k t ra
Hm 5h: in ra: a d liu trong DL ra thit b in
- AH = 5h
- DL = k t ra
Hm 9h: in chui: a chui k t ra thit b chun
- AH = 9h
- DS:DX con tr n chui k t kt thc bng $
Ch : hm 2h ca ngt 21h cng c th s dng thc hin 1 chc nng iu khin
nu DL cha m ASCII ca k t iu khin, hm ny s thi hnh chc nng :
M ASCII K hiu Chc nng iu khin
7 BEL Pht ting Bp
8 BS(back space) Li li 1 k t
9 HT Tab
A LF(line feed) Xung dng
D CR(carry return) Xung dng, v u dng
b. Nhm lnh s hc
* Ch th ADD (add) v SUB (subtract): c s dng cng hoc tr ni dung ca 2
thanh ghi, 1 thanh ghi v 1 nh hoc cng tr 1 s vo thanh ghi hay 1 nh
C php:
ADD ch,ngun
SUB ch,ngun
V d:
SUB AX,DX; AX nhn gi tr AX + DX
ADD BL,5; BL nhn gi tr BL + 5
Ch : php cng, tr trc tip gia cc nh l khng hp l
* Ch th INC (increment) v DEC (decrement): c s dng cng, tr 1 vo ni
dung 1 thanh ghi hay nh
C php:
INC ch
DEC ch

- 26 -

V d:
INC WORD; WORD nhn gi tr WORD + 1
* Lnh NEG (negavi): lnh NEG dng ph nh ni dung ca ton hng ch, thay th
ni dung bi phn b 2
C php:
NEG ch
Ton hng ch c th l 1 thanh ghi hay nh
* Cc lnh MUL (Multiply) v IMUL (Integer MUL): Lnh nhn gi tr s hc. Khi
xt cc s c du v khng du th kt qa thc hin php ton l khc nhau, vi cc s c
du ta dng lnh IMUL, cc s khng du ta dng lnh MUL
C php:
MUL ton hng ngun
IMUL ton hng ngun
Khi nhn cc byte vi nhau, 1 s c cha trong ton hng ngun, s cn li c
gi thit cha trong AL. Ton hng ngun c th l 1 thanh ghi hay nh.
* Cc lnh DIV (Device) v IDIV (Integer DIV): Lnh chia s hc. Khi xt cc s c
du v khng du th kt qa thc hin php ton l khc nhau, vi cc s c du ta dng lnh
IDIV, cc s khng du ta dng lnh DIV
C php:
DIV s chia
IDIV s chia
Dng byte: s chia l thanh ghi hay nh 1 byte, s b chia: 16 bit c gi
nh cha trong AX thng 8 bit cha trong AL, s d 8 bit trong AH
Dng word: s chia 16 bit, s b chia gi nh cha trong DX:AX, thng 16
bit cha trong AX, s d 16 bit trong DX
c. Cc lnh logic dch v quay
* Cc lnh logic: AND, OR, NOT, XOR: thay i tng bit trong my
C php:
AND ch,ngun
OR ch,ngun
XOR ch,ngun
nh hng ti cc c:
SF, ZF, PF phn nh kt qu lnh
AF khng xc nh
CF, OF=0
Lnh AND: xo cc bit nht nh ca ton hng ch trong khi gi nguyn cc bit
cn li, cc bit cn xo c AND vi 0
Lnh OR: thit lp cc bit xc nh ca ton hng ch khi vn gi nguyn cc
bit cn li, cc bit cn thit lp c OR vi 1
Lnh XOR: o cc bit xc nh
S dng:
i m ASCII ca 1 s thnh s tng ng: khi c 1 k t t bn phm, AL
s cha m ASCII ca k t v vy dng lnh AND i m ASCII ca k t ra
gi tr thp phn tng ng

- 27 -

V d:
S 5 m ASCII l 35h v vy khi i ra gi tr thp phn thc hin php:
AND AL,0Fh
i ch thng thnh ch hoa:
c th dng lnh SUB SUB ch,20h
hoc dng lnh AND: AND ch,0DFh
Xo 1 thanh ghi:
XOR ch,ngun; ch=ngun
V d:
MOV AX,0
SUB AX,AX
XOR AX,AX
Kim tra xem 1 thanh ghi c bng 0 hay khng:
OR ch,ngun; ch=ngun
V d:
OR CX,CX;(CMP CX,0)
* Lnh NOT: ly s b 1 ca ton hng ch
C php:
NOT ton hng ch; khng nh hng ti c
* Lnh TEST: thc hin php AND gia ton hng ch vi ton hng ngun nhng
khng lm thay i ton hng ch m ch thit lp c
C php:
TEST ton hng ch,ton hng ngun
Cc c b tc ng:
SF, ZF, PF: phn nh kt qu
AF: khng xc nh
CF, OF=0
d. Cc lnh dch v quay
Quay v dch cc bit trong ton hng ch sang tri hoc phi 1 hoc 1 s v tr.
Lnh dch: cc bit b dch ra khi ton hng s b mt
Lnh quay: cc bit b dch ra 1 pha ca ton hng ch s c a tr li pha
bn kia quay 1 v tr
C php:
Quay, dch 1 v tr
M lnh Ton hng ch,1
Quay, dch N v tr
M lnh Ton hng ch,CL; CL cha N
* Cc lnh dch tri
Lnh SHL(Shift Left):
Dch cc bit ca ton hng sang tri 1 v tr:
SHL ton hng ch,1;
Gi tr 0 s c a vo v tr bn phi nht ca ton hng, cn MSB ca n s c
a vo CF N v tr
SHL ton hng ch,CL
- 28 -

N php dch tri s c thc hin
C th dng lnh SHL thc hin php nhn nh phn
Lnh SAL(Shift Arithmetic Left): Tng t nh lnh SHL
Lnh SHR(Shift Right):
Dch cc bit ca ton hng sang phi 1 v tr:
SHR ton hng ch,1;
Gi tr 0 s c a vo v tr bn tri nht ca ton hng, cn LSB ca n s c
a vo CF N v tr
SHR ton hng ch,CL
N php dch phi s c thc hin
C th dng lnh SHR thc hin php chia nh phn
Lnh SAR(Shift Arithmetic Right): Tng t nh lnh SHR
* Cc lnh quay
Lnh ROL(Rotate Left):
Dch cc bt ca ton hng sang tri 1 v tr:
ROL ton hng ch,1;
Bit MSB s c dch vo v tr bn phi nht ca ton hng, ng thi c a vo
CF N v tr
ROL ton hng ch,CL
N php quay tri s c thc hin
Lnh ROR(Rotate Right):
Dch cc bt ca ton hng sang phi 1 v tr:
ROR ton hng ch,1;
Bit bn phi nht (LSB) s c dch vo v tr bn tri (MSB) nht ca ton hng,
ng thi c a vo CF N v tr
ROR ton hng ch,CL
N php quay phi s c thc hin
V d: m s bit 1 c trong thanh ghi BX m khng lm thay i ni dung BX, kt
qu lu trong AX
XOR AX,AX; xo AX
MOV CX,16; bin m vng lp
Top:
ROL BX,1
JNC Next; bit 0?
INC AX; khng, tng bin m kt qu
Next:
LOOP Top; quay li
Lnh RCL (Rotate Carry Left): quay tri qua c nh
Dch cc bt ca ton hng ch sang tri. Bit MSB c t vo CF, gi tr ca CF
c a vo bit phi nht(LSB) ca ton hng ch
C php:
RCL ton hng,1
hoc
RCL ton hng,CL
- 29 -

Lnh RCR(Rotate Carry Right): quay phi qua c nh
Dch cc bt ca ton hng ch sang phi. Bit LMSB c t vo CF, gi tr ca CF
c a vo bit phi nht (LSB) ca ton hng ch
V d: o cc bit trong 1byte hay 1word
MOV CX,8; s ln lp
Everse:
SHL AL,1; ly 1 bit vo CF
RCR BL,1; quay, a vo BL
LOOP Reverse
MOV AL,BL; a vo AL
e. Cc lnh iu khin r nhnh
Cho php chn la v lp li cc on m lnh
* Cc lnh nhy c iu kin
C php:
Tn lnh nhn ch
Nu iu kin ca lnh nhy tho mn, lnh c nhn ch s c thc hin. Lnh ny
c th trc hoc sau lnh nhy. Nu iu kin khng tho lnh ngay sau lnh nhy
c thc hin
Phm vi ca lnh nhy c iu kin:
Nhn ch phi ng trc lnh nhy khng qu 126byte hoc ng sau lnh nhy
khng qu 127byte
CPU thc hin 1 lnh nhy ntn?
CPU da vo thanh ghi c iu chnh IP ch n nhn ch
Cc lnh nhy c iu kin
K hiu Chc nng iu kin nhy
JG/JNLE Nhy nu ln hn, nhy nu khng nh hn hay
bng (Jump if Greate, Jump if Not Less than or
Equal)
ZF=0 v SF=0
JGE/JNL Nhy nu ln hn hay bng, nhy nu khng nh
hn
SF=OF
JL/JNGE Nhy nu nh hn, nhy nu khng ln hn hay
bng
SF<>OF
JLE/JNG Nhy nu nh hn hoc bng, nhy nu khng ln
hn
ZF=1 hay SF=OF
Cc lnh nhy khng du
JA/JNBE Nhy nu ln hn, nhy nu khng nh hn hoc
bng (Jump if Above, Jump if Not Below or Equal)
CF=0 v ZF=0
JAE/JNB/JNC Nhy nu khng nh(No Carry) CF=0
JB/JNAE/JC Nhy nu c nh CF=1
JBE/JNA Nhy nu nh hn hay bng CF=1 hay ZF=1
Cc lnh nhy iu kin n
JE/JZ Nhy nu kt qu bng nhau, nhy nu kt qu bng
khng (Jump if Equal, Jump if Zero)
ZF=1
JNE/JNZ Nhy nu khng bng nhau, nu kt qu khc 0 ZF=0
JO Nhy nu trn(Jump if Overflow) OF=1
- 30 -

K hiu Chc nng iu kin nhy
JNO Nhy nu khng trn OF=0
JS Nhy nu du m(Jump if Signed) SF=1
JNS Nhy nu du dng SF=0
JP/JPE Nhy nu chn (Jump if Parity, Jump if Parity
Even)
PF=1
JNP/JPO Nhy nu l (Jump if Parity Odd) PF=0
Lnh CMP (compare)
Cc iu kin nhy thng c cung cp bi lnh CMP
C php:
CMP ch,ngun
So snh cc ton t ch vi ton t ngun bng cch ly ton t ch tr i ton t
ngun
Ton t ch khng th l hng s, cc ton t khng cng l nh
Lnh JMP (Jump)
Lnh JMP dn n vic chuyn iu khin khng iu kin
C php:
JMP ch
ch phi l 1 nhn trong cng 1 on vi lnh JMP
* Cu trc lp
Lp: cho php lp li 1 on chng trnh no , s ln lp c th bit trc hoc
khng bit trc
Vng lp FOR
FOR s ln lp DO
cc dng lnh
END_FOR
Thc hin: dng lnh LOOP
C php:
LOOP nhn ch
B m vng lp l thanh ghi CX, c khi to bng s ln lp
Mi ln thc hin LOOP thanh ghi CX t ng gim i 1, v nu CX<>0 th iu
khin c chuyn ti nhn ch. Nu CX=0 th lnh tip theo LOOP s c thc
hin
2.6.3. Hp ng (Assembly)
a. C php ca hp ng
Cc chng trnh hp ng c dch ra cc ch th my bng mt chng trnh bin
dch v vy khi vit phi ph hp vi cc khun mu ca trnh bin dch
Cc dng lnh:
Chng trnh l tp hp ca cc dng lnh, bao gm:
o Lnh m trnh bin dch dch ra m my
o Lnh dn hng bin dch
C php:
Tn Ton t Ton hng Ch thch
- 31 -

Cc trng cch nhau t nht mt du cch hay TAB
V d:
START: MOV CX,5 ; Khi to CX
Tn trng:
S dng: Nhn lnh, tn th tc, tn bin
Chng trnh bin dch chuyn cc tn thnh a ch b nh
di: 1 n 31 k t(khng cha du cch)
Khng bt u bi ch s
Khng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng
Nu c du chm(.) phi t u
Ton t
Ton t cha m lnh dng tng trng
M lnh: chc nng ca thao tc
Dn hng bin dch: ton t cha ton t gi(pseudo_op), cc ton t gi
ny khng c dch sang m my m ch bo cho chng trnh dch lm
vic g .
Ton hng
Ton hng: xc nh d liu s c thao tc
Ton hng: ch, Ngun
Li gii thch
t sau du ; v gii thch xem dng lnh lm g
D liu chng trnh
Biu din d liu di dng s nh phn, thp phn, hexa thm ch k t
S nh phn: kt thc bng B hoc b
S thp phn: kt thc bng D hoc d
S hexa: kt thc bng H hoc h, bt u bng ch s thp phn
Cc k t: bao trong du nhy kp
Cc ton t gi nh ngha s liu
DB byte
DW word(2 byte)
DD double word(2 word)
DQ quard word(4 word)
DT 10 byte lin tip
b. Cc bin
Mi bin c mt kiu d liu v c chng trnh gn cho mt a ch b nh
Bin kiu Byte
nh ngha:
Tn DB gi tr khi to
V d:
ALPHA DB 4
Gii hn thp phn ca cc gi tr khi to: -128 n 127 hoc 0 n 255
Nu dng du ? th bin khng c khi to
Bin kiu Word
nh ngha:
Tn DW gi tr khi to

- 32 -

v d:
ALPHA DW ?
Bin kiu Mng
Mng: chui byte nh hay t nh
nh ngha:
Tn Kiu gi tr khi to
Phn t u tin ca mng chnh l tn mng
Mng byte: tn+1 l phn t tip theo
Mng word: tn+1 l phn t tip theo
v d:
ARRAY DB 4h,5h,6h
phn t 1: ARRAY
phn t 2: ARRAY+1
phn t 3: ARRAY+2
Ch : byte thp v byte cao trong mt t
v d:
WORD DB 1234h
byte thp: WORD, ni dung: 34h
byte cao: WORD+1, ni dung: 12h
Chui k t
C th c khi to bng bng m ASCII
CHAR DB ABC
hoc
CHAR DB 41h,42h,43h
cng c th kt hp cc k t v s:
MSG DB HELLO,0Ah,$
hoc
MSG DB 48h,45h,4Ch,4Fh,0Ah,24h
ch phn bit ch hoa v ch thng
c. Cc hng c tn
Dng cc tn tng trng biu din cc hng s
C php:
Tn EQU Hng s
v d:
CONST EQU 0Ah
cng c th dng chui:
MSG EQU hello
ch : b nh khng dnh ch cho cc hng c tn
d. Cu trc chng trnh
DOS thi hnh c hai loi tp tin: dng .COM v .EXE. Tp tin dng .EXE thng dng
xy dng cc chng trnh ln, cn cc tp tin .COM to cc chng trnh nh hn. ASM cho
php to c hai loi tp tin ni trn song cch vit l khc nhau:


- 33 -

Tp tin dng .COM
c im:
Ch c duy nht mt on, chng trnh, d liu v STACK u chung on
ny
Kch thc ti a ca tp l 64K
Thc hin nhanh hn tp .EXE
Cch thc hin mt tp tin dng .COM
DOS khi to vng nh 256byte offset: 0000h gi l vng nh PSP(Program
Segment Prefix)
nh v tp tin vo vng nh vi offset 100h
Cc thanh ghi on CS, DS, ES, SS tr ti PSP
IP c gn gi tr 100h
SP c gn gi tr FFFEh
Cu trc chng trnh
.MODEL TINY
.CODE
ORG 100h
START: JMP CONTINUE
; khai bo d liu
CONTINUE:
MAIN PROC
; on m
...
INT 20 h; v DOS
MAIN ENDP
; cc lnh chng trnh con
END START
Tp tin dng .EXE
c im:
Chng trnh c th khai bo nhiu on khc nhau, mi chng trnh c th
c nhiu on chng trnh, nhiu on d liu
C th gi chng trnh con
Kch thc ca tp tu v ln hn 64K
Cch thc hin mt tp tin dng .EXE
DOS khi to vng nh 256byte offset: 0000h gi l vng nh PSP(Program
Segment Prefix)
Np Header ca tp sau PSP
Cc thanh ghi on CS, IP c xc nh t Header l a ch bt u ca
chng trnh
Cu trc chng trnh
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK
.DATA
; khai bo d liu
.CODE
- 34 -

MAIN PROC
MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
; cc lnh
...
MOV AX,4Ch
INT 21h; v DOS
MAIN ENDP
; cc lnh chng trnh con
END MAIN
e. Cc ch dn
.MODEL: xc nh kiu b nh dnh cho on m v on d liu
Cc kiu b nh thng dng:
TINY: m v d liu nm trong phm vi 1 on
SMALL: m nm trong phm vi on 64K, d liu nm trong on khc
MEDIUM: m nm trong on >64K, d liu nm trong on 64K
COMPACT: m nm trong phm vi on 64K, v d liu nm trong on
>64K
LARGE: m v d liu nm trong on >64K, nhng mt mng d liu <64K
HUGE: m v d liu nm trong on >64K, mng d liu >64K
.STACK: kch thc Stack khi c chng trnh con
Qui nh kch thc Stack l 512byte(100h)
Mc nh: 1K
.CODE: im bt u on m chng trnh
.DATA: im bt u on d liu
.MAIN PROC
;thn chng trnh
END MAIN
f. To lp v chy mt chng trnh
o Dng cc phn mm son tho vn bn (SK, NC...) to lp tp vn bn chng
trnh gc bng hp ng, ui tp l ASM
o Dng chng trnh dch MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembly) hoc
TASM(Turbo...) dch tp .ASM ra m my di dng tp .OBJ(Object)
o Dng chng trnh LINK hoc TLINK kt ni cc OBJ li vi nhau thnh
chng trnh .EXE
o Nu chng trnh vit ra dch ra kiu .COM th dng chng trnh EXE2BIN
ca DOS dch tip t .EXE sang .COM
o Chy chng trnh
V d: vit chng trnh a ra mn hnh li cho Hello
2.6.4. Cc Mode a ch
Ch a ch dng xc nh ton hng, bao gm:
Ch a ch thanh ghi: ton hng l thanh ghi
Ch a ch tc th: ton hng l hng s
Ch a ch trc tip: ton hng l bin nh

- 35 -

Ch a ch gin tip thanh ghi
a ch offset ca ton hng c cha trong mt thanh ghi, thanh ghi ng vai tr
nh mt con tr tr n cc nh
Khun dng ton hng: [thanh ghi]
Thanh ghi c th l BX, DI, SI hay BP vi cc thanh ghi BX, DI, SI s hiu on ca
ton hng cha trong DS, vi thanh ghi BP s hiu on cha trong SS.
V d: SI cha a ch offset 0100h v cc t nh ti a ch 0100h c gi tr l 1234h.
Khi thc hin
MOV AX,[SI]
Th CPU kim tra SI suy ra a ch t nh l DS:0100h sau chuyn ni
dung ca t nh ny(1234h) vo AX, nh vy AX nhn gi tr 1234h
MOV AX,SI
Th AX nhn gi tr 100h
V d: tnh tng mt mng 10 phn t, lu kt qu vo AX
XOR AX,AX
LEA SI,W
Tong:
ADD AX,[SI]
ADD SI,2
LOOP Tong
Ch a ch c s v ch s
Trong cc ch a ch ny a ch offset ca cc ton hng nhn c bng cch
cng 1 s c gi l dch vi ni dung ca 1 thanh ghi. Trong dch c th
l:
a ch offset ca 1 bin
1 hng s
a ch offset ca 1 bin cng hoc tr vi 1 hng s
Ton hng c vit:
[thanh ghi + dch]
[ dch + thanh ghi]
[thanh ghi] + dch
dch + [thanh ghi]
dch[thanh ghi]
Cc thanh ghi phi l BX, SI, DI hay BP
Dng BX, SI hay DI th s hiu on cha trong DS
Dng BP th s hiu on cha trong SS.
Ch a ch uc gi l c s nu dng BX hay BP, gi l ch s nu dng SI hay
DI.
V d: mng W, thanh ghi BX=4
cc lnh sau l tng ng
MOV AX,W[BX]
MOV AX,[W+BX]
MOV AX,[BX+W]
MOV AX,W+[BX]
- 36 -

MOV AX[BX]+W
V d 2: Cho mng ALPHA DW 0123h,0456h,0789h,0ABCh
trong on nh a ch bi DS
BX cha 2, offset 0002 cha 1084h
SI cha 4, offset 0004 cha 2BACh
DI cha 1
Vi cc lnh
Lnh Offset ton hng S c chuyn
Mov ax,[alpha+bx] Alpha+2 0456h
Mov bx,[bx+2] 2+2 2BACh
Mov cx,alpha[si] Alpha+4 0789h
Mov ax,-2[si] -2+4 1084h
Mov bx,[alpha+3+di] Alpha+3+1 0789h
V d 3: thay th ch thng trong chui thnh ch hoa
ASM:
MOV CX,N
XOR SI,SI
Lap:
CMP MSG[SI],
JE Next
AND MSG[SI],0DFH
Next:
INC SI
LOOP lap

CU HI V BI TP
2.1. Trnh by kin trc chung ca my tnh theo nguyn l VonNewman? Nu
chc nng tng n v? Phn loi my tnh theo kin trc?
2.2 Trnh by s cu trc, chc nng nhim v ca b x l trung tm (Nu r chc nng
ca tng n v)
2.3. Trnh by t chc thanh ghi trong vi x l 8086?
2.4. Trnh by chc nng nhim v cu to ca n v s hc v logic ALU?
2.5. Cc loi tn hiu iu khin ca n v x l trung tm (V s gii thch)?
2.6. Trnh by s cu trc, chc nng nhim v ca n v iu khin vi chng trnh ?
2.7. Trnh by khi nim v BUS? Phn loi BUS


- 37 -

Chng III: H THNG NH
3.1. Khi qut v h thng nh
- V tr:
Bn trong CPU (register)
Internal memory (main memory)
B nh ngoi (a cng, a quang)
- Dung lng
Kch thc t nh (word size): thng l 8,16,32 bits
S lng t nh
- n v truyn
Word: n v t nhin t chc b nh. Kch thc t nh thng l s bit
dng biu din s hoc di lnh .
Khi (block) l n v truyn d liu ln hn t nh, thng c dng truyn
d liu vi b nh ngoi.
- Phng php truy nhp
Sequential access (truy nhp tun t): thng c dng truy cp bng t.
Truy nhp trc tip (direct memory): ging nh truy nhp tun t, truy nhp
trc tip bao hm vic chia s c vit c kh.Nhng t nh ca bn ghi c a
ch c s duy nht trn v tr vt l. Vic truy nhp c hon thnh bi truy
nhp trc tip l i n vng ln cn chung cng vi tm kim tun t, m
hoc i i n v tr cui cng.Thi gian truy nhp c th thay i c.
Cc loi a s dng phng php truy nhp trc tip.
Truy nhp ngu nhin (Random access): mi v tr a ch trong b nh l c
nht. Thi gian truy nhp cc v tr cho l c lp vi dy truy nhp u tin
v l hng s.Nh vy, v tr no cng c th c chn ngu nhin, v a ch
trc tip.B nh chnh l truy nhp ngu nhin.
Truy nhp lin kt: y l kiu truy nhp ngu nhin c th lm s so snh v
tr bt trong t cho mt php ton c th v lm vic ny cho tt c cc t ng
thi. V vy mt t c tm li c da vo chnh ni dung ca n thay v
a ch ca n.Vi truy nhp ngu nhin thng thng, mi v tr c a ch c
kh ca mnh, v thi gian tm l hng s c lp vi v tr hay mu hnh truy
nhp u tin.B nh cache dng cch truy nhp ny.
- S thi hnh.
Thi gian truy nhp: (access time): i vi truy nhp ngu nhin l thi
gian thc hin hot ng c ghi. l thi gian t khi a ch sn sng
trong b nh n khi d liu c ct tr hoc c lm c th s dng c.
i v truy nhp khng phi l ngu nhin thi gian truy nhp l thi gian a
v tr c vit c kh n v tr mong mun.
Cycle time (chu k thi gian):
Transfer rate: tc d liu c th c truyn vo hoc ra khi n v nh.
- Kiu vt l
Bn dn
T (magnetic)
Quang (optical)

- c tnh vt l
C th thay i/ khng thay i
- 38 -

C th xo c/ khng th xo c
3.2. Phn cp b nh
Vic phn cp b nh theo cc tiu chun:
Gim gi/bit
Tng dung lng
Tng thi gian truy nhp
Gim tn s truy nhp ca b nh bi CPU.
Theo chiu t trn xung di:
Dung lng tng dn
Tc truy nhp gim dn.
3.3. B nh bn dn
3.3.1. Cc loi b nh bn dn
Tt c cc loi b nh c trnh by sau y l truy nhp ngu nhin. l nhng t
nh ring bit c truy nhp trc tip qua a ch logic
a. RAM (random- access memory):
c im phn bit l c th c d liu t b nh v d dng ghi d liu vo.Vic c
v ghi d liu c hon thnh nh cc tn hiu in.
Mt c tnh khc ca RAM l thay i c. RAM c nui bng mt ngun in n
nh. Nu ngun nui b ngt d liu trn RAM s mt. V vy RAM c dng lm ch tr
tm thi.
Cng ngh RAM chia lm 2 loi:
RAM tnh: gi tr nh phn c ct tr dng cc flip-flop truyn thng cu hnh
cng logic. Static RAM s gi c d liu n nh,tc nhanh.
RAM ng (Dinamic RAM): s dng cc t bo cha d liu da trn s np
in cho cc t in.V cc t in c xu hng phng in nn RAM ng yu
cu np in lm ti nh k gi thng tin .
b. ROM (Read only Memory)
Tng phn vi RAM l ROM. ROM cha ng cc kiu d liu khng th b thay i
trong mt thi gian di. Mt c tnh ca ROM l ch c th c d liu t m khng th
ghi d liu mi vo n. Mt ng dng quan trng ca ROM l cha ng cc vi chng trnh.
Nhng ng dng tim tng khc bao gm:
Th vin th tc con cho cc chc nng c s dng lin tc.
Cc chng trnh h thng.
Cc bng chc nng.
ROM c sn xut tng t nh cc mch in tch hp khc, vi d liu c ghi
vo chip trong qu trnh ch to.

Magnetic Tape
Thanh ghi
Cache
Main memory
Disk Cache
Magnetic disk
Optical Disk
Phan cap memory
- 39 -

Phn loi:
Maskable ROM: ghi khi ch to
PROM (Programable ROM) ch ghi mt ln.
EPROM (Erasable PROM) xo c bng tia cc tm.
Flash ROM : Flash memory c th xo c bng tn hiu in .
Flash ROM c th xo v ghi li c bng tn hiu in. Thm na n c th
ch xo cc khi nh thay v phi xo ton b chp. Flash memory s dng mt
transistor trn mt bit, v do ginh c mt cao.
3.3.2. T chc b nh
Da trn cc mch Flip- flop
C 2
N
ngn nh -> N chn a ch.
di mi ngn nh m bits
Dung lng 2
N
*m
3.4. Cache Memory
3.4.1. Nguyn tc
Cache memory c dng c tc nh gn bng tc ca cc b nh nhanh nht c
sn, v ti cng thi gian cung cp mt kch thc b nh rng vi gi khng t hn cc
kiu b nh bn dn.

y l mi quan h gia b nh chnh ln v chm hn vi b nh cache nh nhng
nhanh hn. B nh cache sao chp mt phn ca b nh chnh. Khi CPU c gng c mt t
nh ca b nh, s kim tra c lm xc nh r nu t nh nm trong cache. Trong
trng hp , t nh c cung cp cho CPU. Nu khng khi nh ca b nh chnh, bao
gm mt s t nh c nh c c vo trong cache v sau d t nh c cung cp cho
CPU. Bi v hin tng tham vn cc b, khi khi d liu c em v trong cache tho
CAS
Memory
R
A
S
B
u
f
f
e
r
Truy nhp
Address
Data
CAS: Colum Address Select
RAS: Row Address Select
CPU
Cache
Main Memory
Word Transfer
Block trasfer
Cache and Main Memory
- 40 -

mn tn hiu tham chiu b nh, hu nh nhng tham chiu tng lai s l nhng t nh khc
ca khi nh.
B nh chnh bao gm ti 2
n
t nh c th nh a ch, vi mi t nh c mt a ch n
bit duy nht. Cho mc ch nh x, b nh ny coi nh bao gm mt s ca di nhng
khi c nh ca mi K t nh. Tc l c M=2
n
/ k khi nh. Cache bao gm C khe ca mi K
t nh, v s ca cc khe,hoc cc hng, n coi nh t hn s khi nh ca b nh chnh
(C<< M). Ti bt k thi im no, mt vi tp con ca khi ca b nh lu tr trong cc khe
ca cache. Nu t nh trong khi nh ca b nh c c, khi nh c truyn vo 1
trong cc khe ca b nh cache. Bi c nhiu khi nh hn cc khe, m khe ring bit khng
th c nht v thng xuyn dnh cho mt khi ring bit. V vy, mi khe bao gm 1 nhn
nhn dng khi ring bit hin ang c tr. Nhn thng l mt phn ca a ch b nh
chnh.
Hot ng c ca cache: khi CPU pht a ch, RA ca t nh s c c. Nu t
nh c cha trong Cache,, n s c cung cp cho CPU. Ngc li, khi nh cha t nh
s c ti vo trong b nh v t nh s c cung cp cho CPU.
3.4.2. K thut nh x b nh cache
B nh chnh c 2
N
byte nh dng N bit a ch a ch ha cho b nh.
Chia b nh chnh thnh cc khi, mi khi c K=2
N1
byte -. c M=2
N
/k khi.
Chia Cache thnh C ng, mi ng k byte nh: C<<M. Vic trao i thng tin gia
b nh chnh v cache theo n v khi.
V c c t ng cache hn cc khi nh ca b nh chnh, mt thut ton l cn thit
cho vic nh x khi nh ca b nh chnh vo cc ng ca cache. Hn na, c ngha l
cn xc nh khi b nh chnh ang s dng cache line. Vic la chn hm nh x ra lnh
cho vic t chc cache nh th no.
C 3 k thut nh x:
nh x trc tip: Direct Mapping
nh x lin kt hon ton: Full Associative Mapping
nh x lin kt tp hp: Set Associative Mapping
a. nh x trc tip
K thut n gin nht c bit n l nh x trc tip. nh x mi khi nh ca b
nh chnh vo mt ng cache c th.
Block 0-> line 0
Block 1-> line 1
Block C-> line 0
Bock i -> line (i mod C)
Memory
Address
Data
1
2
3
Block
(K word)
2^n-1
Word
Length
0
1
2
3
Tag
Block
Block Length
( K Words)
a) Main memory
b) Cache
- 41 -

Gi s cache c 2
n2
ngn nh (ng), a ch do CPU pht ra l n bit
Tag n2 n1
n
1
xc nh s byte trong khi 2
n1
->byte
n-n
1
bit cn li : xc nh khi nm trong b nh chnh.
n
2
bt tip theo xc nh ng trong cache
cn li l trng Tag
Mi 1 block c ghi vo cache th cn 1 ch ghi Tag (bit c ng no nm
trong cache)
B so snh : thng dch a ch v so snh ni vo.
Nhc im ca phng php nh x ny l c mt v tr c nh ca cache cho bt c
khi cho no. Hn na nu xy ra chng trnh mun tham vn li t nh t 2 khi khc
nhau c nh x vo cng mt ng, khi cc khi s tip tc c trao i trong cache,
v t l thnh cng s gim xung.
b. nh x lin kt hon ton
nh x lin kt s khc phc nhc im trn bng cch cho php mi khi b nh
chnh c np vo trong bt k ng no ca cache.

















Compare
x x
Tag Line Word
Memory Address
Hit in cache
Miss in cache
Tag Data
Main Memory
Compare
X
Hit in Cache
X
W
0
W
1
W
2
W
3
Memory Address
Tag Word
Tag Data
Cache
L
0
L
1
L
2
Miss in cache
- 42 -

Trong trng hp ny n bit chia ra 2 trng:


Khi CPU pht ra a ch th n so snh vi tt c cc Tag c ghi trong cache, nu c 1
Tag no trong cache trng vi Tag a ch th hit in cache
c. nh x lin kt tp hp (cache 2 ng)















Chia cache thnh cc tp hp, Mi tp hp c m ng nh x:
Block 0 -> set 0
...
Block i -> Set (i mod S)
a ch
Tag Set n1
V d : Cho b nh chnh 4 GB, kch thc cache 16 kB, kch thc khi 32 byte. Xc
nh a ch do CPU pht ra theo 3 phng php nh x
B nh chnh c dung lng 4GB = 2
32
B -> S bit a ch do CPU pht ra l n=32
1 khi (block) c kch thc l 32B = 2
5
B -> n1=5
* Xt trong trng hp nh x trc tip
S ng trong cache: n2 =
9
5
14
2
2
2
32
16
= =
byte
kb

-> n2 = 9 bit
Tag = 32 9 5 = 18 bit
* Vi lin kt hon ton
Tag=32 5 = 27 bit
* Vi lin kt tp hp (2 ng)
S ng trong cache: n2 =
8
5
14
2
2 . 2
2
2 . 32
16
= =
line byte
kb

-> n2 = 8 bit
Tag = 32 8 5 = 19 bit

Tag word
X
W
0
W
1
W
2
W
3
Memory Address
Tag Word
Tag Data Cache
L
0
L
1
L
2
Miss in cache
Main memory
Compare
Set
X
Hit in cache
- 43 -

Trc tip
18 9 5
Hon ton
27 5
Tp hp
19 8 5
3.5. Qun l b nh
3.5.1. Cc k thut qun l b nh
Trong mt h thng lp trnh n nhim, b nh chnh c chia thnh hai phn:
- Mt phn dnh cho h iu hnh (resident monitor)
- Mt phn dnh cho chng trnh ang c thc hin.
Trong mt h thng lp trnh a nhim, phn ca b nh dnh cho chng trnh cn
phi c chia nh hn na cung cp cho cc tin trnh phc tp. Cng tc chia nh c
qun l ng bi h iu hnh v cn c bit dui tn qun l b nh (memory
management).











Qun l b nh thc s l quan trng trong mt h thng a nhim. Nu ch l mt vi
tin trnh trong b nh, trong hu ht thi gian tt c cc tin trnh s phi i vic truy nhp
vo ra v b vi x l s b nhn ri. Nh vy, b nh cn phi nh v hiu qu sp t
cng nhiu tin trnh trong b nh cng tt.
a. Swapping (hon i)
Trn h thng lun tn ti 3 kiu hng i (queues):
- Hng i cho cc tin trnh mi
- Hng i cho cc tin trnh sn sng s dng CPU
- Hng i cho cc tin trnh khng sn sng s dng CPU.
Thc t, cc hot ng vo ra chm hn rt nhiu so vi kh nng tnh ton ca CPU,
nn trong cc h thng lp trnh n nhim CPU nhn ri trong hu ht thi gian.
Trong qu trnh hot ng, b nh lu gi cc tin trnh v d liu, CPU c th chuyn
ti tin trnh khc khi mt tin trnh ang i. Nhng vi x l nhanh hn thit b vo ra i
vi tt c cc tin trnh trong b nh ang i I/O. V vy thm ch vi lp trnh a nhim,
mt b CPU c th nhn ri trong hu ht thi gian.
B nh chnh c th c m rng, v c th iu tit cho nhiu tin trnh.Nhng c hai
tr ngi trong cch tip cn ny. u tin, b nh chnh l rt t. Th hai, s yu cu b nh
END
Process
Request
Figure 7.14 Queuing diagram representation of processor scheduling
Long Term
Queue
Short Term
Queue
CPU
I/O I/O Queue
I/O I/O Queue
I/O I/O Queue
- 44 -

ca cc chng trnh pht trin rt nhanh khi gi b nh gim xung. Kt qu cc tin trnh
cha chc tng ln trong khi c dung lng b nh ln hn.















Mt gii php khc l tro i (swapping). Chng ta c mt hng i (long-term queue)
ca cc yu cu tin trnh c tr trn a. N c np vo mt ln khi khng gian b nh
cho php. Khi cc tin trnh hon thnh, chng c chuyn ra khi b nh chnh. By gi,
trng thi s xut hin l khng c bt k tin trnh no trong b nh nm trng thi sn
sng. ng hn trong thi gian ri cn li. CPU tro i mt trong nhng tin trnh tr li a
vo trong mt hng i trung gian. y l hng i ca cc tin trnh tn ti c tm
thi a ra khi b nh. H iu hnh sau np mt tin trnh khc t hng i trung gian
hoc thc hin mt yu cu tin trnh mi t hng i (long-term queue).
K thut tro i, d sao cng l thao tc vo ra (I/O) v v vy cng c th pht sinh
cc s c v d liu. Nhng, khi disk I/O l thit b vo ra nhanh nht trn h thng (v d so
snh vi bng t hoc vi vo ra my in), tro i s nng cao s thc thi. Mt gin tinh vi
hn l b nh o s ci thin s thi hnh hn s tro i n gin.
b. Phn vng (Partioning)
H iu hnh chim gi mt phn c nh ca b nh. Phn cn li ca b nh c
phn vng cho vic s dng ca cc tin trnh. Luc n gin nht cho b nh c th phn
vng l s dng cc phn vng kch thc c nh (fixed-size partitions)









Ch rng, mc d cc phn vng c kch thc c nh, chng khng c kch thc
bng nhau. Khi mt tin trnh c ti vo b nh, n c t vo mt phn vng nh nht
c th.
Operating
System128k
64K
384K
256K
192K
Figure 7.16 Example of
Fixed Partioning
Main Memory
Operating
System
Completed Jobs
and User
Sessions
Main Memory
Completed Jobs
and User
Sessions
Operating
System
Intermediate
Queue
Long Term
Queue
Disk
Storage
Disk
Storage
(a) Simple Job Scheduling
(b) Swapping
Figure 7.15. The use of swapping
- 45 -

Thm ch vi vic s dng nhng partition kch thc c nh khng bng nhau; s c
s lng ph b nh. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt tin trnh s khng yu cu chnh xc
dung lng b nh c cung cp bi mt phn vng. V d, mt tin trnh yu cu
128kbytes b nh c th c t vo phn vng dung lng 192kbytes, lng ph 64 kbytes
khng th dng bi tin trnh khc.
Mt cch tip cn hiu qu hn l s dng cc phn vng kch thc thay i c. Khi
mt tin trnh c np vo trong b nh, n c cp chnh xc dung lng b nh n yu
cu v khng hn. B nh chnh ban u rng, tr phn cung cp cho h iu hnh (a). N b
mc mt l hng phn cui b nh v qu nh cho tin trnh th 4. Khi tin trnh 2 c
tro i ra ngoi (b) c mt ch trng cho tin trnh th 4 . Tin trnh 4 nh hn tin trnh 2,
mt l trng nh c to ra. Nh v d trnh by, phng thc ny khi u tt nhng
cui cng dn n mt trng thi trong c rt nhiu l trng nh trong b nh . Cng
ngy, b nh cng b phn mnh v khng tn dng c b nh. Mt k thut khc phc vn
ny l compaction. T tr i, h iu hnh lun chuyn cc tin trnh trong b nh
t tt c l trng li vi nhau trong mt khi. y l mt th tc lng ph thi gian, lng
ph thi gian s l ca CPU.
Trc khi xem xt cch gii quyt vi s thiu st ca s phn vng, chng ta phi gii
quyt mt vn . Nu ngi c cn nhc mt cht, n c th tr ln r rng rng mt tin
trnh hu nh khng c ti vo trong cng mt ch trong b nh mi ln n c tro i
vo. Hn na, nu compaction c thc hin mt tin trnh c th phi lun chuyn trong
b nh chnh. By gi, tin trnh trong b nh bao gm cc ch lnh v d liu. Cc ch lnh
s bao gm a ch cc v tr trong b nh thuc 2 loi:
a ch ca mc d liu.
a ch ca cc ch lnh s dng cho s phn nhnh ch lnh
Nhng by gi chng ta thy rng nhng a ch khng c nh. Chng s thay i
mi ln tin trnh c tro i. gii quyt vn ny, mt s phn bit c to ra gia
a ch logic v a ch vt l. a ch logic c biu din mt v tr lin quan ti khi u
ca chng trnh. Cc ch lnh trong chng trnh bao hm ch mt a ch logic. a ch vt
l l v tr thc trong b nh chnh. Khi CPU thc hin mt tin trnh, n t ng chuyn i
t a ch logic sang i ch vt l bng vic cng thm v tr khi u hin ti ca tin trnh,
c gi l a ch c s, cho mi a ch logic. Mt v d khc ca CPU l c tnh phn
cng c thit kt tung thch vi yu cu ca h iu hnh. trng thi t nhin chnh xc
ca c trng phn cng ph thuc vo chin thut qun l b nh c s dng.
c. Phn trang
C cc phn vng kch thc c nh v thay i u khng hiu qu trong vic s dng
b nh. Gi nh, b nh c phn vng vo cc chunks lin kt nh c kch thc c
nh bng nhau, v mi tin trnh cng c phn chia vo trong mt s cc chunks . Sau
cc chunks ca mt chng trnh, c gi l cc trang, c th c phn b vo cc
chunks c th trong b nh, gi l cc frame (khung), hoc trang khung. Tt nhin phn b
nh lng ph ca tin trnh ny l mt phn nh trn trang cui cng.
(Hnh v)







- 46 -

mi im thi gian cho, mt vi khung trong b nh c s dng v mt vi
khung trng. Danh sch cc khung trng c duy tr bi h iu hnh. Tin trnh A, c tr
trn a, bao gm bn trang. Khi n thi gian np tin trnh ny, h iu hnh tm 4 khung
trng v np bn trang ca tin trnh A vo trong bn khung .
By gi gi nh, nh trong v d ny, khng c cc khung trng k tip gi tin
trnh. N c ngn cn h iu hnh np ti tin trnh khng? Cu tr li l khng, bi v chng
ta c th s dng li khi nim a ch logic. Mt a ch c s n gin s khng . Hn
na h iu hnh duy tr mt bng trang cho mi tin trnh. Bng trang lu gi v tr cc
khung cho mi trang ca tin trnh. Trong chng trnh, mi a ch logic bao gm mt s
hiu trang v mt a ch quan h trong trang. Trong trng hp phn vng n gin mt a
ch logic l v tr ca mt t ch ti im khi u ca chng trnh; CPU bin dch n thnh
a ch vt l. Vi phn trang s bin dch a ch lgic-vt l vn c lm bi phn cng
CPU. By gi CPU phi bit cch truy nhp bng trang ca tin trnh hin ti. Trnh din vi
mt a ch logic (s hiu trang, a ch lin quan), CPU s dng bng trang a ra a ch
vt l (s hiu khung, a ch lin quan).
B nh chnh c chia thnh cc khung nh c kch thc bng nhau. Mi tin trnh
c chia vo cc trang khung (frame-size page). Cc tin trnh nh hn yu cu t trang hn
cc tin trnh ln. Khi mt tin trnh c np vo, cc trang ca n c ti vo cc khung
ri v mt bng trang c thit lp.
3.5.2. B nh o
a. Yu cu phn trang
Vi vic s dng phn trang, cc h thng chng trnh a nhim tr ln thc s hiu
qu. Vic chia nh mt tin trnh vo cc trang dn n s pht trin ca mt khi nim quan
trng khc: b nh o.
hiu b nh o, chng ta phi tm hiu v bn phn trang. S tm hiu chn lc
ny l yu cu phn trang, chng ch n gin l mi trang ca tin trnh c a vo trong
b nh ch mt khi chng c cn n, l yu cu.
Xem xt mt tin trnh ln, bao gm mt chng trnh di cng vi mt s lng ln
cc mng d liu. Trong bt k chu trnh no, s thc hin c th b hn ch ch mt section
(on) chng trnh (v d mt th tc con), c th ch mt hoc hai mng d liu c dng
- y l nguyn tc nh hng. S rt lng ph khi ti vo rt nhiu trang cho tin trnh ny
khi ch mt vi trang c dng trc khi chung trnh tm treo. Chng ta c th s dng
b nh tt hn bng vic ti vo ch mt vi trang. Sau , nu chng trnh phn nhnh ti
mt ch lnh trn mt trang khng nm trong b nh chnh, hoc nu chng trnh tham chiu
d liu trn mt trang khng nm trong b nh, mt ngoi l li trang s xy ra. N yu cu
h iu hnh np cc trang yu cu vo b nh.
Nh vy, bt k thi im no, ch mt vi trang ca chng trnh l nm trong b nh
v bi vy rt nhiu tin trnh c th c duy tr trong b nh. . Hn na, thi gian c ghi
li bi v nhng trang khng c dng khng c tro i vo ra trong b nh. Tuy nhin,
h iu hnh phi kho lo qun l bn phn trang. Khi n np mt trang vo, n phi y
mt trang khc ra. Nu n y ra mt trang va c s dng, sau n s phi tm li trang
ngay lp tc. Rt nhiu trong chng dn ti mt trng thi c gi l Thrashing: tin
trnh tiu tn hu ht thi gian tro i cc trang hn l thc hin cc ch lnh. Vic trnh
thrashing l mth nghin cu chnh trong thp nin 70 v dn n nhiu gii thut phc
hp a dng nhng hiu qu.
Vi yu cu phn trang, n khng cn thit ti ton b chng trnh vo trong b nh
chnh. Thc t c mt kt qu r rt: cc tin trnh c th ln hn b nh chnh. Mt trong
nhng gii hnh nn tng trong lp trnh c nng ln. Khng yu cu phn trang, mt
lp trnh vin phi nhn thc su sc v dung lng b nh cho php. Nu chng trnh c
vit qu ln, lp trnh vin phi ngh ra con ung cu trc chng trnh vo trong cc b
- 47 -

phn nh c th c np vo ti mt thi im. Vi yu cu phn trang, cng vic c
giao ph cho h iu hnh v phn cng. Ngi lp trnh s c phn pht mt b nh rt
ln, kch thc lin kt vi thit b lu tr ngoi. H iu hnh s dng yu cu phn trang
np cc phn ca tin trnh vo b nh chnh.
Bi v mt tin trnh thc hin ch trong b nh chnh, ch b nh chnh c tham
chiu nh l b nh thc s. Nhng mt lp trnh vin, hoc ngi dng nht thy mt b nh
ln hn rt nhiu- c nh r trn a cng. N c tham chiu n nh l b nh o.
B nh o cho php lp trnh a nhim hiu qu v gim nh nhng p buc khng cn
thit ca ngi dng vi b nh chnh.
b. Phn trang trong qun l b nh o
Chia b nh thnh cc trang nh c kch thc c nh t vi KB -> vi chc KB
B x l pht ra a ch o thng qua MMU chuyn thnh a ch vt l.














Kch thc trang vi cc b x l 86x thng l 4kbyte hay 4Mb.Cc trang ny c th
nh x vo b nh vt l hay a cng. Khi mt chng trnh (hay mt nhim v)yu cu truy
nhp mt a ch logic, VXL bin dch a ch logic ny sang a ch tuyn tnh. Sau , dng
phng php phn trang bin dch a ch tuyn tnh sang a ch vt l tng ng. Nu trang
cha a ch tuyn tnh trn khng tn ti trong b nh vt l, b VXL ra ngoi l li trang
#PF. Chng trnh x l ngoi l ny np trang cn truy nhp t a cng v b nh vt l (c
th np mt trang khc t b nh vt l ln a cng ly ch).Sau khi trang cn truy nhp
c mt trong b nh vt l, lnh return t chng trnh x l ngoi l khin b vi x l thc
hin lnh gy ra ngoi l #PF. Thng tin m b vi x l dng nh x a ch tuyn tnh
vo khng gian a ch vaat l (cng nh to ngoi l li trang) c lu tr trong danh
mc trang (PDE) v bng trang. Danh mc trang v bng trang u nm trong b nh vt l.
c. Cch qun l trang v phng php bin dch a ch tuyn tnh
My tnh qun l b nh phn trang da trn danh mc trang, bng trang v trang.
Danh mc trang: T hp cc gi tr 32 bit, c gi l PDE (page-directory entry) .
Danh mc trang c chiu di bng mt trang (4kbyte) v cha 1024 PDE.
Bng trang : t hp cc gi tr 32 bit, c gi l PTE, bng trang cng c chiu di
bng 1 trang(4kbyte) v cha tt c 1024 PTE. Nu dng trang kch thc 4 Mbyte
hay 2 Mbyte th b vi x l khng cn n PTE. Cc trang ln (4 hay 2 Mb) c
nh x trc tip t danh mc trang.
Trang (page) khng gian a ch phng c kch thc 4 kbyte, 4 Mbyte,
B x l
M M U
Cache
M ai n memor y
B nh ngoi
D M A
D at a
D ata
V i r tual A ddr ess
Phy si cal A ddr ess
M M U : M emor y
M anager ment U ni t
- 48 -

Bng con tr danh mc trang : t hp 3 gi tr 64 bit, mi gi tr tr n mt danh
mc trang. Cu trc ny ch c dng khi m rng khng gian a ch ln 36 bit.
Bin dch a ch tuyn tnh (4kbyte)

Hnh v cho ta thy cch dng danh mc trang v bng trang khi nh x a ch tuyn
tnh sang trang4 kbyte. Gi tr trong danh mc trang tr n mt v tr trong bng trang, gi tr
tng ng trong bng trang tr n trang cn truy nhp trong b nh vt l. C ch ny cho
php truy nhp 2
20
trang hay mt khng gian b nh vt l gm (2
32
byte = 4 Gbyte).
bin dch a ch tuyn tnh sang a ch vt l, a ch tuyn tnh c chia lm 3
phn:
Gi tr danh mc trang: bit 22 n 31, l gi tr lch ca mt v tr (PDE) trong
bng danh mc (c tt c 2
10
PDE), PDE cho bit v tr bng trang cn truy nhp.
Gi tr bng trang: bit 12 n bit 21 l gi tr lch ca mt v tr (PTE) trong bng
trang. PTE cho bit a ch c s ca mt trang trong b nh vt l.
a ch lch trong trang: bit 0 n bit 11 cho bit v tr ca byte cn truy nhp
trong trang c trn bng gi tr PTE.
a ch c s ca danh mc trang
a ch c s ca danh mc trang hin ti c lu tr trong thanh ghi iu khin CR3
(v vy thanh ghi ny cn c gi l thanh ghi c s danh mc trang PDBR-page directory
base register). Nu dng c ch phn trang, thanh ghi PDBR cn c np ngay khi khi
ng my (trc khi cho php c ch phn trang). Ni dung ca thanh ghi PDBR c th c
thay i t ng khi thay i nhim v bng lnh MOV.
3.5.3. S phn on
C mt cch qun l b nh khc gi l phn on b nh. Trong khi vic phn trang
cho php cung cp cho lp trnh vin mt khng gian a ch ln hn, s phn on thng
cung cp cho lp trnh vin mt tin ch cho vic t chc cc chng trnh v d liu, v nh
l mt phng tin cho vic tch hp quyn u tin v cc thuc tnh bo v vi cc ch lnh
v d liu.
S phn on cho php ngi lp trnh xem xt b nh nh l vic bao gm nhiu
khng gian a ch hay cc on. Cc on l bin i, ng v kch thc. c bit, ngi
lp trnh hoc h iu hnh s phn b cc chng trnh v d liu vo cc on khc nhau.
C th c mt s lng cc on chng trnh cho cc kiu chng trnh khc nhau ging
nh mt s lng cc on d liu. Mi on c th c phn b truy nhp v quyn s
Bi n dch a chtuyn tnh (tr ang 4 kbyte)
CR3( pd br )
Danh mc bng of f set
Danh mc bng bng trang
Trang 4 kbyte
10 10
12
32
PDE
PTE
/C vt l
1024PDE* 1024PTE=2^20 Trang
a chtuyn tnh
31 0
- 49 -

dng. S tham chiu b nh bao gm mt dng a ch. Cch t chc ny c mt s thun li
cho ngui lp trnh so vi khng gian a ch khng phn on.
N lm n gin cch trnh by s pht trin ca cc cu trc d liu. Nu lp
trnh vin khng bit kch thc ca mt cu trc d liu ring bit s l bao
nhiu, n s khng cn hng dn. Cu trc d liu c th c phn b v on
ca n v h iu hnh s m rng hoc co rt li on nu cn thit.
N cho php cc chng trnh c bin i v bin dch li c lp, khng yu
cu thit t ton b cc chng trnh phi c lin kt v np ti li. Mt ln
na, y ang s dng hon ho a on .
N t gip vic chia s gia cc tin trnh. Mt lp trnh vin c th t mt
chng trnh tin ch hoc mt bng d liu hu dng trong mt on c th c
nh a ch bi mt tin trnh khc.
N t bo v mnh. Khi mt on c th c xy dng cha ng mt tp
cc chng trnh hoc d liu c nh ngha, lp trnh vin hoc nh qun tr
mng c th phn b quyn u tin truy nhp trong mt kiu ph hp.
Nhng thun li ny khng c sn vi vic phn trang, (vic phn trang l khng thy
c vi lp trnh vin). Ni cch khc, chng ta nhn thy k thut phn trang cung cp
mt kiu qun l b nh hiu qu. kt hp cc thun li ca c hai, mt s h thng c
h tr vi phn cng v phn mm h iu hnh cung cp c hai phng php qun l .
3.6. K thut gii m a ch
3.6.1. Cu to mt vi mch nh
Mt mch nh c to nn t nhiu vi mch nh. Mt vi mch nh thng c cu trc
tiu biu nh sau:
- Nhm tn hiu a ch: cc tn hiu a ch c tc dng chn ra mt nh (t nh)
c th ghi / c. Cc nh c di khc nhau tu theo nh sn xt : 1,2,4,8
bit. Mt vi mch nh c m bit a ch th c2
m
t nh.
- Nhm tn hiu d liu: S ng dy d liu quyt nh di t nh ca mch
nh. Thng thng ngi ta hay ni r dung lng v di t nh cng mt lc.
V d mch nh: 1K x 8...
- Nhm tn hiu chn vi mch (chn v): Cc tn hiu chn v l CS (chip select)
hoc CE (chip enable) thng c dng chn ra vi mch nh c th c ghi /
c . Tn hiu mch nh Ram thng l CS ROM l CE. Cc tn hiu chn v
thng ni vi u ra ca mch gii m a ch. Khi mt mch nh khng c
chn th bus d liu ca n b treo ( trng thi tr khng cao).
A
0

A
1

A
2

A
m
D
0

D
1

D
2

D
n
WR
tn
hi u
a
ch
Tn
hi u
d
l i u
WE
CS OE
Chn V RD
WR: Write
WE: write enable
OE: output enable
CS: Chip select
RD: read
- 50 -

- Nhm tn hiu iu khin: Mt mch nh RAM thng c 1 tn hiu iu khin l
R/W iu khin qu trnh ghi / c. Nu mch nh RAM c 2 tn hiu iu khin
th l WE (write enable) iu khin ghi v OE iu khin c. Hai tn hiu
ny phi ngc pha nhau iu khin vic ghi c mch nh.
3.6.2. Gii m a ch cho b nh
Mi mt mch nh ghp ni vi CPU cn phi c CPU quy chiu ti mt cch chnh
xc khi thc hin thao tc ghi / c.
iu c ngha l mi mch nh phi c gn cho mt vng ring bit c a ch xc
nh nm trong khng gian a ch tng th ca b nh . Vic gn a ch c th cho tng
mch nh c thc hin nh b gii m a ch.
Vic phn thnh cc vng nh khc nhau thc hin cc chc nng nht nh gi l
phn vng b nh.
a. Cu to chung ca b gii m a ch:
- Tn hiu iu khin : IO/ M dng phn bit i tng m CPU chon lm vic l
b nh hay thit b vo ra.
- Tn hiu a ch : l cc bit a ch c quan h nht nh n vic chn v u ra.
Thng thng khi thit k mch gii m ngi ta thng tnh di ra d phng, sao
cho sau ny co th tng thm dung lng b nh.
b. Gii m a ch bng cc mch NAND
V d mch gii m n gin cho EPROM 2761-1 dung lng 2Kx8 c a ch nm
trong khong FF800h-FFFFFh (vng a ch c cha a ch khi ng ca CPU 8088)
S mch gii m:
M ch gi i m
a ch
CS1
CS2
CS3
CSn
C c tn
hi u chn
v
tn
hi u
a ch
tn
hi u
i u
khi n
M ch gi i m a ch tng qu t
A0-A7 D0-D7
CE OE
A11
A12
...
A19
IO/M
RD
2716-1
2716-1
l
EPROM
2KB
- 51 -

A
19
A
18
A
17
A
16
A
15
A
14
A
13
A
12
A
11
A
10
A
9
A
8
A
7
A
6
A
5
A
4
A
3
A
2
A
1
A
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =FF800h
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 =FFFFFh
S chn a ch trong CPU 8088 l 20 chn nh s t A
0
n A
19
. Trong mch gii m
ny ERPROM dung lng 2KB -> s dng 11 bt a ch thp t A
0
n A
10
chn t nh
trong ERPROM . Cc bt cao cn li A
11
n A
19
kt hp vi xung IO/M ( c o) to
xung chn v cho 2KB t ti vng nh cao nht ca CPU 8088
c. Gii m dng mch gii m kiu 74LS138
S mch gii m LS138










Bng chc nng:

A B C G2B G2A G1 y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7
x x x 1 x x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x x x x 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x x x x x 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

V d: gii m a ch vng nh 64 kb a ch bt u F0000 h n FFFFF h bng
EPROM 8KB
Vi a ch vng nh nh trn cn 20 bit a ch m ho : A
0
A
19

dung lng ca EPROM l 8 kb -> cn 13 bit a ch xc nh t nh ( nh)-> s dng 13
bit thp m ho: A
0
A
12
.
Cc bit a ch A
13
A
15
c a vo cc u vo chn A, B, C ca b gii m ls138
chn EPROM tng ng.
Cc chn cn li A
16
A
18
qua mch NAND a vo chn G
2a
tn hiu IO/M c a
vo chn G2b
- 52 -

A
19
c a vo G1
Nu dng EPROM 2Kb -> cn s dng 32 mch nh.->s dng 4 b gii m LS138
chn chp nh tng ng.
Dung lng ca EPROM l 2kb -> s dng 11 bit thp A
0
A
10
xc nh t nh trong
mch nh.
Cc bit A
11
A
13
c a vo chn chn v ca cc b gii m LS138
Bit A
14
a vo chn G2A ca b gii m LS138 1 v 3; qua mch NOT i thnh
xung m a vo chn G2A ca b gii m LS138 2v 4.
Bit A
15
c a vo chn G2B ca b gii m LS138 1 v 2; qua mch NOT thnh
xung m a vo chn G2B ca b gii m 3,4 .
Cc chn A
16
A
19
Kt hp vi xung tn hiu IO/M ( c i du) qua mch AND
a vo chn G1.
S ghp ni EPROM v gii m a ch:


CU HI V BI TP
3.1. Trnh by khi nim, nguyn tc hot ng ca b nh Cache?
2.2. Trnh by k thut qun l b nh (Khi nim, k thut hon i, phn vng, phn trang)
3.3. Trnh by khi nim b nh o (Virtual memory)? Cch qun l trang v phng php
bin dch a ch tuyn tnh?
3.4. Cho b nh chnh 32 MB, kch thc cache 8 kB, kch thc khi 32 byte. Xc nh a
ch do CPU pht ra theo 3 phng php nh x
3.5. Trnh by s ghp ni v gii m a ch vng nh 8 KB c a ch F0000hFFFFFh
s dng mch gii m LS138 v EPROM 1Kx4













- 53 -

Chng IV: H THNG VO RA
4.1. Gii thiu chung
H thng vo ra: trao i thng tin gia my tnh v th gii bn ngoi, bao gm:
Cc modul vo ra (mch ghp ni IO): ghp ni gia CPU v b nh vi cc
TBNV.
Cc TBNV: mch ghp ni vo ra t chc thnh cc cng vo ra sao cho mi
cng c mt a ch xc nh.
a ch ho cng vo ra:
a ch ho tch bit (vo ra trc tip): khng gian a ch cng c lp vi khng
gian a ch b nh.
a ch ho theo bn b nh: khng gian a ch cng vo ra nm trong khng
gian a ch b nh.
4.1.1. Cc thit b ngoi vi
Chc nng:
Trao i thng tin ngi - my
Trao i thng tin my - my
Cu trc









Logic iu khin:
Nhn tn hiu iu khin ca CPU
Pht tn hiu iu khin TBNV
Pht tn hiu trng thi bo cho CPU bit trng thi ca TBNV
m d liu: cha tm thi d liu trao i gia TBNV v Modul vo ra
Chuyn i tn hiu: chuyn tn hiu dng phi in nng thnh tn hiu in nng.
4.1.2. Modul vo ra













m d
liu
Chuyn i tn
hiu
Logic iu khin
modul vo
ra
d liu nh
phn
d liu t mi
trng ngoi



Thanh ghi d liu
Logic iu khin a ch
iu khin
d liu
d liu
iu khin
trng thi
Cng
IO
Thanh ghi iu
khin v trng thi
Cng
IO
d liu
iu khin
trng thi
- 54 -
Chc nng:
iu khin v nh thi gian cho qu trnh trao i
Trao i thng tin vi CPU
Trao i thng tin vi TBNV
m d liu
Pht hin li
Cu trc: (Hnh v trang trc)
Ngi lp trnh c th can thip vo ni dung ca cc cng v thanh ghi iu khin
trng thi.
Ni dung thanh ghi trng thi s quyt nh ch lm vic cho cc cng
4.2. Ghp ni my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi
Ghp ni gia CPU v Modul vo ra: song song
Ghp ni gia Modul vo ra v TBNV: song song s to ra cng LPT, ni tip s
to ra cng COM
4.2.1. Ghp ni song song
Nguyn tc: Cc ca vo ra c ghp ni trc tip vi b x l, ghp ni song song
iu khin bng chng trnh dng mch 8255A (PPI:Programable peripheral inteface)
Mch ghp ni vo ra song song lp trnh c 8255A
* Cu trc 8255A






















Cc chn tn hiu ca 8255A:
D0-D7: Chn tn hiu d liu
RD : chn tn hiu yu cu c
Logic
iu
khin
ghi /
c
m
bus D
iu
khin
nhm
B
iu
khin
nhm
A
Nhm
A Cng
A
Nhm
B
Cng B
Nhm
B
Cng C
(thp)
Nhm
A
Cng C
(cao)
Bus ni b
PC4-PC7
PC0-PC3
PB0-PB7
RD
WR
A0
A1
R
CS
PA0-PA7
- 55 -

WR: chn tn hiu yu cu ghi
A0-A1: Cc chn tn hiu a ch: chn 4 thanh ghi bn trong 8255A
Thanh ghi t iu khin CWR, PA,PB,PC.
PA,PB,PC L cc thanh ghi m ghi/c d liu. a ch cho thanh ghi PA cng l
a ch c s ca 8255.
C hai loi t iu khin cho 8255A:
T iu khin nh ngha cu hnh cho cc cng PA,PB,PC.
T iu khin lp/xo tng bit u ra ca PC
Bng chn thanh ghi trong 8255A
CS A1 A0 Chn ra
1 X X Khng chn
0 0 0 PA
0 0 1 PB
0 1 0 PC
0 1 1 CWR
T iu khin nh ngha cu hnh

* Cc ch hot ng ca 8255
Ch 0 (ch vo ra c s):
Cc cng A, B, C c s dng c lp nhau
Cc cng A, B, C c th l cng vo hoc cng ra tu gi tr t iu khin ghi
trong thanh ghi t iu khin.
Khng c s i thoi vi VXL cng nh TBN. Nu mun c tn hiu i thoi phi
dng bit ca cng no (thng l cng C) xc lp bit 1 v sau xo v 0 bng
cch ghi s liu (1 hoc 0) hoc bng cch xc lp/ xo mt bit PC
i
ca cng C bng
lnh vi D7 bng 0.

Ch ca A
00-Ch 0
01-Ch 1
1x- Ch 2
Chiu ca A
1: Vo
0: Ra
Chiu ca C
h

1: Vo
0: Ra

Nhm A
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
1
Nhm B
Chiu Ca C
l

1- Vo
2- Ra
Chiu ca B
1- Vo
2- Ra

Ch ca B
1 :Ch 1
1: Ch 0
- 56 -

Ch 1 (ch vo/ ra i thoi) vi cc bit cng C.
Chia hai nhm:
Nhm A gm cng A trao i s liu v na C cao (PC7- PC4) i thoi vi
VXL v TBN.
Nhm B gm cng B trao i s liu v na C thp (PC
3
- PC
0
) i thoi vi
VXL v TBN.
Chiu v ch 1 ca cng A, B do t iu khin quyt nh, cc tn hiu i thoi
PC
i
ph thuc vo chiu cng vo hay ra cho cc tn hiu PC
i
. V d: (SGK)
Ch 2 (vo ra c cht):
Ch ny ch dng cho cng A vi vo ra thun nghch (hai chiu) v cc bit PC
3,
PC
4
- PC
7
dng lm tn hiu i thoi, trong :
PC
3
cho tn hiu yu cu ngt IRNT
A
chung cho c hai chiu v ging ch
M=1.
PC
4
cho tn hiu vo STB
A
khi cng A c chiu vo (ging ch 1)
PC
6
cho tn hiu vo ACK
A
khi cng A c chiu ra (ging ch 1)
Chung c hai ch 1, 2 cc bit cn li dng lm i thoi ca cng C u l cc tn
hiu ra.
Cng B hot ng ging ch 1 hoc ch 0.
* Ghp ni 8255A vi MVT v TBN
Nguyn tc chung:
Phn ghp ni vi my vi tnh (MVT)
Phn ghp ni vi TBN
* Lp trnh cho 8255A

4.2.2. Ghp ni ni tip
Nguyn tc: cho php trao i thng tin gia CPU v TBNV theo tng bit, s liu trao
i thng c gi theo cc nhm bit m n to thnh mt k t hay mt t.
S dng:
Khi TBNV cn trao i vn l vo ra ni tip
Khi khong cch gia CPU v TBNV tng i ln.
Nhp truyn: tng s ln thay i tn hiu trong mt giy (baud rate)
Phng thc:
Thi gian: ng b, d b
ng truyn: song cng, n cng, bn song cng.
4.3. Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
4.3.1. Vo ra iu khin bng cch thm d
Vn iu khin vo/ra d liu s tr thnh rt n gin nu thit b ngoi vi lc no
cng sn sng ch lm vic vi CPU. V d, b phn o nhit s (nh l mt thit b vo)
lp sn trong mt h thng iu khin lc no cng c th cung cp s o v nhit ca i
tng cn iu chnh, cn mt b n LED 7 nt (nh l mt thit b ra) dng ch th mt
gi tr no ca mt i lng vt l nht nh trong h thng ni trn th lc no cng c
th biu hin thng tin . Nh vy, khi CPU mun c thng tin v nhit ca h thng th
n ch vic c cng phi ghp vi b o nhit , v nu CPU mun biu din thng tin va
c c trn n LED th n ch vic a tn hiu iu khin ti m khng phi kim tra
xem cc thit b ny c ang sn sng lm vic hay khng.
- 57 -

Tuy nhin trong thc t khng phi lc no CPU cng lm vic vi cc i tng "lin
tc sn sng" nh trn. Thng thng khi CPU mun lm vic vi mt i tng no ,
trc tin n phi kim tra xem thit b c ang trng thi sn sng lm vic hay khng,
nu c th n mi thc hin vic trao i d liu. Nh vy, nu lm vic theo phng php
thm d th h thng thng l CPU phi c dnh ring cho vic trao i d liu v n phi
lin tc kim tra trng thi sn sng ca thit b ngoi vi thng qua cc tn hiu mc ni
(Handshake Signal). Cc tn hiu ny c ly t mch phi ghp, do ngi thit k to ra,
chng trnh thm d hot ng trn .
V d: Mt cng vo s 0 (C a ch 00) c dng c trng thi sn sng ca 2
thit b ngoi vi ni trn. Tn hiu sn sng ca thit b ngoi vi s 1 (cng vo 01) c t
vo bit D
0
, tn hiu sn sng ca thit b ngoi vi s 2 (cng vo 02) c t vo bit D
1
. Cc
thit b ny s c gi tr 1 khi thit b ngoi vi tng ng trng thi sn sng lm vic vi
CPU v chng s c a vo Bus d liu khi CPU c n bng lnh c cng vo s 0.
M t hot ng ca phn mch vo d liu.
Khi thit b vo s 1 c 1 Byte s liu cn trao i, n a ra xung STB cho php
mch cht 8 bit ly Byte d liu ng thi kch cho mch lt D (mch to tn hiu sn sng)
lm vic. CPU s thm d trng thi sn sng ca thit b vo s 1 qua bit D
0
khi n c cng
D
0.
n khi CPU c 1 Byte d liu vo th n ng thi xo lun mch to trng thi sn
sng chun b cho ln lm vic ti vi 1 Byte d liu khc.

















4.3.2. Vo ra iu khin bng Ngt
a. Ngt v iu khin ngt
Trong cch t chc trao i d liu thng qua vic thm d trng thi sn sng ca thit
b ngoi vi, trc khi tin hnh bt k mt cuc trao i d liu no CPU phi ton b thi
gian vo vic xc nh trng thi sn sng lm vic ca thit b ngoi vi. Trong h thng vi x
l vi cch lm vic nh vy, thng thng CPU c thit k ch yu ch l phc v cho
vic vo ra d liu v thc hin cc x l lin quan. Trong thc t CPU lun c nhu cu t
ngi dng l tn dng kh nng lm vic ca CPU lm thm nhiu cng vic khc na.
Ch ti khi no c yu cu trao i d liu th mi yu cu CPU tm dng cng vic hin ti
phc v vic trao i d liu. Sau khi hon thnh vic trao i d liu CPU s quay v
lm tip cng vic hin ang b gin on. Cch lm ny gi l ngt CPU trao i d liu.
- 58 -
Nh vy mt h thng vi cch hot ng theo kiu ny c th p ng c rt nhanh cc
yu cu trao i d liu trong khi vn c th lm c cc cng vic khc. Mun t c
iu ny, ta phi c cch t chc h thng sao cho c th tn dng c kh nng thc hin
cc chng trnh phc v ngt ti cc a ch xc nh ca CPU. Vi mch 8088 ca CPU c
cc yu cu ngt che c INTR v khng che c NMI, chnh cc chn ny s c s
dng vo vic a cc yu cu ngt t bn ngoi n CPU.
b. Cc loi ngt trong 8088
Trong h vi x l 8088 c th xp cc nguyn nhn gy ra ngt CPU vo 3 nhm sau:
* Nhm cc ngt cng:
l cc yu cu ngt CPU do tn hiu ngt n t cc chn INTR v NMI.
Ngt cng NMI l yu cu ngt khng che c, tng ng vi ngt INT2. Cc lnh
CLI (xo c IF) v STI (lp c IF) khng c nh hng n vic nhn bit tn hiu yu cu
ngt NMI.
Ngt cng INTR l yu cu ngt che c, cc lnh CLI v STI c nh hng trc tip
ti trng thi ca c IF trong b vi x l, tc l nh hng ti vic CPU c nhn bit yu cu
ngt ti chn ny hay khng. Yu cu ngt ti chn INTR c th c kiu ngt N nm trong
khong 0 - FFh. Kiu ngt ny phi c a vo Bus d liu CPU c th c c khi c
xung INTA trong chu k tr li chp nhn ngt.








Chu k tr li ngt ca CPU 8088.
* Nhm cc ngt mm:
Khi CPU thc hin cc lnh ngt dng INT N, trong N l s hiu (kiu) ngt nm
trong khong 00-FFH (0-225).
Nhm cc hin tng ngoi l l: cc ngt do cc li ny sinh trong qu trnh hot
ng ca CPU nh php chia cho 0, xy ra trn khi tnh ton ...
Yu cu ngt s c kim tra thng xuyn ti chu k ng h cui cng ca mi
lnh. Cch n gin a c s hiu ngt N vo Bus d liu trong khi cng to ra yu
cu ngt a vo chn INTR ca b vi x l 8088
* Cc ngt khc:
Cc ngt xy ra khi CPU pht hin ra li nhng khng khc phc c li .








- 59 -

c. a s hiu ngt vo Bus d liu
Gi thit trong mt thi im nht nh ch c mt yu cu ngt IRi c tc ng v
khi u ra ca mch NAND s c xung yu cu ngt n CPU. Tn hiu IRi c ng
thi a qua mch khuch i m to ra s hiu ngt tng ng, s hiu ngt ny s c
CPU c vo khi n a ra tn hiu tr li INTA.
Quan h gia IRi v s hiu ngt N







d. p ng ca CPU khi c yu cu ngt
Khi c yu cu ngt kiu N n chn CPU, v nu yu cu c php,CPU thc hin
cc cng vic sau:















V mt cu trc chng trnh, khi c ngt xy ra th chng trnh chnh (CTC) lin h vi
chng trnh con phc v ngt (CTCPVN), iu ny c m t trn hnh di y.











- 60 -

Trong thc t cc ngt mm INT N bao trm cc loi khc CPU bi v INTEL
quy nh mt s kiu ngt c bit c xp vo u dy ngt mm INT N:
o INT 0: ngt mm do php chia cho s 0 gy ra.
o INT 1: Ngt mm chy tng lnh ng vi trng hp c TF = 1
o INT 2: Ngt cng do tn hiu tch cc ti chn NMI gy ra
o INT3: Ngt mm t im dng ca chng trnh ti mt a ch no
o INT4 (hoc lnh INTO): Ngt mm ng vi trng hp c trn OF = 1
Cc kiu ngt khc cn li th c dnh cho INTEL v cho ngi s dng (IBM khng
hon ton tun th cc quy nh ny khi ch to cc my PC/XT v PC/AT)
o INT5 INT 1FH: Dnh ring cho INTEL trong cc b vi x l cao cp khc.
o INT20 INT FFH: dnh cho ngi s dng.
Cc kiu ngt N trong INT N u tng ng vi cc a ch xc nh ca CTCPVN m
ta c th tra c trong bng cc vc t ngt. INTEL quy nh bng ny nm trong RAM bt
u t a ch 00000H v di 1KB (8088 c tt c 256 kiu ngt, mi kiu ngt ng vi mt
vect ngt, mi vc t ngt cn c 4 Byte cha a ch y cho CS : IP ca CTCPVN.
Bng vct ngt ca 8088 ti 1 KB RAM u tin c ch ra nh hnh di y:













e. X l u tin khi ngt
Mt yu cu quan trng t ra l, i hi CPU phi c kh nng x l c cc yu cu
ngt nu ti cng mt thi im c nhiu yu cu ngt thuc cc loi ngt khc nhau, i hi
CPU thc hin phc v. Vn gii quyt theo cch sau: CPU s x l cc yu cu ngt theo
th th u tin vi nguyn tc ngt no c mc u tin cao nht s c CPU nhn bit v
phc v trc.
Thng thng ngay t khi ch to CPU 8088 c kh nng phn bit cc mc u tin
khc nhau cho cc loi ngt (theo th t t cao xung thp) nh sau:







- 61 -

f. Mch iu khin u tin ngt 8259A (PIC: Priority interrupt control)



g. Cc khi chc nng chnh ca PIC: (b sung)



4.3.3. Vo ra iu khin bng DMA
Khc vi trao i tin theo chng trnh do VXL iu khin theo tng lnh vo ra gia
thanh ghi cha AX ca VXL vi ca vo-ra ca TBN, trao i tin DMA do khi iu khin
trao i trc tip khi nh DMAC iu khin. y l phng php trao i tin nhanh, cho
mt lng ln tin trc tip gia khi nh M v ca vo ra TBN, khng qua VXL. Phng
php ny thng dng a tin t khi kh ra mn hnh hoc trao i gia khi nh v a
t. Khi iu khin DMAC c th thit k ch to bi vi mch ri hoc IC ln nh
8237,82C37.
Th tc trao i tin DMA
a. Yu cu trao i tin DMA ca cc TBN
* Nhc im ca phng php trao i tin theo CT.
Mun trao i tin ca Khi nh M v TBN no ta cn:
a a ch khi nh
Pht lnh c/ghi khi nh trao i vi thanh ghi cha AX ca VXL.
a a ch ca ca ni vi TBN
Pht lnh trao i tin (IN/OUT) gia thanh ghi cha AX vi ca vo-ra ca TBN.
Nh vy phi c 4 lnh v trao i tin gia khi nh v TBN phi thng qua thanh
ghi cha va VXL. Thi gian trao i tin ln v:
VXL phi gii m lnh v thc hin lnh.
Trao i thng qua thanh ghi cha AX trung gian.
* Yu cu trao i tin nhanh.
Trong h MVT c hai thit b l mn hnh v a t i hi trao i mt lng tin ln
trong thi gian nh. do phi dng gii php cng iu khin s trao i tin (khng dng
phn mm). c im ca gii php DMA ny l:
Khi DMAC hon ton thay th VXL iu khin s trao i tin, ni cch khc
DMAC hon ton dnh quyn s dng bus trong qu trnh trao i.
VXL b c lp, b treo khng hot ng, tc trng thi in tr cao, khng lin h bus
bn ngoi.
Khi trao i tin xong DMAC li tr li quyn s dng Bus cho VXL.
b. Th tc trao i tin DMA.
* Th tc:
DMAC iu khin s trao i DMA gia khi nh M v TBN, khng c s tham gia
ca VXL (b treo hay c lp ng dy) theo th tc c trnh t sau:
TBN a yu cu DRQ cho DMAC. DMAC ghi nhn (nu cha c ghi che, chn
trc), xt th t u tin (nu c nhiu yu cu DRQ vo ng thi) v a yu cu cho
VXL, ngh chim gi ng dy bi mt trong hai tn hiu sau:
Tn hiu Hold (cho cc VXL 8085,8086 ch MIN)
Tn hiu RQ
0
( ch MAX ca 8086)
- 62 -

VXL hon thnh lnh ang thc hin, ngt chng trnh chuyn sang chng trnh
con khi pht DMA (ghi a ch ban u khi nh, s li trao i, hng thay i a ch) v
a ra tn hiu xc nhn DMA (GT
0
, GT
1
hay HLDA) v t treo trng thi in tr cao (c
lp) nhng quyn s dng BUS cho DMAC.
DMAC tin hnh:
a tn hiu xc nhn DACK cho TBN
Tin hnh trao i DMA cho ti khi kt thc (m li trao i tr v 0)
Kt thc tn hiu HOLD, tr quyn iu khin bus cho VXL
VXL nhn bit s kt thc tn hiu HOLD v kt thc tn hiu HLDA, dnh li
quyn iu khin Bus.
* Chui hnh ng ca DMAC trong trao i tin DMA

Chui hnh ng ca DMAC gm khi ghp ni v khi iu khin c thc hin
m bo vic trao i tin. Chui hnh ng ny tun theo th t:
1. Khi ghp ni (KGN) gi khi iu khin mt yu cu (DRQ) cho phc v DMA.
2. KDK gi yu cu Hold ti VXL
3. KK nhn xc nhn iu khin bus (HLDA, GT
0
) t VXL
4. KK pht a ch ln bus (t thanh ghi m a ch) cho khi nh.
5. KK pht xc nhn DMA cho TBN.
6. KK pht lnh c (ghi) trao i s liu gia khi nh v khi ghp ni.
(4)
(1) Khi
ghp ni
sn sng
nhn s liu.
Yu cu
DMA c
to thnh
8086 v
lgic iu
khin
ng
dy (bus)
Khi
nh M
Khi
ghp ni
TBN
iu
khin
DMA
Thit b
Vo /
Ra

Khi ghp ni
(5)
(8) (9)
(3)
(2)
HLDA
Hold
Bus a ch
Bus s liu
Bus iu khin
- 63 -

7. KGN:
Cht s liu (khi ghi) trao i vi TBN. Hai hnh ng 6 v 7 c th tro i
vi nhau nn ghi s liu t khi ghp ni vo khi nh thng qua thanh ghi m
ca KGN.
Thanh ghi a ch tng ln 1.
Thanh ghi m li gim i 1. Nu ni dung thanh ghi m li ny cha bng 0, lp
li cc bc 6, 7 trao i vi cc li tin khc.
8. KGN kt thc tn hiu yu cu HOLD
9. VXL kt thc tn hiu HLDA dnh li quyn chim bus t DMAC
c. Cc ch trao i DMA
* Trao i tin khi :
Trao i nhiu (khi) li tin ln lt t gi tr m li tin n ti 0 (ht)
* Trao i ly nn chu k tng phn:
DMAC pht hin ng dy bus ri (VXL khng s dng ng dy bus) thc hin
trao i DMA.
DMAC phi c :
Thit b pht hin ng dy ri
Thit b bo m VXL b treo cho ti khi DMAC khng s dng bus, khin VXL
ch mt thi gian Tw ti khi DMAC thc hin trao i xong mt phn ca trao i
tin v tip tc nt phn ly ln chu k sau cho ti khi kt thc trao i tin khi tin
DMA.
* Ly ln chu k trong sut:
Ch ny cng ging ch trn l ly ln chu k nhng bt VXL ch vi Tw ln
hn cho ti khi trao i xong mt khi tin trn vn.
Khi iu khin DMAC
a. Nhim v ca khi

b. Cu trc khi DMAC

c. Vi mch 8237,8257

CU HI V BI TP
4.1. Trnh by vai tr, nhim v, phn loi khi ghp ni? V s cu trc chung ca mt
khi ghp ni?
4.2. Vi mch iu khin vo ra bng chng trnh 8255A ca mt my tnh IBM/PC c a
ch c s l 60h. Hy xc nh a ch cc cng PA, PB, PC, thanh ghi t iu khin CWR?
4.3. Vi mch iu khin vo ra bng chng trnh 8255A ca mt my tnh IBM/PC c a
ch c s l 60h. Hy xc nh gi tr thanh ghi t iu khin CWR 8255A hot ng ch
vo ra c s vi PA, PCh l cng vo, v vi PB, PCl l cng ra?
4.4. Khi nim, phn loi v ngt? Nu phng php iu khin vo ra bng ngt.
4.5. Trnh by khi nim, cc th tc trao i tin, cc ch trao i DMA.
4.6. Trnh by phng php vo ra bng chng trnh? So snh phng php vo ra bng
chng trnh v phng php vo ra bng DMA

- 64 -

Chng V: THIT B NHP D LIU
5.1. Gii thiu chung












5.2. Bn phm
Bn phm l mt thit b ngoi vi dng giao tip gia ngi v my tnh (dng
nhp s liu, chng trnh hoc ra lnh cho my ...).
Chc nng chung ca bn phm:
Pht hin s n phm
Kh rung
M ho phm
Phn loi: bn phm c chia lm 3 loi chnh:
Bn phm k t: dng a ch ci, ch s, du hiu v mt s k t iu khin
vo my tnh.
Bn phm s: chuyn dng a s vo my tnh. Thng c ghp cng bn
phm k t(bn phi bn phm hin i).
Bn phm c nhim: dng cho cc thit b iu khin t ng (c s dng b vi x
l...).
Cng ngh:
in dung: hai trng thi ca phm n khc nhau v in dung (hnh v)
Hiu ng Hall (hnh v)
Bn phm quang in
Bn phm li Pherit
5.1.1. K thut d phm
Bn phm c t chc thnh ma trn, giao ca hng v ct s cho php xc
nh phm c nhn:







5
V
Out7 Out1
- 65 -

Mch phi ghp cht k t:



















5.1.2. K thut qut phm (Scan)
Xem xt trng thi ca phm theo hng, ct. Thi gian qut phm nh hn nhiu so vi thi
gian nhn mt phm.
S : (bn phm 64 phm)



















Gii m
3 bit cao
Gii m
3 bit cao
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
B m 6 bit

0
1
;
7
0
1
;
7
Clk
To xung
VXL 8079
M nh phn
Ready
PA0 PA5
Clear
Ma trn
bn
phm

D K
0


Out
7

D K
0


IRQ
Reset

D K
1



D K
7


Tr & to xung
Clk
Out
1
Out
2
NOR
K t c m
ho
- 66 -

Bn phm 101 phm:










Mi khi c mt phm c nhn, gi v ma trn m qut ca phm bng mt ngt IRQ
v CPU s c cng 60h bit tc ng phm no xy ra.
ROMBIOS s chuyn i m qut thnh t m di hai byte: byte thp cha m
ASCII, byte cao cha m qut ca phm, sau t m hai byte ny vo hng i bn phm.
Cc m hai byte sau khi c lu trong b m s ch cho ti khi c mt chng trnh
no ly dn ra x l.
Vi cc t hp phm nng, chc nng t hp c coi nh mt lnh v c x l tc
th. Ring t hp phm CTRL + ALT + DEL lun c kim tra khi c tc ng ca phm gi
v CPU.
5.3. Chut

5.4. Cc thit b nhp liu tin tin


CU HI V BI TP
5.1. Trnh by k thut d phm.
5.2. Trnh by k thut qut phm



P27
T1
8049
P26
T0

P29
P17
P28
P27
T1
P10-P22
P26
T0

Ma trn bn phm
5
V
Clk


Numlock

Scrolllock

Caplock

- 67 -

Chng VI: THIT B XUT D LIU
6.1. Nhng khi nim c bn
i vi cc my tnh hin nay, phng tin i thoi ch yu ngi my l bn phm v
mn hnh. Mn hnh l phng tin hin th thng tin thun li v kinh t. Thng tin hin th
l ch, s (text), hoc ho (graphic).
C hai loi mn hnh ang c dng ph bin l: mn hnh tia m cc (CRT- Cathode
ray tube) v mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD-Liquid Crystal Display).
Li CRT thng dng hn do gi thnh thp v c kh nng hin th thng tin phong ph,
ng thi vic iu khin CRT do cc mch LSI m nhim.
Mn hnh LCD c u im nh mng, tiu th t nng lng nhng c gi thnh cao.
6.1.1. Nguyn l ca phng php hin th hnh nh video
Kh nng phn gii hu hn ca mt ngi
Kh nng phn gii ca mt ngi l khong 1'(gc 1 pht), ngha l nu chng ta nhn
2 im di mt gc nh hn 1' th s cm nhn thy chng dnh vo nhau, gc cn c
gi l gc phn gii. iu ny ht sc quan trng i vi vic hin th thng tin, v chng ta
ch cn hin th mt s hu hn im ca mn hnh mt khong cch no , chng ta vn
c cm gic hnh nh l mn.
Hin tng lu nh trn vng mc
Khi mt hnh nh hin ri li tt vi tn s ln hn 25ln/giy, mt ngi khng nhn ra
c s nhp nhy v c cm gic hnh nh tn ti lin tc. l hin tng lu nh trn
vng mc.
6.1.2. Nhng c im chung ca mn hnh
im nh pixel.
im nh pixel l phn t nh nht ca mt nh hay mt thit b hin th nh. Kch
thc mt im nh trn mn hnh CRT ph thuc vo cc tham s
Kch thc chm tia in t.
Kch thc ht pht pho.
Chiu dy lp pht pho.
i vi mn hnh mu, kch thc mt im nh gn bng kch thc ca ba im mu:
xanh lc, , xanh nc bin.
Kch thc ngang v dc vi n v l 1 im nh c gi l kch thc mn hnh.
Mn hnh VGA c bn c kch thc 640x480 im nh.
phn gii
phn gii c nh ngha l kch thc chi tit nh nht v o c ca mt thit b
hin th. Mt tham s o phn gii l s im nh trn mt n v chiu di (inch hay
centimt), c gi l mt im nh. Mt im nh vit tt l dpi(dot per inch).
sng (brighness)
sng l gi tr pht sng tng i ca vt liu so vi mt vt liu mu trng chun.
pht sng ca mn hnh pht sng nh ng tia m cc c coi l sng.
tng phn
L t l gia sng hay pht sng gia hai trng thi ng v m ca phn t hin
th (im nh). tng phn cho bit kh nng phn bit hai phn t ny .
su mu
Mt mu bt k c th biu din qua 3 mu c bn: , xanh lc, xanh nc bin tu
theo m nht (gray scale). su mu l s mu c th hin th c cho mt im nh.
- 68 -

Tu theo s bt dng hin th mu ta phn loi mn hnh theo mu nh sau:
en trng 1 bit (2 mu)
Mu CGA 4 bit (16 mu)
Mu gi (pseudo color) 8 bit (256 mu)
High color 16 bit
True color 24 bit.
Tn s lm ti
Tn s lm ti chnh l tc qut mn hnh
f
lt
=30Hz n 60Hz.
6.2. Mn hnh mu CRT (Cathod Ray Tube)
Mn hnh ng tia m cc CRT (Cathod Ray Tube) l mn hnh c in v thng dng
nht hin nay.
6.2.1. Cu to
Mn hnh mu thc cht gm 3 ng hnh n sc chung trong mt v gm:
3 si t iu khin 3 chm tia khc nhau (, xanh l, lc)
Mn hnh pht pho phi c qut thnh tng nhm 3 vch thng ng (tng ng
vi 3 mu) thay cho cc im.
Thng theo cc vch l mt mt n bng kim loi c cc l (hay cc khe dc)
cho 3 chm tia in t i qua to thnh 3 im ring r gn nhau to thnh 3 chm
sng: R, G, B, c 3 nm iu chnh sng, ti ng vi 3 mu trn.
V tr t cc mu cho ta cng ngh tng ng:
Cc chm sng theo hng ngang: PIL (Pricision In Line)
Cc chm sng theo tam gic u: Trinitron.
S cu to CRT mu



B phn sng in t
Gm 3 sng in t c nhim v bn ra 3 chm tia in t mnh,chuyn ng nhanh
bay ln p vo mt im ca lp hunh quang trn mn hnh, lm cho im pht sng.
Cc b phn chnh ca sng in t:
Ca-tt: catt ca CRT khi c t nng s pht x ra mt m my in t.
Cc in cc gia tc cho chm tia in t. in cc Anot nm trn mn hnh
c tc dng gia tc cho chm tia in t. Hiu in th t ln 2 cc t 14
nghn V n 25.000V.
H thng cc in cc hi t chm tia in t (G2 v G3) c tc dng lm cho
chm tia in t hi t li thnh mt tia rt mnh. Ngoi ra chng cng c tc
dng tng tc cho chm tia in t.
H thng li tia:
Vic li tia in t c thc hin bng in trng hoc t trng. Thng
thng vic li tia in t c thc hin bng t trng. Gn c n hnh
ngi ta t 2 cp cun dy song song vi nhau v cho cc dng in c dng
bin thin ph hp, c tn s nht nh chy qua, dng in s to ra t trng
bin thin theo phng trng vi trc ca cun dy.. Trong lng n hnh c 2
vect t trng theo phng nm ngang v thng ng, chng tc ng ln
- 69 -

chm tia in t, lm lch hng theo quy lut ca dng in trong cc cp
cun dy.
iu ch dng tia in t
Khi sng in t qut ln lt cc dng ca mnh, nu lm thay i cng ca chm
tia in t theo qui lut thay i ca tn hiu hnh nh ni pht i, th s ti to li hnh nh
trn mn hnh. Vic iu khin dng in t theo quy lut ca hnh nh cn hin th c gi
l iu ch dng in t.
in cc li G1 lm nhim v li iu khin, nu t gia G1 v catt mt in p
thay i theo quy lut thay i tn hiu ca hnh nh th dng in t ca sng in t s b
iu ch theo quy lut ca tn hiu.
6.2.2. Phng php qut dng
Da vo phn gii hu hn ca hin tng lu nh trn vng mc ca mt ngi,
ngi ta xy dng nn phng php qut dng hin th hnh nh.
Mn hnh c chia thnh mt s hu hn dng, tp cc dng to nn hnh nh.









6.2.3. S ghp ni v hot ng:













CRTC (CRT Controller): n v iu khin mn hnh. S kiu s c th hin trn
mn hnh t b nh mn hnh hay CPU gi qua b to ch CG :
iu khin kiu v v tr con tr mn hnh
nh ch dng, mn hnh v s nh trn mt giy
DM (Display Memory): ghi thng tin s c th hin trn mn hinhg trong ch
Text.
CG (Character General): lu tr cc mu bit ca k t, cc Font ch trong ch Text.
ng qut
ng hi ngang
ng hi dc

CPU

MUX

DM

CRTC

CG

Shift
Gii
m
thuc
tnh
Syn

Cl k
- 70 -

B Shift:
Nhn s liu t CG v y ra tn hiu Video
Kt hp vi b gii m thuc tnh to ra cc tn hiu cho sng RGB
Kt hp vi cc tn hiu ng b t CRTC a ra tn hiu hn hp.
6.2.4. K thut lm ti hnh nh
Lm ti (Refresh): qu trnh hin hnh nh lp i lp li lin tc vi mt tn sut
ln mt ngi khng cm thy lp lo.
Nguyn tc: chuyn ni dung b nh ln mn hnh dng phng php DMA
S :









Khi DMAC np s liu vo b m Buffer #1 th b m Buffer #2 c np y
trc y ni dung ca mn hnh ra b to ch CG, sau n lt Buffer #1. Qu trnh
lm ti c tip tc vi s i hng ca hai b dn knh MUX.
6.3. My in


CU HI V BI TP
6.1. Trnh by cc nguyn l ca phng php hin th hnh nh video
6.2. Trnh by nhng c im chung ca mn hnh
6.3. Trnh by cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca mn hnh CRT mu
6.4. Trnh by s tng qut, nguyn l hot ng ca khi ghp ni iu khin mn hnh
CRT.
6.5. Trnh by k thut lm ti mn hnh


CPU DMAC RAM
MUX MUX
Buffer #1
Buffer #2
- 71 -

Chng VII: THIT B LU TR
7.1. Gii thiu chung
B nh ngoi: lu tr d liu v chng trnh ca ngi s dng
c im:
Dung lng ln
Tnh lu ng cao, tin dng
Tc truy xut thp
Phn loi: a t, quang, Memory card
7.2. a t (Magetic)
a t: tm trn mng, trn c ph mt lp oxit st t
a mm: tm trn bng nha
a cng: tm trn bng kim loi
Cc ht st t c kh nng
Thm t (Permeable): c kh nng cho t thng xuyn qua
Tr t (Retentivity): lu li t tnh
Tham s:
c ghi
a
7.2.1. Tham s c ghi (u t)
Nguyn tc: nam chm in
- Ghi t: Dng trn cun dy A-B to ra t trng xc nh trong li hnh khuyn. Qua
khe h t thng ca t trng i xuyn xung lp oxit st t sp xp li cc ht cht
st t ca lp oxit st chy qua khe h u t theo mt hng nht nh => ghi thng
tin ln a
- c: s thay i chiu sp xp cc phn t t dc theo ng ghi s to nn s thay
i chiu ca t trng trong li u t thng qua khe h u t, sinh ra dng in
cm ng trong cun dy AB. Dng trn cun dy AB s mang thng tin c ghi
trn a chuyn ng theo hnh vnh khuyn => c c cc thng tin .
Cc phng php m ho s liu ghi trn a:
Qa trnh c/ghi thng tin trn a i hi phi c s ng b, cc d liu cn ghi cng
phi c m ho, iu ch v gii iu ch (gn thng tin vo vt mang tin)
Cc phng php iu ch v c bn da vo cc c trng ca tn hiu
Tn hiu hnh sin chun s(t) = A cos(2tf
c
t + )
C cc c trng:
Bin A
Tn s f
c

Gc pha
Cc phng php iu ch
iu bin AM (Amplitude Modulation)
iu tn FM (Frequency Modulation)
iu pha PM (Phase Modulation)
Phng php iu ch s dng ch yu khi m ho - iu ch s liu ghi trn a t: FM
Chia trc thi gian thnh cc khong thi gian bng nhau gi l bit
- 72 -

Vi phng php FM khong cch gia 2 xung ng h l 1 bit, gia bit xung s
liu c ghi.
C xung s liu: bit d liu l 1
Khng c xung s liu: bit d liu l 0









Nh vy, 1 byte s liu ghi trn a bao gm gi tr thc ca byte s liu v gi tr
FFh ca byte ng h.
Tuy nhin, phng php FM lng ph b nh ( d tha thng tin ti 50%) => a ra
phng php MFM (Modifier FM)
Xung s liu c ghi gia mi bit
Xung ng h ch c ghi u mi bit nu trong s bit ny v bit trc
bit s liu l 0.
7.2.2. Tham s a t
a. Mt s khi nim
Mt a (Size): mi mt tng ng c mt u c (Head)
Rnh t (Track): cc ng trn ng tm c nh s t ngoi vo trong (bt u t
rnh s 0)
Cung t (Sector): mi rnh c chia lm nhiu cung vi Microsoft OS: dung lng 1
sector thng l 512 byte.
Thng tin 1 cung
Trng a ch (ID)
S liu
Tn hiu ng b
Lin cung (Cluster): tp hp ca 2, 4, 6 cung t, cc cung c nh s tun t
nhng 1 sector khng nht thit phi k vi sec 2 m c truy xut qua cc mc ni.
T tr (Cylinder): cc rnh t c cng s th t trn cc a t (ch c a cng)
b. Cu trc cc vng thng tin trn a
Vng h thng
Vng d liu








- 73 -

MBR (Master Boot Record): Boot chnh ca a (ch c a cng):
Tham s a
Thng tin v h thng Format a
BS (Boot Sector): lin cung khi ng (vi a cha d liu: trng)
Boot Directory (Bng th mc gc)
Dy cc mc vo (Entry), mi mc vo tng ng vi 1 th mc con hay tp tin c trn
a (Vi DOS 6.22 ti a 512 mc vo)
Thng tin mc vo
ngha di S hiu
Tn tp, th mc 8 byte 0
Phn m rng 3 byte 1
Thuc tnh 1 byte 2
dnh 10 byte 3
Gi to lp 2 byte 4
Ngy to lp 2 byte 5
a ch bn cung u tin 2 byte 6
Kch thc 4 byte 7
Tng 32 bite
Cu trc: Danh sch mc ni
Ring vi s hiu 0
00h: Cha s dng
20h: Th mc (.)
2020h: Th mc (..)
E5h: b xo
FAT (File Allocation Table): bng nh v tp tin
Qun l danh sch cc lin cung dng lu tr cho tp tin
Danh sch cc lin cung cn ri (cha s dng)
Cc lin cung b li (Bad Sector)
Mi bng FAT tng ng vi 1 logic, kch thc logic ph thuc vo s bit dng
cho mi bng FAT
FAT -12: S lin cung qun l c: 2
12
lin cung
FAT -16: S lin cung qun l c: 2
16
lin cung
FAT -32: S lin cung qun l c: 2
32
lin cung
V d:
72.3. Cc cng ngh sn xut a t
a mm
Tc quay: 360 vng/pht
Tc truy xut: 500Kb/s -1 MB/s
Giao din ISA, SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)
Ngun in: +5v -> +12v
Cp d liu/iu khin: 34 pin (chn cm) dy 1: mu
Cp o ngc (pin 10 -> pin 16): phn bit A-B
a cng
Tc quay: 7200 vng/pht hoc hn
Tc truy xut: 1 Mb/s -> 5 Mb/s
- 74 -

Giao din:
Chun ST 506 (Seagate Technology):
- Cc tn hiu iu khin 34 dy
- Tn hiu s liu: 20 dy
- Cng ngh MFM loi RLL (Run Length limited)
- S Sec/Track: 17 -> 26
- Tc 1 Mb/s
Chun ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface):
Tn hiu tng ng ST 506
S Sec/Track: 34 -> 36
Tc 10 Mb/s
Chun SCSI (Small Computer Device Interface):
Tn hiu: 50 dy hoc 68 dy
Tc c th ln ti 5 Mbyte/s
Chun IDE (Interlligent Device Electronic):
Tn hiu : 40 dy (hoc 44 dy) tu theo cc chun ATA (AT Attachment)
Tc c th ln ti 4 Mbyte/s
7.2.4. Chun b mt a cng a vo s dng
nh dng cp thp (Low Level Format): nh dng 1 ln ngay khi ch to.
Phn khu a (Partion):
a vt l c th c phn thnh cc phn khu c lp nh 1 logic. Cc phn khu:
DOS chnh (Primary DOS partion)
DOS m rng (Extended DOS partion)
Phi DOS (Non- partion DOS)
Thng tin mi phn khu:
a ch vt l u
a ch vt l cui
a ch logic cui
S Sec/phn khu
Thc hin: FDISK (Fixed Disk)
nh dng cp cao (High Level Format)
To cc phn vng h thng, d liu trn a
nh du cc vng a li
Thc hin: FORMAT
7.3. a Quang (Optical Disk)
7.3.1. c im:
Mt ghi thng tin cao
Dung lng ln
Gi thnh: thp
Tc truy xut: nh hn a cng
7.3.2. Nguyn tc c/ghi thng tin
a. Ghi thng tin:
- Cc a CDROM c to bng cch dng 1 tia lazer mnh t chy cc hc ng
knh 1 mm trn 1 a ch, t a ch ny to ra mt khun to ra cc bn copy trn
cc a cht do.
- 75 -

- Sau ph 1 lp nhm chy mng ln trn mt a v lp cht do trong sut ln
trn lp nhm bo v
- Cc hc nh: pit, din tch khng b t: land; pit v land c phn x khc nhau
=> phn bit d liu
- Thng tin trn CDROM c ghi theo mt ng xon trn c duy nht t tm a
ra ngoi. D liu c ghi theo nhm 24 byte. Gia cc nhm c thm cc bit c
bit v 1 byte ng b to thnh 1 Frame. 96 Frame -> khi (2Kb)
b. c thng tin:
- u d (Detector): o nng lng phn x t b mt a khi chiu ln b mt 1 tia
lazer cng sut nh.
- D liu c c vi vn tc 75inch/s tng ng 153.60 Kbyte/s
7.3.3. Phn loi:
- CD-ROM (Compact Disk) Read only Memory vi nh dng dng cho m thanh,
d liu.
- WORM: Write Only-Read Multiple
- CD-RW: CD -Read/Write: b mt c c bao ph bi lp polycarbon vi 5 lp
cho php c/ghi d liu.
- DVD (Digital Video Disk): dung lng lu tr ln cho d liu s..
7.4. Cc thit b lu tr khc

CU HI V BI TP
7.1. Trnh by cc phng php m ha s liu trn a t.
7.2. Trnh by s tng qut ca cc vng thng tin trn a t. Gii thch ngha, tc dng
ca cc vng thng tin.
7.3. Trnh by cu to chung ca mt a cng? Cc chun giao tip a cng? Cc khi nim
v side/head, track,cylinder, sector, cluster?
7.4. Thc hin thao tc nh dng cp thp, nh dng cp cao ca a cng c th.
7.5. Trnh by nguyn tc c, ghi thng tin trn a quang.








- 76 -

Chng VIII: THIT B GHP NI V TRUYN THNG
8.1. Gii thiu chung
My tnh: x l tn hiu s (Digital): bit, byte,..song trong thc t cc d liu tn ti
dng tng t (Analog): nhit , m, di,..m thanh, hnh nh,..v vy vic ng dng
my tnh trong thc t i hi phi c s chuyn i cc tn hiu dng tng t sang tn
hiu s (ADC) v ngc li (DAC).
Qu trnh ghp ni:

Trong :
- Cc Sensor: cc thit b, vt liu dng bin i cc i lng, cc gi tr vt l khc
thnh gi tr in hay gn vi in.
- Cc Transducer: thit b chun ho tn hiu tn hiu ra l tn hiu c gii hn xc
nh.
- Conditioner : cc tn hiu t cc Sensor l cc tn hiu nh, phi tuyn nn dng cc
b khuch i (OpAmp) dng b phi tuyn v nng mc tn hiu cho ph hp vi
gi tr u vo ADC.
- Analog MUX: b dn knh 2
n
u vo mt u ra.
- S&H (Sample and Hold): ly mu tn hiu v trch mt phn tn hiu
- Ghp vi h thng thu thp tn hiu bin thin nhanh m ADC c thi gian chuyn
i ln.
- Thu hp cc ca s bt nh ca ADC thnh cc ca s bt nh S&H.
- Isolator, Actuator: cch li bng bin p xung quang hc.
8.2. B chuyn i tn hiu
8.2.1. B chuyn i tn hiu s - tng t: DAC (Digital Analog Converter)
Nguyn tc: bin i cc m s trc tip ra dng in hay in p.
E
Out
= E
in
(B
1
.2
-1
+ B
2
.2
-2
++ B
n
.2
-n
)
n: s bit
B
i
: cc bit.
c im
Lng ra khng lin tc
Gi tr ra ln nht khi tt c cc bit l 1
S thay i ca in p hay dng ng vi s thay i ca LSB.

i
tng
cng
ngh
(p
sut,
nhit
,..
Sensor #1
Transducer
#1
Conditioner #1
Conditioner #2



Analog
MUX
Sensor #N Conditioner #N

DAC

S&H

Actuator

P

Isolator

ADC
- 77 -

Cc loi DAC:
DAC thang chia nh phn








DAC thang chia R-2R









8.2.2. B chuyn i tn hiu tng t - s: ADC (Analog Digital Converter)
Nguyn tc: ri rc ho v m ho tn hiu
Phn loi:
Trc tip: t gi tr m in p sang m xung
Gin tip: thng qua khu bin i
ADC trc tip dng b m nh phn
















-
E
Ngun
Reset
DAC
B m
nh phn
Logic
iu khin
+
_
Clock
Count
Start

EOC
B1
B2

Out

B so snh
Em
E
E0
E
Ou

- 78 -

Khi c tn hiu xo b m E
0
= 0.
Khi E
0
<E
IN
th tn hiu ra Analog l 1, tng b m ln 1
Khi E
0
>E
IN
th tn hiu ra l), xo b m
ADC gin tip dng b xp x (Successive approximation)











8.2.3. Modem (Modulation - Demodulation) iu ch v gii iu ch
Thit b
- Chuyn i tn hiu: s tng t v tng t s
- iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu
CCITT cho php s dng cc Modem vo vic truyn s liu quc t.
V nguyn l: p ng 2 yu cu tham s:
- Lu lng thng tin
- Phn t mng
Thao tc:
- T ng quay s (Auto dial): gi mt Modem khc theo ch xung hoc a tn.
- T ng tr li (Auto answer)
- Lm ngt qu trnh kt ni vi ng truyn in thoi khi cuc truyn d liu
hon tt hay c li.
- T ng thch ng tc gia 2 Modem
- Chuyn i cc bt sang dng tn hiu thch hp vi ng truyn in thoi
- Chuyn i tn hiu tng t s v ngc li
Phn loi:
- Modem trong: card m rng vi khe cm ISA
- Modem ngoi: bn mch ng hp
Phng thc:
- ng b: khi phc li tn hiu ng b b phn nhn
- Khng ng b: s dng cc bit start, stop
Cc tiu chun dng cho Modem
- V32 bit: 14,4 Kb/s
- V22 bit: 2,4 Kb/s
- V17: 14,4 bit/s
- V27: 4,8 Kb/s
- Bell: 1,2 Kb/s

+
_
DAC
Thanh ghi dch
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
B
5
B
6
B
7
B
8

Clock

Start
EOC
A1
E0
EIN B xp x
- 79 -

Cc thanh ghi trn Modem
Thanh ghi trng thi S: ct gi cc tham s khi ci t
- S
0
: s ting chung bt u tr li t ng
- S1: m s chung gi n
- S2: k t escape
- S3: tr li u dng
- S4: v u dng
- S5: back space
Thng s mt s chun Modem
Tn Tc (b/s) iu bin
V21 300 FSK
V22 1.200 PSK
V22 bit 2.400 ASK/PSK
V27 4.800 PSK
V29 9.600 PSK
V32 9.600 ASK/PSK
V32 bit 14.400 ASK/PSK
V34 28.800 ASK/PSK
8.3. Cc chun giao tip
8.3.1. Cc chun chung:
Hu ht cc thit b x l tn hiu c kh nng truyn nhn tn hiu hn ch, thng thng cc
thit b ny c gn trc tip vi cc thit b chuyn nhn tn hiu hoc qua mng, chng
c gi l cc thit b truyn nhn d liu u cui (DTE, DCE).
Mi thit b x l tn hiu (trm) thng c kt hp vi mt cp gm mt DTE v mt
DCE.
Hai trm truyn tn hiu cho nhau qua hai DCE ca mi bn c kt ni vi nhau. Hai
DCE trao i tn hiu vi nhau trn mng hoc ng truyn phi tng t nhau, ngha l b
phn nhn tn hiu bn ny phi tng ng vi b phn pht tn hiu ca bn kia.
DTE v DCE truyn nhn tn hiu vi nhau do cng phi tng thch vi nhau v d
liu v thng tin iu khin: cc chun
8.3.2. Cc chun v giao din ga DTE v DCE bao gm:
Chun v cu trc: xc nh kt ni vt l gia DTE v DCE (tn hiu v mch iu
khin thng qua cp ni v gic cm)
Chun v tn hiu: xc n mc hiu in th, thi gian bin i tn hiu
Chun v chc nng: xc nh chc nng cc mch chuyn i
Chun v th tc: xc nh th t thao tc trong truyn d liu da trn chun chc
nng ca cc ng tn hiu.
8.3.3. Chun EIA-RS 232 (Electronic Industry Association Recomand Standard): chun
giao tip truyn thng cng nghip
EIA cng b tiu chun RS-232C vi n lc nhm to ra kh nng ghp ni cc
thit b do nhiu nh sn xut lm ra m khng i hi c mt tiu chun k thut c bit cho
tng trng hp.
tng xy dng tiu chun RS-232 l phi s dng cng loi ni dy, th d loi
u ni 25 chn hoc 9 chn, c ni theo cng mt cch v s dng cng mc in p khi
biu din cc s nh phn 1 v 0 tng ng. Vi tng ny, nu nh mi ngi u tham
- 80 -

gia vo tiu chun theo cng mt cch th c th ni cc thit b vi cng RS-232 ca cc
hng khc nhau, cc mu m khc nhau m khng cn c thm iu kin no. Cc mdem,
cc my in v nhiu thit b khc c th c ni vo giao din RS-232.
Ngy nay, hu ht cc my tnh u trang b mt hoc hai cng ni tip RS-232, v tt
c u c kh nng s dng RS-232, t nht l nh mt kh nng tu chn t nh sn xut
my tnh hoc t pha ngi s dng my tnh.
Cc c trng in
Cc mc in p ng truyn
Trong RS-232B, mc logic 1 l mt in p bt k, trong phm vi t 5 V n -25 V,
trong khi logic 0 l bt c in p no trong khong t +5 V n +25 V. Cc mc in p
trong phm vi 3 V n +3 V l trng thi chuyn tip, trong khi cc phm vi t 3 V n 5
V khng c xc nh v dn n cc kt qu khng th d tnh trc nu nh c s
dng: tnh trng ny xut hin trong cc h thng c thit k s si.
Cc c trng in ca tiu chun RS-232 quy nh c th in p cc tiu v cc i
ca mc logic 1 v 0. Mc in p bng 0 V b nhn, c hiu nh vic ng truyn
b t hoc xy ra chp mch.
Trong chun RS-232C, c c tc truyn d liu nhanh hn ngi ta s dng
khong chnh lch hp hn gia mc logic 0 v logic 1. Cc gii hn trn i vi mc logic 0
v logic 1 l 12 V, ch khng dng gii hn 25 V nh trong chun RS-232B. Nu khng
c cc xung xut hin trn ng dn th mc in p tng ng vi mc HIGH (-12V).
Cc yu cu v mt in c quy nh trong chun RS-232C nh sau:
- Mc logic 1 (mc du) nm trong khong: -3 V n 12 V; trong khong t 5 V
n 12 V l tin cy, mc logic 0 (mc trng) nm trong khong: +3 V n +12 V,
khong t + 5 V n +12 V l tin cy.
- Tr khng ti v pha b phn ca mch phi ln hn 3.000O nhng khng c
vt qu 7.000O.
- Tc truyn/ nhn d liu cc i l 100 kbit/giy.
- Cc li vo ca b nhn phi c in dung phi nh hn 2.500 pF.
- di ca cp ni gia my tnh v thit b ghp ni qua cng ni tip khng th
vt qu 15 m nu khng s dng mdem.
- Cc gi tr tc truyn d liu chun l 50, 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400,
4800, 9.600, 19.200, 28.800,, 56.600 baud.
u ni trn my tnh PC.

Nh vic quy nh thng nht s dng mt u ni 25 chn v v sau b sung thm
u ni 9 chn cho cng ni tip RS-232, c th hn l cm v pha dy cp cn cm v
pha my tnh, m tt c cc sn phm u tng thch vi nhau. Quy nh ny cng p dng
thng nht cho cc thit b ghp ni vi cng RS-232. Hnh trn ch ra cch sp xp chn ca
- 81 -

u ni 25 chn v 9 chn dng cho RS-232C, cn vic nh ngha chc nng ca cc chn
c lit k bng k tip.
Tiu chun RS-232C quy nh r vic s dng u ni thng nht tt c cc sn
phm u tng thch vi nhau. V vy th t v chc nng ca cc chn c quy nh
rt c th v phi tun th mt cch nghim ngt. d dng nhn ra th t cc chn, bn
cnh cc chn u c in r s th t trn phn nha ca phch cm cng nh cm. Nhn xt
ny cn c lu khi kim tra cp ni hoc t hn mt cp mi.
Cc chn v chc nng trn u ni 25 chn v 9 chn.
25
chn
9
chn
Tn Vit
tt
Chc nng
Ch : =>: Li vo <=: Li ra
1 - Frame Ground
(t - v my)
FG

Chn ny thng c ni vi v bc kim ca dy cp,
vi v my, vi ai bao ngoi u ni hoc t thc s.
2 3 Transmit Data
(Truyn d liu)
TXD
<=
D liu c gi t DTE (my tnh hoc thit b u
cui) ti DCE qua ng dn TD.
3 2 Receive Data
(Nhn d liu)
RXD
=>
D liu c nhn t DCE ti DTE (my tnh hoc thit
b u cui) qua RD.
4 7 Request to Send
(Yu cu gi)
RTS
<=
DTE t ng ny ln mc hot ng khi sn sng
tham gia cuc truyn d liu.
5 8 Clear to Send
(Xo gi)
CTS
=>
DCE t ng ny ln mc hot ng thng bo
cho DTE l phi sn sng nhn d liu.
6 6 Data Set Ready
(D liu sn
sng)
DSR
=>
Tnh hot ng ging vi CTS nhng c kch hot
bi DTE khi n sn sng nhn d liu.
7 5 Signal Ground
(t ca tn
hiu)
SG

Tt c cc tn hiu c so snh vi t tn hiu (GND).
8 1 Data Carrier
Detect
DCD
=>
Pht hin tn hiu mang d liu.
20 4 Data Terminal
Ready (u cui
d liu sn
sng)
DTR
<=
Tnh hot ng ging vi ng dn RTS nhng c
kch hot bi DCE khi mun truyn d liu.
22 9 Ring Indicate
(Bo chung)
RI
=>
Ch cho thy l DCE ang nhn tn hiu rung chung.
8.4. Mch iu khin truyn s liu
8.4.1. Gii thiu chung
thc hin cc phng php truyn mt cch c th, cc nh ch to cung cp mt
lot cc IC chuyn dng, cc IC ny chnh l phn cng thuc lp vt l trong mt h thng
thng tin, chng hot ng theo nguyn tc ca k thut s v v vy ch truyn ng b
hay bt ng b ph thuc vo vic s dung ng h chung hay ring khi truyn tn hiu s i
xa.
Cc IC u l cc vi mch c th lp trnh. u tin lp trnh ch hot ng mong
mun bng cch ghi mt byte c ngha vo thanh ghi ch mode register. Sau ghi tip
byte iu khin vo thanh ghi lnh command register vi mch theo m hot ng.
- 82 -

V cc giao tip truyn ni tip c dng kh rng ri trong cc thit b in t hin
i, cc vi mch ngoi vi LSI c bit c pht trin cho php thc hin cc loi giao tip
ny. Tn tng qut ca hu ht cc IC ny l:
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
USRT (Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitter): mch ny ng b thin
hng k t.
USART c th hot ng theo UART hay USART tu chn.
BOPs (Bit-Oriented Protocol Circuits) mch ny ng b thin hng bit.
UCCs (Universal Communication Control circuits) c th lp trnh cho c 3 loi trn.
C UART v USART u c kh nng thc hin nhu cu chuyn i song song sang
ni tip truyn s liu i xa v chuyn i ni tip sang song song khi tip nhn s liu.
i vi s liu truyn bt ng b, chng cng c kh nng ng khung cho k t mt cch
t ng vi START bit, PARITY bit v cc STOP bit thch hp.
Cc ngt v a ch cng c bn
Cng a ch c bn IRQ
COM1
COM2
COM3
COM4
3F8h
2F8h
3F8h
2F8h
IRQ4
IRQ3
(IRQ4)
(IRQ3)
a ch c s v ngt ca cc cng ni tip.
Cc cng ni tip t th nht n th t u c phn bit qua cc v tr a ch trong
vng vo/ ra ca my tnh v cc s ngt tng ng (IRQ). a ch u tin ca UART, c th
l ca thanh ghi m truyn/ nhn, c tnh l a ch c s. Thng thng, a ch c s v
IRQ c quy nh nh cc u ni (Jumper) trn Card vo/ ra hoc trn bn mch chnh
8.4.2. Mch iu khin truyn thng d b vn nng UART (VXL 8250A)
Vi mch 8250A l mt UART c dng rng ri trong cc my IBM PC ti v phi
ghp ni tip c u ni ra cng thng tin ni tip theo chun RS 232C
S :

















m
d liu
m
pht
//nt
iu
khin
thu
pht &
modem
m
thu
nt//
Logic
iu
khin
ghi c
A
0
A
1
A
2
RD
WR
CS
2
CS
1
CS
0

MS
IRQ
RS232
- 83 -


Cc thanh ghi c th chia lm 3 loi:
1. Thanh ghi iu khin (Control Register): dng nhn v thc hin cc lnh t CPU.
2. Thanh ghi trng thi (Status Register): dng thng bo cho CPU bit v trng thi
ca UART hay UART ang lm g.
3. Thanh ghi m (Buffer Register): dng gi k t trong lc truyn hoc x l.
Cc thanh ghi ny cng gi cc k t nh phn c truyn v nhn. Vic truy nhp ln
cc thanh ghi c thc hin thng qua a ch v khi iu khin. Mi thanh ghi c gn
mt a ch tnh theo cch so snh tng i (Offset) vi a ch c s ca cng ni tip. Cc
a ch ca hai cng ni tip u tin trong hu ht cc my tnh c tiu chun ho.
vit phn mm ghp ni qua cng ni tip ta cn lu l: ton b hot ng ca
giao din ni tip u c iu khin qua cc thanh ghi ca UART, trong thanh ghi m
truyn/ nhn d liu thng c tnh l hai thanh ghi. Do ch c 8 a ch nn cn n s
chuyn mch bn trong thng qua bit DLAB (Division Latch Access Bit, bit 7 ca thanh ghi
iu khin ng truyn). Cc a ch ca tng thanh ghi u c tnh theo khong cch n
a ch c s, khong cch ny thng c gi l Offset. Tu theo cc thanh ghi, Offset nhn
gi tr c th trong khong t 0 n 7.

DLAB A2 A1 A0 Thanh ghi a ch
0 0 0 0 B m c/ghi RBH 3F8 (2F8)
0 0 0 1 Cho php ngt - IER 3F9 (2F9)
X 0 1 0 Nhn dng ngt (ch c) IIR 3FA (2FA)
X 0 1 1 iu khin ng truyn LCR 3FB (2FB)
X 1 0 0 iu khin modem MCR 3FC (2FC)
X 1 0 1 Trn thi ng truyn LSR 3FD (2FD)
X 1 1 0 Trng thi modem MSR 3FE (2FE)
X 1 1 1 Khng dng
1 0 0 0 Cht s chia (LSB) 3F8 (2F8)
1 0 0 1 Cht s chia (MSB) 3F9 (2F9)
Cc thanh ghi trn vi mch 8250.
Vi mch UART 8250 c tt c 10 thanh ghi, sau y ta s ln lt tm hiu cc thanh
ghi ny:
Cc thanh ghi lu tr
Nh thy r t tn gi, cc thanh ghi ny thc cht l cc b m c chuyn dng
gi mt k t, k t ny hoc l c nhn nhng cha c c, hoc l c gi ti
cng ni tip nhng cn cha c truyn i. Khi m t qu trnh truyn d liu qua cng ni
tip, thanh ghi gi (Holding Register) thng c gi l b m nhn hoc b m truyn.
Vic trang b cc b m nhn v truyn cng l mt c im ca vi mch 8250. c
im ny cho php mt k t th hai c gi ti cng ni tip trc khi k t th nht
c truyn hoc c c xong xui bi b x l. Trong thi gian ch k t th nht c
truyn hoc c c, k t th hai c gi trong b m.
Sau y ta s thy r hn l: trng thi ca b m truyn v b m nhn c quy
nh bi thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn, c th hn l bit 7 ca thanh ghi iu khin
ng truyn LCR (Line Control Register). Khi bit ny c t bng '0' th thao tc c t
a ch c s s c t b m nhn RX v thao tc vit s vit vo b m truyn TX.

- 84 -









c ra v ghi vo t b m TX/ RX.
Thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn
Mt thanh ghi khc trong vi mch 8250 c gi l thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn
LCR (Line Control Register). Thanh ghi ny lu tr cc tham s c ngi lp trnh thit lp
v xc nh khun mu khung truyn ca cuc trao i thng tin. Cc thng tin v: s cc bit
d liu, s lng bit dng v kiu chn l c s dng trong khung truyn u c ct gi
trn thanh ghi ny. D liu c th c vit vo thanh ghi ny v c c ra sau y. Chc
nng cc bit ca thanh ghi LCR.
- Cc bit 0 v 1. Gi tr c ct gi trong hai bit nhi phn ny ch r s cc bit d liu
trong tng k t c truyn. S cc bit trn mt k t c th nm trong khong t 5
n 8 bit, cho php xc nh di ca t (Word). Li gii thch cho bit 0 v 1 trn
hnh v 12 lm sng t thm vai tr ca cc bit ny.
- Bit 2 ch r s cc bit dng trong mi khung truyn. Nu nh bit 2 c mt gi tr logic
bng 0 th s bit dng s c vi mch 8250 to ra.
Nu k t c truyn c su, by hoc tm bit d liu v bit 2 c t vo
mt logic 1 th hai bit dng s c to ra v "nh km" vo tng t c
truyn. Nu nh nm bit d liu c chn lm h thng m dng cho mt k
t th cn n 1,5 bit dng chn vo trong t d liu. Yu cu ny cn thit
thch ng vi cc thit b c trn s dng nm bit d liu.
- Bit 3. c quy nh l bit cho php chn l, ngha l c s dng bit chn l hay
khng. Nu bit ny c gi tr logic 1 th bit chn l s c to ra v chn vo tng
xu k t. Do tnh chn l c cho php nn bt k k t no nhn c cng u
b kim tra v tnh chn l.
- Bit 4. Kiu chn l c chn, l hoc chn, c xc nh bng cch t bit 4. Khi
ct gi mt trng thi logic 0 v tr ny c ngha l t tnh chn l l l v ngc li,
ct gi mt trng thi logic 1 bit 4 c ngha l t tnh chn l l chn. Nu nh bit
3, tc l bit cho php chn l, b cm bng cch t mt gi tr logic 0 vo v tr ny th
bt k l gi tr bit nh th no c t v tr bit 4 cng khng c tc dng.
- Bit 5. (Bit stick parity). Nu nh bit 3 v bit 5 c t gi tr logic 1 th khi b truyn
xut ra mt k t, b nhn ti ch (local) s pht hin nh mt gi tr logic 3.
- Bit 6. c quy nh l bit BREAK (dng). Khi bit ny c t mt gi tr logic 1
th n bt buc SOUT (Serial out hay TxD) chuyn sang mc logic trng (mc LOW)
cho n khi mt gi tr logic 0 c ct gi vo bit 6. Nh c bit ny m my tnh c
th bo hiu cho thit b u cui bit l c ni nh mt phn ca h thng
truyn thng.
- Bit 7. Phi c t mt gi tr logic 1 truy nhp cc cht s chia (divisor latches).
Cc cht ny l nhng thanh ghi ct gi s chia i vi tn hiu gi nhp (ng h), s
ny quy nh tc baud ca h thng truyn thng ni tip. Mi ln tc baud
c t li th bit ny (bit 7) li c t v gi tr logic 0.

B m TX
B m RX
Vit vo b m TX/
RX
c vo b m TX/
RX
3F8h
3F8h
TD
RD
- 85 -


Cc bit trn thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn (LCR).
Thanh ghi tc Boud

Tc baud
mun c
S chia c dng to ra:
16 x ng h
Sai s theo phn trm
(sai khc gia mong
mun v thc t)
Thp phn Hex
50 2304 900
75 1536 600
110 1047 417 0,026
134,5 857 359 0,058
150 768 300 -
300 384 180 -
600 192 0C0 -
1200 96 060 -
1800 64 040 -
2000 58 03A 0,69
2400 48 030 -
3600 32 020 -
4800 24 018 -
7200 16 010 -
9600 12 00C -
Bng tc baud ng vi xung nhp 1,8432 MHz.
Tc baud c t bng cch np mt s chia chim 16 bit, trong 8 bit thp hn
ca s chia c t trn a ch b m TX/ RX v 8 bit pha trn t a ch k tip sau b
m TX/ RX. S tng gp i s cc thanh ghi l cn thit v khi bit 7 hoc thanh ghi LCR
(thng vit tt l DLAB) c li v gi tr logic 0 hai a ch ny gn lin vi b m nhn
v b m truyn. Khi bit DLAB c t vo mt gi tr logic 1 th hai a ch ny gn lin
- 86 -

vi hai cht s chia. Cc cht s chia bao gm 16 bit hay hai byte, c sp xp thnh cc bit
c gi tr thp LSB (Least Significant byte) v bit c gi tr cao hn MSB (Most Significant
bit), c s dng trong vic t tc baud ca h thng truyn thng.
Bi v cc cht s chia c rng l hai byte, gi tr 060 Hex cn c chia ra ct
gi trn hai thanh ghi LSB v MSB. Vi gi tr tc baud bng 1200 trong th d ny, 60
Hex c ct gi trong LSB (bit c gi tr thp) v gi tr 0 c ct trong MSB (bit c gi tr
cao hn).
Mt s tc baud v cc gi tr s chia tng ng di c hai dng thp phn v thp
lc phn (Hex). Gi tr ny ca s chia c np vo b m TX/ RX khi bit DLAB c mt
gi tr logic 1 t vo.
Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn.
Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (LSR: Line Status Register) thanh ghi 8 bit, cha
thng tin v qu trnh d liu qua cng ni tip cn cung cp cho b vi x l.

- Bit 0, c dng thng bo cho bit d liu nhn c (DR: Data Received).
Khi bit 0 c gi tr logic 1 c ngha l d liu c nhn v sn sng b x
l c.
- Bit 1: Mt gi tr logic 1 bit ny c ngha l k t nhn trc b mt v n
khng c c trc khi mt k t mi c nhn nn k t mi ghi ln k
t trc.
- Bit 2: Mt gi tr logic 1 bit li chn l c ngha l k t c nhn c tnh
chn l sai. Khi thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (LSR) c c th bit ny li
c t v gi tr logic 0.
- Bit 3: y l bit li khung truyn. Nu k t nhn khng c mt bit dng hp
l, ngha l c li khung truyn, th bit 3 trong thanh ghi LSR c t vo mt gi
tr logic 1.
- Bit 4: c quy nh l bit gin on ngt (break interrupt bit). Bit ny c t
ng t vo mt gi tr logic 1 khi d liu nhn c c gi mt mc
trng trn ton b chiu di ca mt t d liu.
- Bit 5: c quy nh l bit bo hiu trng thi rng ca b m truyn (THRE:
Transmit Holding Register Empty). Bit ny bo hiu l cng ni tip sn sng tip
nhn k t khc c truyn ti.
- Bit 6: Bit ny l mt bit ch c. Khi bit ny c gi tr logic 1 th b m truyn
ang cn trng.
- Bit 7: khng c s dng v lun c t gi tr logic 0.
Khi vit phn mm truy nhp thanh ghi ln thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn ta cn lu
ti mt s chc nng ca thanh ghi ny. Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (LSR: Line
- 87 -

Status Resgister) xc nh trng thi ca b m truyn v b m nhn. Thanh ghi ny ch
dng c ra, ni dung tt c cc bit c t ng t bng phn cng.
Mt iu ri ro c th xy ra khi truyn d liu mt k t mi c th c vit vo b
m truyn trc khi k t trc y c gi. Khi k t mi ny s vit ln ni
dung ca k t ang c truyn. trnh tnh trng ri ro ny S5 c giao nhim v thng
bo kt qu kim tra xc nh liu vn cn mt k t trong b nh. Nu c th n c t
thnh '1', cn nu nh bit ny c gi tr bng 0 th c ngha l b m truyn ang trong trng
thi trng rng.
truyn mt k t:
- Kim tra bit 6 cho n khi c t;(Test Bit 6 until set;)
- Truyn k t; (Send character;)
nhn k t:
- Kim tra bit 0 cho n khi c t; (Test Bit 0 until set;)
- c k t; (Read character;)

Kim tra thanh ghi LSR truyn v nhn cc k t.
Thanh ghi cho php ngt
Vi mch 8250 c mt nhiu kh nng ngt. C hai thanh ghi c s dng iu
khin v xc nh cc ngun ngt. Thanh ghi u tin trong hai thanh ghi l thanh ghi cho
php ngt IER (Interrupt Enable Register) cn thanh ghi th hai l thanh ghi nhn dng ngt
IIR (Interrupt Identification Register).
Nu nh kh nng ngt ca vi mch cho php v mt ngt xut hin th bit xut ra
ngt t 8250 chim ly mc logic 1. Tn hiu ny c ni vi bus ngt cng ca my tnh.
Logic 1 trn bus ny bo hiu cho b x l bit l cn phi ch ti cng ni tip. Hnh 15
minh ho s phn b ca cc bit trn thanh ghi IER.
- Bit 0: Mi ln nhn mt k t th mt ngt li c to ra. Bit ny c t li (Reset)
sau khi k t c b x l c.
- Bit 1: Nu bit ny c t mt gi tr logic 1 th b m truyn (thanh ghi gi truyn)
trng v mt ngt xut hin.
- Bit 2: cho php c s thay i trong trng thi ng truyn b nhn theo cch gy ra
mt ngt
- Bit 3: cho php c s thay i trong trng thi modem ngt b x l.
- Bit 4- 7: Cc bit ny lun c t gi tr logic 0.
- 88 -


Thanh ghi cho php ngt.
Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt

Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt.
Nu nh mt ngt xut hin th phn mm chng trnh phi thc hin c chc nng
kim tra thanh ghi xc nh xem s kin no ang gy ra ngt. Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt
IIR cha ng m, nhn dng iu kin (ngt) no ang yu cu ch .
Mt im cn ch l: gia cc ngt cng c mc u tin khc nhau, ni khc i l
c mt vi ngt t ra l "quan trng" hn so vi cc ngt khc. V nguyn tc, ngt no quan
trng hn s c u tin x l trc.

Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt Cc ngt v t li chc nng
Bit
2
Bit
1
Bit
0
Mc
u tin
Kiu
ngt
Ngun ngt iu khin
t li ngt
0 0 1 - Khng
dng
Khng dng -
1 1 0 Cao nht Trng
thi
ng
nhn
Li trn hoc li chn l
hoc li khung truyn
hoc break interrupt
c thanh ghi trng thi
ng truyn
1 0 0 Th hai C d
liu
nhn
C d liu nhn c thanh ghi m b
nhn
- 89 -

0 1 0 Th ba B m
truyn
trng
B m truyn trng c thanh ghi IR (nu l
ngun ngt) hoc ghi
vo b m truyn
0 0 0 Th t Trng
thi
modem
Xo gi hoc d liu
sn sng hoc bo
chung hoc pht hin
tn hiu ng nhn
c thanh ghi trng thi
modem
Cc mc u tin ca tng ngt.
Bng trn lit k cc mc u tin ca tng ngt. Ct t li ngt lit k tc ng no l
cn n t li ngt c cht.
8.4.3. Mch iu khin truyn thng ng b - d b vn nng USART (VXL 8251A)
Vi mch 8251A l mt USART c dng rng ri trong cc my IBM PC ti v phi
ghp ni tip c u ni ra cng thng tin ni tip theo chun RS 232C
S :

Cc thanh ghi c th chia lm 3 loi:
- Thanh ghi iu khin (Control Register): dng nhn v thc hin cc lnh t
CPU.
- Thanh ghi trng thi (Status Register): dng thng bo cho CPU bit v trng
thi ca UART hay UART ang lm g.
- Thanh ghi m (Buffer Register): dng gi k t trong lc truyn hoc nhn

m
d liu
m
pht
//nt
iu
khin
pht
m
thu
nt//
Logic
iu
khin
ghi c
Reset
Clk
C/D
RD
WR


CS
RxD
RS232
iu
khin
thu
TxD
iu
khin
modem
DSR
DTR
CTR
RTS

- 90 -

Thanh ghi t ch
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
S
2
S
1
EP PEN L
2
L
1
B
2
B
1
- Bit 0,1 c dng ng b v h s nhn tc
00 ng b 01 nhn 1
10 nhn 16 11 nhn 64
- Bit 2,3: S bit m k t
00 5 01 6
10 7 11 8
- Bit 4: cho php dng Parity hay khng
- Bit 5: Parity bit
- Bit 6,7: S bit STOP
00 khng hp l 01 1
10 1
1/2
11 2
Thanh ghi t lnh
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
EH IR RTS ER SBRK RxE DTR TxEN

- Bit 0: Cho php pht tn hiu
- Bit 1: DTE sn sng
- Bit 2: Cho php thu
- Bit 3: Gi k t gin on (k t vi tt c cc bit la 0)
- Bit 4: Xo c li
- Bit 5: Yu cu truyn
- Bit 6: Reset ni b
- Bit 7: Tm kim k t ng b
Thanh ghi trng thi
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
DSR SYNDET FE OE PE TxEMPTY RxRDY TxRDY

- Bit 0: Bn pht sn sng
- Bit 1: Bn thu sn sng
- Bit 2: m pht rng
- Bit 3: Li Parity
- Bit 4: Li thu
- Bit 5: Li Frame
- Bit 6: K t ng b
- Bit 7: Modem sn sng

CU HI V BI TP
8.1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v b bin i ADC, DAC.
8.2. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v Modem
8.3. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn trong mch iu khin
truyn thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
- 91 -

8.4. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn trong mch iu khin
truyn thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
8.5. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi cho php ngt trong mch iu khin truyn
thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
8.6. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi nhn dng ngt trong mch iu khin truyn
thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
8.7. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi t ch trong mch iu khin truyn thng
ng b, d b vn nng USART 8251A
8.8. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi t lnh trong mch iu khin truyn thng ng
b, d b vn nng USART 8251A
8.9. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi t trng thi trong mch iu khin truyn thng
ng b, d b vn nng USART 8251A
8.10. Xy dng chng trnh c v thit lp cc thng s cho cc thanh ghi ca cng COM
8.11. Xy dng chng trnh truyn d liu qua cng COM gia hai my tnh

- 92 -

THI THAM KHO
1: (Thi gian lm bi 75 pht)
1. Trnh by s cu trc, chc nng nhim v ca b x l trung tm (Nu r
chc nng ca tng n v)
2. Cho nm lnh i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 mi lnh cn bn giai on FI, DI, EI, WB. Mi giai
on cn T0 n v thi gian. Tnh thi gian thc hin nm lnh trn cho cc
trng hp
a. Pipeline
b. Superpipelined
c. Superscalar
3. Trnh by phng php vo ra bng chng trnh? So snh phng php vo ra
bng chng trnh v phng php vo ra bng DMA
4. Thit k b nh c dung lng 64 Kbytes hot ng trong khong a ch
F0000h FFFFFh ( S dng mch gii m LS138 v EPROM 2Kb )
2: (Thi gian lm bi 75 pht)
1. i s 42,00125 (trong h thp phn) sang s dng IEEE 754.
2. Trnh by ngha tc dng ca b nh o ? K thut phn trang trong qun l b
nh?
3. Cho on vi lnh sau: T1: MBR(PC)
T2: MARSave-Address
PCRoutine-Address
Anh (ch) hy gii thch tng vi lnh trong on vi lnh trn v n tng ng vi
chu k no trong qu trnh x l lnh?
4. Thit k b nh dung lng 32 KBytes hot ng trong khong a ch F4000h
FBFFFh (s dng mch gii m LS138 v EPROM 4k*8)
3: (Thi gian lm bi 90 pht)
1. i s thc 5,0315 (trong h thp phn) sang dng IEEE 754.
2. Trnh by kin trc chung ca my tnh theo nguyn l VonNewman? Nu chc
nng tng n v? Phn loi my tnh theo kin trc?
3. Cho mt lnh my: SUB R,X
Lnh ny ly ni dung ca thanh ghi R tr i ni dung ca nh X. Hy ch ra cc
vi lnh m B iu khin (Control Unit) phi thc hin.
4. Cho h thng my tnh vi khng gian a ch b nh chnh l 4 GBytes, dung
lng b nh Cache l 512 KBytes, kch thc ng l 64 byte, tm dng a ch
truy nhp Cache cho 3 trng hp:
a. nh x a ch trc tip
b. nh x a ch lin kt hon ton
c. nh x a ch lin kt tp hp 2 ng.
5. Thit k b nh dung lng 32 KBytes hot ng trong khong a ch F8000h
FFFFFh (S dng mch gii m LS138 v EPROM 1k*8)
4: (Thi gian lm bi 90 pht)
1. i s 428DA9FCh (theo chun IEEE 754) sang s thc h thp phn
2. Trnh by vai tr, nhim v, phn loi khi ghp ni? V s cu trc
chung ca mt khi ghp ni?
3. Gi s c mt lnh my nh sau: ISZ x
- 93 -

Lnh ny tng ni dung nh ln 1. Nu kt qu l 0 th lnh tip theo b b qua.
Hy xc nh dy cc vi lnh m b iu khin (Control Unit) phi thc hin x
l lnh trn.
4. Vi mch iu khin vo ra bng chng trnh 8255A ca mt my tnh IBM/PC c
a ch c s l 60h. Hy xc nh:
- a ch cc cng PA, PB, PC, thanh ghi t iu khin CWR?
- Gi tr thanh ghi t iu khin CW 8255A hot ng ch vo ra c s
vi PA, PC
h
l cng vo, v vi PB, PC
l
l cng ra?
5. Thit k b nh dung lng 64 KBytes hot ng trong khong a ch
F0000hFFFFFh (s dng mch gii m LS138 v EPROM 4k*8)
5: (Thi gian lm bi 90 pht)
1. i s thc 4,625 (trong h thp phn) sang dng IEEE 754.
2. So snh hai phng php vo ra theo ngt v vo ra truy nhp b nh trc tip
DMA.
3. Cho mt lnh ngn ng cp cao: Y=(A+B)*(C+D/E)
S dng cc lnh my hai a ch m ha lnh cp cao trn. Mi lnh my cn
nm giai on FI: ti lnh, DI: gii m lnh, FO: ti ton hng, EI: x l lnh, WB:
ghi li kt qu. Tnh thi gian thc hin cc lnh my trn, vi gi thit mi giai
on cn T0 n v thi gian.
4. Cho h thng my tnh vi khng gian a ch b nh chnh l 4 G bytes, dng
lng b nh Cache l 256 KBytes, kch thc ng l 64 byte, tm dng a ch
truy nhp Cache cho 3 trng hp:
a. nh x a ch trc tip
b. nh x a ch lin kt hon ton
c. nh x a ch lin kt tp hp 4 ng.
5. Thit k b nh dung lng 32KBytes hot ng trong khong a ch
F0000hF7FFFh (s dng mch gii m LS138v EPROM 2k*8)

GI LM BI:
1:
Cu 1:
- Nhng giai on thc hin lnh ca CPU
- S cu trc tng qut ca CPU
- Chc nng nhim v ca tng thnh phn CU, ALU, Register...
Cu 2:
Da vo cc giai on thc hin lnh, cc cng ngh x l CPU
Cu 3
- Nu phng php vo ra bng chng trnh
- So snh k thut, u nhc im ca 2 phng php vo ra bng chng trnh, vo ra
bng ngt
Cu 4: Tham kho v d v thit k b nh
2:
Cu 1: Tham kho v d i s
Cu 2: Nu ngha tc dng ca b nh o, Trnh by k thut phn trang
Cu 3:
Cu 4: Tham kho v d v thit k b nh
- 94 -

3:
Cu 1: Tham kho v d i s
Cu 2:
- Trnh by s cu trc chung, gii thch chc nng ca tng n v CU, ALU
- Phn loi kin trc my tnh: tun t, song song
Cu 3
- Da vo cc vi lnh cu CPU gii thch v xc nh vi lnh cn thc hin
Cu 4: Tham kho v d v xc nh t iu khin ca CPU
Cu 5: Tham kho v d v thit k b nh
4 + 5: Tham kho 3