Xng sinh hc

Trn ng Hng, PhD Reading, 31/3/2008

Nhin-liu-sinh-hc (Biofuel hay Agrofuel) l loi cht t ti to sn xut t nguyn liu ng thc vt gi l sinh-khi (biomass). Gi l ti to (renewable) v cht t c bn Carbon (C) nm trong chu trnh quang-tng-hp (photosynthesis) ngn hn - t nhin-liu-sinh-hc sa thi kh CO2, ri thc vt canh tc hp th li CO2 , to thnh sinh-khi ch bin nhin-liu-sinh-hc trn l thuyt coi nh khng lm gia tng CO2 trong kh quyn. Nhin-liu-sinhhc c th th rn nh ci, than ci (than- thuc loi c sinh, khng ti to); th lng (nh xng-sinh-hc, diesel-sinh-hc); hay th kh nh kh methane-sinhhc (sn xut t l cht ph thi). Nhin liu th lng c a chung hn v c tinh khit cao, cha nhiu nng lng, d dng chuyn ch, d tn tr v bm vo bnh nhin liu ca xe. Xng-sinh-hc cp trong bi ny gm xngethanol (E) v diesel-sinh-hc ( Vit nam gi l B), tng ng vi xng-c-sinh bin ch t du m l xng (gasoline) v diesel. Khuynh hng sn xut xng-sinh-hc ang trn pht trin, v nhiu l do: (i) gi xng-c-sinh ngy cng mc; (ii) tr lng du ho cc m du c gii hn v s kit qu trong tng lai (khong nm 2100); (iii) nhiu quc gia mun tu thuc t vo vic nhp cng nhin liu c sinh trong khi quc gia h c kh nng sn xut nhin liu thay th, v (iv) b p lc chnh tr phi gim lng kh CO2 sa thi ph hp vi Tho hip Kyoto (1997) quy nh. Nhng sn xut v s dng xng-sinh-hc c phi l mt bin php hu hiu cu vn tai ho kh hu ton cu khng?

LCH S
Nhin-liu-sinh-hc th rn (g, ci, than ci, ph thi thc v ng vt, v.v.) c loi ngi s dng t khi khm ph ra la. Khi pht minh ra ng-chi-nc (steam engine) v my-pht-in, nhin-liu-sinh-hc th rn (g) c s dng mt thi pht trin k ngh th k 18 v 19, v gy nhiu nhim. Vit Nam, xe l chy bng t g cho ti khong 1956, mi thay th bng ng c diesel. Ngy nay c khong 2 t dn t nhin-liu-sinh-hc th rn nh g, ci, tru, mc ca, rm r, l kh, v.v. Mc du cha carbon-ti-to, nhng cho nhiu khi, tro bi, b hng nn lm nhim mi trng. ng c n u tin trn th gii do Nikolaus August Otto (ngi c) thit k s dng nhin-liu-sinh-hc th lng l ru cn ethanol, Rudolf Diesel (ngi c) pht minh ng c Diesel thit k chy bng du-u-phng (groundnut oil), v Henry Ford (M) thit k xe hi chy bng du-thc-vt (t 1903 n

1926) ch bin t du cha trong ht v thn cy cn sa (hemp - Cannabis sativa). T khi khm ph ra nhin-liu-c-sinh (than , du ho, kh t) th ngnh k ngh s dng nhin-liu-c-sinh, v c hiu qu kinh t hn. Tuy nhin mi khi c chin tranh, b ch phong to kh chuyn vn du, hay th gii c khng hong chnh tr, kinh t, v khng tu thuc vo du ho nhp cng (t Trung ng), khuynh hung s dng xng-sinh-hc li bt pht trong nhng thi k ny. Chng hn, c v Anh Quc sn xut xng-sinh-hc t khoai ty v la m trong thi k nh Th Chin. Khng hong xng du nm 1972 do khi OPEC gy ra, lm mt s quc gia c ch trng t tc nhin liu bng cch sn xut xng-sinh-hc t tim nng nng nghip s ca mnh. Brazil tiu biu cho chnh sch ny. K t 2000, cc quc gia trn th gii ln lt tht s tun th Tho hip Rio de Janeiro (1992), ri Kyoto (1997), tm k thut hn ch sa thi kh nh kin (CO2, methane, N2O, v.v.) ca nhin-liu-c-sinh, thay th bng nng-lng-xanh (green energy nh nng lng mt tri, gi, thu in, v.v.), nn nhin-liu-sinhhc ang trn bt pht. XNG-SINH-HC Xng-Ethanol (E) thng dng nht hin nay trn th gii v d dng bin ch t ng (sugar - ca ma, c ci ng, sorgho-ng) v tinh bt (starch ca ng cc, khoai ty, khoai m). Ethanol (C2H5OH) 99.9% c th chy ng c xe-hi-chy-bng-xng. Khi chy, mt phn t ethanol sinh mt nhit lng 1409 kJ. Tuy nhin, Ethanol cha 33% nng lng t hn xng-c-sinh, nn cn nhiu ethanol hn xe chy cng mt on ng. V vy, xe phi c bnh cha nhin liu ln hn. Thng thng, my xe hi chy hiu nghim vi E15 (xng pha 15% ethanol). Xngcha-ethanol cha nhiu octane hn xng thng nn ng c mau nng hn, my cng mau hao mn hn, nht l cc vng m cao su. Bt li ca Ethanol l ht m nn xng-ethanol c cha nhiu nc, lm my kh , lm r st kim loi, h mn cht nha (plastic), nn i hi phi thay i vt liu lm ng c, phi bo tr xe thng xuyn. Bn cha ethanol cng phi lm t kim loi c bit, vic chuyn ch cng kh khn hn xng thng (bn c bit, c hn, khong 120,000/xe bn xng Anh USD 200,000), nn cui cng tn ph cao (ti Anh, tn ph sn xut khong 35 pence/lt 60 cents/lt). Ni tm li, nu tnh t lc canh tc cy, phn bn, thuc st trng, ti nc, thu hoch, ln men, chng ct cho ti khi s dng, bin ci xe hi, v.v. th chy xe bng xngethanol tn km hn chy bng xng thng. Ngy nay mi hiu xe hi u c th chy xng-ethanol E10 (xng thng pha 10% ethanol), tuy nhin bo m my mc, khuyn co nn dng xngethanol E5 (Xng pha 5% ethanol). Mt vi loi ng c xe hi ci bin s dng xng-ethanol E85 nh Brazil. Cch y mt nm (2007), cc trm bn xng thuc mt h thng siu th ln Anh lm ln bm xng-ethanol E85 vo cc trm bn xng thng thng, lm chy hng my my ngn chic xe hi v phi bi thng cho khch hng.

Xng pha vi ethanol thi t kh nh kin hn xng thng. Chng hng E85 sa thi 1 ppm kh NO2 trong khi xng-c-sinh thi 9 ppm. Nguy c b ung th t hn khi th phi kh sa thi ca xng-sinh-hc. Butanol (C4H10O) cho nhiu nng lng hn ethanol v c th thng vo bnh xng xe m khng cn bin ch g thm. Ch bin t du m, hay t ln men nguyn liu sinh-khi do vi khun Clostridium acetobutylicum. Methanol (CH3OH), cn gi methyl-alcohol c iu ch t kh methane (CH4) ca kh t ca m du. Methanol cng c bin ch t cht hu c ng thc vt qua phng php un trong bnh kn (khng c oxy v hi nc) nhit cao (pyrolysis). Diesel-sinh-hc: Theo phng th nghim Nng Lng Ti To Hoa K (U.S. National Renewable Energy), t diesel-sinh-hc thi 50% carbon monoxide (CO) v 78% carbon dioxide (CO2) t hn diesel. Cng khng c sa thi Sulphur SO2. Diesel-sinh-hc c nhng c tnh vt l tng t diesel, thnh phn ho hc chnh l act bo - Fatty acid methyl (hay ethyl) ester. Diesel-sinh-hc cha t nng lng hn, nhit bt chy l 150C, trong khi diesel l 70C. Du-thc-vt khi hun nng th tr nn lng, nhn hn, nn c th chy my diesel. Du-thc-vt trch t cc thc vt cha nhiu du nh ht ci-du (Oil seed rape), da du (oil palm), da (coconut), u nnh (soyabean), u phng (groundnut), bng vi (cotton), ht cao su (rubber), hng dng (sunflower), cy v ht cn sa (hemp, Cannabis sativa), v.v. To v tri du-lai (Jatropha curcas) l nhng ngun du-thc-vt quan trng mi ngy nay. Thng thng, cho ng c an ton, diesel-sinh-hc c pha vi diesel. Tuy nhin, cc loi du n tinh khit bn trn th trng, hay s dng, u c th thay th diesel chy ng c diesel loi c (ch cn thay th b phn bm injection). Hin nay nhiu loi xe hi hin i c ng c chy c vi du-n nguyn cht, hay diesel-sinh-hc 100%. Chng hn, ng c xe hi MAN B &W Diesel, Wartsila v Deutz AG c th chy t du n nguyn cht. Du s dng (t trong cc tim Fast Food) ch cn lc cn v loi phn nc (do thc chin xm nhp) th chy c xe hi. Xe c Volkswagen cng chy c vi diesel-sinh-hc 100%. Tuy nhin, cc hng lm xe hi khuyn co l nn pha 15% diesel-sinh-hc vi 85% diesel xe t b hao mn. Cc nc u Chu hin nay bn diesel pha 5% diesel-sinh-hc mi trm xng. Hoa K, hn 80% xe vn ti v xe bus u chy bng diesel-sinh-hc, v cng ngy s dng diesel-sinh-hc cng gia tng, 25 triu gallons nm 2004, 78 triu gallons nm 2005, v khong 1 t gallons vo 2007. Xe ch hng v xe bus u chu u chy bng diesel-sinh-hc.

PHNG PHP BIN CH XNGSINH-HC

Trn nguyn tc, bt c cht vt liu sinh hc no cha nhiu Carbon, hoc di

dng ng, tinh bt, cellulose u c th ch bin thnh ethanol, hoc cha nhiu acit bo th ch bin diesel-sinh-hc c. Thng thng nht l t thc vt c kh nng quang-tng-hp bin CO2 ca kh quyn thnh cht ng, tinh bt, cellulose, ri protides, lipids, v.v. Trung bnh c mi phn t CO2 cy hp th v bin ch qua quang-tng-hp thnh sinh-khi cha 114 kilocalories. Kh khn k thut hin ti l lm sao bin ton th nng lng C cha trong sinh-khi thnh xng-sinh-hc. Vi k thut hin nay (c in), c 2 phng thc hu hiu: (i) Cho ln men (nh men v enzymes trong iu kin ym kh) cht ng (t ma, c ci ng, v.v.), tinh bt [t ht ng cc (bp, la, la m, v.v.) v c (khoai ty, khoai m, v.v.)], hay cellulose to ra ru Ethanol (CH3OH), Propanol [CH3CH2CH2OH; (CH3)2CHOH] v Butanol (C4H10O). (ii) Trch du t thc vt giu cht du, hay m t ng vt (p vi p sut cao v nhit, hay bng dung mi, hay phi hp c hai). V phng din k thut (v kinh t), chia lm 3 loi nguyn liu: Cng ngh xng-sinh-hc th h 1: ch bin t ng (ma, c ci ng, sorgho-ng) v tinh bt ca nng phm (t ht ca bp, la m, la, v.v., hay t c nh khoai ty, khoai m, v.v.) to ethanol; hay t du (ca ht da-du, u nnh, u phng, v.v.) bin ch diesel-sinh-hc. K thut n gin v kinh t nht. Cng ngh xng-sinh-hc th h 2: t cellulose, cht x ca d tha thc vt (rm, r, thn bp, g, mt ca, b ma, v.v.), hay thc-vt-hoang (non-crop) (nh c voi, vetiver, lc bnh). Chng hn, mt ha ma cho khong 25 tn b ma (bagasse, xc ma sau khi p), v mi tn b ma sn xut 285 lt ethanol. K thut hin nay cha hon ho, hiu nng cn km, con men cha hu hiu v gi t, ch mt phn cellulose v lignin bin thnh ethanol, nn gi thnh sn xut cn cao. Cng ngh xng-sinh-hc th h 3: t to (algae), k thut ang pht trin. Bin ch Ethanol Bin ch t ng. K thut d dng, hiu nng cao, v t tn ph nht l cho ln men (ym kh) t ng, hay nc mt (molasse), hay trc tip t nc ma p, hay nc c-ci ng p, nh theo li th cng hay cng nghip xa nay. Ngy nay tuyn chn c nhiu dng men hu hiu, bin ng thnh nhiu ru hn. Mc du tn ph bin ch thp, nhng ng, v c ph phm nc mt, l thc n ca ngi v gia sc, c gi cao, nn ethanol bin ch t ng c gi thnh cao hn ethanol sn xut t tinh bt. Theo l thuyt, c 1 tn ng sucrose sn xut c 678 lt ethanol, tuy nhin hiu nng cao nht hin nay l 587 lt. 1 tn ng en cho 562 lt ethanol, 1 tn ng ct cho 587 lt. Thn ma cha khong 10-15% ng sucrose, thn cy sorgho-ng khong 1523% sucrose, cn c-ci-ng khong 16-18% sucrose. Trung bnh, ti cc nh my ng Hoa K, c sn xut 100 kg ng th cho ra 25 lt nc mt (molasse), nc mt c ng 49.2%.

Ti Hoa K, trung bnh c 1 tn ma (thn) sn xut c 81 lt ethanol, 1 tn nc mt (molasse) cho 289 lt ethanol. Nng xut ma trung bnh ton quc Hoa K l 65 tn/ha, cho khong 3.90 tn ng. Ring ti Hawaii nng xut ti 170 tn thn ma/ha (v ma trng di hn). Vi cc ging ma di-truyn-binci (GM, genetically modified) ti Brazil, nng xut ti 240 tn ma/ha, vi ng 14.6%. Nng xut ma ti Vit Nam khong 35 n 50 tn ma/ha. Trung bnh 1 ha ma ti Brazil sn xut c 5,600 lt ethanol, 1 ha c-ci-ng ti Php sn xut 6,700 lt ethanol, v 1 ha bp Hoa K sn xut 3,000 lt ethanol. Nng xut ma v ng Brazil tng gp i trong thi gian 30 nm 19752005, nh trng ging ci thin, nht l cc ging ma bin-ci-di-truyn ngy nay. Bin ch t tinh bt. bin ch ethanol t tinh bt, tinh bt trc ht phi c iu ch thnh ng, ri t mi ln men ru. Ht bp cha khong 70-72% tinh bt, ht sorgho khong 68-70%, go 70-80%. Mun vy, ht ng c xay nghin thnh bt, pha vi nc, nu 70C ( bin thnh ng) ri nu chn 100-110C (va dit trng va thm ng), ngui ri trn men, cho ln men 48 gi nhit 36C. Men dng thng l vi nm Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Mucor, Rhizopus, vi khun Zymomonas mobilis. Sau , dng my ly tm tch ri cht hm lm thc n gia sc. Phn cht lng, c cn (ru) 5-15%, c chng ct l chng nhiu tng tng cn. t cn 99.9%, trc y dng benzene v cyclohexane (c tin, khng ti s dng c, v c gy bnh) loi nc. K thut ngy nay dng cht sng phn t (molecular sieve, nh silica gel, zeolite, ht thm nc nhng khng ht ru, v ru c phn t ln hn) thay th, r tin v hiu qu hn. Vit nam c m Zeolite (mt loi st) vng Lm ng. Mt k thut mi c p dng hiu qu hn, khng cn phi nu tinh bt (tit kim nng lng) l s dng mt loi men (yeast) mi, gip ln men bin tinh bt thnh ng nhit 32C. Trung bnh, c 1 tn bp sn xut c 409 lt ethanol. Bin ch t cht x. Ni chung l cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin trong thn l, rm r, tru, g, v.v. Cellulose l ng polysaccharide, c cng thc (C6H10O5)n, m s n bin thin t 7,000 n trn 15,000 phn t glucose. Hemicellulose cng l ng polysaccharides cha khong 200 n v ng, l thnh phn ca mng t bo thc vt. Cy thc vt cha khong 33% cellulose, g khong 50%, ring si bng vi (cotton) 90%. ng vt n c, mi (termite) tiu ho c cellulose nh vi-sinh-vt sng cng sinh trong bao t (nh Cellulomonas), mt s vi khun c kh nng bin cellulose ra ng, nh chng sn xut enzyme cellulase bin cellulose ra ng. V vy, bin cellulose thnh ru, bt chc theo b tiu ho ca ng vt n c v mi, trc ht phi bin ho cellulose ra ng n gin nh hexose, pentose, bng thu phn (hydrolysis) nh mt s acid (nh trong dch v) v enzyme cellulase. Hemicellulose tng i d dng bin thnh ng-cha-5C nh Xylose (C5H10O5), nhng xylose khng bin ch thnh ethanol c. Cng vy, vi k thut hin ti, cha c cch bin lignin ra ethanol. V vy trc tin phi loi lignin v hemicellulose, ch cn li thnh phn cellulose. Loi lignin

bng sulfuric acid m c, hay bng un si trong nc vi sodium carbonate, hay butanol. Cellulose sau cho ln men vi cellulase nhit khong 71C trong vi ngy bin thnh ng. Hin ti, sn xut enzyme cellulase bin cellulose thnh ng kh phc tp, tn km, chim khong 40% chi ph sn xut ru v gm 3 loi cellulases: (i) Endo-p-glucanase, 1,4--D-glucan glucanohydrolase, CMCase, ph hu cc cu ca chui cellulose bin thnh ng glucose v oligo-saccharide. (ii) Exo-P-glucanase, 1,4- - D-glucan cellobiohydrolase, Avicelase, C1: bin thnh ng cellobiose (C12). (iii) -glucosidase, cellobiase: thu phn ng cellobiose thnh glucose. Vi nm Trichoderma sn xut nhiu endo--glucanase v exo--glucanase, nhng rt t -glucosidase, ngc li Aspergillus sn xut nhiu endo-glucanase v -glucosidase, nhng t exo-- glucanase. V vy, mun c nhiu hiu qu phi tuyn chn nhiu dng nm. Kt qu cho bit dng nm Trichoderma reesei QM-9414 c hiu qu tt nht trong vic bin cellulose thnh ng. Trong s dng ny, tuyn chon li thnh dng KY-746. Phng php sn xut enzyme cellulase t men Trichoderma reesei dng KY-746 hu hiu v tng i r tin v c s dng hin nay. Ngy nay nhiu cng ty sn xut men ru dng k thut bin-ci-di-truyn to c nhiu dng men sn xut enzyme cellulase, xylanase v hemicellulase. Nguyn liu cha nhiu thnh phn cellulose nh b ma (41% l cellulose), rm la (35%), g (40-50%) c thi nh trc khi kh vi NaOH (nng khong 1 1.2 N) nhit 45C trong 24 gi, tip theo l ra trong nc m loi cht lignin. Dung dch cellulose c cho ln men vi Trichoderma reesei bin cellulose thnh ng. Hiu nng bin ch thnh ru ethanol t cht x cn km, cha c hiu qu kinh t nhiu k thut hin nay, v sn xut cellulase cn rt mc, thi gian ln men lu nn d b nhim trng lm h c bn ln men. tng hiu qu ln men bin cc thnh phn cellulose, lignin trong nguyn liu thc vt thnh xng-sinh-hc, cc nh vi sinh hc thnh cng cy vo b my di truyn (genome) ca vi khun Escherichia coli thm 2 gen ca vi khun Zymomonas mobilis gip ln men cht ng v tinh bt thnh ethanol, v mt gen ca vi khun Acinetobacter baylyi bin cht du trong thc vt thnh diesel-sinh-hc. Vi k thut hin ti, bin rm r ca la v ng cc ra xng-sinh-hc cha kinh t. Cc nh khoa hc i Loan thnh cng trong phng th nghim bin ch ethanol t rm la, c mi 10 kg rm r la bin ch c 2 lt alcohol 99.5% pha lm xng-sinh-hc (Taipei Times, 19/2/2008), nhng phi mt vi nm na mi c th sn xut thng mi quy m. Cc nghin cu Trung quc cho thy xng-sinh-hc sn xut t rm r mc hn xng-c-sinh khong 250 USD/tn. Ngy 14/1/2008, hng General Motors ca Hoa K tuyn b hp tc vi i cng ty sn xut ethanol Coskata bt u sn xut quy m ethanol t thn bp vo cui nm 2008, v k t 2011 s sn xut 50 100 triu gallons/nm, vi gi 1 USD/gallon. Bin ch diesel-sinh-hc

Diesel-sinh-hc c ch ch bin t du-thc-vt hay t m-ng-vt bng phng php ester-ho. Du-thc-vt (hay m) c trn vi sodium hydroxide (NaOH) v methanol (hay ethanol), cng cht xc tc (catalyst), phn ng ho hc xy ra, cho diesel-sinh-hc v glycerol. 1 phn glycerol c sinh ra khi to c 10 phn diesel-sinh-hc. Trc y, cht xc tc ly t ho cht ca k ngh lc du ho, hay Acit sulphuric (t tin v khng ti to c). Ngy nay, khm ph thm nhiu cht xc tc mi hu hiu, r tin bin du thnh nhiu diesel-sinh-hc hn. iu ch Methanol iu ch ru methanol t kh methane (CH4) ca kh t du ho hay methanesinh-hc. Mt cch tng qut, tt c nguyn liu sinh-khi (biomas) u cha cc nguyn t chnh Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxy (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S). Ln men ym kh trong l , cht hu c hu hoi thnh kh methane (CH4): CHONS + H2O CH4 + CO2 + H2 + H2O + NH4 + HS Kh methane sn xut t l ym kh chim khong 65% v CO2 khong 35% th tch. Sau , methane c tng hp thnh ethanol, hay methanol. Trong sn xut k ngh, kh methane phn ng vi hi nc p sut 10-20 atmospheres (1-2 MPa) v 850C vi Nickel lm cht xc tc s cho ra Hydrogen v Carbon monoxide: CH4+ H2O CO + 3 H2 Vi mt cht xc tc khc (gm hp cht ng, oxit km v nhm), p sut 50100 atmospheres (5-10 MPa) v 250C, tng hp Hydrogen v Carbon monoxide to thnh methanol: CO + 2 H2 CH3OH Vi k thut ny cng sn xut c kh Hydrogen r tin, cng l mt nhinliu-th kh. Mt phng php khc l cng-ngh-kh-ho (gasification), phn hy nhit nhin liu khi rn to ra nhin liu kh, da trn bin i plasma. un cht hu c nhit rt cao, trong iu kin khng c oxy, ph hu cc cu ni (bond) ca phn t hu c thnh kh-tng-hp (synthesis gas, syngas), ri dng cc kh ny bin ch ethanol hay diesel-sinh-hc. Trong trng hp rcgia-c, dng nhit cao (250C) vi p sut tht cao (40 MPa hay 400 atmospheres) sn xut kh-tng-hp. Chng hn, c mi 10 kg v-bnh-xehi c to c 15.4 lt ethanol. Mt khm ph mi ca i hc Arkansas (Hoa K) cho bit vi khun k kh Clostridium ljungdahlii trong bao t g c th bin kh cha 1 C nh methane (CH4), Carbon monoxide (CO) ca l ym kh thnh methanol. NGUN NGUYN LIU SN XUT XNG-SINH-HC Tt c thc vt quang-tng-hp u c th bin ch thnh xng-sinh-hc. Cy nng phm cha ng gm ma, c ci ng, sorgho-ng; nng phm cha tinh bt gm ht ng cc nh la m, la, bp, sorgho, v.v.; c nh khoai ty, khoai m, khoai lang. Ma c hiu qu kinh t nht v cho nng xut thn (khong 170-200 t/ha

Brazil, 80-100 t/ha c, Vit Nam khong 35-50 t/ha), bin ch ethanol thng t nc p, b ma dng lm nng lng chy my p v chng ct ethanol. Ma sn xut trung bnh 15,500 lt ethanol/ha/nm, v c 1 tn cht kh ma sn xut c 438 lt ethanol. Brazil sn xut ethanol chnh t ma. Sorgho-ng hin c a chung hn ma mt s vng nhit i kh hn, c hiu qu kinh t hn ma. Sorgho-ng canh tc Hoa K cho 28,500 lt ethanol/ha/v-4-thng. Nng phm cha du nh u nnh (sn xut 379 kg du/ha/nm, hay 450 lt du/ha/nm), u phng (sn xut 887 kg du/ha/nm), ht-ci-du (ht cha 55% du; sn xut 999 kg du/ ha/nm, hay 1,188 lt/ha/nm), ht bp (140 lt du/ha/nm), v.v. Cy k ngh cho du nh da-du (oil palm, sn xut 7,061 kg du/ha/nm), da (coconut, sn xut 2,260 kg du/ha/nm), cy du-lai (Jatropha curcas, sn xut 1,588 kg du/ha/nm), thu du (castor bean, sn xut 1,188 kg du/ha/nm), hng dng (sunflower, sn xut 801 kg du/ha/nm, hay 954 l/ha/nm), safflower (556 l/ha/nm), v.v. Thc vt hoang di: to (algae) nc ngt, to bin, lc bnh (Eichornia crassipes), c Vetiver, c voi (elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum, sn xut 13,700 lt ethanol/ha/nm), lc (Cyperus), c tranh (Imperata cylindrica), v.v. Ph sn thc vt t sn xut cy nng phm v cy k ngh: rm r, b ma, thn, g, mt ca, tru, ht cao su (sn xut 217 kg du/ha/nm), ht bng vi (sn xut 273 kg du/ha/nm. Giy ph thi: 1 tn giy c sn xut khong 416 lt ethanol. Rc thnh ph: 1 tn rc sn xut khong 227 lt ethanol. U thi chung tri gia sc: phn chung (to methane-sinh-hc ri ch methanol). HIN TRNG XNG-SINH-HC TRN TH GII Mc du xng-sinh-hc c hn xng-c-sinh, mi quc gia trn th gii u dn dn chuyn hng n s dng xng-sinh-hc, v l do chnh tr mun t tu thuc vo Trung ng, v tun th theo quy c Kyoto gim sa thi kh nh kin v sc p ca gii mi sinh, ng thi pht trin nng nghip to cng n vic lm cho vng thn qu. Brazil: Bt ngun t khng hong du ho 1972, Brazil c k hoch sn xut xng-sinh-hc, v hin nay dn u th gii v sn xut v s dng xng-ethanol v diesel-sinh-hc. Hin ti (2006) Brazil c trn 325 nh my ethanol, v khong 60 nh my khc ang xy ct, sn xut xng-ethanol t ma (ng, nc mt, b ma), v bp. sn xut diesel-sinh-hc t ht ci-du v u nnh, hin c 10 nh my, v 40 nh my khc ang xy ct.

Nm 2005, Brazil sn xut 16 t lt ethanol, chim 1/3 sn xut ton cu. Nm 2006, Brazil sn xut c 17.8 t lt ethanol, d tr s sn xut 38 t lt vo nm 2013. Chnh ph Brazil mi y ra ch tiu 2% diesel-sinh-hc cho 2008, v 5% cho nm 2013. Ngy nay, din tch trng ma Brazil l 10.3 triu ha, mt na sn lng ma dng sn xut xng-ethanol, na kia dng sn xut ng. Tin on l Brazil s canh tc 30 triu ha ma nm 2020. V li nhun khng l, cc cng ty tip tc ph rng Amazon canh tc ma, bp, u nnh cho mc tiu xng-sinh-hc va tiu th trong nc va xut cng. Gi xng-ethanol c bn bng na gi xng thng ti Brazil. Hoa K: Hoa k sn xut Ethanol t ht bp, ht sorgho v thn cy sorghong, v c ci-ng. Khong 17% sn lng bp sn xut hng nm Hoa K dng sn xut ethanol. Hoa K t ch tiu sn xut E10 cung cp 46% nhin liu cho xe hi nm 2010, v 100% xe hi vo 2012. Hng General Motor ang thc hin d n sn xut E85 t cellulose (thn bp), v hin c khong hn 4 triu xe hi chy bng E85. Hng Coskata ang c 2 nh my ln sn xut xng-ethanol. Hin ti nng dn Hoa K chuyn hng sn xut la m v bp cho xng-sinh-hc, v vy s lng xut cng ht ng cc gim t nhiu nm nay, lm gi nng phm th gii gia tng V gi c xng-sinh-hc cn cao hn xng thng, chnh ph M phi tr cp, khong 1.9 USD cho mi gallon (=3.78 lt) xng-sinh-hc, tr cp tng cng khong 7 t USD/nm. Canada: Ch tiu cho nm 2010 l 45% ton quc tiu th xng E 10. u Chu: Cng-ng u chu (EU) ra biu quyt chung l mi quc gia phi sn xut cung cp 5.75% xng-sinh-hc vo nm 2010, v 10% nm 2020 cho nc mnh. c l nc tiu th nhiu nht xng-sinh-hc trong cng ng u chu, khong 2.8 triu tn diesel-sinh-hc, 0.71 triu tn du-thc-vt (tinh khit) v 0.48 triu tn ethanol. Cng ty sn xut diesel-sinh-hc ln nht l ADM Oelmhle Hamburg AG (ca Hoa K), k n l MUW (Mitteldeutsche Umesterungswerke GmbH & Co KG) v EOP Biodiesel AG. Nguyn liu chnh l c ci-ng sn xut ethanol, v du-ci v da-du (nhp cng t M Lai, Indonesia) cho diesel-sinh-hc. Php l nc th hai tiu th nhiu ethanol-sinh-hc trong cng ng u chu nm 2006, khong 1.07 triu tn ethanol v diesel-sinh-hc. Cng ty Diester sn xut diesel-sinh-hc v Tros sn xut ethanol l 2 i cng ty ca Php. Thu in c chng trnh chm dt hon ton nhp cng xng cho xe hi vo nm 2020, thay vo l t tc bng xng-sinh-hc. Hin nay, 20% xe Thu in chy bng xng-sinh-hc, nht l xng-ethanol. Thu in ang ch to xehi-lai va chy bng ethanol va bng in. khuyn khch s dng xngsinh-hc, chnh ph Thu in khng nh thu ln xng-sinh-hc, tr cp xng-sinh-hc r hn 20% so vi xng c sinh, khng phi tr tin u xe th v mt s thnh ph ln, bo him xe cng r hn. Vng quc Anh: ch tiu 5% xe giao thng s dng xng-sinh-hc nm 2010.

Hin ti cc xe bus u chy xng-sinh-hc. Hng Hng Khng Virgin (Anh quc) bt u s dng xng-sinh-hc cho my bay lin lc a. Cc nc u chu nhp cng da-du (oil palm) t M Lai v Indonesia ch diesel-sinh-hc.

Chu
Trung quc: Nm 2005, Trung quc sn xut 920,000 tn ethanol v khong 200,000 tn diesel-sinh-hc. Ch tiu sn xut 4 triu tn ethanol v 2 triu tn diesel-sinh-hc vo nm 2010, v 300 triu tn ethanol vo 2020. Hin ti sn xut xng E10 5 tnh pha nam, cung cp 16% nhin liu cho ton xe hi Trung quc. Trung quc cng tr cp khong 163 USD cho mi tn xng-ethanol (nhng khng tr cp diesel-sinh-hc). V gi c nng phm gia tng, v s thiu thc phm, hin nay Trung quc ch cho php canh tc khoai m, sorgho-ng v mt s hoa mu khng quan trng khc trn t bin t (ngho), khng thch ng sn xut nng phm nh Shangdong v Xinjiang Uygur. Hin ti, Trung quc c 2 nh my ln l Longyan Zhuoyue New Energy Development (thit lp nm 2001) v Xiamen Zhuoyue Biomass Energy Co. (thit lp nm 2006), c 2 u tnh Fujian nam Trung quc. Ngoi ra cn khong hn 100 nh my quc doanh nh Guizhou, Guangxi, Shandong, v Anhui, vi kh nng sn xut t 300 n 600,000 tn diesel-sinh-hc/nm, bin ch t da-du (nhp cng t M Lai), hay t du-n-ph-thi, du ht-ci (trng thung lng sng Hong H), du bng vi, du tru (Aleurites moluccana), ht du-lai (jatropha, trng vng i ni Guizhou, Sichuan, v Yunnan trong chng trnh xo i gim ngho) v cc ph thi hu c khc. Hng nm, Trung quc tiu th khong 22 triu tn du n trong k ngh thc phm, sa thi khong 4.5 triu tn du -s-dng (sau khi chin xo ri) chy vo dy chuyn sn xut diesel-sinh-hc. tm ngun nguyn liu khc, cc nh khoa hc Trung quc nghin cu cho bit c 1553 loi cy rng cha nhiu du c kh nng khai thc sn xut dieselsinh-hc, trong l Pistacia chinensis Bungo cha 40% du trong thn mc trn i ni. Trung quc cng d tr trng 670,000 ha cy du-lai (jatropha) sn xut diesel-sinh-hc. n : Chnh ph c chnh sch s dng xng-ethanol E5 hin nay, s tng ln E10 v E20 trong nhng nm ti. n gia tng din tch trng cy du-lai sn xut diesel-sinh-hc, v din tch canh tc ma cho xng-ethanol. M Lai v Indonesia ph rng canh tc thm da-du (oil palm) xut cng du cho th trng u chu, Hoa K v Trung quc cho mc tiu sn xut dieselsinh-hc. Hai quc gia ny d tr cung cp 20% nhu cu du cho k ngh dieselsinh-hc ca u chu vo 2009. Chng hn, ti Ty Kalimantan thuc Indonesia trong thp nin 1990s c na triu ha cy da-du, nay (2006) din tch da du tng ln hn 3.2 triu ha, v s gia nng ln na trong tng lai. Indonesia c chng trnh ph rng gia tng din tch da-du ton quc ln 20 triu ha. Lin Hip Quc cnh co Indonesia v vic ph rng quy m ny, v tin

on rng 98% rng Indonesia s b ph hu vo 2022 vi ph rng trng da-du hin nay. Thi Lan. T nm 1985, Thi Lan bt u nghin cu sn xut xng-sinhhc. U ban Nhin-liu-sinh-hc c thnh lp nm 2001 iu hnh, v xng E10 bt u bn cc trm xng t 2003.

XNG-SINH-HC C THT S L CU TINH TRI T?

Ton cu ang trn gia tng nhit , l do chnh l do gia tng s lng kh nh kin phng thch vo kh quyn do cuc sng vn minh con ngi gy nn. Li ch ca xng-sinh-hc. t xng-sinh-hc sa thi 18-30% kh nh kin t hn t xng-c-sinh. Ngoi ra, s kh CO2 sa thi ny c cy hp th li ti to xng-sinh-hc, nh vy coi nh khng c lm gia tng kh CO2 trong kh quyn. Tng trnh ca Vin Nghin Cu EMPA Thu S cho bit trong s 26 loi xng-sinh-hc bin ch t cc ngun nguyn liu thc vt khc nhau c 21 loi xng thi 30% kh-nh kin t hn xng-c-sinh. i hc Minnesota cho bit ethanol-sinh-hc sn xut t bp sa thi CO2 t hn 12% so vi xng, v diesel-sinh-hc 41% CO2 t hn so vi diesel t du m. nhim mi trng s t hn, v sc kho con ngi nh vy tt hn. Bin ch xng-sinh-hc cn nguyn liu thc vt nn to nhiu cng n vic lm mi cho nng dn. Trung quc v n khuyn khch sn xut xng-sinh-hc mt phn nm trong chng trnh xo i gim ngho cc vng t kh cn, khng thch ng trng cy lng thc. Ngoi ra, y cng l c hi gip khoa hc tin nhanh, tin mnh trong nghin cu i tm nng-lng-xanh hiu qu cho ton cu, thay th nng lng t nhinliu-c-sinh s kit qu vo cui th k ny. Bt li ca xng-sinh-hc Mc du xng-sinh-hc sa thi t kh-nh-kin hn xng-c-sinh, tng trnh ca Vin Nghin Cu EMPA Thu S cng cho bit l c 12 loi xng-sinh-hc c nh hng xu trm trng vo mi sinh th gii hn xng-c-sinh, trong s l ethanol bin ch t bp ca Hoa K, t ma ca Brazil, diesel-sinh-hc t u nnh ca Brazil v t da-du ca M Lai v Indonesia. Nh khoa hc c gii thng Nobel l Paul Crutzen cho bit lng kh N2O thi t t xng-sinh-hc ch t du-ci, da-du v bp gp phn vo gia tng nhit ton cu cn mnh lit hn t nhin-liu-c-sinh, bi v xng-sinh-hc tht s thi vo khng kh nhiu kh-nh-kin hn xng-c sinh. Nu ch tnh t vic t xng th xng-sinh-hc qu tht cho t kh-nh-kin, nhng nu tnh t lc sa son t ai, canh tc, phn bn, thuc st trng, ti nc, thu hoch, ch bin, v.v. thnh xng-sinh-hc, tt c cc khu ny u cn rt nhiu nng lng ly t nhin-liu-c-sinh, th s dng xng-sinh-hc, va t tin hn, va sa thi nhiu kh-nh-kin hn xng-c-sinh, cha k tai hi thm khc vo mi

sinh khi ph thm rng Amazon ca Nam M ( trng thm ma v u nnh), rng nhit i ng Nam ( trng da-du) v Phi chu (bp, sorgho), khai khn t than-bn u Chu (c ci-ng). Chng hn, sn xut ethanol t bp Hoa K, ngi ta tnh rng cn ti 35 % nng lng nhiu hn (k t khi gieo n khi thnh ethanol) s nng lng m ethanol cho ra khi t. Trung bnh, sn xut c 1 lt ethanol 95% t bp th cn 1.1 lt xng-c-sinh canh tc v bin ch. Tuy nhin, s nng lng sn xut ethanol t bp ny, thay v ly t nhin-liu-c sinh, nay c th ly t ngun nng lng ti to khc nh mt tri, gi, hay sinh-khi, v.v. Ngoi ra, hiu qu nng lng chy ng c ca diesel-sinh-hc bin ch t ht hng-dng ch bng 46% tng nng lng to ra (k t lc gieo trng). Nng lng ch to ra diesel-sinh-hc t u nnh (k t gieo trng) cao gp 3.2 ln nng lng cn khai thc xng-c-sinh. i hc Princeton (Hoa K) cng cho bit thay v tit kim 20% kh CO2 thi vo kh quyn, canh tc bp v phng php bin ch xng-ethanol hin nay tht s lm gia tng gp i kh-nh-kin sa thi (Science, 2008, Vol. 319, No. 5867, trang 1238-1240). Xng-sinh-hc cnh tranh vi nng phm ca ngi v gia sc, lm gi nng phm gia tng trn th trng th gii hin nay (khong 50% so vi 3 nm trc y), lm nh hng n chn nui gia sc v tm c, lm cn kit kho thc phm an ton ca th gii. c li nhun nhiu, nng dn Hoa K v u chu chuyn hng gim din tch la mch (barley, lm ru bia, khng li lm ethanol), ng c trng bp, la m, c-ci-ng. Ngoi ra, v sn xut xng-sinh-hc cc quc gia giu gim vin tr nng phm thng d cho cc nc ngho i. Chng hn, trung bnh hng nm Anh quc sn xut thng d 3.5 triu tn la m, s lng ny to xng-ethanol cung ng 3.5% xng tiu th Anh quc. Thay v s la m ny bn cho chnh ph trong chng trnh vin tr dn ngho Phi Chu nh trc kia, nng dn bn cho cc cng ty sn xut xng-ethanol. Chng trnh vin tr nng phm thng d ca Hoa K PL 480 (Thc phm cho Ho bnh, Food for Peace) cho cc quc gia ngho cng b nh hng tng t. Gia tng ph rng. Hin nay, khong 12 triu ha tc khong 1% din tch canh tc ton th gii c dng sn xut xng-sinh-hc: ma v bp bin ch ethanol; du-ht-ci (oil seed rape) v da-du (oil palm) bin ch diesel-sinhhc. Nng lng dng canh tc phi tnh t lc cy xi, my gieo ht, phn bn, thuc st trng, ti nc, my thu hoch, phi sy kh, ln men, chng ct v.v. Tng s nng lng ny cao hn nng lng sinh ra t xng-sinh-hc. Ngoi ra, khi ph rng, cy xi t, cht hu c trong t b thiu hu v lng CO2 sa thi vo kh quyn rt ln. Nghin cu ca i Hc Minnesota (Hoa K) cho bit ph rng nhit i (nh Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia hin nay), bin ci t than bn v ng c (nh Hoa K v u Chu hin nay) canh tc cho mc tiu xng-sinh-hc s l mt tai ho cho th gii, v s sa thi CO2 vo kh quyn t 17 n 420 ln nhiu hn s lng ca s xng-c-sinh tng ng sa thi. Cc nghin cu gn y cho bit c mi ha rng nhit i b ph hu trng da-du hay bp hay u nnh,

khong 700 tn CO2 phng thch vo khng kh, v lng CO2 tit kim c t s dng xng-sinh-hc ch l mt phn nh, phi mt 300 n 400 nm mi hu vn CO2 ny (Science, 2008, Vol. 319, No 5867, trang 1235-1238). Th gii s khng cn t sn xut nng phm, bi v, gi s rng Hoa K mun t tc bng s dng hon ton xng-sinh-hc, th cn phi s dng 75% din tch canh tc ca ton th gii canh tc mi xng-sinh-hc cho Hoa K. V vy, sn xut xng-sinh-hc t sn phm lng thc ca con ngi v gia sc, chuyn hng ly t mu m vn trng cy lng thc, vic ph rng, ph ng c, ci to t than-bn canh tc sn xut nguyn liu bin ch xngsinh-hc, dng nhin-liu c-sinh canh tc v bin ch xng-sinh-hc s l tai ho cho nhn loi ch khng phi l v cu tinh thot khi m nh hm nng ton cu. Xng-sinh-hc tht s l v cu tinh nu c bin ch t cc ph thi rc rn thnh ph, d tha thc vt (rm, r,..), ph sn ca nh my (mc ca, tru, b ma, ..), t thc vt hoang di, hay thc vt c canh tc trn vng t bin t khng thch ng cho cy lng thc. Nng lng sn xut v bin ch xngsinh-hc cng phi xanh. VIT NAM V XNG-SINH-HC. Trong thi k nh th chin, xe hi Vit Nam chy ethanol ch bin t go. Mc du c nhiu m du vi tr lng rt khng l (khong 600 triu barrel c tnh nm 2006, 1 barrel 159 lt), nhng Vit Nam phi nhp cng xng v diesel cho xe c v k ngh cn phi thai ca mnh. Chng hn nm 2005, Vit Nam khai thc c 32,4 triu tn than v 18,5 triu tn du th, nhng phi nhp 11,45 triu tn xng v diesel. Trc tro lu s dng xng-sinh-hc ca th gii, Vit nam cng b li cun theo tro lu ny. T c chc nm nay, bo ch trong nc cng thng cp n vic pht trin xng-sinh-hc trn th gii, nht l khi gi c xng du tng vt. Thng 7/2006 ti Si Gn, v thng 10/2007 ti H Ni, hng trm nh khoa hc v kinh doanh Vit Nam hi tho chung quanh vn xng-sinh-hc. Qua cc cuc hi tho ny v bo ch trong nc vo thi im ny th chnh ph Vit Nam cha chun b g cho chin lc, ngoi mt s c nhn chuyn gia v nh kinh doanh c tm nhn xa, chy trc thi cuc. Chng hn, v nguyn liu th bn v s dng la go, ma ng, to ethanol; cy du-lai (min Bc gi l cy du-m Jatropha curcas), m c ba-sa (khong 40,000 tn/nm). Hi tho cng cho bit 3 l do chnh cha pht trin ngnh xng-sinh-hc l: (i) s lng nguyn liu sn xut xng-sinh-hc l tinh bt ng cc, mt r ng v m c ba-sa cn hn ch; (ii) cha c u t thch ng v cha c h tr ca chnh ph, (iii) chnh ph cha c chnh sch. Chung qui, cc nh khoa hc v kinh doanh ang mong ch chnh ph ban hnh chnh sch v lut l r rng. Cc cng ty ma ng (nh Lam Sn Thanh Ho), Si Gn Petro, Cng ty Ru Bnh Ty, Cng ty Ch Hng, v.v. cng c d n sn xut ethanol lm nhin liu, khi chnh ph pht c cho php. Tuy nhin, hin nay cha c mt nh kinh

doanh no dm b tin vo nghin cu v u t khi chnh ph cha c chnh sch quy nh, cha c phi hp n khp gi cc B, th tc nhiu kh: th tc t ai canh tc th qun l bi B Nng nghip; quy nh tiu chun sn xut pha ch xng-sinh-hc th qun l bi B Khoa hc-Cng ngh; v s dng xng du phi c kin ca B Giao thng-Vn ti, v.v. Theo bo Khoa Hc Ph Thng ngy 14/12/2006, th B Cng nghip VN ang xy dng n Pht trin nhin liu sinh hc n nm 2015, tm nhn 2020, theo Giai on 2011-2015, s pht trin mnh sn xut v s dng nhin liu sinh hc thay th nhin liu truyn thng, m rng quy m sn xut v mng li phn phi phc v cho giao thng v cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip khc. n nm 2020, cng ngh sn xut sinh hc VN s t trnh tin tin trn th gii, vi sn lng t khong 5 t lt xng E10 v 500 triu lt du biodiesel B10/nm Ngy 20/11/2007, Th tng chnh ph k ph duyt n pht trin nhinliu-sinh-hc n nm 2015, tm nhn n nm 2025 trong t mc tiu n nm 2015, sn lng ethanol v du thc vt t 250 nghn tn, p ng 20% nhu cu xng du ca c nc bng xng E5 (pha 5% cn) v du B5 (Diesel pha 5% du sinh hc), v n nm 2025, t 1.8 triu tn, p ng 100% nhu cu ca c nc bng xng du pha nhin liu sinh hc trn. V khong thi gian t nay n 2010 l nghin cu v ban hnh lut l lin quan n sn xut v s dng xng-sinh-hc. Vit Nam vi t hp (din tch canh tc khong 9.3 triu ha), dn ng (85 triu nm 2007, trung bnh mi u ngi 0.11 ha), li ngho (GDP trung bnh ton dn l US$726/u ngi nm 2006, ca nng dn ch khong 1/2), vng sn xut nng nghip chnh l ng bng Cu Long v Sng Hng qu ti. t canh tc hin nay phi tip tc sn xut nng phm thit yu cho i sng ngi dn (chnh yu l la, hoa mu ph, cy k ngh) t tc v xut cng. V vy Vit Nam phi tm ngun nguyn liu thc vt no sn xut xng-sinh-hc m: (i) khng tranh dnh t ai vi canh tc hoa mu, chn nui gia sc, nui c tm hin ti, (ii) khng c ph thm rng, (iii) thch hp trn din tch t b hoang cn ci, sa mc ho, tng cng khong 10 triu ha, gm t i trc Min Bc (4.77 triu ha), Bc Trung Vit (1.9 triu ha), pha Nam Trung Vit (1.63 triu ha), v Ty nguyn (1.05 triu ha), (iv) c hiu qu kinh t cao, v (v) tng li tc, gip xo i gim ngho cho nng dn. Sau y, tc gi gi mt vi nguyn liu. 1. Sn xut diesel-sinh-hc t ht cao-su. Vit nam hin nay c 250,000 ha cao su trng thnh, v din tch s gia tng nhiu trong tng lai (c th ti 1 triu ha). Nu thu gp c tt c ht ca 250,000 ha ny, ngay t by gi Vit Nam c th sn xut c 54,250 tn du-cao-su, tng ng vi 1 triu tn diesel-sinh-hc B5. Du ht cao su cha 18.9% saturated acid (palmitic acid v stearic acid), v 80% unsaturated acid (oleic acid, 24.6 %; linoleic acid, 39.6 %;

v linolenic acid, 16.3 %). Ht cao su chn rng r vo khong thng 7 v 8 dng lch, rt thun tin cho cc em hc sinh ngh h kim li tc trong vic thu lm ht. Cc c s n in cao su u c sn my mc v phng tin p du. 2. Canh tc sorgho-ng (Sweet sorghum) trong ma hn trn vng rung s ng bng Cu Long. Trc 1960, sau khi gt la s, ti An Giang Chu c t b hoang t thng 1 n thng 5 dng lch l lc ma kh, thiu nc canh tc. Bt u khong sau 1965, nng dn trng sorgho-ht (grain sorghum, la min) trong cc thng ny trn t thiu nc bm lm thc phm gia sc v c, v la thn-nng trn mt s rung t dc sng rch c kh nng bm nc. Hin nay, a s t cn b hoang trong ma nng v thiu nc, hay khng li khi canh tc la (v gi xng, phn, thuc qu cao). Cc vng m hay nng min Nam Hoa K canh tc sorgho-ng t hng trm nm nay sn xut xi-r (sirup). Cc ging Hoa K ny cho nng xut ht thp nhng thn c nhiu ng. Vin Nghin Cu Quc T Nng Nghip Vng Kh Hn (ICRISAT) dng cc ging ny lai to thnh cc ging lai va cho nng xut ht cao, nng xut thn cao v ng cao c ht v thn. Thn sorgho-ng cha 15 n 23% ng, thn ma cha 12-15% ng. Chng hn ging lai Madhura c lai to c thn cha nhiu ng (sweet-stem sorghum hybrid) dng ch bin ethanol, sirup v ng ko. Ging lai Madhura ngn hn (120 ngy), trng 2 v/nm cho nng xut ht tng cng t 2 n 4 tn/ha, 5-7 tn l kh (cho tru b n), 15-20 tn b (thn sau khi p ly ng, lm thc n tru b), 3-6 tn ng ko hay 5-9 tn sirup (75% ng), hay 3000 - 4000 lt ethanol 95%. Ging SSH-104 c chu k sinh trng 100 115 ngy, thn cha 23% ng, mt v trng (4 thng) cho nng xut thn cy 95-125 tn/ha, so vi ma khong 65-90 tn/ha vi v trng di 10-12 thng. Ti vng Imperial Valley ca California, 1 ha trng sorgho-ng trong 1 v 4 thng sn xut: 5,600 lt ethanol + 20 tn xc b kh (c th bin thnh 10 Megawatt-gi in). Sorghum chu hn hn, chu c t phn, t mn, t kim, chu c nc ngp, t su b bnh tt, t i hi phn bn, t tn nc ti (ch bng 1/4 nhu cu nc ca ma). Mi y, cc khoa hc gia ci vo b my di truyn sorgho-ng gen chu ng t phn nng v nhm. Vng t phn T Gic Long Xuyn nn chn cc ging chu phn ny. Sorgho-ng, cng nh sorgho ht, chu c kh hn, nhu cu nc ti thiu l 175 m3/ha/v, ch bng 1/4 nhu cu nc canh tc ma (700 m3/ha/v), trong lc la nc cn t 9,000 n 15,000 m3/ha/v . L sorgho c mt lp sp ngn chn thot hi nc, nn sorgho s dng nc hiu qu hn cc ng cc khc. Chi v hoa c sinh sn v pht trin trong mt thi gian di, nn khi gp kh nng ngn hn khng b nh hng vo th phn. Nu kh hn ko di, pht hoa t v nh hn, trong lc thn cy cha nhiu ng hn. Sorgho cn 310 lt nc sn xut 1 kg cht kh, trong khi bp cn 370 lt nc. Ch cn 4000 m3 nc canh tc, sorgho-ng sn xut c 1000 lt ethanol, trong lc ma phi cn ti 36,000 m3 nc cho kt qu tng ng. Tng hp ht mi chi ph ti Hoa K k t canh tc cho ti ch bin xong xui, sn xut 1000 l

ethanol t sorgho-ng tn 81.6 USD, t bp tn 89.2 USD, v t ma tn 111.5 USD. Nng xut ton cy trung bnh 90-120 tn/ha/v (4 thng). Nng xut ng, cng nh nng xut ton cy cao nht khi nhit khng kh trung bnh 26-27C, nhit t 18-20C. Quang-tng-hp ti a nhit ban ngy 32C. Trong mt ma canh tc (4 thng), 1 ha sorgho hp th 40 tn C t khng kh qua quang-tng-hp. Nng lng cn thit bin nc p t thn sorgho-ng (chnh l ng) ra ethanol ch bng 50% nng lng cn thit bin ht bp (chnh l tinh bt) ra ethanol. n cng nghin cu tuyn chn dng men hu hiu ln men nc p t thn sorgho-ng thnh ru, cho bit dng men NCIM 3319 hu hiu nht, bin 90% ng thnh ru trong 48-72 gi. Cy du-lai (Jatropha curcas L.). Cng cn gi l cy-du-m hay cy-hngro, cng h vi khoai m, cao su (Euphorbiaceae). Trn th gii c khong 175 loi, Vit Nam c 5 loi, trong s c cy du-lai (Jatropha curcas L.). Cy du-lai gc Trung M, trng Vit Nam t lu i ly du t ht, ht cha khong 40% du. Cy cao 1-5 m, trng c ni kh hn vi v lng 200 mm/nm cho ti ni c v lng 1200 mm/nm, l tng l 600 1000 mm/nm. Kh hn lin tc 3 nm ch lm l rng nhng cy khng cht. Vng duyn hi kh cn Ninh Thun Bnh Thun vi v lng trung bnh 600 mm/nm, hin b hoang, l ni thch hp canh tc cy-du lai. Cng canh tc c trn cc i trc (va bo v chng xoi mn, va cho du), t ang samc-ho, t kim vng duyn hi Trung Vit. Cy khng chu c ng nc, hay t dc qu 30 , v t acit (pH <7), pH thch hp 8-9, thch hp vng t c giang duyn hi Trung Vit. Khng c su b hay bnh tt, ngoi tr m l do Cercospora. Cy trng bng ht hay bng nhnh gim d dng. Nhnh gim cho tri sau mt nm, trng bng ht sau 2 nm. Khong cch trng 2m x 2 m, khong 2500 cy/ha. Cho nng xut ht cao k t nm th 4, v th khong 50 nm. Mt cy n c cho 2 kg tri/cy, trung bnh nng xut ht t 3 n 6 tn ht/ha/nm, tu t tt hay xu. Trn t xu, cho trung bnh 0.9 tn du/ha/nm, t trung bnh 1.6 2 tn du/ha/nm. Trung bnh 4 kg ht p c 1 lt du. Cy du-lai c th trng xen k vi c ph, cy n tri v rau hoa. Du c cht c (khng n c), trc y dng lm n cy, x phng, ngy nay lm dieselsinh-hc. n d tr canh tc 14 triu ha sn xut diesel-sinh-hc. Lc bnh (Eichornia crassipes). Lc bnh xa nay coi nh c di, sng bnh bng trn sng, rch, ao, h, cn tr ghe tu lu thng, ngn cn dng nc chy, v.v. Tuy nhin, nghin cu gn y cho bit lc bnh l mt nguyn liu hu hiu sn xut kh-t-sinh-hc v xng-sinh-hc. Lc bnh cng dng lc nc ph thi t nh my bin ch thc phm, tri chn nui, nc cng rnh thnh ph. R lc bnh hp th cc kim loi c trong nc ph thi nh ch, thu ngn, strontium, v.v. v cha cc cht ny trong r vi nng gp 10,000 ln nng kim loi cha trong nc. Phn cy ti cha 95.5% nc, 0.04% N, 0.06% P2O5, 0.2% K2O, 1% cht tro, v 3.5% cht hu c. Lc bnh c dng lm thc n cho tru b (ln men da lc bnh vi 2% mui, hay n ti),

phi kh un bp, tro lm phn, cng lc bnh phi kh dng an gi, th cng, v.v. Lc bnh tng trng rt nhanh, mi nm c th thu hoch 4 ln, tng nng xut cht ti/ha/nm bin thin gia 20 v 200 tn Florida canh tc t trong nc sng h (khng phn bn), cho 300 tn nu canh tc trong nc sa thi ca thnh ph, t chng tri gia sc. Canh tc ti n cho nng xut khong 150 tn cht ti/ha/nm. Lc bnh khng sng c nc mn cha qu 5 g mui/l. Lc bnh sn xut cht kh (dry matter) khong 60-80 tn/ha/nm min nam Hoa K (khng phn bn), nh vy cao hn c voi (57 tn), ma (55 tn), sorghum (37 tn), cy rng Eucalyptus (15 tn), thng (9 tn), hng dng (6 tn) canh tc vi phn bn. Nng lng cha trong 1 tn cht kh lc bnh tng ng vi 2.4 barrels du ho (= 381 lt). C mi kg cht kh lc bnh sn xut 370 lt kh-sinh-hc cho nng lng 22,000 KJ/m3 (580 Btu/ft3), cn methane rng 100 % cho 895 Btu/ft3. NAS ca Hoa k c lng rng 1 ha lc bnh min nam Hoa K sn xut 70,000 m3 kh-sinh-hc (gm 70% methane, 30% CO2). Nc ph thi t ln men sn xut kh-sinh-hc dng lm phn hu c. Ti n , 1 tn lc bnh phi kh (khng phi cht kh) cho khong 50 lt ethanol v 200 kg cht ph thi dng lm phn bn. Ln men ym kh 1 tn lc bnh kh cho 750 m3 kh-sinh-hc (600 Btu), trong cha 51.6% methane, 25.4% hydrogen, 22.1% CO2, v 1.2% oxygen. Vi k thut ho-kh (gasification) nhit cao (800C) vi hi nc, 1 tn cht kh lc bnh sn xut 1,100 m3 kh-t-tng-hp (syngas) cha 16.6% H2, 4.8% methane, 21.7% CO, 4.1% CO2, v 52.8% N. Hin nay, trn sng Tin Giang, Hu Giang v mt s sng rch ln, mt s t nng dn ng cc dc b sng trng lc bnh ly si dng an lc th cng xut cng (nh m, gi xch, ..). Cc d lc bnh ny cng bo v c b sng trnh xi l do sng ghe tu gy nn, trong khi gia dng sng trng tri ghe tu lu thng. Cn pht trin trng lc bnh dc sng rch bn trong cc cc, nh nng dn canh tc hin nay. c bit, lc bnh c nng xut rt cao nhng ao h thanh lc nc thi cc nh my bin ch hi sn, chn nui gia sc, ni thi nc cng thnh ph. To (Algae): l ngun thc vt y ha hn sn xut diesel-sinh-hc. Cng cn bit rng du ho bt ngun t hu hoi to, cht hu c trm tch, phiu sinh, vi sinh vt thi c i. To l thc vt c kh nng quang-tng-hp, ly nng lng mt tri bin CO2 thnh ng, t to protids v lipids. To mc trong nc ngt hay nc mn, t trong vng nc nh, ao h hay bin. Tu theo loi, to giu protein (nh Spirulina maxima cha 60-70%; Chlorella vulgaris cha 51-58% protein trng lng cht kh), cht bt (carbohydrates) (nh Botryococcus braunii cha 86%, Spirogyra sp. cha 33-64%; Porphyridium cruentum cha 40-57% trng lng cht kh), v lipids (nh Scenedesmus dimorphus, cha 16-40%; Prymnesium parvum cha 22-40%). Cc vi sinh gm to, diatoms, v cyanobasteria c gi chung l vi-to (microalgae) cha nhiu du v cht bo (trn 30%) l nguyn liu ch dieselsinh-hc.

To c th canh tc trong thng (tank), trong ao, h, bin. Quan trng l phi y nh sng (mt tri hay n), y CO2 ho tan trong nc (bng cch bm khng kh vo nc nh nui c, hay bm kh CO2), cht dinh dng nh phn bn ho hc, cht hu c nh nc thi t cng rnh. Nu canh tc to ngoi bin, cn phi bn thm phn cha st (iron). Loi to xanh Chlorophyceae (green algae) cho nhiu carbohydrates hn lipids, tng trng mnh 30C, cn nhiu nh sng v nc c dn in 55 mmho/cm. To cho t l du cao khi canh tc trong mi trng thiu cht dinh dng, nhng nng xut to km nn nng xut du cng km mi trng canh tc ny. Nghin cu mi y cho bit An Giang c 137 loi to nc ngt, a s l to lc Chlorophyta. vng nc nhim mn phi chn ging thch ng nc mn, canh tc. Cn phi nghin cu khm ph kh nng cha du trong cc loi to ny. ly du, gin d nht l p ly khong 75% du cha trong to, phn xc cn pha vi dung mi cyclo-hexane trch ly du cn li. Xc to sau khi p cha nhiu cht bt, nn cho ln men sn xut ethanol, hay lm thc n gia sc. Nng xut du/ha t to canh tc trong iu kin l tng cho 200 ln nhiu hn du t hoa mu, v trong iu kin canh tc thng thng cho nng xut du cao 30 ln hay t lm cng 15 ln nhiu hn canh tc du-ci, da du, u nnh hay cy du-lai (jatropha). Nng xut ti Hoa K hin ti vi vi to canh tc l 17,300 lt du/ha/nm (gp 3 ln da-du ca M Lai), trong cc tank phng th nghim vi iu kin l tng cho 46,000 n 140,000 lt/ha/nm. Phng Nghin Cu Nng Lng ca Hoa K c tnh rng ch vi din tch 5 triu ha trng to, tc khong 1% t nng nghip ca Hoa k hin nay (khong 500 triu ha), th cung cp diesel-sinh-hc cho Hoa K, thay th hon ton diesel t du ho. Ngy 11/12/2007, Cng Ty Shell tuyn b thit lp c s canh tc to bin ch du n v diesel-sinh-hc ti Hawaii, trong cc ao h cha nc mn canh tc to bin. Cng cn bit thm rng ti Hawaii c nhiu c s thng mi canh tc to bin lm dc liu t my chc nm nay. To Diatom cha khong 30% du, c th sn xut 45.6 tn du/ha/nm. To Botryococcus braunii cha 86% hydrocarbons cu trng lng cht kh, c th bin ch thnh ethanol. Nu y nh sng, CO2 (ho tan trong nc), v dinh dng, 1 ha to cho 100 tn to, v mi tn to sn xut c 410 lt diesel-sinh-hc. Nu ln men ym kh, th mi tn to sn xut c 6 MJ kh methane. Mt m3 to kh nng khong 448 kg. Nghin cu ghp gen cho nhiu du cng cho kt qu kh quan. Enzyme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) chi phi s lng lipids tch tr trong c th vito, v gen chi phi ACC c nh du v ghp vo b my di truyn ca to. Ti Hoa K c d n dn ng kh thi CO2 t nh my nhit in t than n h canh tc to ti to Carbon-sinh-hc, thay v thi CO2 vo kh quyn lm gia tng nhit hon cu. Vit Nam c b bin di 3,200 km, nhiu m, vng, ao, h, nc ngt hay nc mn u c th canh tc to. Dng to va x l nc thi t chung

tri chn nui, nc thi thnh ph, va sn xut diesel-sinh-hc, cn nn c nghin cu Vit Nam.

Trn-ng Hng