Bi s 2: nh gi kh nng hp ph ca than hot tnh

I. Mc ch. Than hot tnh l mt trong nhng cht hp ph c s dng trong x l nc, nc thi loi mu, cc cht c lng nh. Bi th nghim ny gip sinh vin thc hnh nh hot tnh hp ph ca than hot tnh qua kh nng hp ph mu dung dch xanh metylen. T kt qu th nghim tnh ton cc thng s ca qu trnh hp ph. II. C s l thuyt. 1. Hin tng hp ph. Hp ph l s tch ly cht trn b mt phn cch cc pha (kh - rn, lng - rn, kh - lng, lng - lng). Cht c b mt, trn xy ra s hp ph c gi l cht hp ph; cn cht c tch lu trn b mt cht hp ph gi l cht b hp ph. Bn cht ca hin tng hp ph l s tng tc gia cc phn t cht hp ph v cht b hp ph. Ty theo bn cht ca lc tng tc m ngi ta phn bit hai loi hp ph l hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc. a. Hp ph vt l. Cc phn t hp ph lin kt vi nhng tiu phn (nguyn t, phn t, ion,..) b mt phn chia pha bi lc lin kt Van Der Walls yu. l tng ca nhiu lc ht khc nhau: tnh in, tn x, cm ng v lc nh hng. Lc lin kt ny yu nn d b ph v. Trong hp ph vt l,cc phn t ca cht b hp ph v cht hp ph khng to thnh hp cht ha hc (khng hnh thnh cc lin kt ha hc) m cht b hp ph ch b ngng t trn b mt phn chia pha v b gi li trn b mt hp ph. Qu trnh hp ph vt l thi tng tc gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph khng ln, cu trc in t ca cht b hp ph t b thay i, nhit hp ph to ra nh. b. Hp ph ha hc. Hp ph ha hc xy ra khi cc phn t cht hp ph to hp cht ha hc vi phn t cht b hp ph. Lc hp ph khi l lc lin kt ha hc thng thng (lin kt ion, lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt phi tr). Lc ny mnh nn kh b ph v. Qu trnh hp ph ha hc th tng tc giua cht b hp ph v cht hp ph ln, lm bin i cu trc in t ca cc nguyn t dn n s hnh thnh lin kt ha hc, nhit ta ra ngang vi phn ng ha hc. 2. Cc phng trnh ng nhit hp ph. Qu trnh hp ph l mt qu trnh thun nghch. Cc phn t cht b hp ph khi hp ph trn b mt cht hp ph vn c th di chuyn ngc li pha mang. Theo thi gian, lng cht cht b hp ph tch t trn b mt cht rn cng nhiu th tc di chuyn ngc li pha mang cng ln. mt thi im no tc hp ph bng tc gii hp th qu trnh hp ph t cn bng. Mt h hp ph t n trng thi cn bng, lng cht b hp ph l mt hm ca ca nhit , p sut hoc nng ca cht b hp ph: q = f (T,P hoc C) nhit khng i (T = const), ng biu biu din s ph thuc ca q vo P hoc C (q = fT (P hoc C)) c gi l ng ng nhit hp ph. ng ng

nhit hp ph c th c xy dng trn c s l thuyt, kinh nghim hoc bn kinh nghim. c q = f (C) th h hp ph phi c thi gian lp c th cn bng hp ph. Nu gi C0 v Ce l nng cht b hp ph ban u v trng thi cn bng, V l th tch dung dch, m l khi lng cht hp ph, trong th nghim trng thi tnh c th xc nh: q=
(C - Ce).V o m

tm mi tng quan q = f(C) c th tin hnh theo 2 cch cho cng kt qu: - Chun b dung dch chun c nng ban u C0 khc nhau vi cung lng cht hp ph m tin hnh mt dy th nghim. - Chun b mt loi dung dch c cng C0 v khc m Cc phng trnh ng nhit thng dng l Langmuir v Freundlich. Phng trnh ng nhit Langmuir: q = qmax
k L .C e 1 + k L .C e

trong : q - dung lng (hot tnh) hp ph ti thi im cn bng qmax - dung lng hp ph cc i Ce - nng cht b hp ph lc cn bng KL - hng s c trng tng tc ca cht hp ph v cht b hp ph. xc nh cc hng s trong phng trnh ng nhit hp ph Langmuir c th chuyn phng trnh trn thnh phng trnh ng thng:
Ce 1 1 = .C e + q q max k L .q max

y l phng trnh ng thng biu th s ph thuc Ce/q vo Ce. T phng trnh ny, ta xc nh c qmax v kL. Phng trnh ng nhit Freundlich: 1 q = kF . C e / n Phng trnh trn c chuyn thnh phng trnh ng thng: ln q = ln kF +
1 lnCe n

T phng trnh ny ta xc nh c kF v n Trong : q - dung lng (hot tnh) hp ph ti thi im cn bng Ce - nng cht b hp ph lc cn bng kF, n - hng s lin quan n nhit , c trng cho h hp ph 3. Cc cht hp ph thng dng. Yu cu c bn ca cht hp ph l tng b mt ring phi ln. Nhng cht hp ph thng dng l: than ht tnh, silicagen, nha tng hp c kh nng trao i ion, than nu, than bn, than cc, olomit, cao lanh, tro x v cc dung dch hp ph cht lng. Cc bng cn trong qu trnh x l nuc nh hydroxit nhm v st, bn hot tnh tnh t b aeroten cng c kh nng hp ph. III. M t th nghim. 1. Xy dng ung chun xanh metylen

Tin hnh pha dy dung dch chun xanh metylen c nng 0 150 mg/L t dung dch 150 mg/L vo cc ng nghim. Tin hnh o hp th quang ca 5 dung dch chun bc sng 724nm xy dng phng trnh th hin s ph thuc ca hp ph quang vo nng . Bng s liu: ng nghim s Nng dd.chun (mg/L) Th tch dd. Xanh metylen 150 mg/L, mL Th tch nc ct, mL 0 0 0 10 1 30 2 8 2 60 4 6 3 90 6 4 4 120 8 2 5 150 10 0

2. Xc nh kh nng hp ph cc liu hp ph khc nhau Ly vo 6 bnh tam gic mi bnh 50mL dung dch xanh metylen150mg/L. Thm cc lng cn than hot tnh khc nhau vo cc bnh theo bng sau: Bnh s 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lng than hot 0.0053 0.0108 0.0204 0.0303 0.0404 0.0803 tnh, g Liu hp ph tng 106 216 408 606 808 1606 ng, mg/L y nt bnh, cho ln my lc vn tc 400 vng/pht, trong thi gian 30 pht. Lc cc mu qua giy lc, thu dch lc v tin hnh o hp ph quang bc sng 724nm.

IV. Kt qu th nghim. 1. Xy dng ng chun xc nh nng xanh metylen. T s liu thc nghim xy dng ng chun xc nh nng xanh metylen. S liu xy dng ng chun nh sau: ng nghim s 0 1 2 3 4 5 C (mg/l) 0 30 60 90 120 150 hp th quang 0.053 0.164 0.334 0.477 0.704 0.895 Phng trnh ng chun xc nh nng xanh metylen nh sau:

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 2. Xc nh kh nng hp ph cc liu hp ph khc nhau. Tnh hiu sut x l mu v hot tnh hp ph ca than tng bnh th nghim: Hiu sut x l mu tng bnh th nghim:
E (%) = Hot tnh hp ph ca than tng bnh th nghim : AC (mg/mg) = Bnh s 1 2 Liu hp ph 106 216 (mg/L) C0 (mg/l) 150 150 hp th quang 0.675 0.563 sau lc Ce (mg/l) 116.5 96.8 E (%) 22.3 35.5 AC (mg/mg) 0.316 0.246 th bin thin E theo liu hp ph: 3 408 150 0.363 61.72 58.85 0.216 4 606 150 0.191 31.5 79 0.195 5 808 150 0.082 12.4 91.7 0.170 6 1606 150 0.064 9.26 93.8 0.088

y = 0.0057x + 0.0112 R = 0.9892 Series1 Linear (Series1)

2

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

y = 29.929Ln(x) - 118.71 R = 0.9418 Series1 Log. (Series1)

2

E (%)

500

1000

1500

2000

liu hp ph (mg/L) th bin thin AC theo liu hp ph:

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 500

AC (mg/mg)

Series1 Linear (Series1) y = -0.0001x + 0.2887 R = 0.9069 1000 liu hp ph (mg/L) 1500 2000
2

3. Xc nh cc h s trong phng trnh Freundlich. Phng trnh Freundlich c dng: Tuyn tnh ha phng trnh Freundlich c:

Trong : x: Lng cht b hp ph, mg mc: lng cht hp ph, mg = AC : hot tnh hp ph n, : cc h s thc nghim T dy s liu thc nghim, ta xy dng c ng tuyn tnh :

T s liu th nghim ta tnh c lnAC v lnCe: Bnh s 1 2 3 lnAC -1.15 -1.4 -1.5 lnCe 4.76 4.57 4.12

4 -1.63 3.45

5 -1.77 2.5

6 -2.43 2.23

T s liu th nghim trong bng trn, xy dng ng tuyn tnh biu din s ph thuc ca lnAC vo lnCe. T xc nh c cc hng s n v Kf trong phng trnh Freundlich. ng tuyn tnh theo phng trnh tuyn tinh ha Freundlich nh sau:

0 -0.5 0 lnAC -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 lnCe T xc nh c hng s trong phng trnh Freundlich l: n = 1/0.3703 = 2.7 Kf = e(-2.9815) = 0.05 T s liu th nghim xy dng phng trnh ng thng theo phng trnh ng nhit hp ph Langmuir:
Ce 1 1 = .C e + q q max k L .q max

3 4 y = 0.3703x - 2.9815 R = 0.8108

2

5 Series1 Linear (Series1)

Bnh s Ce/AC Ce

1 368.67 116.5

2 393.5 96.8

3 285.74 61.72

4 161.54 31.5

5 72.9 12.4

6 105.23 9.26

500 400 Ce/AC 300 200 100 0 0

y = 2.9649x + 69.093 R = 0.9383 Series1 Linear (Series1)

2

50

100

150

Ce T xc nh c hot tnh hp ph ti a ca than hot tnh c s dng l: ACmax = 1/2.9649 = 0.34 mg/mg. V. Kt lun. - Trong trng hp nng v th tch ca dung dch mu khng i th hiu sut x l mu ca than hot tnh bin thin theo liu hp ph theo hm logarit. Tc l liu hp ph cng tng th hiu sut x l mu cng tng n lc t n hiu sut x l ti a th khng tng thm na mc d liu hp ph vn tng. V lng mu trong dung dch c hp ph gn nh trit . - Trong trng hp nng v th tch ca dung dch mu khng i th hot tinh hp ph ca than hot tnh bin thin theo liu hp ph theo mt phng

trnh tuyn tnh c chiu hng xung. Tc l liu hp ph cng ln th hot tnh hp ph cng thp v hot tnh hp ph ca than hot tnh trong bnh tam gic s 1 l gn nh t ti a. iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau: khi thm lng than hot tnh vo cng nhiu nhng lng cht cn hp ph th khng thay i nn lng cht cn hp ph trn mt lng than nht nh s nh hn do dung lng hp ph hay hot tnh hp ph ca than hot tnh s gim dn. Phng trnh ng nhit hp ph Langmuir biu din cho qu trnh hp ph ny tt hn phng trnh Freundlich. V gi tr R2 trong phng trnh ng nhit hp ph Langmuir gn 1 hn phng trinh Freundlich.