NCS.

ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Chng II KHNG GIAN VECTOR

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Chng II KHNG GIAN VECTOR N i dung c b n

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Chng II KHNG GIAN VECTOR N i dung c b n (1) Khi ni m khng gian vector, cc tnh ch t c b n c a cc tin , cc khng gian vector th ng g p.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Chng II KHNG GIAN VECTOR N i dung c b n (1) Khi ni m khng gian vector, cc tnh ch t c b n c a cc tin , cc khng gian vector th ng g p. (2) T h p tuy n tnh c m t h vector, bi u th tuy n tnh c a m t vector theo m t h .

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Chng II KHNG GIAN VECTOR N i dung c b n (1) Khi ni m khng gian vector, cc tnh ch t c b n c a cc tin , cc khng gian vector th ng g p. (2) T h p tuy n tnh c m t h vector, bi u th tuy n tnh c a m t vector theo m t h . (3) Khi ni m c s , s chi u c a m t khng gian vector. Ch ng minh m t h l m t c s c a m t khng gian vector.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Chng II KHNG GIAN VECTOR N i dung c b n (1) Khi ni m khng gian vector, cc tnh ch t c b n c a cc tin , cc khng gian vector th ng g p. (2) T h p tuy n tnh c m t h vector, bi u th tuy n tnh c a m t vector theo m t h . (3) Khi ni m c s , s chi u c a m t khng gian vector. Ch ng minh m t h l m t c s c a m t khng gian vector. (4) T a c a m t vector trong c s , cng th c i t a .

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1 Khi ni m v v d

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Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1 Khi ni m v v d
1.1 nh ngha khng gian vect.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1 Khi ni m v v d
1.1 nh ngha khng gian vect.
Cho V l m t t p h p khc r ng , K l tr ng s (th c hay ph c). Cho hai php ton:

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1 Khi ni m v v d
1.1 nh ngha khng gian vect.
Cho V l m t t p h p khc r ng , K l tr ng s (th c hay ph c). Cho hai php ton: - Php c ng hai vect V V (x, y) V x+y

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Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1 Khi ni m v v d
1.1 nh ngha khng gian vect.
Cho V l m t t p h p khc r ng , K l tr ng s (th c hay ph c). Cho hai php ton: - Php c ng hai vect V V (x, y) V x+y

- Php nhn m t v h ng v i m t vect KV (, x) V x .

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn:

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn: (1) x + y = y + x; x, y V ; (2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z); x, y, z V ;

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn: (1) x + y = y + x; x, y V ; (2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z); x, y, z V ; (3) 0V V sao cho x + 0V = 0V + x = x; x V ;

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn: (1) x + y = y + x; x, y V ; (2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z); x, y, z V ; (3) 0V V sao cho x + 0V = 0V + x = x; x V ; (4) x V, x V sao cho x + (x) = (x) + x = 0V ;

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn: (1) x + y = y + x; x, y V ; (2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z); x, y, z V ; (3) 0V V sao cho x + 0V = 0V + x = x; x V ; (4) x V, x V sao cho x + (x) = (x) + x = 0V ; (5) (x + y) = x + y; x, y V ; K;

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn: (1) x + y = y + x; x, y V ; (2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z); x, y, z V ; (3) 0V V sao cho x + 0V = 0V + x = x; x V ; (4) x V, x V sao cho x + (x) = (x) + x = 0V ; (5) (x + y) = x + y; x, y V ; K; (6) ( + )x = x + x; x V ; , K;

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn: (1) x + y = y + x; x, y V ; (2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z); x, y, z V ; (3) 0V V sao cho x + 0V = 0V + x = x; x V ; (4) x V, x V sao cho x + (x) = (x) + x = 0V ; (5) (x + y) = x + y; x, y V ; K; (6) ( + )x = x + x; x V ; , K; (7) ()x = (x); x V ; , K;

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Ta b o V cng v i hai php ton trn l p thnh m t khng gian vect trn K, hay K - khng gian vect, n u 8 tin sau y c tho mn: (1) x + y = y + x; x, y V ; (2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z); x, y, z V ; (3) 0V V sao cho x + 0V = 0V + x = x; x V ; (4) x V, x V sao cho x + (x) = (x) + x = 0V ; (5) (x + y) = x + y; x, y V ; K; (6) ( + )x = x + x; x V ; , K; (7) ()x = (x); x V ; , K; (8) 1.x = x x V .
H Duy Tn 3 Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Vect 0V V trong tin (2) c g i l vect khng c a V v th ng c k hi u n gi n l 0 n u khng s nh m l n. Vect x V trong tin (3) c g i l vect i c a x.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Vect 0V V trong tin (2) c g i l vect khng c a V v th ng c k hi u n gi n l 0 n u khng s nh m l n. Vect x V trong tin (3) c g i l vect i c a x. Nh tin (1) ta c th vi t x + y + z thay cho m t trong hai v c a (1) v cn c g i l t ng c a x, y, z T ng qut hn ta c
n

th xt t ng n vect (n 2): x1 + x2 + ... + xn v k hi u l

i=1

xi .

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Vect 0V V trong tin (2) c g i l vect khng c a V v th ng c k hi u n gi n l 0 n u khng s nh m l n. Vect x V trong tin (3) c g i l vect i c a x. Nh tin (1) ta c th vi t x + y + z thay cho m t trong hai v c a (1) v cn c g i l t ng c a x, y, z T ng qut hn ta c
n

th xt t ng n vect (n 2): x1 + x2 + ... + xn v k hi u l

i=1

xi .

T ng x + (y) cn c vi t l x y v g i l hi u c a x v y.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Vect 0V V trong tin (2) c g i l vect khng c a V v th ng c k hi u n gi n l 0 n u khng s nh m l n. Vect x V trong tin (3) c g i l vect i c a x. Nh tin (1) ta c th vi t x + y + z thay cho m t trong hai v c a (1) v cn c g i l t ng c a x, y, z T ng qut hn ta c
n

th xt t ng n vect (n 2): x1 + x2 + ... + xn v k hi u l

i=1

xi .

T ng x + (y) cn c vi t l x y v g i l hi u c a x v y. Khi K = R (hay C) th V c g i l khng gian vect th c (hay ph c).

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Vect 0V V trong tin (2) c g i l vect khng c a V v th ng c k hi u n gi n l 0 n u khng s nh m l n. Vect x V trong tin (3) c g i l vect i c a x. Nh tin (1) ta c th vi t x + y + z thay cho m t trong hai v c a (1) v cn c g i l t ng c a x, y, z T ng qut hn ta c
n

th xt t ng n vect (n 2): x1 + x2 + ... + xn v k hi u l

i=1

xi .

T ng x + (y) cn c vi t l x y v g i l hi u c a x v y. Khi K = R (hay C) th V c g i l khng gian vect th c (hay ph c).

1.2 M t s v d

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Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1.3 Cc tnh ch t n gi n.

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Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1.3 Cc tnh ch t n gi n.
Tnh ch t 1.1. Vect 0 c a V (theo tin (2)) l duy nh t.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1.3 Cc tnh ch t n gi n.
Tnh ch t 1.1. Vect 0 c a V (theo tin (2)) l duy nh t. Tnh ch t 1.2. x V, ! x V (xc nh theo tin (3)).

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1.3 Cc tnh ch t n gi n.
Tnh ch t 1.1. Vect 0 c a V (theo tin (2)) l duy nh t. Tnh ch t 1.2. x V, ! x V (xc nh theo tin (3)). Tnh ch t 1.3. Lu t gi n c c hi u l c trong V , t c l (a + c = b + c) (a = b), a, b V.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1.3 Cc tnh ch t n gi n.
Tnh ch t 1.1. Vect 0 c a V (theo tin (2)) l duy nh t. Tnh ch t 1.2. x V, ! x V (xc nh theo tin (3)). Tnh ch t 1.3. Lu t gi n c c hi u l c trong V , t c l (a + c = b + c) (a = b), a, b V. Tnh ch t 1.4. a, b, x V, (x + a = b) (x = b a). Hay ta ni phng trnh x + a = b c nghi m duy nh t x = b a.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

1.3 Cc tnh ch t n gi n.
Tnh ch t 1.1. Vect 0 c a V (theo tin (2)) l duy nh t. Tnh ch t 1.2. x V, ! x V (xc nh theo tin (3)). Tnh ch t 1.3. Lu t gi n c c hi u l c trong V , t c l (a + c = b + c) (a = b), a, b V. Tnh ch t 1.4. a, b, x V, (x + a = b) (x = b a). Hay ta ni phng trnh x + a = b c nghi m duy nh t x = b a. Tnh ch t 1.5. K, x V, (x) = (x) = ()x = (x).

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2 c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2 c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh

2.1 T h p tuy n tnh v bi u th tuy n tnh

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2 c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh

2.1 T h p tuy n tnh v bi u th tuy n tnh
nh ngha 2.1. Cho x1 , x2 , ..., xn l n vect (n 1) c a K khng gian vect V v 1 , 2 , ..., n l n v h ng trong K. Vect
n

x = 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn =
i=1

i xi

c g i l t h p tuy n tnh c a h vect = {x1 , x2 , ..., xn } = {xi }i=1,n v i cc h s {1 , 2 , ..., n } = {i }i=1,n .

H Duy Tn 6 Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Khi x l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h {xi }i=1,n th ta b o x bi u th tuy n tnh (bi u di n tuy n tnh) c qua h {xi }i=1,n .

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Khi x l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h {xi }i=1,n th ta b o x bi u th tuy n tnh (bi u di n tuy n tnh) c qua h {xi }i=1,n . Ch :

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Khi x l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h {xi }i=1,n th ta b o x bi u th tuy n tnh (bi u di n tuy n tnh) c qua h {xi }i=1,n . Ch : +) Vector x bi u th tuy n tnh c qua h {xi }i=1,n n u c m t
n

h v h ng {i }i=1,n trong K sao cho x =

i xi .
i=1

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Khi x l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h {xi }i=1,n th ta b o x bi u th tuy n tnh (bi u di n tuy n tnh) c qua h {xi }i=1,n . Ch : +) Vector x bi u th tuy n tnh c qua h {xi }i=1,n n u c m t
n

h v h ng {i }i=1,n trong K sao cho x =

n

i xi .
i=1

+) Cch bi u di n x =
i=1

i xi ni chung khng duy nh t.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Khi x l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h {xi }i=1,n th ta b o x bi u th tuy n tnh (bi u di n tuy n tnh) c qua h {xi }i=1,n . Ch : +) Vector x bi u th tuy n tnh c qua h {xi }i=1,n n u c m t
n

h v h ng {i }i=1,n trong K sao cho x =

n

i xi .
i=1

+) Cch bi u di n x =
i=1

i xi ni chung khng duy nh t.

+) tm m t bi u th tuy n tnh chng ta c n gi i m t h phng trnh.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

Khi x l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h {xi }i=1,n th ta b o x bi u th tuy n tnh (bi u di n tuy n tnh) c qua h {xi }i=1,n . Ch : +) Vector x bi u th tuy n tnh c qua h {xi }i=1,n n u c m t
n

h v h ng {i }i=1,n trong K sao cho x =

n

i xi .
i=1

+) Cch bi u di n x =
i=1

i xi ni chung khng duy nh t.

+) tm m t bi u th tuy n tnh chng ta c n gi i m t h phng trnh. +) V i m i h vector, vector 0 lun c t nh t m t cch bi u th tuy n tnh qua h . V d :
H Duy Tn 7 Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2.2 S c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2.2 S c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh.

nh ngha 2.2. H n vect (n 1) {xi }i=1,n trong K - khng gian vect V g i l c l p tuy n tnh n u vect khng ch c m t cch bi u th tuy n tnh duy nh t qua h b ng t h p tuy n tnh t m th ng.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2.2 S c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh.

nh ngha 2.2. H n vect (n 1) {xi }i=1,n trong K - khng gian vect V g i l c l p tuy n tnh n u vect khng ch c m t cch bi u th tuy n tnh duy nh t qua h b ng t h p tuy n tnh t m th ng. H khng c l p tuy n tnh g i l ph thu c tuy n tnh.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2.2 S c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh.

nh ngha 2.2. H n vect (n 1) {xi }i=1,n trong K - khng gian vect V g i l c l p tuy n tnh n u vect khng ch c m t cch bi u th tuy n tnh duy nh t qua h b ng t h p tuy n tnh t m th ng. H khng c l p tuy n tnh g i l ph thu c tuy n tnh. Nh n xt:

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

2.2 S c l p tuy n tnh v ph thu c tuy n tnh.

nh ngha 2.2. H n vect (n 1) {xi }i=1,n trong K - khng gian vect V g i l c l p tuy n tnh n u vect khng ch c m t cch bi u th tuy n tnh duy nh t qua h b ng t h p tuy n tnh t m th ng. H khng c l p tuy n tnh g i l ph thu c tuy n tnh. Nh n xt: H {xi }i=1,n c l p tuy n tnh khi v ch khi
n

i xi = 0 V
i=1

(1 = 2 = ... = n = 0 K).

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

H {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c t nh t m t h v h ng {i }i=1,n khng ng th i b ng khng sao cho:
n

i xi = 0 V.
i=1

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

H {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c t nh t m t h v h ng {i }i=1,n khng ng th i b ng khng sao cho:
n

i xi = 0 V.
i=1

2.3 M t s tnh ch t c b n.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

H {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c t nh t m t h v h ng {i }i=1,n khng ng th i b ng khng sao cho:
n

i xi = 0 V.
i=1

2.3 M t s tnh ch t c b n.
Tnh ch t 2.1. H g m m t vect {x} c l p tuy n tnh khi v ch khi x = 0.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

H {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c t nh t m t h v h ng {i }i=1,n khng ng th i b ng khng sao cho:
n

i xi = 0 V.
i=1

2.3 M t s tnh ch t c b n.
Tnh ch t 2.1. H g m m t vect {x} c l p tuy n tnh khi v ch khi x = 0. Tnh ch t 2.2. H ch a vect 0 lun ph thu c tuy n tnh.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

H {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c t nh t m t h v h ng {i }i=1,n khng ng th i b ng khng sao cho:
n

i xi = 0 V.
i=1

2.3 M t s tnh ch t c b n.
Tnh ch t 2.1. H g m m t vect {x} c l p tuy n tnh khi v ch khi x = 0. Tnh ch t 2.2. H ch a vect 0 lun ph thu c tuy n tnh. Tnh ch t 2.3. N u h {xi }i=1,n c l p tuy n tnh th m i h con c a n cng c l p tuy n tnh.

H Duy Tn

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

nh l 2.1. ( c trng c a h ph thu c tuy n tnh). H n vect (n 2) {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c (t nh t) m t vect c a h bi u th tuy n tnh c qua cc vect cn l i.

H Duy Tn

10

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

nh l 2.1. ( c trng c a h ph thu c tuy n tnh). H n vect (n 2) {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c (t nh t) m t vect c a h bi u th tuy n tnh c qua cc vect cn l i.

nh l 2.2. Cho {xi }i=1,n l m t h c l p tuy n tnh trong m t K - khng gian vect V tu (n 1). Khi

H Duy Tn

10

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

nh l 2.1. ( c trng c a h ph thu c tuy n tnh). H n vect (n 2) {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c (t nh t) m t vect c a h bi u th tuy n tnh c qua cc vect cn l i.

nh l 2.2. Cho {xi }i=1,n l m t h c l p tuy n tnh trong m t K - khng gian vect V tu (n 1). Khi (1) M i vect y V u c khng qu m t cch bi u th tuy n tnh qua h {xi }i=1,n .

H Duy Tn

10

Khoa KHTN

NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

nh l 2.1. ( c trng c a h ph thu c tuy n tnh). H n vect (n 2) {xi }i=1,n ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi c (t nh t) m t vect c a h bi u th tuy n tnh c qua cc vect cn l i.

nh l 2.2. Cho {xi }i=1,n l m t h c l p tuy n tnh trong m t K - khng gian vect V tu (n 1). Khi (1) M i vect y V u c khng qu m t cch bi u th tuy n tnh qua h {xi }i=1,n . (2) V i m i y V , h {x1 , x2 , ..., xn , y} ph thu c tuy n tnh khi v ch khi y bi u th tuy n tnh c qua h {xi }i=1,n .

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NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

3 H ng c a m t h h u h n cc vect.

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NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

3 H ng c a m t h h u h n cc vect.
3.1 H con c l p tuy n tnh t i i.

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3 H ng c a m t h h u h n cc vect.
3.1 H con c l p tuy n tnh t i i.
nh ngha 3.1. Gi s I l m t t p h p h u h n v J I. Cho h vect {xi }iI l m t h tu trong m t K - khng gian vect V no . H con {xj }jJ g i l h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a h cho n u n l m t h c l p tuy n tnh v n u thm b t c vect xi no, i I\J, vo h ta u nh n c m t h ph thu c tuy n tnh.

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Ton cao c p C2

3 H ng c a m t h h u h n cc vect.
3.1 H con c l p tuy n tnh t i i.
nh ngha 3.1. Gi s I l m t t p h p h u h n v J I. Cho h vect {xi }iI l m t h tu trong m t K - khng gian vect V no . H con {xj }jJ g i l h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a h cho n u n l m t h c l p tuy n tnh v n u thm b t c vect xi no, i I\J, vo h ta u nh n c m t h ph thu c tuy n tnh. Tnh ch t 3.1. N u {xj }jJ l m t h con c l p tuy n tnh c a {xi }iI th ta lun xy d ng c m t h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a h {xi }iI ch a h {xj }jJ .

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Ton cao c p C2

3 H ng c a m t h h u h n cc vect.
3.1 H con c l p tuy n tnh t i i.
nh ngha 3.1. Gi s I l m t t p h p h u h n v J I. Cho h vect {xi }iI l m t h tu trong m t K - khng gian vect V no . H con {xj }jJ g i l h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a h cho n u n l m t h c l p tuy n tnh v n u thm b t c vect xi no, i I\J, vo h ta u nh n c m t h ph thu c tuy n tnh. Tnh ch t 3.1. N u {xj }jJ l m t h con c l p tuy n tnh c a {xi }iI th ta lun xy d ng c m t h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a h {xi }iI ch a h {xj }jJ . nh l 3.1. M i h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a m t h h u h n vect u c s vect b ng nhau.
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3.2 H ng c a m t h h u h n vect

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3.2 H ng c a m t h h u h n vect
nh ngha 3.2. Cho m t h h u h n vect {xi }iI trong K khng gian vect V . S ph n t c a m t h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a {xi }iI c g i l h ng c a h cho, k hi u l rank{xi }iI .

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3.2 H ng c a m t h h u h n vect
nh ngha 3.2. Cho m t h h u h n vect {xi }iI trong K khng gian vect V . S ph n t c a m t h con c l p tuy n tnh t i i c a {xi }iI c g i l h ng c a h cho, k hi u l rank{xi }iI .

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3.3 Cc h vect trong Rn

Trong khng gian Rn cc vect c t n chi u trn R (n 1) cho m vect (m 1) nh sau: a a a 1m 12 11 a2m a22 a21 a1 = . , a2 = . , ... , am = . . . . . . . . anm an2 an1

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G i A = (aij )nm l ma tr n c p n m trn K m cc c t chnh l a1 , a2 , ..., am , t c l a11 a12 a1m a21 a22 a2m A= . . . . . .. . . . . . . an1 an2 anm

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G i A = (aij )nm l ma tr n c p n m trn K m cc c t chnh l a1 , a2 , ..., am , t c l a11 a12 a1m a21 a22 a2m A= . . . . . .. . . . . . . an1 an2 anm nh l 3.2.

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Ton cao c p C2

G i A = (aij )nm l ma tr n c p n m trn K m cc c t chnh l a1 , a2 , ..., am , t c l a11 a12 a1m a21 a22 a2m A= . . . . . .. . . . . . . an1 an2 anm nh l 3.2. (1) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } c l p tuy n tnh rankA = m;

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Ton cao c p C2

G i A = (aij )nm l ma tr n c p n m trn K m cc c t chnh l a1 , a2 , ..., am , t c l a11 a12 a1m a21 a22 a2m A= . . . . . .. . . . . . . an1 an2 anm nh l 3.2. (1) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } c l p tuy n tnh rankA = m; (2) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } ph thu c tuy n tnh rankA < m.

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Ton cao c p C2

G i A = (aij )nm l ma tr n c p n m trn K m cc c t chnh l a1 , a2 , ..., am , t c l a11 a12 a1m a21 a22 a2m A= . . . . . .. . . . . . . an1 an2 anm nh l 3.2. (1) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } c l p tuy n tnh rankA = m; (2) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } ph thu c tuy n tnh rankA < m. H qu 3.1.

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G i A = (aij )nm l ma tr n c p n m trn K m cc c t chnh l a1 , a2 , ..., am , t c l a11 a12 a1m a21 a22 a2m A= . . . . . .. . . . . . . an1 an2 anm nh l 3.2. (1) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } c l p tuy n tnh rankA = m; (2) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } ph thu c tuy n tnh rankA < m. H qu 3.1. (1) H {a1 , a2 , ..., an } c l p tuy n tnh trn Kn detA = 0;
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Ton cao c p C2

G i A = (aij )nm l ma tr n c p n m trn K m cc c t chnh l a1 , a2 , ..., am , t c l a a12 a1m 11 a21 a22 a2m . A= . . . . .. . . . . . . an1 an2 anm nh l 3.2. (1) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } c l p tuy n tnh rankA = m; (2) H {a1 , a2 , ..., am } ph thu c tuy n tnh rankA < m. H qu 3.1. (1) H {a1 , a2 , ..., an } c l p tuy n tnh trn Kn detA = 0; (2) H {a1 , a2 , ..., an } ph thu c tuy n tnh trn Kn detA = 0.
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Ton cao c p C2

4 C s - S chi u - To

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4 C s - S chi u - To
4.1 C s , s chi u v khng gian h u h n chi u

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4 C s - S chi u - To
4.1 C s , s chi u v khng gian h u h n chi u
nh ngha 4.1. (T p sinh). Cho V l m t khng gian vect trn tr ng K v M l m t t p h p cc vect thu c V . T p M c g i l t p sinh c a V hay t p M sinh ra khng gian vect V n u m i vect x V u c th bi u th tuy n tnh qua cc vect thu c M .

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4 C s - S chi u - To
4.1 C s , s chi u v khng gian h u h n chi u
nh ngha 4.1. (T p sinh). Cho V l m t khng gian vect trn tr ng K v M l m t t p h p cc vect thu c V . T p M c g i l t p sinh c a V hay t p M sinh ra khng gian vect V n u m i vect x V u c th bi u th tuy n tnh qua cc vect thu c M .

nh ngha 4.2. (C s ). H vect = {e1 , e2 , ..., en } trong K - khng gian vect V g i l c s c a V n u l m t t p sinh vad c l p tuy n tnh.
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nh ngha 4.3. (S chi u). Cho V l m t K - khng gian vect v n l s tu . (1): Ta ni V l m t khng gian vect n chi u n u trong V c t nh t m t c s g m n vector. Ta cng b o s chi u c a V l n v k hi u dimV = n. (2): V c g i l khng gian vect v h n chi u, k hi u dimV = , n u n khng h u h n chi u.

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nh ngha 4.3. (S chi u). Cho V l m t K - khng gian vect v n l s tu . (1): Ta ni V l m t khng gian vect n chi u n u trong V c t nh t m t c s g m n vector. Ta cng b o s chi u c a V l n v k hi u dimV = n. (2): V c g i l khng gian vect v h n chi u, k hi u dimV = , n u n khng h u h n chi u.

nh l 4.1. Trong m i khng gian vect n chi u V ta c:

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nh ngha 4.3. (S chi u). Cho V l m t K - khng gian vect v n l s tu . (1): Ta ni V l m t khng gian vect n chi u n u trong V c t nh t m t c s g m n vector. Ta cng b o s chi u c a V l n v k hi u dimV = n. (2): V c g i l khng gian vect v h n chi u, k hi u dimV = , n u n khng h u h n chi u.

nh l 4.1. Trong m i khng gian vect n chi u V ta c: (1): M i h g m nhi u hn n vect u ph thu c tuy n tnh;

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nh ngha 4.3. (S chi u). Cho V l m t K - khng gian vect v n l s tu . (1): Ta ni V l m t khng gian vect n chi u n u trong V c t nh t m t c s g m n vector. Ta cng b o s chi u c a V l n v k hi u dimV = n. (2): V c g i l khng gian vect v h n chi u, k hi u dimV = , n u n khng h u h n chi u.

nh l 4.1. Trong m i khng gian vect n chi u V ta c: (1): M i h g m nhi u hn n vect u ph thu c tuy n tnh; (2): M i c s g m ng n vect;

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nh ngha 4.3. (S chi u). Cho V l m t K - khng gian vect v n l s tu . (1): Ta ni V l m t khng gian vect n chi u n u trong V c t nh t m t c s g m n vector. Ta cng b o s chi u c a V l n v k hi u dimV = n. (2): V c g i l khng gian vect v h n chi u, k hi u dimV = , n u n khng h u h n chi u.

nh l 4.1. Trong m i khng gian vect n chi u V ta c: (1): M i h g m nhi u hn n vect u ph thu c tuy n tnh; (2): M i c s g m ng n vect; M i h c l p tuy n tnh g m n vect u l c s ;

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nh ngha 4.3. (S chi u). Cho V l m t K - khng gian vect v n l s tu . (1): Ta ni V l m t khng gian vect n chi u n u trong V c t nh t m t c s g m n vector. Ta cng b o s chi u c a V l n v k hi u dimV = n. (2): V c g i l khng gian vect v h n chi u, k hi u dimV = , n u n khng h u h n chi u.

nh l 4.1. Trong m i khng gian vect n chi u V ta c: (1): M i h g m nhi u hn n vect u ph thu c tuy n tnh; (2): M i c s g m ng n vect; M i h c l p tuy n tnh g m n vect u l c s ; (3): M i h c l p tuy n tnh g m t hn n vect u c th b sung thnh m t c s .
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NCS. ng Vn C ng

Ton cao c p C2

4.2 To c a vect i v i m t c s

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4.2 To c a vect i v i m t c s
nh l 4.2. Cho h n vect = {e1 , e2 , ..., en }. Khi l m t c s c a V khi v ch khi m i vect x V u c m t cch duy nh t bi u th tuy n tnh qua .

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Ton cao c p C2

4.2 To c a vect i v i m t c s
nh l 4.2. Cho h n vect = {e1 , e2 , ..., en }. Khi l m t c s c a V khi v ch khi m i vect x V u c m t cch duy nh t bi u th tuy n tnh qua . nh ngha 4.4. (To c a m t vect i v i m t c s ).

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4.2 To c a vect i v i m t c s
nh l 4.2. Cho h n vect = {e1 , e2 , ..., en }. Khi l m t c s c a V khi v ch khi m i vect x V u c m t cch duy nh t bi u th tuy n tnh qua . nh ngha 4.4. (To c a m t vect i v i m t c s ). (1): Cho = {e1 , e2 , ..., en } l m t c s c a khng gian vector V . Khi , v i m i vect x V u c m t cch b u th tuy n tnh duy nh t qua
n

x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + ... + xn en =
i=1

xi ei .

(4.1)

Ph n t (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) Rn g i l to c a vect x i v i c s ; xi g i l to th i; i = 1, n.

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(2): ch to c a x trong l (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) ta vi t x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ).

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(2): ch to c a x trong l (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) ta vi t x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ). Ta cng dng cc k hi u:

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(2): ch to c a x trong l (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) ta vi t x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ). Ta cng dng cc k hi u: + (x) = [x1 , x2 , ..., xn ]: (ma tr n) hng to c a x trong .

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(2): ch to c a x trong l (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) ta vi t x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ). Ta cng dng cc k hi u: + (x) = [x1 , x2 , ..., xn ]: (ma tr n) hng to c a x trong . x 1 x2 + [x] = . : (ma tr n) c t to c a x trong V . . . xn

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Tnh ch t 4.1. Nh tnh duy nh t trong cch bi u th tuy n tnh c a m i vect x trong V qua c s , d dng th y r ng, n u x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ), y/ = (y1 , y2 , ..., yn ) v K th: (x + y)/ = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , ..., xn + yn ); (x)/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

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Tnh ch t 4.1. Nh tnh duy nh t trong cch bi u th tuy n tnh c a m i vect x trong V qua c s , d dng th y r ng, n u x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ), y/ = (y1 , y2 , ..., yn ) v K th: (x + y)/ = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , ..., xn + yn ); (x)/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

Tnh ch t 4.2. V i c s = {e1 , e2 , ..., en } th hi n nhin ta c ei / = (0, ..., 0,1, 0, ..., 0); i = 1, n v tr th i.

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4.3 Ma tr n chuy n c s - Cng th c i to

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Ton cao c p C2

4.3 Ma tr n chuy n c s - Cng th c i to

Trong khng gian vector V cho hai c s = {a1 , a2 , ..., an } v = {b1 , b2 , ..., bn }.

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4.3 Ma tr n chuy n c s - Cng th c i to

Trong khng gian vector V cho hai c s = {a1 , a2 , ..., an } v = {b1 , b2 , ..., bn }. Gi s bj / = (c1j , c2j , ..., cnj ); j = 1, n

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Ton cao c p C2

4.3 Ma tr n chuy n c s - Cng th c i to

Trong khng gian vector V cho hai c s = {a1 , a2 , ..., an } v = {b1 , b2 , ..., bn }. Gi s bj / = (c1j , c2j , ..., cnj ); j = 1, n L p ma tr n c11 c12 c1n

c21 c22 C = (cij )n = . . . .. . . . . cn1 cn2

c2n . Mn (K), . . cnn

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4.3 Ma tr n chuy n c s - Cng th c i to

Trong khng gian vector V cho hai c s = {a1 , a2 , ..., an } v = {b1 , b2 , ..., bn }. Gi s bj / = (c1j , c2j , ..., cnj ); j = 1, n L p ma tr n c11 c12 c1n

c21 c22 C = (cij )n = . . . .. . . . . cn1 cn2

c2n . Mn (K), . . cnn

m cc c t c a n l n l t l cc c t to [b1 ] , [b2 ] , ..., [bn ] .

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Ton cao c p C2

C c g i l ma tr n i c c t sang , k hi u C : (hay C ).

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C c g i l ma tr n i c c t sang , k hi u C : (hay C ). Cho x V l m t vect b t k v to c a x trong , tng ng l x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ); x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ).

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C c g i l ma tr n i c c t sang , k hi u C : (hay C ). Cho x V l m t vect b t k v to c a x trong , tng ng l x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ); x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ). Khi ta c [x] = C[x] .

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C c g i l ma tr n i c c t sang , k hi u C : (hay C ). Cho x V l m t vect b t k v to c a x trong , tng ng l x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ); x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ). Khi ta c [x] = C[x] . hay r hn x1 c11 c12 c1n x1 (4.2)

x2 c21 c22 = . . . .. . . . . . . . xn cn1 cn2

c2n x2 . . . . . . . cnn xn

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Ton cao c p C2

C c g i l ma tr n i c c t sang , k hi u C : (hay C ). Cho x V l m t vect b t k v to c a x trong , tng ng l x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ); x/ = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ). Khi ta c [x] = C[x] . hay r hn x c c12 1 11 x2 c21 c22 = . . . .. . . . . . . . xn cn1 cn2 x 1 c2n x2 . . . . . . . cnn xn c1n

(4.2)

Cng th c (4.2) c g i l cng th c i t a t sang .

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