1. Tng quan v tu chuyn v hp ng thu tu chuyn: 1.1 Tu chuyn v phng thc thu tu chuyn: 1.1.

1 Khi nim: Tu chuyn l tu chuyn ch hng ha gia hai hoc nhiu cng theo yu cu ca ch hng trn c s mt hp ng thu tu. Thu tu chuyn l vic ch hng lin h vi ch tu hoc i din ca ch tu yu cu thu ton b hoc mt phn con tu chuyn ch hng ha t mt hoc nhiu cng xp n mt hoc nhiu cng d theo yu cu ca ch hng. 1.1.2 c im ca phng thc thu tu chuyn: Tu khng chy thng xuyn trn mt tuyn ng nht nh, khng gh qua nhng cng nht nh v khng theo mt lch trnh nh trc m chy theo yu cu ca ch hng. Vn bn iu chnh mi quan h gia cc bn trong thu tu chuyn l hp ng thu tu chuyn (Voyage Charter Party C/P) v vn n ng bin. Ngi thu tu c th t do tha thun, mc c v cc iu kin chuyn ch v gi cc trong hp ng thu tu. Gi cc trong thu tu chuyn c th gm c chi ph xp d hoc khng l do tha thun ca hai bn. Gi cc c tnh theo trng lng hng, th tch hng hoc theo gi thu bao cho mt chuyn. Ch tu c th ng vai l ngi chuyn ch hoc khng. Thng c dng khi chuyn ch du v hng khi lng ln xp mt tu. 1.2 Hp ng thu tu chuyn:

1.2.1 Khi nim: Hp ng thu tu chuyn l mt vn bn hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin, trong ngi chuyn ch cam kt s chuyn ch hng ho t mt cng ny n mt khc giao cho ngi nhn cn ngi thu tu cam kt s thanh ton cuc ph theo ng nh tho thun ca hp ng. Ngi chuyn ch (carrier) trong hp ng thu tu chuyn c th l ch tu (ship-owner) nhng cng c th khng phi l ch tu m ch l ngi thu tu ca ngi khc kinh doanh ly cc. Cn ngi thu tu chuyn ch hng ho c th l ngi xut khu v cng c th l ngi nhp khu theo iu kin v c s giao hng c p dng trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Song trn thc t ngi thu tu v ngi cho thu tu rt t khi trc tip k hp ng vi nhau. Trong thu tu ni chung v thu tu chuyn ni ring, ngi ta hay thng qua i l hoc ngi mi gii tin hnh vic thu tu. Ngi mi gii hay i l thng l nhng ngi c chuyn mn, am hiu v th trng thu tu, lut hng hi, tp tc ca cc cng... chnh v vy khi thay mt cho ngi thu hay ngi cho thu tu k kt hp ng chuyn ch s bo m quyn li cho ngi u thc tt hn. 1.2.2 Ni dung ch yu ca hp ng thu tu chuyn: Cc bn ca hp ng Quy nh v hng ha Quy nh v con tu v thi gian tu n cng xp hng. Quy nh v cng xp hng, cng d hng Quy nh v chi ph xp, d. Quy nh v cc ph v thanh ton cc ph. Quy nh v thi gian lm hng, thng pht xp/d

Quy nh v lut l v trng ti. 1.2.3 Hp ng thu tu mu: Ni dung v cc iu khon qui nh ca hp ng thu tu chuyn l kh phc

tp, chnh v vy i n vic k kt hp ng ch tu cng nh ngi thu tu phi tn ph nhiu thi gian giao dch m phn. n gin ho cc th tc hnh chnh, gim bt thi gian giao dch m phn, ng thi hn ch cc tranh chp xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin, cc t chc hng hi quc t v quc gia, cc lut s quan tm c bit n vic tiu chun ho hp ng thu tu, pht hnh nhng hp ng thu tu chuyn mu s dng trong thu tu. Sau khi thng nht, ngi lp hp ng ch cn in thm nhng iu khon c th vo ch trng ng thi gch i nhng cu nhng t khng c tho thun v b sung theo nhng iu khng c trong mu. Hp ng thu tu chuyn mu ch mang tnh bt buc khi hai bn thng nht k kt quc t. Mu c s dng ph bin nht l mu GENCON do BIMCO ngh p dng, c sa i, b sung vo cc nm 1922, 1976, 1994. 2. Mt s tranh chp thng gp trong hp ng thu tu chuyn: 2.1 Khi qut v tranh chp: Hp ng thu tu chuyn l mt dng ca hp ng vn chuyn c ni dung kh phc tp, bao gm nhiu iu khon khc nhau c lin quan ti nhiu yu t khc nhau. Chnh v s phc tp ca ni dung hp ng c quy nh trong cc iu khon cho nn trong qu trnh thc hin khng th trnh khi nhng tranh chp xy ra k c khi s dng cc hp ng mu do cc t chc Hng hi quc t son tho cng nh cc hp ng do hai bn trc tip tha thun k kt. Khi chuyn ch hng ho bng tu chuyn, chng ta cn phn bit hp ng thu tu (C/P) vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu. Thng thng, trong hp ng thu tu quy nh nu c tranh chp s gii quyt ti Trng ti nc no. Ngc li trong vn n cng c iu khon trng ti ni r khi c tranh chp gia ngi chuyn ch v

ngi nhn hng, tranh chp s c gii quyt u, theo lut no (thng dn chiu ti quy tc Hague -Visby). Thc t trong qu trnh chuyn ch, nu c tranh chp pht sinh th ngi ta s gii quyt tranh chp da vo vn n hoc da vo hp ng thu tu tu theo cc trng hp sau y: Trng hp 1: Ngi nhn hng ng thi l ngi k hp ng thu tu, khi c tranh chp pht sinh i vi ngi chuyn ch s ly hp ng thu tu gii quyt tranh chp. Trng hp 2: Ngi nhn hng khng phi l ngi k hp ng thu tu, khi c tranh chp pht sinh i vi ngi chuyn ch s ly vn n gii quyt tranh chp. Trng hp 3: Vn n chuyn nhng cho ngi khc, khi c tranh chp pht sinh gia ngi chuyn ch vi ngi cm vn n s ly vn n gii quyt tranh chp. Trng hp 4: Vn n c dn chiu n cc iu khon ca hp ng thu tu th s ly cc iu khon ca hp ng thu tu gii quyt tranh chp. i vi loi vn n ny thng trn vn n ngi ta ghi r vn n dng vi hp ng thu tu Bill of lading to be used with charter party. Cc tranh chp thng xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng thu tu chuyn rt a dng, tuy nhin bi vit s gii hn li trong mt s vn sau y: Tranh chp v tu chuyn ch Tranh chp v hng ha chuyn ch Tranh chp v thi gian v thng pht xp d hng ha. Tranh chp v mc cc ph v thanh ton cc ph

Tranh chp v iu khon trng ti v lut quy nh

2.2 Tranh chp v kh nng i bin ca tu: Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, iu khon v tu l iu khon ht sc quan trng. Con tu phi m bo thch hp cho vic chuyn ch ht khi lng hng v m bo an ton cho hng ho. Trong thc t thng mi hng hi pht sinh nhiu v tranh chp t hp ng thu tu chuyn v iu khon ny v ch yu l tranh chp kh nng i bin ca tu (seaworthiness). V mt php l, ngi ta coi kh nng i bin l mt iu kin ca hp ng, nu ch tu vi phm th ngi thu c quyn hu hp ng. Khi xy ra tn tht i vi hng ho, nu ng l tu khng kh nng i bin th ngi i kin phi chng minh hai vn : - Tu khng kh nng i bin; - Khng kh nng i bin l nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht. Nu khng chng minh c nh vy th bn nguyn n s khng buc c ch tu chu trch nhim. Do vy c th kt lun: Trch nhim chun b con tu c kh nng i bin ca ch tu kt thc khi con tu bt u qu trnh xp hng v bt u hnh trnh ca mnh n l 1:

Cc bn lin quan: Nguyn n: Cng ty bo him B n: Ch tu Cc vn c cp: Kh nng i bin ca tu

Tm tt v vic: Tu A ch c ph t Clombo i London, khi d hng c mt s bao b t. Bin bn d hng (cargo outturn report) ghi nguyn nhn hng b t l do nc nh t mt ng nc i qua hm hng. Sau khi bi thng cho ch hng, cng ty Bo him kin ch tu vi l do khng kh nng i bin.

Phn quyt: Khi vn c a ra to n, to n bc n v cc chng t cng i u chng nhn l tu c kh nng i bin Bnh lun: Trong tnh hung ny, bn nguyn n quy kt nguyn nhn khng ng. Trong trng hp ny, nu cng ty Bo him chng minh v kt lun rng hng b h hi l do ni t ca tu th ch tu kh thot trch nhim. n l 2:

Cc bn lin quan: Nguyn n: Cng ty California Sugar B n: Hng tu Columbia Steamship Cc vn c cp: Kh nng i bin ca tu.

Tm tt v vic: Cng ty California Sugar thu hng tu Columbia Steamship ch 12.000 tn ng t Hawai i vnh Mexique trn tu C.Brewer theo hp ng tu chuyn. Sau khi ri knh Panama c mt ngy th tu b mc cn ti vng bin Caribe. Tu phi gi cu h ca hng Lloyds Salvage th mi thot cn, mt s hng b tn tht. Ngi thu tu khi kin ngi chuyn ch vi l do tu thiu kh nng i bin. Ngi thu tu a ra bn im sau chng minh: La bn v raio khng thch hp. My o su hot ng km. Trong phng hi khng c ch dn v hng i. Tu khng c hi chi tit c ln.

Tuy nhin trc ta, ch tu xut trnh y chng t chng t tu kh nng i bin khi bt u chuyn i. Ngi i kin khng chng minh c iu mnh mun kin quy li cho tu l ci g v hnh vi no ca pha tu l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra tn tht cho hng ha. Phn quyt:

Ta cng nhn lp lun ca ch tu l tu mc cn do s sut ca thuyn trng, do tu c min trch. Bnh lun: So vi v kin n l 1, bn nguyn n trong n l 2 ch ra c nhng l do chng minh cho lun im rng con tu khng kh nng i bin, tuy nhin, chng t a ra ca bn nguyn n khng thuyt phc nn khng buc c ch tu chu trch nhim i vi tn tht. n l 3: V tu Romashka

Cc bn lin quan: Nguyn n: Cng ty SX-KD Si gn Dak Lak (SADACO) B n: Cng ty bo him Bo Minh Cc ni dung lin quan: Kh nng i bin ca tu.

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 22 thng 11 nm 1995, cng ty SX-KD Si gn Dak Lak (SADACO) k hp ng thu tu chuyn theo mu hp ng GENCON vi cng ty TNHH i l v Dch v Vn ti Si gn (TRANCOSI). Trancosi k hp ng thu tu vi cng ty Delta H Ni, sau Delta li k hp ng vi cng ty Katran Shipping thu tu Romashka ch hng t cng Bombay v cng Si gn. Hng ha chuyn ch l bt m. Katran Shipping l mt cng ty c a ch ti Hongkong v thuc quyn s hu ca Ucraina. Gi thu ch l 25USD/tn. Thc hin hp ng thu tu chuyn k, tu Romashka c iu ng ti cng Bombay v n ngy 13/01/1996 xp c 9125 tn bt m v chm dt nhn hng. Thuyn trng tu Romashka k v pht hnh vn n sch nhng cha th m cuc hnh trnh v cng Si Gn do mt s trc trc v giy t php l. Cng nhm phng ri ro, Sadaco mua bo him cho l hng ti cng ty bo him Bo Minh theo iu kin mi ri ro. Tr gi hp ng bo him tng cng 2.234.969,01 USD, ghi trch nhim bo him bt u t lc hng xp xung tu ti cng Bombay cho n khi hng c d khi tu ti cng Si gn. Vn u tin l pha cng ty Katran Shipping vi phm hp ng, cho thu mt con tu khng c php ch hng vt bin. Tu Romashka c ng ti Gdansk ca Ba Lan, hot ng 31 nm. Theo cng c LHQ v iu kin cho i l v cp cc chng ch an ton cho tu bin c thng qua ngy 7/2/1986 th: Nhng tu qu 20 tui khng cho ng k li, cp mi hoc gia hn cc giy chng nhn iu kin an ton i bin, tr trng hp c bit c quy nh ring. Lut Hng hi Vit Nam cng c quy nh tng t.

Tu Romashka khng th iu kin an ton i bin, vy m khi k hp ng cho thu tu, Tracosi nhn danh ch tu khai thc (Disponent Owner) cam kt: Tu Romashka c xp hng cao nht ca Lloyds ng kim Anh Quc hoc tng ng. Ngoi ra Trancosi cn m bo rng tu Romashka c P&I UK London (Anh Quc) tr li bng vn bn xc nhn rng tu c Hi nhn bo him trch nhim t lu. Cng cn ni thm rng, theo cc ngun tin Quc t chnh thc, tu Romashka sau chuyn ch bt m cho Sadaco s c bn cho cng ty Winforst ca Hongkong vi gi 70.000 USD ph ly st vn. Ch tu Romashka nhn trc tin cc l 20.000 USD. Theo Lut Hng hi Quc t v theo Cng c La Hague ti iu III im 1 v 2 quy nh: ngi chuyn ch phi c trch nhim lm cho con tu lun lun iu kin i bin, m bo vn hnh khai thc con tu mt cch an ton. Vi phng thc thu chuyn, lut quy nh r: ngi chuyn ch ht trch nhim sau khi giao xong hng ti cng c xc nh. Th nhng, trong khi tu Romashka cn ang neo u ti cng Bombay th b t dy do gi ma mnh, dt vo b cng Worli, Mumbai, thuc cng Bombay khin cho tu b mc cn, nc bin trn vo ngp cc hm hng v nhn chm su di nc 9125 tn bt m ng bao cng vi 224 tn du FO. Theo hp ng thu tu, khi ngi chuyn ch khng thc hin c hp ng v gy ra tn tht cho ngi thu tu l Sadaco, pha Sadaco c quyn kin ngi chuyn ch i bi thng thit hi tn tht. V Sadaco mua bo him nn Sadaco khi kin Bo Minh. Phn quyt: Sng 11/7/1999, To phc thm TAND Ti cao TP HCM tuyn y n s thm, buc Cng ty Bo him TP (Bo Minh) phi bi thng 22,5 t ng tin bo him l bt m 9.125 tn cho Cng ty Kinh doanh sn xut Si Gn - k Lk (Sadaco). Nh vy sau 5 nm, cng ty SADACO mi i c tin bo him cho l hng trn. Bnh lun: Trong v kin ny, so vi n l 1 v n l 2, ch hng c cn c khi a ra lun im rng con tu khng c kh nng i bin v li ca pha ch tu l r rng v ch hng trong tnh hung ny a c ra nhng bng chng thuyt phc rng cn tu khng c kh nng i bin v tui tu. Bi hc rt ra trong v kin ny l cn phi tm hiu r cc thng tin v i tc trc khi k hp ng. n l 4:

Cc bn lin quan:

Nguyn n: Ngi thu tu Vortigern B n: Ch tu Vortigern Ni dung lin quan: Kh nng i bin ca tu Vic m bo kh nng i bin ca tu trn mt hnh trnh chia lm nhiu chng.

Tu Vortigern khi hnh t Philippin i Liverpool. Hp ng thu tu quy nh min trch nhim cho ch tu i vi s sut ca thuyn trng v cc s quan my. Hnh trnh c chia lm nhiu chng. Trong hnh trnh, tu gh vo Colombo nhng khng ly thm than cho chng tip theo n knh Suez. Khi n gn bn ly than, thuyn trng cng khng cho tu ly thm nhin liu v khng c s quan my bo nhin liu sp ht. Do m bo cho hnh trnh c tip tc n Suez, thuyn trng cho t mt s hng trn tu. cng n, ngi thu tu i hi ch tu bi thng thit hi i vi hng ha b tu t thay nhin liu. Ch tu t chi bi thng v l do l thiu st ca thuyn trng v cc s quan my trong vic iu khin v qun tr tu. Ch tu c min trch v hp ng dn chiu ti Visby. Do bt ng quan im, hai bn a v vic ra ta xt x. Phn quyt: Sau khi xem xt s vic, to x rng ch tu khng th vin dn iu khon min tr, v h khng lm cho con tu c kh nng i bin vo lc bt u ca mi chng hnh trnh. Bnh lun: Trong thc tin, do tnh cht ca cng vic m ch tu v ngi thu tu c th chia hnh trnh lm nhiu chng, tc l c th gh vo cc cng trn ng i xp; d hng, ly thm nhin liu, thit b cho tu v cc nhu yu phm cho cc thy th trn tu. Khi chia thnh nhiu chng trong chuyn hnh trnh, mi chng i hi nhng yu cu khc nhau v ch tu phi m bo kh nng i bin ca con tu , thch ng vi tng chng v mt vic quan trong l ch tu phi tnh ton mc tiu hao nng lng ca con tu cung cp mt lng nhin liu thch hp con tu c th hon thnh hnh trnh cc chng tip Nh vy trong trng hp tu Vortigern, ch tu khng tnh ton v d tr nhin liu p ng cho nhu cu ca chng tip theo v khng b sung khi ht. R rng ch tu khng cn mn hp l m bo kh nng i bin cho con tu vo lc bt u chng hnh trnh tip theo, khng th vn dng iu khon min tr trong trng hp ny, v y khng th coi l s sut ca thuyn trng hay thy th trn tu khi m h bit m hng ha trn tu.

K t ngy 1/7/1998 tr i khi b lut Qun l an ton quc t (ISM) bt u c hiu lc th ni dung php l ca thut ng "seaworthiness" khng cn nh trc na. Ch tu c ngha v khng nhng cung cp giy t lin quan n con tu ph hp Giy chng nhn qun l an ton (SMC) m cn cho b phn qun l khai thc trn b Ti liu v Tun th ph hp (DOC) - Ti liu ny tuyn b rng cng ty tu ph hp vi vic khai thc tu theo yu cu ca b lut ISM. S ph hp ny phi c gi tr trong ton chuyn i ch khng phi ch lc bt u hnh trnh. Nu trong bt c giai on no m ngi ta pht hin c s bt cp v thc t v cc giy t trn th ch tu phi chu trch nhim v mi tn tht xy ra. Do khi dn chiu lut IMS vo trong hp ng, cc bn cng cn lu vn ny. Nh vy, so vi cc n l 1,2,3, n l 4 c im mi l con tu c hnh trnh c chia lm nhiu chng v s c xy ra trong 1 chng, ch hng kin ngi chuyn ch v khng m bo c kh nng i bin ca con tu v khng cn mn hp l trong vic chun b cho con tu tu c th hon thnh c chng hnh trnh tip theo. n l 5:

Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty thu ch hng Australia B n: Cng ty vn ti ng bin Trung Quc Cc vn c cp: Hp ng thu tu chuyn Cc khiu kin v hng ho Kh nng i bin S mn cn hp l

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n, ch hng ng thi l ngi nhn hng, k vi B n, ch s hu tu, hp ng vn chuyn 5.100 MT ct ziricon t Bunbary, Australia n Burnside, Louisiana. Vn n pht hnh ngy 9 thng 2 nm 1982 xc nhn hng ho c chuyn vo hm s 1 tng trn (Hm 1A), hm trn s 2 (Hm 2A) v hm s 4. Khi tu n Burnside ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1982, hng ha trong Hm 1A b h hi. Mt cng ty gim nh kt lun rng nc vo hm ny t np hm tu v t khoang dn tu trn. Bo co gim nh cho thy lng ct ziricon trong hm ny b t nghim trng mt s ch v cc mu ct ly t khoang ny kim tra clorua cho phn ng m tnh.

Khoang dn tu tip gip vi Hm 1A cha mt lng nc ngt ly t sng Mississipi trc khi tu n Burnside. i din ca Nguyn n cho bit thy nc trn vo t mt khe nt trn vch ngn pha trc v tip gip vi khoang dn bn sn tu S 1. S hng b h hi Hm 1A c chuyn xung s lan. Tnh s b c 990.881 tn non (1 tn non = 907,2kg) b h hi. Sau Nguyn n phi bn s ct ziricon t ny cho mt cng ty vi gi l 99.088 USD, tc 100 USD/1 tn non. Nguyn n yu cu bi thng 45.996 USD tin thit hi theo gi th trng cho s ct b t do B n khng thc hin s mn cn hp l lm cho tu c kh nng i bin. B n th cho rng Nguyn n khng chng minh c cc tn tht m B n phi chu trch nhim v vt nt mi hn trn ngn tip gip l mt n t (latent defect) . Hn na, theo B n, khiu kin i bi thng ny l qu ng v tin bi thng ch gii hn gi bn cng vi tin cc vn chuyn n b (freight landed value) ca s ct ti Burnside. Phn quyt ca trng ti: a s trng ti vin cho rng B n phi chu trch nhim i vi cc thit hi pht sinh t s ct b t. Theo Lut vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin v Qui tc Hagues, Nguyn n cung cp bng chng hp thc v vic B n nhn hng trong tnh trng tt v sau giao hng trong tnh trng b tn tht. Cn lu rng B n pht hnh mt vn n sch ti Burnside v cc chng t ti liu lin quan u cho thy hng ho iu kin hon ton tt khi bc ln tu. V vy, U ban trng ti kt lun hng ho trong Hm 1A b h hi do nc trn t khoang dn tu tip gip. y Nguyn n a ra mt tnh trng thc t (prima facie) v B n c ngha v chng minh rng cc tn tht i vi hng ho khng phi v s bt cn ca B n dn ti tnh trng khng c kh nng i bin m v nhng ri ro ngu nhin. B n cho rng tn tht l do mt n t khng th pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l v do B n phi c min trch theo iu 4 khon 2 Qui tc Hagues. U ban trng ti xc nh tu ny c ng ti Nam T nm 1962 v c rt t thng tin v vic ng li tu, bo dng hoc sa cha chng minh l c s mn cn hp l trong vic bo m tu c kh nng i bin. Ho n thng 9 nm 1981 ca mt xng sa cha tu ch cho thy y l mt vic sa cha thng thng ch bn thn ho n ny cng nh kim tra phn hng tin hnh gn thi gian ny u khng chng minh c l c bt k mt cuc kim tra chi tit v cc mi hn. U ban trng ti thy rng chng c ca B n khng chng minh B n c min trch do n t khng th pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l. V s tin bi thng thit hi, U ban trng ti cho rng s hng ho thit hi c tnh l s hng d xung s lan Burnside. im ng lu y l cc n lc ca Nguyn n trong vic gim thiu thit hi. U ban trng ti xc nh rng vic tch ri

ct kh v ct t l mt thao tc rt kh khn, hn na loi ct ny c c tnh thm nc rt mnh. Ngoi ra, Nguyn n cng rt c gng trong vic cho bn s hng ny cho cc khch hng khc nhau v s hng b h hi c bn vi gi h. Do , y c th coi l chng c chng minh Nguyn n thc hin y ngha v gim thiu thit hi ca mnh. Bnh lun: Ging vi n l 1, hng b h hi do nc r r trn tu v c 2 trng hp, bn nguyn n (tc ngi thu tu) kin ngi chuyn ch v vic khng m bo kh nng i bin ca con tu . Nhng phn quyt ca c quan xt x 2 trng hp li khc nhau. V sao li vy? Trong trng hp th 2, bn nguyn n a c ra tnh trng thc t (prima facie) nhng thit hi do vic b n khng cn mn hp l chun b mt con tu c kh nng i bin gy ra cho nguyn n bng vic a ra cc giy t chng minh hng ha iu kin hon ton tt khi giao cho B n (bao gm vn n sch m bn B n cp cho nguyn n) v cc giy t chng minh thit hi ca nguyn n khi nhn hng. Nhng b n trong tnh hung ny khng chng minh c nhng thit hi y khng phi do li khng cn mn ca mnh. V th phn quyt ch ra rng li thuc v ngi vn chuyn. Bi vy khi kin ch tu v kh nng i bin ca tu, iu cn thit phi chng minh nhng h hng trn con tu l ni t ch khng phi n t
2.3 Tranh chp v Hng ha chuyn ch 1. Tranh chp v tn hng (loi hng ha) Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn quy nh v tn hng khng ch th hin i tng chuyn ch ca hp ng m cn l c s gip ngi chuyn ch c th nhn bit c tnh cht, tnh nguy him ca hng ho. T , ngi chuyn ch mi c bin php xp t v bo qun cho ph hp vi hng ho. Sau y l mt s v d minh ho cho tranh chp pht sinh t vn ny. Tm tt v vic: Gia nm 1991, Cng ty Nht Secolye mua ca mt cng ty Y An giang 200 tn than go da theo iu kin FOB cng H Ch Minh. Trong hp ng mua bn ghi tn l "than go da" v ting Anh l "Coconut Shell Carbide'". Ngy 29/9/91, cng ty Y thay Secolye k hp ng thu tu chuyn vi cng ty Younglee ca Hng Kng ch hng vi gi 23USD/MT. Cng ty Younglee li thu cng ty Vit Nam Vantaiship ch hng vi gi 25USD/MT. Trong

hp ng vn ti tn hng c ghi ging trong hp ng mua bn l "Than go da" - "Coconut Shell Carbide". Ngy 03/10/91 than c bc ln tu VT 93 trn c s vn n s 01/HK. Sau vn dng trng ti, tu li nhn ch thm 241 tn m cao su. Lng cao su ny c xp ln trn than v than c bc xung trc. Ngy 17/10/91 tu vo trnh bo ti cng Ba Ngi v ngy 24/10/91 thu th pht hin ra l than go da chy ngm bc khi. Chy lan sang cao su, lm chy nhiu kin cao su. Chy c dp tt v tu d hng ln cng. Tu an ton nhng s cao su b thit hi ti 200 triu ng v tin cc khng thu c ln ti 8000 USD. Tu li hng cng v ra i khng ch tip na. Din bin tranh chp: Ngy 23/2/1992, Cng ty Vit Nam Vantaiship kin Younglee tc l ngi k hp ng vi mnh ti C quan trng ti kinh t tnh i bi thng tn hi 200 triu ng v 8000 USD. Trng ti kinh t buc Younglee bi thng s tin nh trn vi lp lun nh sau: ch hng khng thng bo cho ngi vn chuyn bit tnh cht nguy him ca hng ho khng cung cp nhng ch dn cn thit bo qun hng cng nh khng c m hiu y hng dn ngi chuyn ch. Sau , Younglee i Secolye phi hon tr cho mnh s tin mnh bi thng theo phn quyt ca Trng ti kinh t tnh. nc ta nhiu ngi vn nhm hai tn hng "than hot tnh" v "than nguyn liu sn xut than hot tnh". Nhm ln xy ra nhiu nht i vi trng hp than go da. T nguyn liu go da cho n khi c c than go da xut khu, quy trnh cng ngh gm nhiu khu: - Go da c than ho thnh than go. - Than go da c xay, sng thnh than bi v than go da dng ht. - Than go da dng ht nu c xut khu th thnh "than go da xut khu" cn nu c hot ho th thnh " than hot tnh go da dng ht".

V th nu coi than go da xut khu l loi than hot tnh th s nh gi l thiu c s khoa hc. Trong ting Anh, than go da l "Coco Charcoal". Trong hp ng mua bn cng nh hp ng thu tu u ghi "Coco shell Carbide" l ghi sai. "Carbide" l cacbua (t en) ch khng phi l than. Nh vy trong trng hp ny ch hng dch sai tn hng. Ring xt v kha cnh quy nh tn hng trong hp ng thu tu chuyn th ch hng (ngi thu tu) l ngi chu ton b trch nhim v sai lm ny. Bi hc rt ra: T n l ny cn rt ra mt iu l cc bn k hp ng thu tu chuyn cn phi ht sc lu n iu khon tn hng. Khi dch tn hng sang mt ngoi ng no cn dch chnh xc trnh nhng nhm ln hoc tranh ci ng tic sau ny. 2.3 Tranh chp v tn tht i vi hng ha chuyn ch 2.3.1 Hng ha b tn tht do cht xp khng ng quy cch (improper stowage). Theo cc lut l hng hi ph bin trn th gii, Ch tu/ngi chuyn ch c trch nhim xp hng ha thch hp, chng hn nh, theo quy nh ca B lut Hng hi Vit Nam, th Ngi vn chuyn chu trch nhim v vic bc hng, d hng cn thn v thch hp, chm sc chu o hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn (iu 73, khon 2, B Lut Hng hi Vit Nam). Do , nu hng ha b h hng do vic xp hng khng thch hp th ch tu/ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim bi thng trong bt c trng hp no, ngay c khi chn lt sp xp hng theo ch th ca ngi thu th ngi chuyn ch cng khng c min trch nhim v vic xp hng khng hp l. Tuy nhin, trong thc t xy ra khng t nhng trng hp ngi chuyn ch thoi thc trch nhim v sp xp hng khng hp l. Sau y l 2 v d : n l 1

Tm tt v vic: Hai bn k hp ng thu tu chuyn theo mu Gencon, theo tu Ciechocinek Ba lan c nhim v ch khoai ty t cng Alexandria n cng Boston. iu 19 hp ng quy nh ngi thu s cung cp v chu chi ph v chn lt hng theo yu cu ca thuyn trng bo v hng v cht xp hng thch ng.

Theo iu 49 th ch tu phi nghim chnh thc hin ch th ca ngi thu tu v mt tn dng tu v cht xp hng. Thuyn trng phi gim st vic ny v phi chu trch nhim v vic cht xp v chn lt mt cch thch ng. iu 53 quy nh: "Ch tu phi chu trch nhim nu hng ho giao ti cng d b thiu, tuy nhin ch tu li c min trch nu hng ho ho b h hng, thi ra do bin cht". Din bin tranh chp: Khi tu n cng d hng th mt na s khoai ty b thi do cht xp khng hp l, 1/3 do n t. Ngi thu kin i ch tu bi thng 2/3 gi tr thit hi v ch tu cht xp hng khng hp l. Ch tu vin dn iu 19, 49 v 53 ca hp ng bin h rng mnh xp hng theo ch th ca ngi thu t chi bi thng thit hi. V vic c a ra to n Anh gii quyt. To n lp lun rng theo cc lut l hng hi th vic ch tu lm theo ch th ca ngi thu v chn lt v cht xp hng khng min trch cho ch tu i vi hu qu ca chn lt khng hp l. Thm na, nguyn nhn gy h hi hng khng phi do li ngi thu trong vic cung cp chn lt m do li k thut cht xp chn lt ca tu khng hp l gy nn. Ngoi ra vic ch tu vin dn iu 53 ca hp ng thoi thc trch nhim l bt hp l v ch tu ch c th c min trch v h hng ca hng nu h hng xy ra khng phi do li ca ch tu trong vic thc hin cc ngha v quy nh trong hp ng. Nhng trong v ny, ch tu li c li nn khng th c min trch. Nh vy ch tu phi bi thng phn h hng do vic cht xp khng hp l ca mnh l 2/3 gi tr thit hi. Bi hc rt ra: Ni tm li, bt k ngi chuyn ch cht xp, chn lt hng theo hay khng theo ch th ca ngi thu th vn phi chu trch nhim cht xp hng hp l v khng c min trch i vi h hng do vic cht xp khng hp l gy nn. Nhng c nhng trng hp mc d hng ha b tn tht do li xp hng khng ng quy cch ca ngi chuyn ch nhng vn khng phi bi thng thit hi cho ngi giao hng trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch s dng vn n ch danh. Sau y l mt n l in hnh cho trng hp ny:

n l 2:

Tm tt v vic: Cui nm 2001, Cng ty Global Santa Singapore bn cho Cng ty Japan Vit Nam Petroleum TP. Vng Tu mt l hng khp ni ng khoan ging du tr gi khong 415.000 USD theo iu kin C&F Incoterms 2000. Sau khi k kt hp ng mua bn, u nm 2002, Cng ty Global Santa thu tu "Duyn Pht" ca Cng ty Vn ti bin Cu Long (Vit Nam) ch l hng trn t Singapore v Vng Tu. Khi bc xong hng ln tu, vi t cch l ngi vn chuyn, ngy 05/01/2002, Cng ty Vn ti bin Cu Long cp cho Global Santa vi t cch l ngi bn (ngi giao hng) mt b 3 bn gc vn n ch danh s S/PTSC-15, trong ghi r ngi nhn hng l Cng ty Japan Vietnam Petroleum, Vng Tu City. Rt khng may, tu ang chun b nh neo khi hnh th b lt chm do li cht xp hng khng ng quy cch (improper stowage) ca thuyn trng. Ton b l hng ni trn b h hng hon ton, v l tt nhin ngi mua t chi thanh ton 415.000 USD cho ngi bn. Din bin tranh chp: Vi 3 bn gc vn n ch danh ang trong tay mnh, u nm 2003, Cng ty Global Santa khi kin ngi vn chuyn ti Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh i bi thng ton b thit hi. Trong bn n s 2392/DSST ngy 08/11/2004, Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh cn c vo cc quy nh v vn n ch danh trong B lut Hng hi Vit Nam khng nh: Cng ty Japan-Vietnam Petroleum l ngi nhn hng hp php, ngi c quyn s hu i vi l hng vn chuyn trn tu "Duyn Pht" theo vn n S/PTSC-15 ngy 05/01/2002 ch khng phi l Cng ty Global Santa. T , Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh kt lun: Mc d Cng ty Global Santa ang nm gi 3 bn vn n gc ch danh nhng h khng phi l ngi nhn hng hp php nn khng th nhn hng v cng khng c thm quyn khi kin ngi vn chuyn. Do vy, Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh bc b n kin ca cng ty Global Santa. Khng bng lng vi phn quyt ni trn ca Ta s thm TP. H Ch Minh, ngy 17/01/2005, Cng ty Global Santa khng n ln Ta phc thm Ta n nhn dn ti cao ti TP. H Ch Minh xin xt x phc thm v kin. Tuy vy, Ta phc thm Ta n nhn dn ti cao ti TP. H Ch Minh sau khi xem xt li h s v kin di nhng gc khc nhau cng nh ni dung lp lun ca Ta s thm Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh cng kt lun ti bn n

phc thm s 10/DSPT ngy 07/4/2005 tng t nh bn n ca Ta s thm v cui cng chp nhn (y n) bn n ca Ta n s thm v bc n khng n ca Cng ty Global Santa. Bi hc rt ra: Vn n ch danh l vn n m trn c ghi r tn, a ch ngi nhn hng v ch ngi c tn ghi trn vn n mi l ngi hp php c nhn hng ha. T v kin ni trn ta rt ra lu cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khi xut khu hng ha theo iu kin Incoterms 2000, nht l sang th trng Anh, M, Australia, n nn s dng vn n theo lnh bo v quyn li chnh ng ca mnh, ht sc trnh dng vn n ch danh, nht l khi xut hng sang cc th trng p dng lut n l nh nhng nc ni trn. 2.3.2 Hng ho b tn tht do ma t trong lc bc d ti cng. Khi hng ho b t ma trong qu trnh bc d ti cng dn n tn tht th bn no, ngi ch hng hay ngi chuyn ch s phi bi thng tn tht? y l vn kh phc tp trong vic nhn nh trch nhim gia cc bn v n tu thuc vo thi im chuyn giao trch nhim, ngha v bc d Trong thc t pht sinh nhng v tranh chp v vn ny. Tm tt v vic: Hng tu A nhn ch mt l ng t TP H Ch Minh n Php trn con tu VT 05. Ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng. Sau khi hng c bc ln tu xong, thuyn trng cp vn n sch. Khi n cng th pht hin thy l hng b t v tn tht. Ngi nhn mi cng ty gim nh n, bin bn gim nh kt lun 200 bao ng b tn tht l do b ma t trong khi bc hng ln tu cng i. Din bin tranh chp: Ngi nhn hng kin ngi chuyn ch (hng tu A) ra to n Thng mi Php i bi thng tn tht. Ti phin hp xt x, ngi chuyn ch yu cu c min trch v vic bc hng ln tu cng i l ngha v ca ngi gi hng. To bc l l ca Hng tu A v tho mn n kin ca ngi nhn hng. Phn quyt nh vy l hon ton hp l v mc d ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng nhng ngi chuyn ch vn phi trng nom theo di vic bc hng. Nu tri ma th phi yu cu ngng lm hng, che ma cho hng, ng thi khng bc ln tu nhng bao ng b t di cng. Nu ngi gi hng vn bc cc bao t ln tu th phi ghi bo lu vo B/L. Tuy

nhin trong trng hp ny thuyn trng cp vn n sch chng t l lc bc hng ln tu hng cha b t. V vy hng tu A phi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht ny l hp l. Bi hc rt ra: Nh vy, trong trng hp ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng, nu hng b t v ma trc lc a ln tu th ngi chuyn ch khng h chu trch nhim, trch nhim thuc v ngi gi hng. Nu ngi gi hng bc c nhng kin b t ln tu th thuyn trng phi ghi bo lu vo vn n rng buc trch nhim ca ngi gi hng sau. Nu thuyn trng khng pht hin c hoc pht hin c nhng vn cp n sch th sau ny ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim trc ngi nhn hng. Hn na, mun xc nh ai l ngi chu trch nhim v tn tht hng ho do t v nc ma trong khi bc hng ti cng th phi xc nh ngha v bc hng thuc v bn no v phi cn c vo php lut p dng cho hp ng. Hng ho c th b tn tht do b ma t ti cng bc hng hoc cng d hng. * Ti cng bc hng Nu ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi chuyn ch th thng thng ch hng hoc cng giao hng s giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch ti cu cng ngi chuyn ch bc d ln tu. Do , k t khi tu nhn hng ti cu cng hoc ti mt a im m t hng c bc ln tu th ngha v chm sc hng thuc v ngi chuyn ch. Trong lc ang bc hng ln tu m b ma th trc ht ngi chuyn ch phi tm ngng lm hng v lp tc phi che ma cho hng. Nu khng c phng tin che ma th coi nh tu khng c kh nng i bin v ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim. Nu c phng tin m khng che chn th ngi chuyn ch cng phi chu trch nhim v khng chm sc bo qun hng ho. Trong trng hp hng c bc ln boong tu, cha kp a vo hm tu, khoang tu m b ma t do tn tht th d p dng bt k lut no ngi chuyn ch cng phi chu trch nhim. Nu ngi chuyn ch li nhng kin hng t th ngi gi hng c quyn i ngi chuyn ch bi thng v khi hng vo tay ngi chuyn ch th hng ho cha h b t. Trng hp ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng th trch nhim v hng t trc lc a ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng. Khi hng c ngi gi bc ln boong tu xp vo hm tu th hng nm trong phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch phi c trch nhim chm sc hng. Hng b t trong thi im ny do hai nguyn

nhn: hoc l tu khng c phng tin che ma hoc c nhng thuyn trng khng yu cu che ma cho hng. C hai nguyn nhn ny u do li ca ngi chuyn ch. Do vy ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim. * Ti cng d hng Khi c a ra khi hm tu, khoang tu, hng ang cn trn boong tu m b t dn n tn tht th d ai d hng, ngi chuyn ch vn phi chu trch nhim v hng vn cn ang nm trong phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Nu tu khng c phng tin che ma th tu b coi l khng kh nng i bin, nu c m khng che th ngi chuyn ch mc li khng chm sc hng. Khi ngi nhn hng t d hng hoc thu ngi khc d m li khng yu cu phng tin che ma t tu, hoc khng che hng b t th ngi nhn hng t gnh chu tn tht do ma gy ra. Trng hp hng c a xung cu cng b ma t. Theo quy tc Hague-Visby, khi hng c a xung cu cng m b ma t th ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim v hng khng cn nm trong phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch na. Theo quy tc Hamburg 1978, hng c a xung cu cng v giao cho ngi nhn hng hoc cho ngi th ba nhn thay cho ngi nhn hng th ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim v tn tht do ma t gy ra. Nu hng c a xung cu cng nhng ngi chuyn ch cha giao cho ngi nhn hng m b t do ma th ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch i vi hng cha kt thc. Theo B lut Hng Hi Vit Nam (iu 108), ngi chuyn ch c ngha v chm sc hng v chu trch nhim v tn tht do h hng, mt mt t lc nhn hng ln tu cho n khi giao hng cho ngi nhn hng nu khng chng minh c rng mnh khng c li. Nh vy, nu hng tn tht do ma trong lc bc d hng m khng phi do li ca ngi chuyn ch th ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim. y ngi chuyn ch c th chng minh li thuc v ngi bc hng ln tu hoc ngi d hng khi tu. Nu ngha v bc, d hng thuc v ngi thu tu m trong qu trnh bc d hng b t v ma th ngi chuyn ch s khng chu trch nhim nhng vi iu kin ngi chuyn ch phi lp c bin bn xc nhn hng b t do ma vi ngi bc d.

Khi ngha v bc d hng ho theo hp ng thu tu thuc v ngi chuyn ch th tn tht do ma s do ngi chuyn ch gnh chu k c khi ngi chuyn ch khng trc tip bc d. Trong v d nu trn, l ra trch nhim thuc v ngi gi hng nhng v thuyn trng cp vn n sch cho nhng bao ng b t nn ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht. Cn trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch thu mt ngi khc bc d hng th khi c tn tht do ma t th ngi chuyn ch vn chu trch nhim trc ngi thu tu. Sau ngi chuyn ch c quyn i li ngi bc xp. Di y l mt s vic c th v trng hp ny. Tm tt v vic: Thc hin mt hp ng thu tu chuyn, cng ty Far East Hongkong cho tu Inch ch 74.430 bao (cha 3.571 T) u tng t Dairen n Hi Phng. Khi tu n cng v d xong hng th pht hin l hng b t, h hi nng. Nguyn nhn mt phn l v ng nc ca tu b v, phn v b ngm nc ma trong lc d hng. Din bin tranh chp: Ngi nhn hng i Far East hai khon bi thng: *1.938,46 Nhn dn t cho h hi v nc ma; *22.127,13 Nhn dn t cho h hi v ng nc v. Sau Far East tr li l hi kin Hi Bo tr v Bi thng v ng nhn trch nhim khon h hi v ng nc v nhng ch bi thng 19.229,47 nhn dn t m khng gii thch v sao v t chi trch nhim cho thit hi v nc ma v cho l s sut ca ngi thu bc d. Trong trng hp ny ch tu lp lun nh vy l bt hp l. Ch tu nhn trch nhim v khon thit hi do ng nc v gy ra th phi bi thng y tr khi c l do xc ng. Tu khng tranh chp nc ma c phi l bt kh khng hay khng m ch nu l do li ca ngi thu bc d. V im ny ngi thu bc d trong khi lm vic di tu coi nh ngi lm cng cho tu v ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v hnh ng ca h. Nu ngi thu bc d khng c bin php hp l bo v hng th thuyn trng phi khng ngh vi h m bo quyn li ca mnh. Do tu phi bi thng tn tht cho ch hng ri truy i ngi bc d sau.

Bi hc rt ra: Khi ngha v bc d hng ho theo hp ng thu tu thuc v ngi chuyn ch nhng ngi chuyn ch khng trc tip bc d m giao cho ngi thu bc d th trong trng hp hng ha c tn tht do ma lc d hng vn s do ngi chuyn ch gnh chu. Sau ngi chuyn ch c th i li ngi thu bc d khon bi thng thit hi trn.

2.4 TRANH CHP V CC PH V THANH TON CC PH * iu khon v cc ph thu tu trong Hp ng thu tu: - Mc cc (Rate of freight): l tin cc tnh cho mi n v cc (Freight unit). Bn cnh mc cc thu tu, hai bn cn phi tho thun chi ph xp d thuc v ai. VD: Freight: USD 30 FIO and Stowed Per Metric Ton (Gi cc l 30 la M mt tn mt, ch tu c min ph xp d v xp hng di tu) hoc USD 30 M3 FIO (30 la M mt mt khi, min ph xp d). - S lng hng ho tnh tin cc:Tin cc c th tnh theo s lng hng ho xp ln tu cng g hng (intaken quantity) hay cn gi l tin cc tnh theo s lng hng ho ghi trn vn n (Bill of lading quantity), hoc tnh theo s lng hng giao ti cng (Delivery quantity). - Thi gian thanh ton tin cc: cc ph thanh ton ti cng bc hng (Freight payable at port of loading), tc l ton b chi ph phi thanh ton khi k vn n (on signing of loading) hoc sau khi k vn n vi ngy. Cc ph thanh ton ti cng d hng (Freight payable at the port of desination) hay cn gi l cc ph tr sau (Freight to collect). V nguyn tc, ngi chuyn ch ch c thanh ton cc ph thu tu khi hng ho thc s c chuyn ch n cng d hng quy nh. Nhng trong vn n hoc hp ng thu tu thng ghi cu: cc ph c coi nh tin thu nhp v chuyn ch khi bc hng ln tu v tr khng ph thuc vo vic tu hoc hng ho b mt hay khng mt. (Freight to be considered as earned upon shipment and must be paid ship and/ or cargo lost or not lost). - Ngoi ra trong iu khon cc ph hai bn cn tho thun v a im thanh ton, t gi hi oi ca ng tin thanh ton, phng thc thanh ton, tin cc ph ng trc (advance freight) 2.4.1 Tranh chp v cc ph

A, Cc khng v trng hp pht sinh cc khng Cc khng (Deadfreight): l khon tin cc ca s lng hng m ngi thu tu tuy tha thun giao xung tu gi i theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu nhng li do nhiu nguyn nhn trn thc t hng khng gi i c, khin cho kh nng chuyn ch ca con tu khng c tn dng, trng ti v dung tch tu dnh cho s hng b b trng. Ngi thu vn cn trch nhim v cc khng v tin pht do mnh gy ra cng xp v trch nhim v cc ph v tin pht cng d hng nu ch tu khng thu c tin thanh ton do vic cm gi hng. Ngi thu c trch nhim cung cp hng y nh thng bo. Khi tu n nhn hng m ch tu khng giao hng theo s lng thng bo th ch tu vn c th tnh cc cho lng hng khng c giao gi l cc khng. Trng hp ngi thu ch cung cp hng thiu, ngi chuyn ch c quyn thu tin cc khng trn phn hng thiu tr khi thu bao. V pha ngi chuyn ch, trong trng hp tu khng ch ht s hng c giao theo quy nh th phi chu ton b chi ph cho lng hng khng ch t t lin n cng cng nh chi ph lu kho, lu bi ca khi lng hng khng ch ht ti cng. Vic pht cc khng cn p dng i vi vic hu hp ng thuc pha ngi thu trc khi tu hnh trnh. Trong trng hp ny th ngi chuyn ch c quyn i bi thng mt na s tin cc ca hp ng. B, Cc trng hp v tranh chp thanh ton cc ph - Cc khng n l 1 Tnh hung: Mt cng ty X k hp ng thu tu vi Cng ty vn ti ng bin Y thu con tu Podison ch du th t Trung Quc v Indonesia. Hp ng quy nh tin cc c ngi thu tr trn gi l 307.500 USD. Ngi thu yu cu tu phi nhn t nht l 600.000 thng du th ti mt cu Cng ni ngoi khi Xijiang. Khi tu Podison n cng Xijang th thi tit rt xu nhng tu vn c php buc dy cp cu v nhn hng. Tuy nhin ch vi gi sau gi thi mnh vi tc 35 hi l/gi, sng dng cao n 6m. Tu khng th nhn hng na v c lnh tho dy, di chuyn ra xa cu cng. Khi tu mi ch nhn c 400.000 thng du. Khi thanh ton cc, ngi thu ch tr cho ngi chuyn ch 181.331 USD tnh tng ng vi s hng m tu thc ch. Ngi chuyn ch khng ng v yu cu thanh ton ton b tin cc. Trc yu cu ,

ngi thu tu cho rng nu h c tr phn cc cn li th h cng buc ch tu phi chu tin pht do ch tu khng xp y v ton b l hng. Ngi thu tu vin dn iu 1 ca hp ng thu tu, theo tu phi xp y ton b du th hoc du thnh phm theo ng ch th ca ngi thu tu. Gii quyt: V vic a ra trng ti phn x. Trng ti cho rng thc t ch tu cung cp mt con tu c kh nng i bin v c kh nng xp y ton b l hng. Do ch tu phi c nhn ton b phn cc cn thiu v khiu ni ca ngi thu tu b trng ti bc b. nh gi Phn quyt nh trn ca trng ti v to n l hon ton hp l. Vic ngi thu vin dn n iu 1 ca hp ng thu tu quy trch nhim cho ngi chuyn ch l khng ng. iu 1 ca hp ng ny khng phi l mt ngha v tuyt i m l mt ngha v tng h (mutual obligation) ca ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu. Theo , ngi chuyn ch phi nhn hng ln tu v ngi thu tu phi cung cp y ton b s hng. Ch tu khng th thc hin c trch nhim xp y v ton b s hng nu ngi thu tu khng cung cp hng. Trong trng hp ny, vic chnh quyn cng Xijiang bt ngng vic xp hng ch n thun l v l do thi tit ch khng lin quan g n bn thn con tu. Hn na chnh ngi thu tu lnh cho tu ri vng nc gn cng Xijiang chy v Innsia d hng trong khi c th yu cu tu ch i v tip tc nhn hng khi thi tit tt hn. Nh vy, vic khng xp y hng khng phi l li ca ch tu v ch tu hon ton khng vi phm hp ng. n l 2 Tnh hung Ngy 22/02/1997, cng ty ch bin v kinh doanh than min Nam k Hp ng thu tu s 85/TMN vi cng ty TNHH Vn Ti Bin Mekng vi ni dung nh sau : Cng ty min Nam thu cng ty Mekng vn chuyn 20.000 tn than (+5%) bng tu bin Thanh Bnh c mn nc 10,22m v trng ti 22.140 tn. Cng xp l cng Cm Ph, cng d l cng Tn Thun. Thi gian tu sn sng xp hng l t 1/3/1997 n 10/3/1997, n gi cc l 70.000 ng/tn. Cng ty than min Nam phi m bo cung cp hng, nu khng hng phi tr cc khng cho cng ty Mekong nh d thu. Qu trnh thc hin hp ng din ra nh sau :

Ngy 14/3/1997, tu n cng Cm Ph v xp hng t 19/3/1997 n 22/3/1997, s lng xp c ti cu cng t 23/3 n 28/3. Trong khong thi gian ny, thuyn trng thng bo 3 ln bng Fax cho cng ty than min Nam vi ni dung yu cu ch hng chuyn ti v xp hng theo hp ng, tu ch ch th ca ch hng khi hnh sm nhng khng nhn c tr li. Ngy 29/3, tu khi hnh theo lnh ca ch hng v v n cng vo ngy 12/4. Ngy 15/4, tu bt u d hng n ngy 5/5. Sau Cng ty than min Nam khng ng thanh ton cc khng theo yu cu ca ch tu. Cng ty Mekong tm gi li trn tu mt s than. Ngi chuyn ch yu cu ngi thu tu thanh ton tin cc khng cho ton b s lng hng ho cn thiu so vi hp ng. Ngi thu tu khng ng vi yu cu trn v lp lun rng ngi chuyn ch vi phm thi gian tu sn sng lm hng nn khng c quyn i pht cc khng. Gii quyt: Do cc bn khng thng lng c vic thanh ton cc khng nn v vic c a ln To Kinh t TAND TP.HCM. To Kinh t tin hnh ho gii nhng khng thnh cng. Cng ty than min Nam khng chp nhn tr cc khng vi s tin 178 triu ng nh cng ty Mekong yu cu. To n phn tch nu tu Thanh Bnh cp cng Cm Ph trong khong thi gian t 01 n 10/03/97 sn sng lm hng, th vo ngy c mc nc thu triu ln nht l ngy 6 v 7/03/97 tu cng ch c kh nng nhn c lng hng ho l 18.213 tn ti cu cng Cm Ph. Nu nh ch hng cn vn chuyn lng hng ho ti thiu theo hp ng l 19.000 tn th bt buc phi chuyn ti 787 tn t cu cng ra v tr neo u an ton. Vic chuyn ti khng c tin hnh sau khi thuyn trng thng bo n ch hng bng fax. Do To n quyt nh rng yu cu thanh ton cc khng cu Cng ty Vn ti bin Mekong ch c chp nhn mt phn cho s lng hng ho 787 tn theo n gi cc vn chuyn trong hp ng l 70.000 ng/tn. Tng s tin cc khng yu cu c chp nhn l 55.090.000 ng. nh gi: Quyt nh nh vy ca to n l hon ton hp l v trong trng hp khng c s vi phm ca ch tu v thi hn sn sng lm hng th ch tu s c quyn tnh tin cc khng trn s lng 2.544 tn. y, do tu n tr v lm hng vo lc nc rng nn ch c thanh ton mt phn cc khng cho s lng hng ho bt buc phi chuyn ti d tu c thc hin ng thi gian quy nh ca hp ng. Lp lun ca Cng ty than min Nam cho rng Cng ty Mekong vi phm hp ng v iu khon thi hn sn sng lm hng nn hon ton khng chu cc khng l khng ph hp vi s tho thun trong hp ng v vi thc t din ra. V pha Cng ty Mekong, yu cu ca Cng ty than min Nam phi thanh ton ton b tin cc khng trn s lng cn thiu so vi

hp ng v cho rng ch hng khng c hng xp xung tu l khng c c s. Nh vy mi bn phi chu mt phn trch nhim nh trn. 2.4.2 Tranh chp v thanh ton cc ph A, Cc phng thc thanh ton cc ph Vn thanh ton cc cng l mt vn quan trng v kh rc ri trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng thu tu chuyn. Vic thanh ton cc thu tu chuyn c th c tin hnh mt trong ba cch sau: - Cc ph tr trc (Freight Prepaid): ngi thu phi tr ton b tin cc cho ch tu sau khi xp xong hng hoc sau khi k B/L mt s ngy do hai bn quy nh nu bn theo CIF, CF. Th d: Cc ph phi tr trong vng 04 ngy k t ngy k B/L, khng c khu tr v khng hon li d tu v/hoc hng mt hay khng mt (freight to be paid in four days after signing B/L, discountless and not returnable, ship and/or cargo lost or not lost). - Cc ph tr sau (Freight to collect): Thi im tr c th n nh: Tr tin trc khi m hm tu d hng (freight payable before breaking bulkb.b.b). Tr ng thi vi vic d hng (freight payable concurent ith discharge) Tr sau khi d xong hng (freight payable after completion of discharge) Tr trc mt phn v tr sau mt phn (advance freight). Th d: tr 80% tin cc ti cng xp sau khi k B/L, s tin cn li tr t trong vng 5 ngy sau khi d hng xong. Vic gi li mt phn tin cc nhm gip ngi thu gy p lc nu c tranh chp, thng pht vi hng tu. Hp ng cng phi quy nh tin cc c thanh ton ti ngn hng no, cch thc tr tin... B, Cc trng hp tranh chp thanh ton cc ph cm gi hng, bt gi tu n l

Tnh hung: Cui nm 1994, Tng cng ty VSC Vit Nam nhp ca hng ROY Chu u 1470 tn thp gc. Hng c mua theo iu kin CIF INCOTERMS 1990 cng Hi Phng.

Sau khi hp ng mua bn bt u c hiu lc, ROY thu tu GAN ca hng tu CHER Chu u ch s hng trn sang Vit Nam. 1470 tn thp gc c xp trn 4 s lan, sau 4 s lan ny c bc ln tu GAN. Trc khi tu n Vit Nam, Tng cng ty VSC m th tn dng qua Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam (VIETCOMBANK) thanh ton ton b tin hng trong ghi r chng t phi np bao gm c vn n "cc tr trc". Khi hng c bc ln tu, d cha nhn c tin cc nhng ch tu vn cp vn c du "cc tr" cho hng ROY v hng ny chuyn cho ngn hng c thanh ton. Vn n ca Cher cp cho VSC ghi lut iu chnh quan h gia ch tu v ngi nhn hng l Cng c Quc T v vn n 1924 v sa i 1968 (Quy tc Hague Visby). Khi tu n Hi Phng, Tng cng ty VSC xut trnh vn n cng cc chng t hp l khc nhn hng th ch tu t chi giao hng vi l do l h cha nhn c tin cc mc d vn n ghi r cc tr trc. H cn cho bit rng s d cc cha thu xong v ngi thu tu yu cu y nhanh tc bc hng ri s tr cc nn ch tu ng ghi vo vn n l cc tr. Sau ny qua iu tra ch tu cho bit hng ROY ang trn b vc thm ph sn, v vy h kh lng thanh ton cc cho ch tu. Xut pht t tnh hnh hng CHER quyt nh bt gi ton b 1470 tn thp ca VSC ti Hi Phng v yu cu VSC tr ton b tin cc th mi nhn c hng. Tng cng ty VSC nhiu ln thuyt phc CHER tr hng song h vn khng khng t chi. Ngoi ra VSC cn c mt on cn b sang tn tr s ch tu CHER Chu u u tranh trc tip vi ch tu yu cu tr ngay 1470 tn hng cho mnh. Trc nhng l lun sc bn, hp l hp tnh ca VSC, ch tu xung thang ng tr hng trn 3 s lan song vn gi li 371 tn trn s lan th t v tuyn b ch tr nt 371 tn hng khi no thu hi c ton b tin cc. Vi s gip ca cc chuyn gia lut hng hi Trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam (VIAC), Hi bo tr ch tu ca CHER London (UK P&I) cng ln ting ng h VSC. Tuy vy, CHER vn pht l tt c mi lp lun trn v tip tc gi bt hp php 371 tn thp gc tr gi 99501 USD ca Tng cng ty VSC. Gii quyt: Trc tnh hnh ni trn, vi s gip ca cc chuyn gia lut hng hi VIAC, VSC khi kin hng tu CHER ti to n Hi Phng v vic bt gi hng tri lut. Ngy 14/10/1995, bng Quyt nh s 101/Q To n Hi Phng ra lnh cng ch

yu cu hng tu CHER v i l ca h ti Vit Nam phi tr hng cho Tng cng ty VSC. Theo iu 81, khon 2 B Lut Hng Hi Vit Nam v quy tc Hague-Visby cng nh UCP500 v Incoterms 1990, k t khi nhn vn n, VSC l ngi hon ton c s hu, s dng v nh ot s hng trn. iu 94 B lut hng hi Vit Nam quy nh nu hng ho c chuyn ch theo vn n th ngi nhn hng ch phi thanh ton cc chi ph nh ghi trong vn n. Trong trng hp ny, vn n ni r cc tr ri (freight prepaid) v vy VSC khng c ngha v phi tr bt c mt khon no na. nh gi: Vi hnh ng bt gi hng nh trn ch tu mc phi mt sai lm v theo thng l hng hi quc t, mt khi vn n ghi r cc tr trc ri v chuyn giao cho ngi mua th ch tu khng cn quyn ni l cc cha tr (cho d trn thc t ch tu c th cha thu c cc). Cng v th m ch tu khng c php bt gi hng. Vic ghi cc tr trn vn n l vic ca ch tu v ngi thu, cn ngi nhn hng khng cn bit quan h thanh ton thc h ra sao. Vn y l vn quan h gia ngi thu tu (trong trng hp ny l ngi bn CIF) vi ngi chuyn ch. Trong v vic ny, ngi chuyn ch phm sai lm l mc d ngi thu cha thanh ton cc nh tho thun trong hp ng nhng ngi chuyn ch vn thc hin theo hp ng v li ghi vo vn n l cc tr. Do vy ngi chuyn ch phi hon ton chu trch nhim v khng c quyn bt gi hng ca ngi nhn ti cng n. R rng ngi thu khng thc hin ng hp ng v iu khon thanh ton cc v ngi ch tu lm sai nguyn tc khi xc nhn cc tr vo vn n nn dn n tranh chp trn. Nh vy, iu khon thanh ton cc cn c quy nh r rng v cht ch trong hp ng thu tu v mt khi quy nh nh th no th cc bn phi thc hin ng nh vy, khng nn vi phm dn n nhng tranh chp v vic bt gi hng khng ng c nh trn. Tnh hung tranh chp

Tnh hung: Mt cng ty ti Vit Nam (cng ty A) nhp khu 2500 tn (MT) thp t cng ty B (Chu u) theo gi CIF (Incoterms 2000) Haiphong c ch trn tu M/S DURIAN (hng BKRC). Cng ty A m L/C ti Vietcombank thanh ton tin hng. Trong L/C

c ghi "Freight Prepaid". Khi nhn hng xong th BKRC cp vn n cho cng ty B ghi r "Lut iu chnh gia ch tu v ngi nhn hng l Hague - Visby Rules". Tu n cng Haiphong, cng ty A xut trnh Vn n v cc chng t hp l khc nhn hng nhng tu t chi giao hng vi l do "cha nhn c tin cc" v c gii thch thm " y nhanh tc xp hng, sau khi hng ln tu, ngi ch tu mi nhn tin cc". Mt l do khc na l cng ty B ang trn b vc ph sn nn khng kh nng chi tr cc, nu c i. Vy trng hp ny phi gii quyt nh th no l thch hp v t tn km nht. Phn tch tnh hung v phng n gii quyt: Quan h gia ngi vn chuyn (hng BKRC) v ngi thu vn chuyn (Cng ty B) iu chnh theo hp ng thu tu. Vic khiu ni thanh ton tin cc gia 2 i tng ny thc hin theo hp ng thu tu. Quan h gia ngi vn chuyn v ngi nhn hng hp php (Cng ty A) iu chnh theo quy nh trong vn n. Vn n hp l, ghi r "Freight Prepaid" th ngi s hu vn n c xut trnh ng vn n gc l c quyn nhn hng, khng cn quan tm n vic cc tr hay cha. Nu ngi vn chuyn t chi giao hng khi tu n cng tr hng l h vi phm trch nhim theo quy nh ca lut hng hi v vn n. Ngi nhn hng c quyn kin v yu cu to n lnh bt gi tu. Tuy nhin, iu kh duy nht vi ngi nhn hng l thc hin vic bt gi tu bin ti Vit Nam li l vn khng n gin. Theo php lnh bt gi tu bin 05/2008/PL-UBTVQH12 c hiu lc t 1/7/2009 th ngi yu cu bt gi tu bin phi c bo m ti chnh cho yu cu bt gi ny, di hnh thc chng t bo lnh bng ti sn ca bn th 3 nh ngn hng, t chc tn dng hoc bo m bng phong to ti sn, chng t c gi khc. Nu bn yu cu bt gi tu khng p ng c yu cu ny th coi nh khng th thc hin c vic bt gi tu. Thm vo , nu ngi vn chuyn hoc ch tu l doanh nghip ln ca Vit Nam, nh nc c tham gia gp vn ch s hu th vic bt gi tu ti Vit Nam thng l bt kh thi. Ngi vn chuyn c quyn cm gi hng ho da vo iu khon "lien on cargo" trong hp ng thu tu, i khi c tch hp vo loi vn n "used with charter party" nh Congen bill, nhng thc tin lut chng minh h khng th vn dng iu khon vo trng tnh hung ny c, nht l khi tu n cng tr hng.

Hng tu phi gii quyt vn cc vi Cng ty B theo hp ng vn chuyn, v nu B c ph sn th hng tu c x l s tin n theo trnh t ch n u tin trong lut ph sn. 2.5 TRANH CHP V CCH TNH THI GIAN XP D V THNG PHT XP D 2.5.1. Tranh chp v mc tnh thi gian xp d Mt hp ng chuyn ch thng cp n mc tnh thi gian xp hng hay d hng ph thuc vo vic NOR c giao v chp nhn khi no, thng l sau 1 s gi hoc mt s ngy k t khi N c trao hoc chp nhn c trao. Trc nm 1990, mt s trng ti Anh cho php NOR nu c trao sm s c hiu lc sau . Tuy nhin, theo quyt nh ca To Thng thm (Court of Appeal) nm 1990, ch khi c thng bo sn sng xp/d hng hp l m p ng tt c nhng iu kin trong hp ng thu tu mi c th tnh thi gian xp hng. Chng hn thi gian lm hng s c tnh t u nu NOR c trao khi con tu sn sng xp hng nhng khng phi v tr quy nh nh trong hp ng thu tu hoc khi con tu n v tr c quy nh trong hp ng mun hn. Sau y l mt s v n tranh chp in hnh: n l 1:

Tu "AGAMEMNON" c k kt chuyn ch hng ho theo mu Gencon vo 4/10/1995 hnh trnh t Baton Rouge- mt cng trn sng Mississipi, bang Lousiana, Hoa K - ti Brisbance, Australia. Hp ng thu tu quy nh: Thi gian b mt do phi i vo cu cng s c tnh nh l thi gian xp/d hng" (iu 8) "Khi mt cu cng khng sn sng v con tu hay gn cng nh n c php, thuyn trng c th gi NOR t v tr v thi gian lm hng s bt u nh th con tu trong cu cng(iu 32) Tu "Agamemnon" South West Pass - khu vc tu i vo sng Mississipi vo lc 23h ngy 5/10 v thuyn trng trao NOR t v tr ny. Mc d SouthWestPass theo tp qun l khu vc i tu vo sng Mississipi nhng n cch cng xp hng

Baton Rouge khong 170 dm. Con tu n Baton Rouge lc 10 gi 25 pht ngy 7/10 nhng thuyn trng khng trao thm mt NOR no khc na. V cu cng m con tu c php u c mt tu khc ch xp hng ri nn con tu ny mi ti 20 gi 30 pht ngy 8/10 mi cp cu cng v phi ti 15 gi ngy 9/10 mi bt u xp hng. - Theo ch tu, mc d South West Pass khng phi l im gn vi Baton Rouge, nhng m vic gi thng bo sn sng xp hng vo thi im vo ngy 5/10, thuyn trng thc hin c mc ch ca bn thng bo (Fulfilled the purpose of the Notice). Hn na, khi ngi thu tu thng xuyn lin h vi tu trong sut hnh trnh ca tu ti sng Mississipi, ngi thu tu nn chp nhn NOR trao trc nh mt thng bo c hiu lc khi con tu n Baton Rouge vo ngy 7/10. Do theo ch tu, thi gian lm hng bt u tnh vo ngy 7/10. - Ngi thu tu phn i. H lp lun rng NOR c trao vo ngy 5/7 l khng c hiu lc v n khng c trao im gn nht Baton Rouge nh quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. Theo h, thi gian lm hng bt u khi tu bt u xp hng vo ngy 9/10 v thuyn trng khng trao thng bo sn sng mi t Baton Rouge. - Khi v vic trn c a ra ta, ta cho rng thi gian lm hng bt u ch khi mt thng bo sn sng c hiu lc c trao theo nhng iu kin trong hp ng thu tu. Theo ta, hp ng i hi mt NOR c trao t nht l t im gn Baton Rouge nht v do NOR c trao t South West Pass khng tha mn iu kin ny. Do thi gian lm hng ch bt u t lc 10 gi 15 pht ngy 9/10 khi m vic xp hng c thc s bt u. Ta cng lin h vi mt quyt nh nm 1970, trong ch ra rng thuyn trng nn tip tc trao NOR , nu thuyn trng trao NOR ri th laytime s c bt u. Mt khc, quan ta lp lun rng l ra thuyn trng c th d dng trao NOR ln th 2 bt u laytime Baton Rouge vo ngy 7/10 nhng trn thc t li khng lm nh vy. Ni dung v n 2:

Tu NOTOS c thu chuyn theo mu STB ch du t vnh Pecxich i Mohamedia (Maroc). Hp ng thu tu quy nh: Tu c php trao TBSS ngay sau khi n cng d, bt lun c cu hay khng c cu (berth or not berth)(iu 6)

iu 8 ni r thm nu v nguyn nhn bt k no ngoi mun ca ngi thu, tu khng lm hng c th thi gian khng c tnh nh thi gian ch cu. Ngay sau khi n cng d, tu trao TBSS, nhng v ang c bo t trong khu vc nn tu khng cp cu d hng c. Thi k (I) ny ko di trong sut 20 ngy. Sau khi thi tit cho php, chic cu chuyn dng duy nht ca cng li b mt tu khc chim mt 3 ngy thi k (II). Sau 3 ngy , tu NOTOS mi chnh thc c vo cu d hng. Tip theo thi k (III) bin li ng v tu NOTOS phi ri cu ra phao ch mt 5 ngy. Sau thi tit tr li bnh thng, tu mi vo cu li c v d ht hng. Thi gian lm hng vt qu thi gian cho php. Ch tu i ngi thu phi tr tin pht trn c s tnh c 3 thi k ni trn vo thi gian lm hng. Ngc li, ngi thu khng ng nn v vic c a ra trng ti. Trng ti xem xt mi tnh tit v kt lun rng ch tu khng c tnh thi k (I) vo thi gian lm hng nhng c tnh ton b thi k (II) v 1/2 thi k (III). Nh vy, trong v tranh chp trn, ngi thu tu gp 3 tnh hung bt li dn n 3 thi k khng tin hnh vic d hng c. Da trn cc iu khon trong hp ng, trng ti v to n quyt nh thi k no c tnh vo thi gian lm hng, thi k no khng tnh. Qua cc v n trn, chng ta thy rng vic quy nh thi gian lm hng c tnh, d tu vo cng hay cha, cp cu hay cha, lm xong th tc kim nh hay cha, lm xong th tc hi quan hay cha hoc thi gian ch tu s tnh vo thi gian lm hngs rt bt li cho ngi thu tu v s xy ra trng hp l cha bt u xp hoc d hng th thi gian lm hng ht v ngi thu tu lun b pht. Nn gch b nhng quy nh hoc sa li cho ph hp vi li ch ca ngi thu tu. 2.5.2. Tranh chp v cch tnh thi gian xp d Chng ta thng gp trong cc hp ng thu tu chuyn quy nh mc xp d l ngy lm vic thi tit tt... y khi nim thi tit tt khng c quy nh c th, chi tit bt k mt vn bn no, ni cch khc, ngi ta khng th lng ha c thut ng ngy lm vic thi tit tt. Theo thng l hng hi quc t, ngy lm vic thi tit tt l ngy khng c ma, bo hay gi to, cho php cc bn tin hnh cng vic xp d hng ha. Tuy nhin i khi vn xy ra tranh chp v khi nim ny, chng hn gi cp no th

c gi l gi to, liu c mt quy tc chung quy nh sc gi mt cp nht nh s dn n vic ngng xp d hng ha v liu thi gian lm hng trong thi gian c c tr i hay khng. Theo quan im ca Trng ti Hng hi Lun n, gi cng ging nh ma, tuyt...l mt trng thi ca thin nhin c th cho php ngi thu tu c quyn tr hon thi gian lm hng nu hp ng thu tu iu chnh c cha iu khon lin quan n vn ny, v d: ngy lm vic 24 gi lin tc thi tit tt (weather working day of 24 consecutive hours), hoc thi tit cho php (weather permitting). Tuy nhin vn l khng c tiu chun khch quan no o sc gi ny t cho php ngi thu tu c th vin vo iu khon min tr do thi tit (weather exception). Cng c nhng cng a ra nhng quy tc an ton quy nh rng khi sc gi vt qu mt mc nht nh, vic lm hng phi c tr hon m bo an ton. Ti liu ca Bimco c ni n vn ny: vic lm hng c th b tm ngng khi sc gi vt qu mc 15m/giy. Bimco cng a ra cc tiu chun hp l khc xc nh khi no ngi thu tu c th vn dng iu khon min tr do gi. V d: nu vic lm hng b tm ngng v cc nh chc trch ca cng v/hoc nhng quy nh ca cng kt lun rng mt sc gi nht nh s gy nguy him cho vic xp hng, khi ngi thu tu c quyn p dng iu khon min tr do thi tit nh khi mt hp ng thu tu c quy nh c th. Tranh chp v cch tnh thi gian xp d rt thng xuyn xy ra, c th l do hai bn khng hiu r quan im ca nhau, d v tnh hay c . Tranh chp sau y l mt minh chng: Ch tu R ng thnh ph H Ch Minh tha thun cho mt thng nhn S Hong Kong thu tu ch 5200MT g trn t Rangoon ti Huangpu, Trung Quc, theo : - Tu phi n cng xp hng v sn sng cho vic xp hng t ngy 5 n 15/2/1992 (thi gian tu n cng xp hng). - Thi gian lm hng: 10 WWDSHEXEU Thng pht xp d: 1500 USD/3000 USD/ngy. Tu R n Rangoon vo th 6 ngy 12/2/1992 v trao NOR lc 17 gi 10 pht. Theo iu khon thi gian lm hng trong hp ng thu tu, thi gian s tnh t 1 gi chiu ngy th 7. Ch tu gi in hi ngi thu tu xem hng ha sn sng xp hay cha v v cha c s tr li ca ngi thu tu, ch tu hi i l ca h cng Rangoon, ch tu nghi ng l ngi thu tu khng th c s lng hng nh hp ng quy nh.

V thy ngi thu tu tip tc im lng, ch tu i cho n khi thi gian lm hng ht vo ngy 27/3/1992 v gi cho ngi thu tu mt telex thng bo cho h rng nu ch tu khng nhn c tr li ca ngi thu tu trong ngy hm xc nhn rng ngi thu tu s xp s g nh hp ng quy nh ln tu, ch tu s buc phi kt lun rng ngi thu tu khng th xp hng ln tu v coi nh ngi thu tu khng tun th hp ng, khi ch tu s li tu i. Vn khng c tr li t pha ngi thu tu. Do trong ngy tip theo ch tu gi mt telex xc nhn rng h chp nhn thi ca ngi thu tu nh l s vi phm hp ng v gi y ch tu c quyn li tu i. Sau ch tu ch mt chuyn hng Ur thay th v n ngy 12/3/1992 tu R t Lhok Indonexia i TP HCM. Ch tu khiu ni i ngi thu tu np tin pht xp d chm khong 7000 USD (ngoi tin cc khng v cc chi ph khc pht sinh). Ngi thu tu ph nhn rng h vi phm hp ng. Tri li h cn khng nh rng ch tu thc hin khng ng hp ng thu tu bng cch li tu i khi ngi thu tu cha bao gi th hin rng h s khng thc hin hp ng ny v v th ngi thu tu i ch tu bi thng thit hi. Trng ti cho rng trn thc t ch tu khng c quyn suy lun t s im lng ca ngi thu tu l h khng thc hin hp ng. Do bn thng bo ca ch tu gi vo ngy 28 v 29/2/1992 khng c gi tr g. Tuy nhin trng ti tm ra bng chng xc nh rng vo ngy 29/2 khi ch tu chm dt hp ng thu tu ngi thu tu hon ton khng c hng ha bc hng ln tu. Ngi thu tu cng khng th chng minh c kh nng thc hin hp ng ca mnh trc khi vic chm dt hp ng xy ra. Hn na ngi thu tu khng th a ra nhng ti liu cn thit chng t h thc s c yu cu chuyn ch hng ha. Do trng ti kt lun trong v ny ch tu thng kin v c quyn i tin pht xp d chm trc khi hp ng chm dt. 2.5.3. Tranh chp v thi gian tu ch i Trong thc t c nhiu tranh chp v vic thi gian tu n cng m hng cha c xp hoc do cc s c khc th thi gian tu phi ch i c c tnh l thi gian xp d hay khng. Vn ny ty thuc vo cc iu khon trong hp ng thu tu v ty vo tng s c, nguyn nhn c th. Di y l mt s v d minh ha cho vn ny:

n l 1:

Hng tu Atlantic Shipping nhn ch hng t Cng Caen n Houston trn con tu LOUEAS N. Hp ng quy nh: Thi gian tu ch cu cng xp/d coi nh thi gian xp/d hng (iu 5 v 6). Thi gian lm hng quy nh c xp v d l 14 ngy, mi ngy 24 gi lin tc, ngy l, ch nht khng tnh(iu 20) Nu v nh cng m hng ha khng xp hay d c th thi gian xp d khng tnh trong khi nh cng ang tip din(iu 39) Ti cng xp tu phi ch mt 1 ngy 9h 45 pht. Ti cng n, tu phi ch 49 ngy 10 gi 30 pht do cng nhn nh cng. Ngi chuyn ch yu cu ngi thu tu tnh thi tu ch i vo thi gian lm hng v bi thng khon thit hi cho ngi chuyn ch. Trc yu cu , ngi thu tu vin dn iu 5,6 v 39 trong hp ng v lp lun rng thi gian tu cng Houston l v cng nhn nh cng, do nh cng ko di. D tu c vo cu i chng na th cng khng th tin hnh lm hng c nn ch tu khng th bt ngi thu chu. V vic c a ra Ta n Anh v ta phn tch rng iu 5 v 6 ni v thi gian tu ch i khng lin quan g ti iu 39 ni v nh cng. Mt khi tu ch i th phi tnh t lc bt u ch cho n khi chm dt. iu 39 ni v nh cng mun m ch tnh hnh sau khi tu n v sn sng lm hng. iu khon ny ch min trch cho ngi thu khi cng vic xp d ang tin hnh ch khng th p dng cho khon thi gian trc khi tu vo cu cng v sn sng xp d. Do ch p dng iu 5 v 6 xt x. Cui cng ta quyt nh thi gian mt mt v ch cu phi c coi nh thi gian xp d v khng min tr cho ngi thu tu. n l 2:

Cng ty A thu tu Finx ch ng cc t River Plate i Nampo (Triu Tin). Hp ng quy nh: Thi gian tu ch i cu cng (Berth) tnh nh thi gian d hng. Tc d hng mi ngy lm vic lin tc l: 1000 tn/ WWDSHEXEU (iu 6) Thi gian d hng tnh t 13 gi nu NOR a bui sng, tnh t 8 gi sng hm sau nu NOR a vo bui chiu (iu 48)

17 gi ngy 18/6 tu n ni d hng l im thng d hng bng chuyn ti. 18 gi 30 tu trao NOR. 8 gi ngy 11/6 NOR c chp nhn. 13 gi cng ngy bt u tnh thi gian lm hng nhng khng d c hng. Tu phi ch n 23 gi ngy 5/7. T cho n 1 gi ngy 6/7 tu chuyn ch u t sng vo cu d hng. Vic d hng hon thnh vo lc 17 gi ngy 21/7. Theo ngi thu tu, thi gian lm hng bt u tnh t 13 gi ngy 11/6 v ht hn ngy 4/7. Nh vy s tin pht l 54.000 USD. Ngi thu khng chp nhn thi gian ch i trc 13 gi ngy 11/6 v trong thi gian t 11/6 n 4/7 khng c tnh nhng ngy ngh v ngy ma. Ch tu lp lun rng, iu 6 bt u c hiu lc t lc tu n cng v khng min tr ngy ngh v ngy ma. Do thi gian lm hng ht hn t ngy 25/6 nh vy ngi thu phi bi thng 74.000 USD. Vn c t ra y l iu 6 c p dng cho mt chuyn tu n khng ? Lut hng hi Anh quy nh thi gian ch cu tnh ring v khng lin quan ti thi gian lm hng. Do , nu trong hp ng quy nh Thi gian ch cu c tnh nh thi gian xp/d hng (Time lost in waiting for berth to count as loading/discharging time) th nhng thi gian c min tnh trong thi gian lm hng khng p dng c min tnh cho ngi thu trong thi gian ch cu. Nh vy y lp lun ca ch tu l hp l. min tnh thi gian min tr trong thi gian lm hng (laytime) i vi thi gian xp d hng (Loading/Discharging time) th trong hp ng phi quy nh rng thi gian ch i cu c tnh nh thi gian lm hng (Time lost in waiting for berth to count as laytime). Nh vy bng cch no th trong hp ng phi quy nh tht r rng iu khon ny, v tin pht ch i tnh t chi ph mt ngy tu trong hch ton kinh doanh. Tu cng ln v trng ti th chi ph cng ln v tranh chp ny thng xuyn xy ra trong hp ng thu tu. Mt v n tranh chp v thi gian i cu bn khc:

Ch tu v ngi thu tu k kt mt hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin. Ch tu c ngha v ch hng n Le Havre. Ngy 29 thng 7 tu n ni nhng phi th neo lc 13h 42 pha ngoi cng do nc rng. Vo thi im cu cng cng khng trong tnh trng sn sng do ang

c mt tu khc ti cu cng. Tu phi i mc nc triu cng tip theo. Cc bn ng rng trong mi trng hp, ngay c khi cu cng khng bn, th tu cng khng th vo cng trc 20h30, tc l 6 gi 48 pht k t khi th neo do phi i triu cng. Thc t th mi n 19h00 ngy 4 thng 8 cu cng mi trng, nhng phi n 23h54 cng ngy khi c triu cng tu mi nh neo vo cu. Tranh chp lin quan n khong thi gian 6 gi 48 pht m tu phi ch vo cu cng. Ch tu cho rng thi gian ch i bt u t khi tu n ni th neo do ngi thu tu phi chu trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho khong thi gian ny. Trong khi , ngi thu tu cho rng vic ch i l do nc rng nn tu khng th tip cn cu cng, v vy anh ta khng phi chu bt k trch nhim g. Phn quyt ca trng ti: U ban trng ti ra phn quyt chp nhn yu cu ca ch tu v trch dn li l do trong Phn quyt s 371 ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1980 ca Phng Trng ti Hng hi Paris: "Ch tu ch phi chu mi ri ro lin quan n vic di chuyn thc t ca tu pht sinh khi cu cng ni tu phi cp trong tnh trng sn sng Theo quan im ca ngi thu tu, ch tu phi chu trch nhim cho c hai ln tu khng th vo cu cng do iu kin nc rng. Ln th nht l khi tu mi n v v mt l thuyt, tu khng th cp cu cng c ngay c nu lc cu cng tnh trng sn sng. Ln th hai l khi cu cng sn sng nhng tu vn khng vo c cu cng. U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca ngi thu tu vi l do khng th bt ch tu chu trch nhim hai ln ni trn khi nhng ri ro l hu qu trc tip ca vic ngi thu tu khng thc hin ngha v bo m cu cng trng thi sn sng lm hng khi tu n. Mt chuyn gia ca Phng Trng ti Hng hi Paris bnh lun v vic ny nh sau: y l mt phn quyt c tnh nguyn tc bi cc bn mun s dng cch gii quyt ca U ban trng ti trong v vic ny gii quyt mt s tranh chp khc c tr

gi kinh t ln hn. R rng l c th c mt s ri ro khc ngoi thu triu c th khin tu chm tr trong vic cp cu, d l s kin t nhin hay l hu qu ca hnh ng ca con ngi, v c th khin tu b chm khng ch vi gi m cn c th l vi ngy hay vi tun. Mt s kin khc cho rng s l cng bng hn nu nhng ri ro tn ti vt khi tm kim sot ca ch tu sau khi tu n l thuc trch nhim ca ch tu hn l thuc trch nhim ca ngi thu tu khi cu cng sau sn sng lm hng. Tuy vy, quan nim ny vp phi mt tr ngi khng th vt qua l khng ai c quyn xc nh hu qu ca mt lng ln cc ri ro hng hi khi m bn thn tu khng h trc tip ng u vi mt ri ro no. Mt trn gi mnh, sng m hay mt cuc nh cng c th l mt tr ngi khng th vt qua i vi mt s tu nhng li khng phi nh vy i vi nhng tu khc. ng l chnh thuyn trng ch khng phi ai khc l ngi phi quyt nh c i mt vi nhng ri ro hay khng. Tuy nhin, y khng phi l mt tiu ch chnh xc bi quyt nh l mt chuyn cn c t c hay khng li l mt chuyn khc. U ban trng ti c yu cu phi a ra mt nguyn tc chung c th p dng trong mi trng hp. Do U ban trng ti cho rng cn phi khng nh nguyn tc: cc hu qu ca cc ri ro hng hi ch c th c tnh khi chng l nhng s kin thc t v phi c b qua nu ngc li. Khi tu tr thnh tu n (arrived ship) ngha l tu trng thi sn sng lm hng. Nu v mt l do no (tr bt kh khng) m cu cng khng sn sng th tu vn c quyn tnh cc khong thi gian ch i. Trong trng hp ny, khi tu n, cu cng cha sn sng lm hng, do tu c quyn tnh thi gian ch i khng ph thuc vo vic khi bn thn tu c th cp cng hay khng. T cc v tranh chp trn c th thy rng vn tu ch i l mt vn tng i phc tp trong vic tnh thi gian lm hng. V vy trong hp ng thu tu cn phi quy nh c th v r rng trnh nhng tranh chp trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng v sau ny.

2.5.4. Tranh chp v thng pht xp d

Nhn chung trong tt c cc mu hp ng thu tu u c quy nh c th iu khon thi gian lm hng v thng pht xp d. Theo quy nh ca iu khon ny th khi ngi thu tu xp d hng mun hn thi gian quy nh th s b pht tin xp d chm (demurrage), v nu ngc li th s c thng khon tin xp d nhanh (dispatch). Tuy nhin vic tnh ton cc khon ny cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh mc thng pht, thi gian (s ngy, gi) thng pht...Do , thc t y l vn phc tp v d pht sinh tranh chp. A,Tranh chp v thng xp d nhanh (Dispatch) Ngy 26/7/2000, cng ty Vedan Vit Nam k hp ng thu tu thu cng ty Bharat Impex ch 30.000 MT mui cng nghip t cng Sikka- n v cng G Gia Vng Tu. Theo hp ng, l hng ny c ch trn tu Wintec. Trong hp ng quy nh: - Mc xp/d mi ngy lm vic lin tc l 3.000MT/WWDSHEXEU - Mc pht xp d chm l 6.000USD/day - Mc thng xp d nhanh l 3.000USD/day Tu Wintec cp cng G Gia v trao NOR vo lc 14 gi ngy 4/8/2000. Ngi thu tu bt u d hng vo lc 22 gi cng ngy. Sau , ngi thu tu yu cu ngi chuyn ch thng xp d nhanh. Ngi chuyn ch ng v tnh tin thng nh sau: - Bt u d hng: 22,00 gi ngy 4/8/2000 - D hng xong: 4,50 gi ngy 11/8/2000 - Tng thi gian d hng: 150,50 gi - Ngy ma: 11,17 gi - Thi gian d hng thc s (sau khi tr ngy ma): 139,33gi, tng ng vi 5,81 ngy. Theo quy nh ca hp ng: - Lng d hng: 30.000MT - T l d: 3.000MT/ngy - Thi gian d quy nh: 240 gi tc 10 ngy Theo :

- Thi gian c thng d nhanh: 100h67'(=240h-139,33h) tc 4,19 ngy - Tin thng d hng nhanh: 4,19 ngy 3.000 =12.570USD Tuy nhin, ngi thu tu khng ng v lp lun rng: theo quy nh ca hp ng thi gian d l 10 ngy lm vic tt tri, khng tnh ngy l v ch nht ngay c khi c dng. Bt u d hng t 22h ngy 4/8/2000. Nu tnh t ngy cho 10 ngy lm vic lin tc tt tri th thi gian hon thnh s l 9h17' ngy 16/8 v trong thi gian c mt ch nht v 11,17 gi ma. Nhng nh d hng nhanh, tu c th ri cng vo lc 4h30 ngy 11/8/2000. Nh vy khong thi gian c thng phi tnh thm mt ngy (ngy ch nht). Ta hy theo di bng sau:

Din bin Th, ngy , gi, nm 14h ngy 04/08/2000 22h ngy 04/08/2000 Ch nht ngy 05/08/2000 Th 2 ngy 06/08/2000 Th 3 ngy 07/08/2000 Th 4 ngy 08/08/2000 Th 5 ngy 09/08/2000 Th 6 ngy 10/08/2000 4,50h ngy 11/08/2000 Ch nht ngy 12/08/2000 Th 2 ngy 13/08/2000 Th 3 ngy 14/08/2000 Th 4 ngy 15/08/2000 9h17p ngy 16/08/2000 S kin Tu cp cng, trao NOR Bt u xp d Tip tc nt nt nt nt Tri ma 11h 17p xp xong nt nt nt nt Ht hn

Thi gian cho php Pht thng D H M D H M

1 1 1 1 12 4 43 50 1 1 1 1 9 17 19 10

Tng cng

19

33

27

Hai bn tranh ci kh lu v vn ny v v sau, trng ti phn quyt phn thng thuc v ngi chuyn ch. S d c tranh chp nh trn l v trong hp ng thu tu ch quy nh mc thng m khng ghi r thng cho thi gian no: ton b thi gian tit kim c (for all time saved) hay ch thi gian lm vic tit kim c (for working time saved) Nu hp ng quy nh thng cho ton b thi gian tit kim c th yu cu ca ngi thu tu l hp l. Ngc li, ngi chuyn ch s thng nu quy nh thng cho thi gian lm vic tit kim c. Nh vy nu ngay t lc k kt hp ng thu tu, hai bn tho thun v quy nh r vn ny th tranh chp khng xy ra v hai bn tit kim c chi ph kin tng, thi gian v sc lc. B, Tranh chp v pht xp d chm (Demurage) Theo quy nh ca hp ng, nu ngi thu tu xp d hng ho mun hn thi gian quy nh th s b pht mt khon tin gi l tin pht xp d chm. Trong thc tin cng tc thu tu c mt nguyn l c gii ch tu tha nhn v p dng trong vic tnh ton mc thng pht l mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht (Once on demurrage always on demurrage). iu ny c ngha l khi khong thi gian cho php (laytime) quy nh trong hp ng dng xp hoc d hng ht th ngi thu phi tr tin pht cho ch tu cho nhng ngy chm tr tip theo. Nhng ngy ny bao gm c nhng ngy ch nht, ngy l, ngy ma m l ra trong laytime c min tr. Nh vy ngi thu phi tr tin pht cho tt c mi thi gian tu b lu gi ko di hon thnh vic xp d hng. V d laytime quy nh trong hp ng cho vic xp v d hng l 12 ngy. S ngy ny c s dng ht cho vic xp hng nh vy laytime cng d hng ht. Do ngay khi tu n cng d hng l b pht, v khi b pht th khng cn trao thng t (NOR) na. Trong thng mi hng hi, quan im ny rt ph bin v trong thc t xt x tranh chp, nhiu to n thng mi v hi ng trng ti cng vn dng nh vy xt x. Di y xin gii thiu mt s trng hp: Cng ty Naviera thu hng tu Luois chic tu DIAS ch bt m t cng Philadelphia i cng Hsikang. Hp ng thu tu k theo mu Baltimore Berth Grain, trong c iu 15 quy nh ti cng d hng ngi thu c quyn hun sy cc hm tu hoc hng ho. Chi ph hun sy do ngi thu chu, thi gian s dng hun sy khng tnh vo laytime.

Ngoi ra hp ng cng quy nh thuyn trng phi hp tc vi ngi thu tu cc cng vic ny c tin hnh tri chy. iu 13 ca hp ng quy nh tc d hng l 1.500 tn mi ngy lm vic tt tri lin tc 24 gi ng h, ch nht v ngy l khng tnh d c lm. Thi gian d hng s bt u vo lc 13 gi cng ngy nu thng t c trao vo bui sng hoc tnh vo 8 gi 30 pht ngy hm sau nu thng t c trao vo bui chiu. Cn theo iu 14 ca hp ng th thi gian ch cu, di chuyn tu c coi nh thi gian d hng. Nu tu d cng th hai th thi gian lm hng s tnh ngay sau khi tu n cng bt k vo cu hay cha. iu 16 quy nh mc pht l 7.500 USD v mc thng l 3.750 USD. 27.700 tn bt m c xp ln tu Dias ti Philadelphia v ngy 3/10/1993 tu n cng Hsikang. Tu u ti khu vc thng mi cng ngay sau khi n. Do vy t ngy 3/10/1993 tu thc s iu kin coi nh mt arrived ship. Laytime bt u c tnh t 13h ngy 4/10/1993. Theo hp ng, Laytime tng cng theo quy nh l 18 ngy, 11 gi 12 pht v s ht hn lc 0 gi 12 pht ngy 26/10/1993 nhng lc ny tu vn phi i ngoi phao ch vo cu. T ngy 9 n ngy 25/11/1993 ngha l trong vng 16 ngy 6 gi, ch hng tin hng hun sy hng, n thi im ny tu vn cha c vo cu. Cui cng n ngy 6/12/1993 tu mi c vo cu d hng v n ngy 10/12/1993 vic d hng c hon thnh. Ch tu i ngi thu phi tr tin pht l 338.635USD cho tng s thi gian b pht l 45 ngy 3 gi 38 pht. Tuy nhin ngi thu lp lun rng trong thi gian b pht phi loi tr nhng ngy hun sy hng l 16 ngy 6 gi. Do tin pht l 216.760 USD. Theo ngi thu tu s d nh vy l v theo iu 15 ca hp ng, thi gian hun sy hng phi c loi tr khi thi gian xp d hng. Ngc li ch tu lp lun rng v laytime ht khi tin hnh hun sy, do vy iu 15 lc ny khng cn gi tr na. V tranh chp trn ko di v gia hai bn khng th i n ho gii c. Cui cng v vic c a ra to n thng mi Anh gii quyt. To lp lun rng mt vn tng i r rng trong php lut l nu trong mt hp ng thu tu c quy nh mt thi gian no cho vic xp d, khi thi gian ht m ngi thu xp d cha xong th coi nh ngi thu vi phm hp ng th khng c hng bt k min tr no v phi chu mi hu qu. Chnh y l c s ca php thuyt "Mt khi b pht th khng mt s min tr no c th ngn cn vic pht tip tc tr khi hp ng c quy nh khc ". Trong v tranh chp ni trn vn c t ra l liu li vn dng trong iu 15 ca hp ng c r rng khng v c min tr cho ngi thu vic np pht theo mc 7.500

USD/ngy k t ngy 26/10 khi thi gian lm hng ht cng nh thi gian hun sy hng (t ngy 9 n ngy 25/11/1993) hay khng. Ngi thu tu vn dng cum t "at any time" trong on "at the discharging port, the charterer have the option at any time to funmigate at their expense ship's hold and/or cargo and time to used not to count" khc t trch nhim. To bc b lp lun ny v ni rng cc cm t "at any time" v "any time to used not to count" c ng p dng cho thi gian lm hng ch khng phi cho trng hp b pht. Thm na, nhng cu ch ny ch p dng khi thi gian lm hng ang cn ch khng phi nh trong trng hp ny. Vi lp lun nh vy to buc ngi thu tu phi tr ton b tin pht cho ngi chuyn tr khng c min tr mt ngy no c. Nh vy y to p dng nguyn tc "Mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht". Hay ni mt cch khc khi thi gian lm hng khng cn na th nhng ngy tip sau bt k l ma hay nng, ngy ngh, ngy l th ngi thu vn phi tr tin pht. Vic p dng quy tc ny c phn nghing v quyn li ch tu. Tuy nhin y l quy nh c hnh thnh t lu v c lut ca nhiu nc quy nh. Trong B lut hng hi Vit Nam ti iu 71 mc 1 gi thi gian sau khi ht thi gian lm hng l thi gian di nht. Mc 2 v mc 3 iu 71 quy nh rng nu vic thng pht xp d khng c quy nh trong hp ng th s p dng tp qun a phng. Trng hp tp qun a phng khng quy c th khon tin pht s tnh trn tng chi ph thc t duy tr tu v thuyn b trong thi gian di nht. Thi gian tu b lu ti cng xp hng sau khi thi gian xp hng ht v thi gian di nht do ngi thu tu gy ra gi l thi gian lu tu. Ngi chuyn ch c quyn i bi thng cc thit hi pht sinh do lu tu. iu 91 B lut Hng Hi Vit Nam cng quy nh tng t cc vn trn y i vi vic d hng v tr hng cng ch. Quan im ny r rng nghing v quyn li ca ngi chuyn ch v c hnh thnh hng trm nm nay. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y cn cn lc lng gia ch tu v ngi thu tu c nhiu thay i, v vy nn sa i quy nh ny sao cho hp l hn. Thc ra khi tu ch i ko di ngoi thi gian lm hng th khng phi ch c ch tu b thit m bn thn ngi thu tu cng b thit rt nhiu. Nh vy, tt hn ht nn tho thun trong hp ng l thi gian di nht ny s c chia hai, mi bn chu mt na. Nu khng tho thun c nh vy th thi gian lm hng nn c quy nh tnh t khi tu thng bo sn sng lm hng. Qua cc v d trn ta nhn thy rng vn tnh ton thng pht xp d l vn khng n gin v rt d pht sinh tranh chp. Do khi thu tu, ngi i thu nn c gng

quy nh cht ch v thng tho sao cho c li cho mnh nhm trnh b thit thi khi b pht
2.6 Tranh chp lin quan n tha thun trng ti v lut quy nh

Tha thun trng ti c th l iu khon v gii quyt tranh chp c ghi trong hp ng hoc tha thun ring, c th l mt Ph lc nh km ti thi im k Hp ng hoc c cc bn k kt sau khi pht sinh tranh chp. Hnh thc ca iu khon trng ti thng s dng nh sau: Mi tranh chp pht sinh t hoc lin quan n hp ng ny s c gii quyt chung thm ti [tn ca TTTT] (All disputes originated from this contract shall be setted by [name of Arbitration Center]). Thng thng, trong cc tranh chp, bn Vit Nam thng xuyn b thua thit do khng nm r c cc quy nh v iu khon lin quan ti lut php v trng ti. 2.6.1 Vn lin quan n gi tr php l ca iu khon trng ti Nng lc v thm quyn k kt ca cc bn l yu t quan trng. Php lnh v trng ti (2003) quy nh khi mt bn k kt tha thun Trng ti khng c nng lc hnh vi dn s y th tha thun trng ti v hiu. Vn xy ra trong trng hp mt bn khng c nng lc dn s, v d nh khi xy ra tranh chp bn i kin khng chng minh c s tn ti ca bn kia th tha thun trng ti c th b xem l v hiu. Xem xt v d: Tu Nam 08 DWT3800 do Cng ty vn ti Nam khai thc. Nm 2008, tu Nam c cho mt cng ty Hn quc thu nh hn. Trong qu trnh khai thc, ngi thu mua ca Hng du Orient Oil Singapore mt lng du tr gi gn $150.000. Ht hn thu, tu c tr li. Mt thi gian sau, bng nhin ch tu (Cng ty Nam ) nhn c th i khon tin trn. Hi ngi thu tu th h ni thanh ton, h cn gi cho ch tu xem bn sao

lnh chuyn tin. Trong khi bn bn du khng khng cha nhn c tin, v yu cu ch tu thanh ton. Trong thi tranh chp, ngi thu tu tuyn b ph sn. Ngy 7/2/2011, khi va tr xong hng Karachi, tu b ta n Pakistan ra lnh bt gi theo n kin ca bn bn du. Ch tu tham vn lut s. Lut s lin lc vi Ta ri cho ch tu bit: Ta ng khng gi tu nu ch tu ng th chn hoc c ngn hng bo lnh 230.318,74 la M. Nh vy, ch tu hon ton phi chu thit hi t v tranh chp ny m khng nhn c s bo v t pha lut php v trng ti, do trong trng hp ny khng c c s php l bo v quyn li i vi ch tu. 2.6.2 Vn v quy nh iu khon trng ti

Theo quy nh ti Php lnh trng ti, cng nh t kt lun thc t, Trng ti ch c thm quyn xt x nu gia cc bn tn ti mt tha thun chn Trng ti gii quyt tranh chp, phi mt tha thun trng ti c th, r rng v theo ng quy nh ca Php lut v Quy tc t tng Trng ti ca TTTT. Nh vy, nu khng quy nh cn thn th vic x l s lm vo b tc. Mt s kh nng thng xy ra nh sau: - iu khon trng ti v lut xt x khng r rng. - Xem nh v khng hiu c ngha php l ca vic la chn c quan ti phn. - Chn thm quyn xt x l Ta n mt nc nhng li yu cu phi tun th php lut ca mt nc khc. S khng thn trng i vi iu khon trng ti c th hin qua 1 s v d: Petromanning vi Steelco.

Vo thng 10-2009, Petromanning k hp ng mua phi thp vi Steelco. Theo hp ng v cc iu khon, Petromanning phi thanh ton 2,425 triu USD (5%) cho Steelco bng L/C v phi m trong vng 5 ngy k t khi k kt hp ng. Hp ng nu r trong trng hp L/C khng c m nh iu khon quy nh, bn bn c quyn la chn chm dt hp ng. Trong trng hp , bn mua s phi tr cho bn bn mt khon pht bng 2% gi tr hp ng. Bn bn cng c quyn yu cu bn mua bi thng cc thit hi t vic bn li hng ha. Tuy nhin, sau khi k hp ng, Petromanning khng thc hin ngha v m L/C theo tha thun v quy nh; ng thi cng khng thanh ton cho Steelco khon tin pht bng 2% gi tr hp ng tng ng 48.500 USD. Trn c s , Steelco khi kin Petromanning ln Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Hng Kng. Tuy vy, Petromanning pht l v khng tham gia qu trnh xt x, bt chp cc yu cu ca Hi ng Trng ti - Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Hng Kng, cng nh thng bo ca Steelco. Ngy 14-6, Hi ng Trng ti ra quyt nh yu cu Petromanning phi tr ngay cho Steelco 48.500 USD cng khon li vi li sut 5%/nm tnh t ngy 18-11-2009 (tm tnh n ngy 20-7-2010 l 1.621 USD). Ngoi ra, Petromanning phi gnh khon ph trng ti 56.031 la Hng Kng; tin li cc khon ph trng ti vi mc li sut 5%/nm tnh t ngy Steelco thanh ton cho n ngy c hon tr khon tin ny (n ngy 10-10-2010 l 752,2 la Hng Kng). C th nhn thy pha Petromanning hon ton khng coi trng yu t trng ti cng nh vic xt x ca hi ng trng ti, dn ti hon ton thua thit trng v tranh chp v phi chu thc hin n pht. TACC v TSUNG

u nm 2000, Cng ty TACC Vit Nam cho thng nhn nc ngoi Tsung thu tu LS ch l hng nng sn t Vit Nam i cng Busan Hn Quc. Hp ng thu tu quy nh ngi thu phi m bo cu cng d an ton. iu khon trng ti ca

hp ng ghi r: Nu c tranh chp bng trng ti s tin hnh Singapore v p dng lut Anh (Arbitration in Singapore and English law to apply). Trn hnh trnh, khi tu vo cng Busan, chng may cu bn khng an ton lm cho tu thit hi tng s tin 12.000 USD. Ch tu lp tc bo lu khiu ni v i Tsung bi thng. Tsung tr li qua qut bng fax ni mnh khng c li g c v cui cng l im lng. TACC cnh bo nu ngi thu khng c thin ch th ch tu s a v kin ra trng ti Singapore. Tsung vn im lng v TACC khng lm c g hn v hp ng khng ghi r trng ti no Singapore. Rt tic l iu khon trng ti ni trn c trong hp ng m coi nh bng khng v theo thng l Quc t (iu 2 khon 3 Cng c New York 1958), iu khon trng ti nh trn gi l iu khon trng ti khng th thc hin c v trong iu khon ny thiu c hai yu t cn thit l tn, a ch trng ti v quy tc t tng s p dng gii quyt. Cng tng t nh vy, vi mt iu khon rt chung chung vi ni dung nh sau: mi tranh chp s c gii quyt bi trng ti Vit Nam. iu khon ny c trong hp ng nhng khng c gi tr: Khng quy nh r hnh thc trng ti (trng ti quy ch hay trng ti Ad-Hoc), nu trng ti quy ch th t chc no (Trung tm trng ti Quc t Vit Nam, cc t chc trng ti kinh t thuc cc tnh v thnh ph ca Vit Nam hay l mt t chc trng ti Quc t khc nh ICC, SIAC, HKIAC,...). Quy nh ti Vit Nam trn y c hiu l im xt x ca trng ti m thi. Nh vy vic quy nh i vi iu khon trng ti i hi phi cht ch v chi tit, cn ch nh c th t chc, cng nh quy ch xt x. Tnh n thi im hin ti, theo kho st th Vit Nam c 07 TTTT ch yu tp trung ti H Ni v TP H Ch Minh. 2.6.3 Vn xc nh thm quyn xt x v gii quyt tranh chp. y l iu thng thy i vi vic mua hng theo iu kin CIF, khi quy nh v trng ti gii quyt tranh chp gia ngi thu tu v ch tu, trong khi tranh chp thc t li xy ra gia bn nhn hng v ch tu.

Thc t Vit Nam c nhng trng hp khi xy ra tranh chp, cc ch th nc ngoi khng ng gii quyt s vic ti Vit Nam hay khng chp nhn lnh trng ti hoc ta n Vit Nam v h vin dn quy nh ca hp ng lp lun. C th nh sau: Cui nm 1994, tu IGDI ca hng tu BLSC ch mt s st thp n Hi Phng theo hp ng thu tu vi ngi thu tu l cng ty xut khu X. Trc khi kt thc vic d hng, ch tu phong ta v cm gi khong 370 tn hng khng giao cho ngi nhn v l do h cha thu c cc ca ton b l hng mc d vn n ghi l "cc tr" . L ngi mua v nhn hng VINAMETAL trnh by r l hng c mua theo iu kin CIF Hi Phng, ngha v tr trc l ca ngi bn ch khng phi h. Ch tu vn bt chp v khng chu giao ht hng. VINAMETAL kin ln Ta n Hi Phng xin c gii ta hng. Khi ch tu lp lun rng nu ch hng mun kin phi theo ng hp ng thu tu v vn n l "Mi tranh chp lin quan n hp ng thu tu ny phi c xem xt v gii quyt bng Trng ti hng hi Moscow theo lut Nga". Ta n Hi Phng bc b lp lun ny v ra quyt nh cng ch ch tu phi giao s hng cn li cho ngi nhn. Tng t, thng 8/1995, tu Asena treo c Panama ca ch tu Kory Shipping ch hn 21.000 tn xi mng ng bao t Triu Tin ti Nng. Khi n ni, mt s lng ln xi mng b t do nc bin v nc ma do tu khng kh nng i bin. Vi t cch ch hng v l ngi mua, Artexport thu gim nh v i ch tu bi thng thch ng. Ch tu ln trnh trch nhim v v vy ch hng khi kin ti ta n Qung Nam Nng yu cu bt gi tu. 2.6.4 Vai tr ca To n i vi cc hot ng ca cc TTTT thng mi Php lnh 2003 (c sa i trong Lut Trng ti thng mi nm 2010) quy nh ta n c th: - Ch nh Trng ti vin; - Thay i Trng ti vin;

- p dng, thay i, hu b bin php khn cp tm thi; - Hu phn quyt trng ti. Trn thc t, vic tham gia ca c quan ta n c tc dng rt quan trng trong vic bo v quyn li ca doanh nghip Vit Nam. Ta c th tm hiu qua 1 v vic kh hi hu l trng hp ca cng ty Hong Dng v hp ng vi EL95 (Cng ty Eastland Produce (1995) Pte Ltd Singapore) Cng ty EL95 c quan h, k kt hp ng mua cao su vi Cng ty Hong Dng. i din Cng ty EL95 co buc Cng ty Hong Dng khng thc hin 13 trn tng s 15 hp ng k kt. Cng ty Hong Dng khng nh khng h k kt 2 hp ng cn li, v hon thnh trch nhim. Ngy 19/10/2004, SICOM (Trng ti thuc Trung tm Giao dch hng ha Singapore ) ra quyt nh s 01/2004 pht Cng ty Hong Dng ca Vit Nam 118.000 USD. Ngy 23/4 v ngy 27/7/2007, Ta s thm TAND TP HCM v Ta phc thm TAND Ti cao ti TP HCM quyt nh cng nhn cho thi hnh phn quyt ca SICOM ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, sau , vi s tham gia ca c quan cng an, v vic c xem xt li m bo quyn li cho cng ty Hong Dng. Nh vy d c quyt nh ca trng ti, v chp nhn thi hnh n t pha ta n 2 cp, doanh nghip vn c th yu cu s bo v t pha c quan lut php. Mt khc, vic xem xt ngun lut quy nh ca cc quc gia cng rt quan trng. Vn thng xy ra i vi cc ch tu, thc hin ngha v vn ti hng ha nhy cm (v d nh khong sn). Chng ta c th xem xt qua v vic gn y, khi mt s

tu ca Vit Nam b bt gi ti cng Kupang (Indonesia), v vn chuyn mangan (hng cm theo lut Indonesia). y l trng hp i vi cc tu Thi Long (thng 7/2010), tu Vit Nam 08 (thng 12/2010) Thc t, khi nhn cc hp ng vn chuyn (tu chuyn) t pha i l, i l c lu nh sau: PLEASE MAKE SURE TO THE SHIPPER WHETHER THEY HAVE
PERMIT EXPORT FROM MINISTRY TRADE OF INDONESIA, PERMIT FROM GOVERNOR, AND PERMIT FROM POLICE.

Nh vy, cc doanh nghip cn lu , khng ch i vi cc iu kin t hp ng, m cn c nhng yu t php l c lin quan, trnh nhng tn tht khng ng c. 3. Cc bin php cn lu trnh tranh chp 3.1 Lin quan n tu chuyn Cn phi tm hiu thng tin mt cch cn thn v hng tu cng nh con tu ch hng. Nu hng ha b h hng khi tu di bn th khng nn khiu ni ch tu v li tu khng d kh nng i bin. V trch nhin chun b con tu c kh nng i bin ca ch tu kt thc khi con tu bt u hnh trnh. Khi hng ha b h hng, ch hng phi xem l do n t hay ni t. Nu l do ni t ca con tu th ch tu kh chi b trch nhim. Nu l do n t th ch tu c min trch. Khi pht hin hng ha b h hng, cng cn phi lu xem l li hng vn hay l li thng mi. Nu l li thng mi th ch tu kh c th khc t trch nhim.

3.2 Bin php hn ch xy ra tranh chp v thanh ton cc ph Vn cc khng l vn phc tp v thng xuyn xy ra tranh chp. Thng thng ngi thu tu khng chu thanh ton cc khng vi nhiu l do khc nhau. Vic hng khng c xp ln tu s lng nh c quy nh trong hp ng cng

c th do nhiu l do khch quan em li. V vy, trnh xy ra tranh chp i cc khng, hai bn ch tu v ngi thu cn tha thun trch nhim ca mnh nh: Ngi thu c trch nhim cung cp hng y nh thng bo. Khi tu n nhn hng m ch tu khng giao hng theo s lng thng bo th ch tu vn c th tnh cc khng cho lng hng khng c giao. V pha ngi chuyn ch, trong trng hp tu khng ch ht s hng c giao theo quy nh th phi chu ton b chi ph cho lng hng khng ch t t lin n cng cng nh chi ph lu kho, lu bi ca khi lng hng khng ch ht ti cng. Mt vn na lin quan n tranh chp thanh ton cc ph l vic bt gi hng i cc. Khi hp ng thu tu quy nh tin cc phi c tr trong vng vi ngy sau khi k vn n th ngi xp hng hoc ngi thu tu c th i thuyn trng pht hnh vn n c xc nhn l cc tr trc ngay sau khi bc hng xong ln tu d cho lc h cha tr tin cc v cng cha n lc phi tr. Nu thuyn trng lm theo yu cu ca ngi xp hng hoc ngi thu tu m pht hnh vn n vi xc nhn l cc tr trc th tc b quyn ca ch tu c cm gi hng ho i tin cc khi ti thi hn thanh ton m cc vn cha c tr. Trong trng hp ny, ch tu khng c php cm gi hng ca ngi nhn, bi v h l ngi mua hng theo vn n m cn c vo xc nhn trn vn n th h s khng phi tr cc khi nhn hng. Nu thuyn trng t chi khng chu pht hnh vn n vi xc nhn "cc tr trc" theo yu cu ca ngi xp hng th ngi thu tu hoc ngi xp hng c th gy kh d khi tu lm th tc ri bn. i khi thuyn trng cng c th lm vn n theo yu cu ca ngi xp hng bng cch thuyn trng c k vn n vi xc nhn "cc tr trc" nhng li ra lnh cho i l tu gi li v ch giao vn n ny cho ngi xp hng khi no h tr ht tin cc. Mt gii php khc cng c th c thc hin l: thuyn trng i phi c ngn hng bo m mi k vn n. Nu khng th gii quyt c theo cc gii php k trn th ch tu phi ch th cho thuyn trng l khng c pht hnh vn n vi xc nhn l "cc ph tr trc" nh yu cu ca ngi xp hng. Nu ngi xp hng hay ngi thu tu c tnh khng chp nhn, lm cho tu b chm tr khi hnh th h s phi chu trch nhim v mi hu qu xy ra. .3.3 Mt s lu khi son tho iu khon trng ti: n gin v chnh xc

iu khon trng ti cn n gin trong son tho v chnh xc khi tp hp cc ni dung a vo iu khon. Theo , iu khon trng ti nn quy nh khi qut ti a cc

tranh chp khng ch lin quan n vic thc hin hp ng, m cn c nhng vn v s tn ti, hiu lc ca hp ng, vi phm v chm dt hp ng v cc h qu ti chnh ca hp ng. Cch din t sau y c th l thch hp: Tt c cc tranh chp pht sinh t hoc lin quan ti hp ng ny .... Hnh thc trng ti

Khi son tho iu khon trng ti, cc bn cn cn nhc cc iu kin v ti chnh, s thun tin hay bn cht ca tranh chp s pht sinh la chn mt hnh thc trng ti ph hp. Thng thng, c hai hnh thc trng ti l Trng ti v vic v Trng ti quy ch. S lng Trng ti vin

Vn s lng Trng ti vin cng cn c cn nhc khi son tho iu khon trng ti. Cc bn cn tha thun tranh chp s c gii quyt bi 1 hay 3 Trng ti vin. Cn tham kho, cn nhc Biu ph trng ti ca mt s t chc trc khi c quyt nh v s lng Trng ti vin. Ngoi ra, cc bn cng c th tha thun thm v mt s tiu chun c th ca Trng ti vin (v d: trnh chuyn mn, thm nin ngh nghip, tnh c lp.), kh nng s dng ngn ng (thng l ngoi ng) v quc tch Trng ti vin m bo vic gii quyt tranh chp c trung lp, khch quan v hiu qu. a im tin hnh trng ti

Vic quyt nh a im tin hnh trng ti u ty thuc vo kh nng m phn ca mi bn. Trong trng hp khng t c vic la chn a im trng ti ti quc gia mnh v phi la chn a im trng ti ti quc gia khc, cc bn cn cn nhc k xem php lut ni tin hnh trng ti c hon thin khng, phm vi v vai tr ca cc Ta n lin quan n t tng trng ti nh th no, ng h hay phn i trng ti. Tt nht

nn chn a im tin hnh trng ti ti quc gia thng qua Lut Trng ti Thng mi quc t Mu UNCITRAL (Lut Mu) v Lut Mu c coi l tiu chun vng v trng ti thng mi quc t. Khi , cc bn hon ton yn tm. Mt vn cn c bit ch ti vic xc nh ni tin hnh trng ti l kh nng thi hnh quyt nh trng ti. Cc bn cn kim tra xem quc gia c chn xt lm ni din ra qu trnh xt x trng ti ph chun Cng c New York nm 1958 v Cng nhn v thi hnh cc quyt nh trng ti nc ngoi hay cha. Lut p dng cho ni dung v tranh chp Khi thc hin hp ng, cc bn cn phi bit lut no p dng cho hp ng bi cc iu khon hp ng khng phi lc no cng quy nh y cc quyn v ngha v tng ng ca cc bn. Cc bn cng cn lu rng lut iu chnh ni dung hp ng c th khc vi lut iu chnh qu trnh t tng trng ti. Thng thng lut iu chnh qu trnh t tng trng ti l lut ni tin hnh trng ti. Trong thng mi quc t, lut p dng hon ton do cc bn t do la chn, ty theo kh nng m phn. Tuy nhin d la chn th no cng cn phi quy nh 1 cch r rng v ph hp. Ngn ng trng ti Khi chn ngn ng trng ti, tt hn ht l nn theo thng l chung: ngn ng dng trong xt x trng l ngn ng thng c cc bn s dng trong lin lc vi nhau v l ngn ng c dng trong qu trnh m phn v son tho hp ng.