Chng 1.

TNG QUAN V C S D LIU

Chng 1:

TNG QUAN V C S D LIU

1 Chc Nng Cua Mt H Quan Tr C S D Liu

1.1. Cac Khai Nim V C S D Liu d dang cho vic giai thich cac khai nim v C S D Liu, trc ht ta xem xet h thng ban ve may bay bng may tnh. D liu lu tr trong may tnh bao gm cac thng tin v hanh khach, chuyn bay, ng bay ... Moi thng tin v mi quan h nay c biu din trong may tnh thng qua vic t ch cua khach hang. Vy lam th nao biu din c d liu o va am bao cho khach hang i ung chuyn bay.

1.2. H quan tr C S D Liu 1.2.1. nh ngha: Phn Chng trnh co th x ly, thay i d liu goi la h quan tr C S D Liu (Database management System - vit tt DBMS) 1.2.2 Nhng kha nng cua H quan tr C S D Liu Co hai c tnh phn bit DBMS vi cac h thng lp trnh khac, o la: 1. Kha nng quan ly nhng d liu c nh 2. Kha nng truy xut co hiu qua mt khi lng d liu ln im (1) khn nh rng co mt CSDL tn tai thng xuyn ; ni dung cua C S D Liu nay la nhng d liu c DBMS truy xut va quan ly. im (2) phn bit mt DBMS vi mt h thng tp tin cung quan ly d liu nhng noi chung khng cho phep truy xut nhanh chong cac thanh phn tuy y cua d liu . Nhng kha nng cua mt DBMS se rt cn thit khi s lng d liu rt ln. Hai c tnh trn la hai c tnh c ban cua mt DBMS, ngoai ra mt DBMS thng co cac kha nng sau: - H tr t nht mt m hnh d liu (Data model) nh o ngi s dung co th xem c d liu. - H tr mt s ngn ng bc cao cho phep ngi s dung nh ngha cac cu truc d liu, truy xut va thao tac d liu . - Quan ly giao dch, ngha la cho phep nhiu ngi s dung truy xut ng thi va chnh xac n mt C S D Liu . - iu khin cac qua trnh truy xut, la kha nng gii han cac qua trnh truy xut d liu cua nhng ngi khng c phep , va kha nng kim tra tin cy cua d liu
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Tp hp d liu trn c lu tr trong may tnh theo mt quy nh nao o va c goi la C S D Liu( Database - CSDL)

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- Cac c tnh t thch ng, la kha nng t phuc hi lai d liu do s c cua h thng ma khng lam mt d liu

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V C S D LIU

1.3 Cac m hnh d liu

Mt DBMS cn phai cung cp t nht mt m hnh tru tng qua o ngi s dung co th thy c d liu khng phai bng cac bit th ma bng cac dang d hiu, d nhn bit hn. Trong thc t cac C S D Liu co th co mt vai mc tru tng , trong o mc thp nht la tp hp cac file d liu ( Mc vt ly) V du: Xet mt tng cng ty co nhiu cng ty con va h s v cac nhn vin cua tng cng ty co th c lu tr trong mt file d liu gm cac trng MNV( ma nhn vin), HOTEN, LUONG_NV, IACHI... n gian ta gia thit cu truc ban ghi gm 2 trng sau: TEN_NV: ho tn nhn vin NGUOI_QL: Ho tn giam c cng ty ni nhn vin lam vic. Khi o cu truc ban ghi nh sau: Record
TEN_NV: char[30]; NGUOI_QL: char[30];

Khi o file d liu la tp cac ban ghi va mi ban ghi cha thng tin v mt nhn vin cua cng ty. Trong nhiu m hnh C S D Liu ngi ta s dung cac quan h thay cho cac file Quan h : NHAN_VIEN(TEN_NV,NGUOI_QL) Ta cn phn bit gia file va quan h Trong file cac ban ghi khng nht thit phai phn bit Trong quan h, cac ban ghi(b) cn phai phn bit nhau. 1.4 Hiu qua truy cp d liu Cac h iu hanh u co kha nng t chc va lu tr cac tp tin v vy vic lu tr cac tp tin d liu i vi DBMS la khng ang chu y. Hiu qua cua cac DBMS trong vic x ly trn cac tp tin la t chc cac tp tin phu hoc cac cng cu h tr truy cp d liu nhanh chong, kp thi . Chn han cac file INDEX, hoc cac ham HASH. 1.5 Quan ly giao dch Ngay nay do s phat trin cua mang may tnh ma cac C S D Liu ln co th c s dung bi nhiu ngi trn cac may tnh khac nhau v vy cac DBMS cn phai cung cp mt kha nng quan ly s truy cp d liu cua nhiu ngi s dung. Chn han cac d liu v tai khoan cua ngn hang c s dung bi hang van khach hang trn cac may tnh khac nhau hoc trn cac may i tin t ng; C S D Liu phuc vu cho vic t ch cho mt hang hang khng c s dung bi hang ngan ai ly cua hang hang khng o trn khp th gii. Vic truy cp ng thi thng xay ra hin tng xung t Bai soan mn C s d liu Trang 2 Nguyn Vn Chc

end;

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V C S D LIU giao dch gia cac khach hang trn cung mt hang muc d liu , v vy DBMS cn phai cung cp mt kha nng khoa d liu (clock data) khi co ngi s dung truy cp n hang muc d liu o. 1.6 An toan d liu Mt DBMS cn phai co kha nng phuc hi lai d liu khi co s hong hoc xay ra, ng thi va rt quan trong la bao v s truy cp cua cac ngi s dung khng c phep . thc hin cng vic nay cac DBMS cho phep tao ra cac khung nhn (View) ma ngi s dung ch c phep quan sat d liu trn cac view. Chn han chung ta co mt file d liu la NHAN_VIEN gm cac trng TEN ( Ho tn nhn vin) DIA_CHI(a ch nhn vin) TEN_CTY( tn cng ty) LUONG(lng nhn vin) nu s dung m hnh Quan h ta co Quan h sau: NHAN_VIEN(TEN, DIA_CHI, TEN_CTY,LUONG) moi ngi co th truy cp vao file d liu nay nhng khng c bit lng cua nhn vin. Trong ngn ng SQL khung nhn c tao ra nh sau: CREAT VIEW L_NHAN_VIEN SELECT TEN, DIA_CHI,TEN_CTY FROM NHAN_VIEN; Khi o khung nhn c tao ra nh mt quan h vi tn L_NHAN_VIEN(TEN, DIA_CHI, TEN_CTY). Khung nhn nay khng tn tai vt ly nh tp tin , nhng co th vn tin no ging nh tp tin.

2. Kin truc mt H quan tr C S D Liu

Mt H quan tr C S D Liu c m ta bi 3 mc tru tng sau Nhom UESR 1 Nhom UESR 2 . . . Nhom UESR n Khung nhn 1 Khung nhn 2 . . . Khung nhn n c vit bng ngn ng nh ngha d liu lc con Bai soan mn C s d liu c vit bng ngn ng nh ngha d liu c cai t trn thit b vt ly

C S D Liu khai nim

CSDL vt ly

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Chng 1. TNG QUAN V C S D LIU 2.1 Mc C S D Liu vt ly( physical level) La mt tp cac tp tin (file) va cac file ch muc (Index) hoc cac cu truc lu tr khac dung truy xut chung mt cach co hiu qua , goi la C S D Liu vt ly. C S D Liu vt ly tn tai thng xuyn trong thit b lu tr nh a t. 2.2 Mc C S D Liu khai nim (Concept level ) C S D Liu khai nim la s tru tng hoa cua th gii thc khi no dc gn vi ngi s dung C S D Liu. Cac DBMS cung cp ngn ng ng ngha d liu (data definition language DDL), m ta lc khai nim (conceptual scheme)va no se c cai t bng lc vt ly (physical scheme). DDL cho chung ta m ta C S D Liu khai nim nh cac thut ng cua M hnh d liu , chn han nh trong m hnh quan h d liu c trnh bay qua cac bang vi cac ct la cac thuc tnh cac hang la cac b tng t nh cac mu tin. 2.3 Khung nhn(VIEW) Khung nhn(view) hay lc con (Subscheme)la mt phn cua C S D Liu khai nim hoc la s tru tng hoa mt phn C S D Liu khai nim . hu ht cac DBMS u cung cp phng tin khai bao khung nhn , c goi la ngn ng nh ngha d liu lc con( subscheme data definition language) va cac phng tin thao tac va vn tin trn khung nhn goi la ngn ng thao tac d liu lc con (subscheme data manipulation language) Chung ta th phn tch cac khac bit gia cac mc vt ly, kha nim, khung nhn nh vao tnh tng t cua chung vi cac ngn ng lp trnh. Cu th ta se noi v mang: - mc khai nim mang co th khia bao nh sau: Integer array A[1..n,1..m] Con mc vt ly, mang A c lu tr trong mt vung lin tuc bt u t a ch a0 theo th t ht ct n dong. Phn t A[i,j] se v tr a0 +4(m(i-j)+j-1) mc khung nhn, ta co th tao ra nhiu khung nhn tuy y. Chn han

Th du1

f(i)= A[i, j] cho bit tng cac phn t trn dong th i.

j=1

Ngoai vic phn chia mc tru tng nh trong phn (2) chung ta con co mt cach hiu khac v C S D Liu . Khi thit k chung ta quan tm n nhng hoach nh (plan) trn C S D Liu ; nhng khi s dung chung ta lai quan tm n nhng d liu thc s tn tai trong C S D Liu . Cn phai hiu rng d liu trong C S D Liu thong xuyn thay i , trong khi cac plan vn nh cu. Ni dung hin thi cua C S D Liu goi la th hin (instance) cua C S D Liu .Thut ng Lc (Scheme) c dung noi n cac hoach nh nay v vy khi noi n lc khai nim la noi v hoach nh cho C S D Liu khai nim , va chung ta goi hoach nh C S D Liu vt ly la lc vt ly.

Lc va th hin

Th du 2

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Chng 1. TNG QUAN V C S D LIU Chung ta tip tuc vi mang trong v du 1. M ta mang va ham c a ra trong th du o thc s la thng tin kiu lc . 1. Lc vt ly la mnh : Phn t A[i,j] se v tr a0 +4(m(i-j)+j-1), khn nh rng mang A c lu tai v tr bt u la a0 va phn t a[i,j] c lu v tr a0 +4(m(i-j)+j-1) 2. Lc khai nim la khai bao Integer array A[1..n,1..m]; A la mt mang s nguyn vi n hang va m ct. 3. Lc con la nh ngha cua ham f, ngha la

f(i)= A[i, j]
j=1

a ra mt th du v mt th hin cua lc khai nim nay , chung ta co th cho n=m=3 khi o A la mt ma phng: 8 1 6 3 5 7 4 9 2 Khi o th hin vt ly (Physical instance)se la 9 word khi u t v tr a0 theo th t cha 8 1 6 3 5 7 4 9 2. Cui cung th hin khung nhn view la ham f(1)=f(2)=f(3)=15 Tnh c lp d liu . S v cac mc tru tng trong phn (2) ch ro i t khung nhn qua C S D Liu khai nim n C S D Liu vt ly a ra hai mc c lp d liu (data independence). - c lp d liu vt ly (physcal data independence) : Chung ta co th thay i lc vt ly ma khng lam anh hng n lc khai nim hay pha i nh ngha lai cac lc con. No khn nh rng vic sa i v t chc v C S D Liu vt ly co th anh hng n tnh hiu cua cac chng trnh ng dung , nhng khng bao gi phai vit lai nhng chng trnh nay. - c lp d liu logic (logical data independence) c a ra bi mi quan h gia khung nhn va C S D Liu khai nim. Khi s dung C S D Liu cung co th cn phai sa i lc khai nim, co nhiu sa i lc khai nim khng lam anh hng n cac lc con hin co, va cung co mt s sa i khac se cn phai nh ngha lai cac anh xa t lc con n lc khai nim . trng hp nay khng cn thay i chng trnh ng dung . Mt laoi thay i duy nht trong lc khai nim buc phai thay i lc con lavic xoa cac thng

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tin tng ng vi cac thng tin ang tn tai trong lc con . Nhng thay i nay oi hoi phai thay i chng trnh ng dung. 3. Cac ngn ng cua C S D Liu Trong cac ngn ng lp trnh cac ch th m ta va cac ch th thc hin la 2 b phn cua mt ngn ng, trong cac H quan tr C S D Liu hai chc nng m ta va x ly noi chung c chia thanh 2 ngn ng khac nhau. 1. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu(data definition language - DDL) y khng phai la ngn ng thu tuc ma ch la mt h thng ky hiu m ta cac loai i tng va quan h gia chung . Chung ta co th nh ngha mt quan h m ta mt chuyn bay thc hin bi mt hang hang khng vi nh ngha d liu nh sau: CREAT TABLE FLIGHT(NUMBER: INT, DATE CHAR(6), SEAT:INT, FROM : CHAR(3), TO : CHAR(3))
oan ma trn la mt th du v ngn ng nh ngha d liu SQL , no m ta quan h va cac thuc tnh cung vi vic cai t vt ly cua chung la cac s nguyn va chui co dai c nh. 2. Ngn ng thao tac d liu Cac thao tac trn C S D Liu i hoi phai co mt ngn ng c bit goi la ngn ng thao tac d liu (data manipulation language- DML) hay con goi la ngn ng vn tin (Query language).

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V C S D LIU

V du 3

V du 4

Vi C S D Liu cac chuyn bay FLIGHT c nh ngha bng ngn ng SQL trong v du 3, trong ngn ng SQL ta co th thc hin cac thao tac sau: a. Giam 4 ch ngi con trng trn chuyn bay 123 ngay 31 thang tam UPDATE FLIGHT SET SEAT=SEAT-4 WHERE NUMBER=123 AND DATE=AUG 31 b. nhp vao chuyn bay 456 vi 100 ch ngi t ha ni i a nng ngay 21 thang tam INSERT INTO FLIGHT VALUE(456, AUG 21, HANOI, DANANG) c. Tm xem trong C S D Liu co bao nhiu ch ngi con trng trong chuyn bay s 999 ngay 24 thang 7 SELECT SEAT FROM FLIGHT WHERE NUMBER=999AND DATE=JUL 24

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3. Ngn ng chu Cac ch th cua cac ngn ng thao tac d liu thng la n gian hay noi cach khac la thc hin nhng phep x ly n gian, nhng trong trong qua trnh thc hin cng vic trn C S D Liu co th phai x ly cac cng vic phc tap hn nh soan thao vn ban bao cao , in n ... v vy cac H quan tr C S D Liu cn phai co s h tr cua cac ngn ng thun tin cho vic lp trnh nh C hay COBOL ... goi la cac ngn ng chu( host language). Cac lnh cua DMLb c nhung vao ngn ng chu theo hai cach a. Cac lnh cua DML c kch hoat bng vic goi cac thu tuc c cung cp bi H quan tr C S D Liu b. Cac lnh nay la cac ch th trong ngn ng chu c m rng

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V C S D LIU

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