Giao An Giai Tich 12

Chng I:
NG DNG O HM KHO ST V V TH CA HM S
1.S NG BIN, NGHCH BIN CA HM S
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim ng bin, nghch bin, tnh n iu ca o hm, quy
tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s.
- K nng: bit cch xt du mt nh thc, tam thc, bit nhn xt khi no hm s ng
bin, nghch bin, bit vn dng quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s vo gii mt s bi
ton n gin.
- Thai o: tch cc xy dng bi, ch ng chim lnh kin thc theo s hng
dn ca Gv, nng ng, sng to trong qu trnh tip cn tri thc mi, thy c li ch ca
ton hc trong i sng, t hnh thnh nim say m khoa hc, v c nhng ng gp sau
ny cho x hi.
- T duy: hnh thnh t duy logic, lp lun cht ch, v linh hot trong qu trnh suy
ngh.
II. Ph ng phap:
- Thuyt trnh, kt hp tho lun nhom va hi ap.
- Phng tien day hoc: SGK.
III. N i dung va ti n trnh len l p:
Hot ng ca Gv Hot ng ca Hs
I. Tnh n iu ca hm s.
Hot ng 1:
Gv chun b hai th y = cosx xt trn on [
2
;
3
2
] v y = x trn R, v yu cu Hs ch ra
cc khong tng, gim ca hai hm s .
t Gv nhc li nh ngha sau cho Hs:
1. Nhc li nh ngha:
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l
- ng bin trn K nu
x
1
; x
2
(a; b), x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
)
- Nghch bin trn K nu
x
1
; x
2
(a; b), x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
(vi K l khong, hoc on, hoc na khong)
- Hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn K
c gi chung l n iu trn K.
Qua nh ngha trn Gv nu ln nhn xt sau
cho Hs:
a/ f(x) ng bin trn K

2 1
1 2 1 2
2 1
( ) ( )
0 ( , , )
f x f x
x x K x x
x x
>
f(x) nghch bin trn K

2 1
1 2 1 2
2 1
( ) ( )
0 ( , , )
f x f x
x x K x x
x x
<
b/ Nu hm s ng bin trn K th th i ln t
tri sang phi. (H.3a, SGK, trang 5)
Hs tho lun nhm ch ra cc khong tng,
gim ca hai hm s y = cosx xt trn on [
2
;
3
2
] v y = x trn R (c th minh ho
km theo phiu hc tp)
1
Nu hm s nghch bin trn K th th i xung
t tri sang phi. (H.3b, SGK, trang 5)
2. Tnh n iu v du ca o hm.
Hot ng 2:
Gv chun b cc bng bin thin v th ca
hai hm s (vo phiu hc tp):
2
2
x
y v
1
y
x
. Yu cu Hs tnh o hm v xt du o hm ca
hai hm s cho. T , nu ln mi lin h gia
s ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s v th ca
o hm.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh l sau:
Cho hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn khong K.
a) Nu f'(x) > 0, x K th f(x) ng bin trn K.
b) Nu f'(x)< 0,x K th f(x) nghch bin trn
K.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs vd1 (SGK, trang 6, 7)
Hs hiu r nh l trn)
Hot ng 3:
Yu cu Hs tm cc khong n iu ca cc
hm s sau: y =
4
5 2
2
x
x
,
y =
x
x x
+
2
2
2
.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs vd1 (SGK, trang 7, 8)
Hs cng c nh l trn)
Gv nu ch sau cho Hs: (nh l m rng)
Cho hm s f(x) c o hm trn K. Nu
f'(x) 0 (hoc f'(x 0) v ng thc ch
xy ra ti hu hn im trn K th hm s
tng (hoc gim) trn K.
II. Quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s:
1. Quy tc:
Qua cc v d trn, khi qut ln, ta c quy
tc sau xt tnh n iu ca hm s:
1. Tm tp xc nh ca hm s.
2. Tnh o hm f(x). Tm cc im x
i
(i =
1, 2, , n) m ti o hm bng 0
hoc khng xc nh.
3. Sp xp cc im x
i
theo th t tng dn
v lp bng bin thin.
4. Nu kt lun v cc khong ng bin,
nghch bin ca hm s.
2. p dng:
Gv gii thiu vi Hs vd3, 4, 5 (SGK,
trang 8, 9) Hs cng c quy tc trn).
Hs tho lun nhm tnh o hm v xt du
o hm ca hai hm s cho. T , nu ln
mi lin h gia s ng bin, nghch bin ca
hm s v th ca o hm.
Hs tho lun nhm gii quyt vn m Gv
a ra.
+ Tnh o hm.
+ Xt du o hm
+ Kt lun.
IV. Cng c:
+ Gv nhc li cc khi nim v quy tc trong bi Hs khc su kin thc.
2
+ Dn BTVN: 1..5, SGK, trang 9, 10.
V. Rt kinh nghim:
3
2. CC TR
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim cc i, cc tiu. iu kin hm s c cc tr.
Quy tc tm cc tr ca hm s.
- K nng: bit cch xt du mt nh thc, tam thc, bit nhn xt khi no hm s ng
bin, nghch bin, bit vn dng quy tc tm cc tr ca hm s vo gii mt s bi ton n
gin.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Ph ng phap:
I. Khi nim cc i, cc tiu.
Hot ng 1:
Cho hm s: y = - x
2
+ 1 xc nh trn khong (- ;
+ ) v y =
3
x
(x 3)
2
xc nh trn cc khong (
1
2
;
3
2
) v (
3
2
; 4)
Yu cu Hs da vo th (H7, H8, SGK, trang 13)
hy ch ra cc im m ti mi hm s cho c
gi tr ln nht (nh nht).
Qua hot ng trn, Gv gii thiu vi Hs nh
ngha sau:
nh ngha:
Cho hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn (a; b) (c th
a l - ; b l +) v im x
0
(a; b).
a/ Nu tn ti s h > 0 sao cho
f(x) < f(x
0
), x x
0
.v vi mi x (x
0
h; x
0
+
h) th ta ni hm s t cc i ti x
0
.
b Nu tn ti s h > 0 sao cho
f(x) > f(x
0
), x x
0
.v vi mi x (x
0
h; x
0
+
h) th ta ni hm s t cc tiu ti x
0
.
Ta ni hm s t cc tiu ti im x
0
, f(x
0
)
gi l gi tr cc tiu ca hm s, im (x
0
;
f(x
0
)) gi l im cc tiu ca th hm s.
Ch :
1. Nu hm s t cc i (cc tiu) ti x
0
th x
0
c
gi l im cc i (im cc tiu) ca hm s; f(x
0
)
gi l gi tr cc i (gi tr cc tiu) ca
Tho lun nhm ch ra cc im m ti
mi hm s cho c gi tr ln nht
(nh nht).
4
hm s, im M(x
0
;f(x
0
)) gi l im cc i
(im cc tiu)ca th hm s.
2. Cc im cc i v cc tiu gi chung l
im cc tr, gi tr ca hm s ti gi l
gi tr cc tr.
3. Nu hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn
khong (a ; b) v t cc i hoc cc tiu ti
x
0
th f(x
0
) = 0.
Hot ng 2:
Yu cu Hs tm cc im cc tr ca cc hm
s sau: y =
4
1
x
4
- x
3
+ 3 v
y =
1
2 2
2
+
x
x x
. (c th v cc khong km theo
phiu hc tp)
II. iu kin hm s c cc tr.
Hot ng 3:
Yu cu Hs:
a/ S dng th xt xem cc hm s sau y c
cc tr hay khng: y = - 2x + 1; v
y =
3
x
(x 3)
2
.
b/ T hy nu ln mi lin h gia s tn ti ca
cc tr v du ca o hm.
Gv gii thiu Hs ni dung nh l sau:
Gi s hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn khong K = (x
0

h; x
0
+ h) v c o hm trn K hoc trn K \ {x
0
}, vi
h > 0.
+ Nu
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
' 0, ;
' 0, ;
f x x x h x
f x x x x h
>
'
< +
th x
0
l mt
im cc i ca hm s y = f(x).
+ Nu
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
' 0, ;
' 0, ;
f x x x h x
f x x x x h
<
'
> +
th x
0
l mt
im cc tiu ca hm s y = f(x).
Gv gii thiu Vd1, 2, 3, SGK, trang 15, 16) Hs hiu
c nh l va nu.
Hot ng 4:
Yu cu Hs tm cc tr ca cc hm s:
y = - 2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 12x 5 ; y =
4
1
x
4
- x
3
+ 3.
Tho lun nhm tm cc im cc tr
ca cc hm s sau: y =
4
1
x
4
- x
3
+ 3 v
y =
1
2 2
2
+
x
x x
. (c th v cc khong
km theo phiu hc tp)
Tho lun nhm :
a/ S dng th xt xem cc hm s sau
y c cc tr hay khng: y = - 2x + 1; v
y =
3
x
(x 3)
2
.
b/ T hy nu ln mi lin h gia s tn
ti ca cc tr v du ca o hm.
Da vo vd Gv va nu, Tho lun nhm
tm cc tr ca hai hm s cho.
5
III. Quy tc tm cc tr.
1. Quy tc I:
+ Tm tp xc nh.
+ Tnh f(x). Tm cc im ti f(x) bng
khng hoc khng xc nh.
+ Lp bng bin thin.
+ T bng bin thin suy ra cc im cc tr.
Hot ng 5: Da v quy tc I:
Yu cu Hs tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
y = x
3
- 3x
2
+ 2 ;
1
3 3
2
+
+ +
x
x x
y
2. Quy tc II:
Ta tha nhn nh l sau:
Gi s hm s y = f(x) c o hm cp hai
trong khong K = (x
0
h; x
0
+ h), vi h > 0. Khi :
+ Nu f(x) = 0, f''(x
0
) > 0 th x
0
l im cc tiu.
+ Nu f(x) = 0, f''(x
0
) < 0 th x
0
l im cc i.
* Ta c quy tc II:
+ Tm tp xc nh.
+ Tnh f(x). Gii pt f(x) = 0. K hiu x
i
(i = 1,
2) l cc nghim ca n (nu c)
+ Tnh f(x) v f(x
i
)
+ Da vo du ca f(x) suy ra tnh cht cc tr ca
im x
i
.
Gv gii thiu Vd 4, 5, SGK, trang 17) Hs hiu
c quy tc va nu.
Da vo quy tc Gv va nu, Tho lun
nhm tm cc tr: y = x
3
- 3x
2
+ 2 ;
1
3 3
2
+
+ +
x
x x
y
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1..6, SGK, trang 18.
V. Rt kinh nghim:
6
3.GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s, cch tnh
gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s trn mt on.
- K nng: bit cch nhn bit gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s, bit vn
dng quy tc tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s trn mt on gii mt s
bi ton n gin.
- Thai o: can than.
- T duy: logic.
II. Ph ng phap:
I. NH NGHA:
Gv gii thiu cho Hs nh ngha sau:
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn tp D.
a) S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s y =
f(x) trn tp D nu:

( )
( )
0 0
:
:
x D f x M
x D f x M

'

K hiu :
( ) max
D
M f x
.
b) S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =
f(x) trn tp D nu:

( )
( )
0 0
:
:
x D f x M
x D f x M

'

K hiu :
( ) min
D
m f x
.
Gv gii thiu Vd 1, SGK, trang 19) Hs hiu c nh
ngha va nu.
II. CCH TNH GI TR LN NHT V GI TR
NH NHT CA HM S TRN MT ON
Hot ng 1:
Yu cu Hs xt tnh ng bin, nghch bin v tnh gi tr
nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca cc hm s sau: y = x
2
trn
on [- 3; 0] v y =
1
1
x
x
+
trn on [3; 5].

1/ Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh l sau:
Mi hm s lin tc trn mt on u c gi tr ln nht v
gi tr nh nht trn on .
Gv gii thiu Vd 2, SGK, trang 20, 21) Hs hiu c
nh l va nu.
2/ Quy tc tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
lin tc trn mt on.
Tho lun nhm xt tnh ng bin,
nghch bin v tnh gi tr nh nht,
gi tr ln nht ca cc hm s sau: y
= x
2
trn on [- 3; 0] v y =
1
1
x
x
+

trn on [3; 5].
7
Hot ng 2:
Cho hm s y =
2
2 2 1
1 3
x neu x
x neu x
+
'
<
C th nh hnh 10 (SGK, trang 21). Yu cu Hs hy ch

ra gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s trn on [- 2;
3] v nu cch tnh?
Gv nu quy tc sau cho Hs:
1/ Tm cc im x
1,
x
2
, , x
n
trn khong (a, b) ti f(x)
bng khng hoc f(x) khng xc nh.
2/ Tnh f(a), f(x
1
), f(x
2
), , f(x
n
), f(b).
3/ Tm s ln nht M v s nh nht m trong cc s trn.
Ta c:
( )
[ ; ]
max
a b
M f x
;
( )
[ ; ]
min
a b
m f x
* Ch :
1/ Hm s lin tc trn mt khong c th khng c gi
tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn khong .
2/ Nu o hm f(x) gi nguyn du trn on [a; b] th
hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn c on. Do f(x)
t c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ti cc u mt
ca on.
Gv gii thiu Vd 3, SGK, trang 20, 21) Hs hiu
c ch va nu.
Hot ng 3:
Hy lp bng bin thin ca hm s f(x) =
2
1
1 x
+
. T
suy ra gi tr nh nht ca f(x) trn tp xc nh.
Tho lun nhm ch ra gi tr ln
nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s trn
on [- 2; 3] v nu cch tnh. (Da
vo th hnh 10, SGK, trang 21)
Tho lun nhm lp bng bin
thin ca hm s f(x) =
2
1
1 x
+
. T
suy ra gi tr nh nht ca f(x) trn
tp xc nh.
IV. Cng c:
V. Rt kinh nghim:
4. NG TIM CN
8
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim ng tim cn ngang, tim cn ng, cch tm tim
cn ngang, tim cn ng.
- K nng: bit cch tm tim cn ngang, tim cn ng ca hm phn thc n gin.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Ph ng phap:
Hot ng 1:
Gv yu cu Hs quan st th ca hm s
y =
2
1
x
x
(H16, SGK, trang 27) v nu nhn xt v

khong cch t im M(x; y) (C) ti ng thng y =
-1 khi x + .
Gv gii thiu vi Hs vd 1 (SGK, trang 27, 28) Hs
nhn thc mt cch chnh xc hn v khi nim ng
tim cn ngang c gii thiu ngay sau y:
I. nh ngha ng tim cn ngang:
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn mt khong v hn
(l khong dng: (a; + ), (- ; b) hoc
(- ; + )). ng thng y = y
0
l tim cn ngang ca
th hm s y = f(x) nu t nht mt trong cc iu kin
sau c tho mn:
0
lim ( )
x
f x y
+
; 0
lim ( )
x
f x y
Gv gii thiu vi Hs vd 2 (SGK, trang 29) Hs

hiu r nh ngha va nu.
Hot ng 2:
Yu cu Hs tnh
0
1
lim( 2)
x
x
+ v nu nhn xt v
khong cch t M(x; y) (C) n ng thng x = 0
(trc tung) khi x 0? (H17, SGK, trang 28)
II. ng tim cn ng:
Gv gii thiu ni dung nh ngha sau cho Hs:
ng thng x = x
0
c gi l tim cn ng ca
th hm s y = f(x) nu t nht mt trong cc iu kin
sau c tho mn:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
+
+

0
lim ( )
x x
f x

0
lim ( )
x x
f x
+

0
lim ( )
x x
f x
+
Tho lun nhm v nu nhn xt v

khong cch t im M(x; y) (C) ti
ng thng y = -1 khi x + .
Tho lun nhm
+ Tnh gii hn:
0
1
lim( 2)
x
x
+
+ Nu nhn xt v khong cch t M(x; y)
(C) n ng thng x = 0 (trc tung)
khi x 0. (H17, SGK, trang 28)
9
Gv gii thiu vi Hs vd 3, 4 (SGK, trang 29, 30)
Hs hiu r nh ngha va nu.
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1, 2, SGK, trang 30.
V. Rt kinh nghim:
10
5. KHO ST S BIN THIN V V TH CA HM S
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn: Hs cn nm c s kho st hm s (tp xc nh, s bin
thin, v th), kho st mt s hm a thc v hm phn thc, s tng giao gia cc
ng (bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th, vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi
th)
- K nng: bit cch kho st mt s hm a thc v hm phn thc n gin, bit
cch xt s tng giao gia cc ng (bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th,
vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th).
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Ph ng phap:
Gv gii thiu vi Hs s sau:
I/ S kho st hm s:
1. Tp xc nh
2. S bin thin.
. Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s.
+ Tnh o hm y.
+ Tm cc im ti o hm y bng 0 hoc
khng xc nh
+ Xt du o hm y v suy ra chiu bin thin
ca hm s
. Tm cc tr
. Tm cc gii hn ti v cc, cc gii hn v cc v
tm tim cn (nu c)
. Lp bng bin thin. (Ghi cc kt qu tm c
vo bng bin thin)
3. th.
Da vo bng bin thin v cc yu t xc nh
trn v th.
Ch :
1. Nu hm s tun hon vi chu k T th ch cn
kho st s bin thin v v th trn mt chu k,
sau tnh tin th song song vi trc Ox
2. Nn tnh thm to mt s im, c bit l to
cc giao im ca th vi cc trc to .
3. Nn lu n tnh chn l ca hm s v tnh i
xng ca th v cho chnh xc.
II. Kho st mt s hm a thc v hm phn thc:
Hot ng 1:
Yu cu Hs kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm
s: y = ax + b, y = ax
2
+ bx + c theo s trn.
Tho lun nhm kho st s bin
thin v v th ca hm s: y = ax +
11
1. Hm s y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d (a 0) :
Gv gii thiu vd 1 (SGK, trang 32, 33) cho Hs hiu r
cc bc kho st hm s y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d (a 0).
Hot ng 2:
Yu cu Hs kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y
= - x
3
+ 3x
2
4. Nu nhn xt v th ny v th trong
vd 1.
Gv gii thiu vd 2 (SGK, trang 33, 34) cho Hs hiu r
cc bc kho st hm s y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d (a 0) v
cc trng hp c th xy ra khi tm cc tr ca hm s.
Gv gii thiu bng dng ca th hm s bc ba y =
ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d (a 0). (SGK, trang 35)
Hot ng 3:
=
1
3
x
3
- x
2
+ x + 1. Nu nhn xt v th.
2. Hm s y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c (a 0)
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 3 (SGK, trang 35, 36) Hs
hiu r cc bc kho st hm bc bn.
Hot ng 4:
= - x
4
+ 2x
2
+ 3. Nu nhn xt v th. Dng th, bin
lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh - x
4
+ 2x
2
+ 3 =
m.

hiu r cc bc kho st hm bc bn v cc trng hp
c th xy ra khi tm cc tr ca hm s.
Gv gii thiu bng dng ca th hm s:
y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c (a 0)
Hot ng 5:
Yu cu Hs ly mt v d v hm s dng y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c (a 0) sao cho phng trnh y = 0 ch c mt
nghim.
3. Hm s y =
ax
( 0, 0)
b
c ad bc
cx d
+

+
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 5, 6 (SGK, trang 38, 39, 40,
41) Hs hiu r cc bc kho st hm phn thc v cc
trng hp c th xy ra khi xt chiu bin thin ca hm
s.
ng thi Gv cng gii thiu cho Hs bng dng ca
b, y = ax
2
+ bx + c theo s trn.
+ Tp xc nh
+ S bin thin
+ th
Tho lun nhm
+ Kho st s bin thin v v th
ca hm s: y = - x
3
+ 3x
2
4
+ Nu nhn xt v th ca hai hm
s: y = - x
3
+ 3x
2
4 v y = x
3
+ 3x
2
4
(vd 1)
Tho lun nhm
ca hm s: y =
1
3
x
3
- x
2
+ x + 1.
+ Nu nhn xt v th.
Tho lun nhm
ca hm s: y = - x
4
+ 2x
2
+ 3
+ Nu nhn xt v th.
+ Dng th, bin lun theo m s
nghim ca phng trnh - x
4
+ 2x
2
+ 3
= m.
(Cn c vo cc mc cc tr ca hm s
khi bin lun)
Tho lun nhm ly mt v d v
hm s dng y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c (a 0)
sao cho phng trnh y = 0 ch c mt
nghim.
12
th hm s y =
ax
( 0, 0)
b
c ad bc
cx d
+

+
(SGK, trang 41)
III. S TNG GIAO CA CC TH
Hot ng 6:
Yu cu Hs tm giao im ca th hai hm s: y = x
2
+ 2x 3 v y = - x
2
- x + 2.
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 7, 8 (SGK, trang 42, 43)
Hs hiu r cc yu cu c bn ca dng tng giao ca cc
th:
+ Tm s giao im ca cc th.
+ Dng th bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh.
+ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th. ( phn bi
tp)
Tho lun nhm tm giao im ca
th hai hm s: y = x
2
+ 2x 3 v y =
- x
2
- x + 2. (bng cch lp phng trnh
honh giao im ca hai hm s
cho)
IV. Cng c:
V. Rt kinh nghim
13
On tap chng I
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn:
+ Khi nim ng bin, nghch bin, tnh n iu ca o hm, quy tc xt tnh
n iu ca hm s.
+ Khi nim cc i, cc tiu. iu kin hm s c cc tr. Quy tc tm cc tr
ca hm s.
+ Khi nim gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s, cch tnh gi tr ln nht v
gi tr nh nht ca hm s trn mt on.
+ Khi nim ng tim cn ngang, tim cn ng, cch tm tim cn ngang, tim cn
ng.
+ Hs cn nm c s kho st hm s (tp xc nh, s bin thin, v th), kho
st mt s hm a thc v hm phn thc, s tng giao gia cc ng (bin lun s
nghim ca phng trnh bng th, vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th)
- K nng:
+ Bit cch xt du mt nh thc, tam thc, bit nhn xt khi no hm s ng
bin, nghch bin, bit vn dng quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s vo gii mt s bi
ton n gin.
+ Bit cch xt du mt nh thc, tam thc, bit nhn xt khi no hm s ng
bin, nghch bin, bit vn dng quy tc tm cc tr ca hm s vo gii mt s bi ton n
gin.
+ Bit cch nhn bit gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s, bit vn dng
quy tc tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s trn mt on gii mt s bi ton
n gin.
+ Bit cch tm tim cn ngang, tim cn ng ca hm phn thc n gin.
+ Bit cch kho st mt s hm a thc v hm phn thc n gin, bit cch xt
s tng giao gia cc ng (bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th, vit
phng trnh tip tuyn vi th).
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Ph ng phap:
To chc cho Hs thao luan
nhom giai quyet cac noi dung
trong phan on tap chng.

Phan ly thuyet, Gv co the goi
Hs nhac lai cac khai niem hay
lap phieu e Hs oc SGK va
ien vao phieu.
Hs lam theo hng dan cua Gv:
14

Phan bai tap, Gv phan cong
cho tng nhom lam va bao
cao ket qua e Gv sa cho Hs.
Thao luan nhom e giai bai tap.
IV. C ng c :
+ Gv nhc li cac khai nim trong bai Hs khc sau kin thc.
+ Dn Btvn: Lam cac bai tap con lai.
V. Rt kinh nghim:
15
CHNG II:
HM S LU THA, HM S M V HM S LOGARIT
1. LU THA
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim lu tha, lu tha vi s m nguyn, phng trnh x
n
=
b, cn bc n, lu tha vi s m v hu t, lu tha vi s m v t, tnh cht ca lu tha
vi s m thc.
- K nng: bit cch p dng khi nim lu tha vo gii mt s bi ton n gin, n
tnh ton thu gon biu thc, chng minh ng thc lu tha.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Ph ng phap:
I. KHI NIM LU THA
1. Lu tha vi s m nguyn:
Hot ng 1:
Yu cu Hs tnh cc lu tha sau: (1,5)
4
;
3
2
3
_

,
;
( )
5
3 .
Gv gii thiu ni dung sau cho Hs:
Cho n
Z
+
, a R, luy tha bac
n cua so a (ky hieu:
a
n
) la:

a
n
=
. . ...
n thua so
a a a a
142 43

Vi a 0, n
Z
+
ta nh ngha:

a
a n
n 1
Qui c: a
0
= 1. (0
0
, 0
-n
khong co
ngha).
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 1, 2 (SGK, trang 49,
50) Hs hiu r nh ngha va nu.
2. Phng trnh x
n
= b :
Hot ng 2:
Yu cu Hs da vo th ca cc hm s y
= x
3
v y = x
4
(H 26, H 27, SGK, trang 50), hy
bin lun s nghim ca cc phng trnh x
3
= b v
Thao luan nhom e giai bai
tap.
Thao luan nhom e giai bai
tap.
16
x
4
= b.
Tng qut, ta c:
a/ Nu n l:
phng trnh c nghim duy nht b.
b/ Nu n chn :
+ Vi b < 0 : phng trnh v nghim.
+ Vi b = 0 : phng trnh c nghim x = 0.
+ Vi b > 0 : phng trnh c hai nghim i
nhau.
3. Cn bc n:
a/ Khi nim :
Cho s thc b v s nguyn dng n (n 2). S
a c gi l cn bc n ca s b nu a
n
= b.
V d: 2 v 2 l cc cn bc 4 ca 16;
1
3
l cn
bc 5 ca
1
243
.
Ta c:
+ Vi n l: c duy nht mt cn bc n ca b, k/h:
n
b .
+ Vi n chn:
. Nu b < 0 : khng tn ti
n
b .
. Nu b = 0 : a =
n
b = 0.
. Nu b > 0 : a = t
n
b .
b/ Tnh cht ca cn bc n:
( )
.
.
n n n
n
n
m
n m n
n
n k n k
a b ab
a a
b b
a a
a khi nle
a
a khi nchan
a a
'
Hot ng 3:
Yu cu Hs cm tnh cht: .
n n n
a b ab .
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 3 (SGK, trang 52) Hs
hiu r cc tnh cht va nu.
4. Lu tha vi s m hu t:
Gv gii thiu ni dung sau cho Hs:
Cho a R
+
, r Q ( r=
n
m
) trong
o m
Z
, n
Z
+
, a mu r la:
a
r
=
) 0 ( > a
n
m
n
m
a a
Hs hiu r khi nim va nu.
Tho lun nhm chng minh tnh cht ny:
.
n n n
a b ab
17
5. Lu tha vi s m v t:
Ta gi gii hn ca dy s ( )
n
r
a
l lu tha ca
a vi s m , k hiu a
:
lim lim
n
r
n
n n
a a voi r
+ +

V 1 1 ( ) R

II. TNH CHT CA LU THA VI S
M THC:
Hot ng 4:
Yu cu Hs nhc li cc tnh cht ca lu tha
vi s m nguyn dng.
a, b R
+
, m, n R. Ta c:
i) a
m
.a
n
= a
m+n
ii)
a
a
a
n m
n
m
iii)
( )
a
a
n m
n
m
.
iv) (a.b)
n
= a
n
.b
n
.
v)
b
a
b
a
n
n
n
,
_

vi) 0 < a < b
'
< >
> <
0
0
n
n
b a
b a
n n
n n
vii)
a a
n m
n m
a
>
'
>
> 1
viii)
a a
n m
n m
a
<
'
>
< < 1 0
Hs hiu r cc tnh cht va nu.
Hot ng 5, 6:
Yu cu Hs:
Hs nhc li cc tnh cht ca lu tha vi s m
nguyn dng.
18
+ Rt gn biu thc:
( )
3 1
3 1
5 3 4 5
( 0)
.
a
a
a a
+

>
+ So snh
8
3
4
_

,
v
3
3
4
_

,
.
IV. Cng c:
V. Rt kinh nghim:
2. HM S LU THA
I. M c ch bai d y:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim hm s lu tha, o hm ca hm s lu tha, kho
st hm s lu tha y = x

- K nng: bit cch tm tp xc nh ca hm s lu tha, bit tnh o hm ca hm
s lu tha, bit kho st cc hm s lu tha n gin, bit so snh cc lu tha.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Ph ng phap:
19
(x
) = x
- 1
(u
) = u
-
1
.u
I. KHI NIM.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs khi nim sau:
Hm s y = x
, vi R, c gi l hm s lu tha.
V d: y = x; y = x
2
; y =
4
1
x
; y =
1
3
x
; y =
2
x
; y = x
Hot ng 1 :
Gv yu cu Hs v trn cng mt h trc to th ca cc
hm s sau v nu nhn xt v tp xc nh ca chng :
y = x
2
; y =
1
2
x
; y =
1
x
.
* Ch :
+ Vi nguyn dng, tp xc nh l R.
+ Vi nguyn m hoc bng 0, tp xc nh l R\{0}
+ Vi khng nguyn, tp xc nh l (0; + )
II. O HM CA HM S LU THA.
Ta bit :
' 1
( ) ( R)
n n
x nx n

'
1
( )
2
x
x
hay
1 1
1
'
2 2
1
( ) ( 0)
2
x x x
>
Mt cch tng qut, ta c:
i vi hm s hp, ta c:

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 1, 2 (SGK, trang 57, 58) Hs hiu r
cng thc va nu.
Hot ng 2, 3 :
Gv yu cu Hs tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau :
y =
2
3
x
; y = x
; y =
2
x
; y =
2 2
(3 1) x

III. KHO ST HM S LU THA y = x
.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng kho st sau:
Tho lun nhm :
+ V trn cng mt h trc to
th ca cc hm s
y = x
2
; y =
1
2
x
; y =
1
x
.
+ Nu nhn xt v tp xc nh ca
chng.

y = x
( > 0) y = x
( < 0)
1. Tp kho st : (0 ; + )
2. S bin thin : y = x
- 1
> 0, x > 0.
Gii hn c bit :
0
lim 0
x
x
;
lim
x
x
+
+
Tim cn: khng c.
3. Bng bin thin:

x
0 +
y +
1. Tp kho st : (0 ; + )
2. S bin thin : y = x
- 1
< 0, x > 0.
Gii hn c bit :
0
lim
x
x
+
;
lim 0
x
x
Tim cn: Trc Ox l tim cn ngang.

Trc Oy l tim cn ng.
3. Bng bin thin:

x
0 +
y -
20
y
+
0
4. th: SGK, H 28, trang 59 ( > 0)
y
+
0
4. th: SGK, H 28, trang 59. ( < 0)
* Ch :
+ th ca hm s y = x
lun i qua im (1 ; 1)
+ Khi kho st hm s lu tha vi s m c th, ta
phi xt hm s trn ton b tp xc nh ca n.
Gv gii thiu thm cho Hs th ca ba hm s : y =
x
3
;
y = x
2
v y = x
. (SGK, trang 59)

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 3 (SGK, trang 60) Hs hiu
r cc bc kho st hm s lu tha va nu.
Gv yu cu Hs ghi nh bng tm tt sau :
> 0 < 0
o hm
y = x
- 1
> 0, x > 0. y = x
- 1
< 0, x > 0.
Chiu bin thin Hm s lun ng bin Hm s lun nghch bin
Tim cn Khng c Tim cn ngang l trc Ox
Tim cn ng l trc Oy
th th lun i qua im (1 ;
1)
th lun i qua im (1 ;
1)
IV. Cng c:
LOGARIT. (Tiet, ngay soan: 23.7.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim logarit, tnh cht, quy tc tnh logarit, i c s, logarit
thp phn, logarit t nhin.
- K nng: bit cch tnh logarit, bit i c s rt gn mt s biu thc n gin,
bit tnh logarit thp phn, logarit t nhin.
21
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
III. Ni dung va tin trnh len lp:
I. KHI NIM LOGARIT.
Hot ng 1 :
Yu cu Hs tm x :
a/ 2
x
= 8 b/ 2
x
=
1
4
c/ 3
x
= 81 d/ 5
x
=
1
125
Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh ngha sau:
1. nh ngha:
Cho hai s dng a, b vi a 1. S tho mn ng thc
a
= b c gi l logarit c s a ca b v k hiu l log

a
b.
Ta c : = log
a
b a
= b.
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 1 (SGK, trang 62) Hs hiu r
nh ngha va nu.
Hot ng 2 :
Yu cu Hs
a/ Tnh cc logarit :
1
2
log 4
v
3
1
log
27
b/ Hy tm x: 3
x
= 0 ; 2
y
= - 3.
* T c ch : Khng c logarit ca s m v s 0.
2. Tnh cht :
i/ log
a
1 = 0 ; ii/ log
a
a = 1 ; iii/
log
a
b
b
a
;
iv/ log
a (
a
)

=
Hot ng 3 :
Yu cu Hs chng minh cc tnh cht trn.
tnh cht va nu.
Hot ng 4 :
Yu cu Hs tnh cc logarit sau : 2
1
7
log
4
v
5
1
log
3
1
25
_

,
.
II. CC QUY TC TNH LOGARIT.
Hot ng 5 :
Cho b
1
= 2
3
, b
2
= 2
5
. Hy tnh log
2
b
1
+ log
2
b
2
; log
2
(b
1
.b
2
) v
so snh cc kt qu .
1. Logarit ca mt tch.
nh l 1: Cho ba s dng a, b
1
, b
2
vi a 1, ta c:
Tho lun nhm :
+ Tnh cc logarit :
1
2
log 4
v
3
1
log
27
+ Tm x: 3
x
= 0 ; 2
y
= - 3.
Tho lun nhm chng minh cc
tnh cht trn. (Da vo nh ngha)
22
log
a
(b
1
.b
2
) = log
a
b
1
+ log
a
b
2
Gv gii thiu chng minh SGK v vd 3 trang 63 Hs hiu
r hn nh l va nu.
Gv gii thiu nh l m rng sau :
log
a
(b
1
.b
2
b
n
) = log
a
b
1
+ log
a
b
2
+ + log
a
b
n
(a, b
1
, b
2
,, b
n
> 0, v a 1)
Hot ng 6 :
Hy tnh : 1 1 1
2 2 2
1 3
log 2 2log log
3 8
+ +
.
2. Logarit ca mt thng :
Hot ng 7 :
Cho b
1
= 2
5
, b
2
= 2
3
.
Hy tnh : log
2
b
1
log
2
b
2
;
1
2
2
log
b
b
. So snh cc kt qu.

Gv gii thiu nh l 2 sau:
Cho ba s dng a, b
1
, b
2
vi a 1, ta c:
log
a
1
2
b
b
= log
a
b
1
- log
a
b
2
v
1
log log
a a
b
b

nh l va nu.
3. Logarit ca mt lu tha.
nh l 4 :
Cho hai s dng a, b vi a 1, ta c:
log
a
b
= .log
a
b.
v log
a
n
b

=
n
1
.log
a
b
Gv gii thiu chng minh SGK v vd 5 trang 63 Hs hiu
r hn nh l va nu.
III. I C S.
Hot ng 8 :
Cho a = 4 ; b = 64 ; c = 2. Hy tnh : log
a
b; log
c
a; log
c
b v
tm mt h thc lin h gia ba kt qu thu c.

Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh l sau :
nh l 4 :
Cho hai s dng a, b, c vi a 1, c 1, ta c:
Tho lun nhm tnh :
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 3
log 2 2log log
3 8
+ +
.
Tho lun nhm tnh :
+ log
2
b
1
log
2
b
2

+
1
2
2
log
b
b
.
+ So snh cc kt qu.
Tho lun nhm tnh :
+ log
a
b
+ log
c
a
+ log
c
b
+ Tm mt h thc lin h gia ba
kt qu thu c.
23
log
a
b =
log
log
c
c
b
a
v
b
a
a
b
log
log
1
a
b
b
a
log
log
1
1
log log
a
b b
a
.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs cm SGK, trang 66, gip Hs hiu r
nh l va nu.
IV. V D P DNG.
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 6, 7, 8, 9 (SGK, trang 66, 67)
Hs hiu r nh l va nu.
V. LOGARIT THP PHN . LOGARIT T NHIN.
Gv gii thiu ni dung sau :
1. Logarit thp phn:
Logarit thap phan la logarit c so 10.
Ky hieu: lgx (oc la loc cua
x)
2. Logarit t nhin:
Logarit t nhien la logarit c so e =
2,71828
Ky hieu: lnx (oc la logarit
Ne_pe cua x)
(vi e =
lim
n+

,
_
+
n
n
1
1
).
x > 0 ta co lnx =
e
x
lg
lg
.
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1..5, SGK, trang 68.
24
HM S M. HM S LOGARIT. (Tiet, ngay soan: 23.7.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim hm s m, o hm ca hm s m, kho st hm s
m, khi nim hm s logarit, o hm ca hm s logarit, kho st hm s logarit.
- K nng: bit cch tm tp xc nh ca hm s m, o hm ca hm s m, kho
st hm s m n gin. Bit cch tm tp xc nh ca hm s m, o hm ca hm s m,
kho st hm s logarit n gin.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 1, 2, 3 (SGK, trang 70) Hs hiu
r bi ton li kp, s phn r ca cc cht phng x c
biu din bng cng thc
0
1
( )
2
t
T
m t m
_

,
(trong , m
0
l
khi lng cht phng x ban u ti thi im t = 0, m(t) l
khi lng cht phng x tai thi im t, T l chu k bn r),
v cch tnh t l gia tng dn s hng nm trn th gii l
S = Ae
ni
(trong , A l dn s ca nm ly lm mc tnh, S l
dn s sau n nm, i l t l tng dn s hng nm.)
Hot ng 1 :
Cho bit nm 2003, Vit Nam c 80 902 400 ngi v t l
tng dn s l 1,47%. Hi nm 2010 s c bao nhiu ngi,
nu t l tng dn s hng nm khng i?
Gv gii thiu Hs ni dung nh ngha sau:
1. nh ngha:
Cho s dng a khc 1. Hm s y = a
x
c gi l hm s
m c s a.
Hot ng 2 :
Tho lun nhm tnh t l tng
dn s hng nm da theo cng
thc : S = Ae
ni
(trong , A l dn s
ca nm ly lm mc tnh, S l dn
s sau n nm, i l t l tng dn s
hng nm.)
25
Hy tm cc hm s m v c s ca chng:
y =
( )
3
x
; y = 3
5
x
; y = x
-4
; 4
x
.
2. o hm ca hm s m.
nh l 1:
Hm s y = e
x
c o hm ti mi x v: (e
x
) = e
x
.
i vi hm s hp, ta c : (e
u
) = ue
u
.
Gv chng minh cho Hs hiu c nh l va nu.
nh l 2:
Hm s y = a
x
c o hm ti mi x v: (a
x
) = a
x
lna.
i vi hm s hp, ta c : (a
u
) = ua
u
lna.
Gv chng minh cho Hs hiu c nh l va nu.
nh l va nu.
3. Kho st hm s m y = a
x
(a > 1, a 0)
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng kho st sau :
Tho lun nhm :
+ Tm ra cc hm s m.
+ Tm c s ca cc hm s m .
y = a
x
, a > 1 y = a
x
, 0 < a < 1
1. Tp xc nh: R
2. S bin thin:
y = (a
x
) = a
x
lna > 0 x.
Gii hn c bit :

lim 0
x
x
a

;
lim
x
x
a
+
+
Tim cn: trc Ox l tim cn ngang.
3. Bng bin thin:
x
- 0 1 +
y +
y
+
a
1
0
4. th: (SGK, trang 73)
1. Tp xc nh: R
2. S bin thin:
y = (a
x
) = a
x
lna < 0 x.
Gii hn c bit :

lim
x
x
a

+
;
lim 0
x
x
a
+
Tim cn: trc Ox l tim cn ngang.

3. Bng bin thin:
x
- 0 1 +
y +
y
+
1
a

0
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng tm tt cc tnh cht ca hm s m y = a
x
(a > 0, a 1) :
Tp xc nh
(- ; + )
o hm y = (a
x
) = a
x
lna
Chiu bin thin a > 1: hm s lun ng bin.
0 < a < 1: hm s lun nghch bin.
Tim cn Trc Ox l tim cn ngang.
th i qua im (0; 1) v (1; a), nm pha trn trc honh.
(y = a
x
> 0, x. R.
II. HM S LOGARIT.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs nh ngha sau:
1. nh ngha:
Cho s thc dng a khc 1. Hm s y =
log
a
x c gi l hm s logarit c s a.
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 5 (SGK, trang 74)
26
Hs hiu r nh ngha va nu.
2. o hm ca hm s logarit.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs nh l sau:
nh l 3 :
Hm s y = log
a
x c o hm ti mi x > 0
v:
y = (log
a
x) =
1
ln x a
i vi hm s hp, ta c : y = (log
a
u) =
'
ln
u
u a
V (lnx) =
1
x
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 5 (SGK, trang 74)
Hs hiu r nh l va nu.
Hot ng 3 :
Yu cu Hs tm o hm ca hm s:
2
ln( 1 ) y x x + +
3. Kho st hm s logarit:
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng kho st sau:
Tho lun nhm tnh o hm ca hm s:
2
ln( 1 ) y x x + +
.
log
a
x, a > 1 log
a
x, 0 < a < 1
1. Tp xc nh: (0; + )
2. S bin thin:
y = (log
a
x) =
1
ln x a
> 0 x. > 0
Gii hn c bit :

0
lim log
a
x
x
+

;
lim log
a
x
x
+
+
Tim cn: trc Oy l tim cn ng.
3. Bng bin thin:
x
0 1 a +
y +
y
+
1
0
-
1. Tp xc nh: (0; + )
2. S bin thin:
y = (log
a
x) =
1
ln x a
< 0 x. > 0
Gii hn c bit :

0
lim log
a
x
x
+
+
;
lim log
a
x
x
+

Tim cn: trc Oy l tim cn ng.
3. Bng bin thin:
x
0 a 1 +
y +
y
+
1
0

-
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng tm tt cc tnh cht ca hm s y = log
a
x (a > 0, a 1) :
Tp xc nh
(0; + )
o hm
y = (log
a
x) =
1
ln x a
Chiu bin thin a > 1: hm s lun ng bin.
0 < a < 1: hm s lun nghch bin.
Tim cn trc Oy l tim cn ng.
27
th i qua im (1; 0) v (a; 1), nm pha bn phi trc tung.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs th ca cc hm s :
( ) 1
2
3
1
log ; ; log ; 2
3
x
x
y x y y x y
_

,

(SGK, trang 76, H35, 36) Hs hiu r hn v
hnh dng th ca hm s m v hm s
logarit, v s lin h gia chng.
Hot ng 3 :
Sau khi quan st th ca cc hm s va
gii thiu, Gv yu cu Hs hy tm mi lin h
gia chng.
T Gv a ra nhn xt m Hs va pht
hin ra : th ca cc hm s y = a
x
v y = log
a
x
(a > 0, a 1) i xng vi nhau qua ng
thng y = x.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng o hm ca cc
hm s lu tha, m, logarit:
Ham so s cap Ham so hp (u=u(x)
( )
'
1
.
x x
'
2
1
1
x x

_

,
( )
'
1
2 x
x

( )
'
1
'
.
. u u
u

'
'
2
1
u
u u

_

,
( )
' '
2 u
u
u

( )
'
x
x
e e
( )
'
.
ln
x
x
a a a
( )
'
'
.
u
u
e u e
( )
'
'
. .
ln
u
u
a u a a
( )
'
1
ln
x
x

( )
'
1
ln
log
a
x a
x

( )
'
'
ln
u
u
u

( )
'
'
ln
log
a
u a
u
u

IV. Cng c:
28
PHNG TRNH M V PHNG TRNH LOGARIT. (Tiet, ngay soan:
25.7.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: phng trnh m, phng trnh logarit, cch gii phng trnh
m, phng trnh logarit.
- K nng: bit cch gii phng trnh m, phng trnh logarit n gin.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
I. PHNG TRNH M.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bi ton (SGK, trang 78) i n
khi nim phng trnh m :
1. Phng trnh m c bn:
Phng trnh m c bn c dng a
x
= b (a > 0, a 1)
gii phng trnh trn ta s dng nh ngha logarit:
+ Vi b > 0: ta c, a
x
= b x = log
a
b.
+ Vi b 0 : ta c phng trnh v nghim.
29
Gv gii thiu vi Hs phn minh ho bng th (SGK,
trang 79) Hs hiu r hn khi no phng trnh c nghim.
phng trnh m c bn va nu.
2. Cch gii mt s phng trnh m c bn :
a/ a v cng c s.
Hot ng 1 :
Yu cu Hs gii phng trnh sau: 6
2x 3
= 1 (1)
+ Hd: a (1) v dng a
A(x)
= a
B(x)
, ri gii phng trnh
A(x) = B(x).
cch gii phng trnh m va nu.
b/ t n ph:
hiu r cch gii phng trnh m va nu.
Hot ng 2 :
Yu cu Hs gii phng trnh sau:
1
5
.5
2x
+ 5.5
x
=
250. (2)
+ Hd: t n ph: t = 5
x
, a v phng trnh bc hai
bit cch gii.
c/ Logarit ho:
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 4 (SGK, trang 80, 81) Hs hiu
r cch gii phng trnh m va nu.
II. PHNG TRNH LOGARIT.
Phng trnh logarit l phng trnh c cha n s di du
logarit.
V d:
1
2
log 4 x
;
2
4 4
log 2log 1 0 x x +
1. Phng trnh logarit c bn:

Hot ng 3 :

Hy tm x:
16
1
log
4
x
Phng trnh logarit c bn c dng: log
a
x = b x = a
b
Gv gii thiu vi Hs phn minh ho bng th (SGK,
trang 82) v lu vi Hs tp xc nh ca hm s ny.
2. Cch gii mt s phng trnh logarit c bn :
a/ a v cng c s.
cch gii phng trnh logarit va nu.
Hot ng 4 :
Yu cu Hs gii phng trnh sau: log
3
x + log
9
x = 6 (3)
+ Hd: a (3) v cng c s 3.
b/ t n ph:
Tho lun nhm a (1) v dng
a
A(x)
= a
B(x)
, ri gii phng trnh
A(x) = B(x) theo hng dn ca Gv.
Tho lun nhm : t n ph:
t = 5
x
, a v phng trnh bc hai
bit cch gii theo hng dn ca
Gv.
Tho lun nhm tm x:
16
1
log
4
x
Tho lun nhm tm x:
log
3
x + log
9
x = 6
30
Hot ng 5 :
Yu cu Hs gii phng trnh sau:
2
2 2
log 3log 2 0 x x +
V
2
1 2
2
log log 2 x x +
+ Hd: t n ph: t = log
2
x, a v phng trnh bc
hai bit cch gii.
c/ M ho:
Tho lun nhm tm x:
2
2 2
log 3log 2 0 x x + V
2
1 2
2
log log 2 x x +
+ t n ph: t = log
2
x, a v
phng trnh bc hai bit cch
gii.
IV. Cng c:
BT PHNG TRNH M V BT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT. (Tiet, ngay
soan: 28.7.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: bt phng trnh m, bt phng trnh logarit, cch gii bt
phng trnh m, bt phng trnh logarit.
- K nng: bit cch gii bt phng trnh m, bt phng trnh logarit n gin.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
31
I. BT PHNG TRNH M.
1. Bt phng trnh m c bn:
Bt phng trnh m c bn c dng a
x
> b (hoc a
x
b,
a
x
< b, a
x
b) vi a > 0, a 1
Ta xt bt phng trnh dng: a
x
> b
b 0
b > 0
S = R(v a
x
> 0 b x
R)
a
x
> b a
x
>
log
a
b
a (*)
a > 1 0 < a < 1
(*)
x > log
a
b
(*)
x < log
a
b
cch gii bt phng trnh m va nu.
Gv gii thiu phn minh ho bng th (SGK, trang 86)
gip Hs hiu r v tp nghim ca bt phng trnh m.
Ta c bng kt lun sau:
a
x
> b Tp nghim
a > 1 0 < a < 1
b 0
R R
b > 0
(log
a
b ; + ) (- ; log
a
b)
Hot ng 1 :
Hy lp bng tng t cho cc bt phng trnh a
x
b, a
x
< b, a
x
b.
2. Bt phng trnh m n gin :
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 2, 3 (SGK, trang 86, 87) Hs hiu
r cch gii mt s bt phng trnh m n gin.
Hot ng 2 :
Hy gii bt phng trnh sau : 2
x
+ 2
x
3 < 0.
II. BT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT.
1. Bt phng trnh logarit c bn :
Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh ngha sau :
Bt phng trnh logarit c bn c dng log
a
x > b (hoc
log
a
x b, log
a
x < b, log
a
x b) vi a > 0, a 1
Ta xt bt phng trnh log
a
x > b (**):
a > 1 0 < a < 1
(**) x > a
b
(**) 0 < x < a
b
cch gii mt s bt phng trnh logarit n gin.
Gv gii thiu phn minh ho bng th (SGK, trang 88)
gip Hs hiu r v tp nghim ca bt phng trnh logarit.
Ta c bng kt lun :
log
a
x > b a > 1 0 < a < 1
Nghim x > a
b
0 < x < a
b
Hot ng 3 :
Hy lp bng tng t cho cc bt phng trnh log
a
x b,
Tho lun nhm lp bng tng
t cho cc bt phng trnh a
x
b,
a
x
< b, a
x
b.
Tho lun nhm gii bt phng
trnh sau : 2
x
+ 2
x
3 < 0.
Tho lun nhm lp bng tng
t cho cc bt phng trnh log
a
x
32
log
a
x < b, log
a
x b.
2. Bt phng trnh logarit n gin :
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 5, 6 (SGK, trang 88) Hs hiu r
cch gii mt s bt phng trnh logarit n gin.
Hot ng 4 :
Gii bt phng trnh sau :
1 1
2 2
log (2 3) log (3 1) x x + > +
b, log
a
x < b, log
a
x b.
Tho lun nhm gii bt phng
trnh sau :
1 1
2 2
log (2 3) log (3 1) x x + > +
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1, 2 SGK, trang 89, 90.
On tap chng II (Tiet, ngay soan: 29.7.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn:
+ Khi nim lu tha, lu tha vi s m nguyn, phng trnh x
n
= b, cn bc n,
lu tha vi s m v hu t, lu tha vi s m v t, tnh cht ca lu tha vi s m thc.
+ Khi nim hm s lu tha, o hm ca hm s lu tha, kho st hm s lu tha y
= x
.
+ Khi nim logarit, tnh cht, quy tc tnh logarit, i c s, logarit thp phn, logarit
t nhin.
33
+ Khi nim hm s m, o hm ca hm s m, kho st hm s m, khi nim hm
s logarit, o hm ca hm s logarit, kho st hm s logarit.
+ Phng trnh m, phng trnh logarit, cch gii phng trnh m, phng trnh
logarit.
+ Bt phng trnh m, bt phng trnh logarit, cch gii bt phng trnh m, bt
phng trnh logarit.
- K nng:
+ Bit cch p dng khi nim lu tha vo gii mt s bi ton n gin, n tnh
ton thu gon biu thc, chng minh ng thc lu tha.
+ Bit cch tm tp xc nh ca hm s lu tha, bit tnh o hm ca hm s lu
tha, bit kho st cc hm s lu tha n gin, bit so snh cc lu tha.
+ Bit cch tnh logarit, bit i c s rt gn mt s biu thc n gin, bit tnh
logarit thp phn, logarit t nhin.
+ Bit cch tm tp xc nh ca hm s m, o hm ca hm s m, kho st hm s
m n gin. Bit cch tm tp xc nh ca hm s m, o hm ca hm s m, kho st
hm s logarit n gin.
+ Bit cch gii phng trnh m, phng trnh logarit n gin.
+ Bit cch gii bt phng trnh m, bt phng trnh logarit n gin.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
Phan ly thuyet, Gv co the
goi Hs nhac lai cac khai niem
hay lap phieu e Hs oc SGK
va ien vao phieu.
IV. Cng c:
CHNG III: NGUYN HM TCH PHN - NG DNG.
NGUYN HM.. (Tiet, ngay soan: 29.7.2008)
34
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim nguyn hm, cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm, s tn ti
ca nguyn hm, bng nguyn hm ca cc hm s thng gp, phng php tnh nguyn
hm (phng php i bin s, phng php tnh nguyn hm tng phn).
- K nng: bit cch tnh o hm ca hm s, nguyn hm ca hm s, s dng thng
tho c hai phng php tnh nguyn hm tm nguyn hm ca cc hm s.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
I. NGUYN HM V TNH CHT.
1. Nguyn hm:
Hot ng 1 :
Hy tm hm s F(x) sao cho F(x) = f (x). Bit
a/ f(x) = 3x
2
b/ f(x) =
2
1
os c x
vi x
;
2 2

_

,
Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh ngha sau:
Cho hm s xc nh trn K. Hm s F(x) c gi l
nguyn hm ca hm s f(x) trn K nu F(x) = f (x) vi mi
x thuc K
nh ngha va nu.
Hot ng 2 :
Em hy tm thm nhng nguyn hm khc ca cc hm s
nu trong v d 1.
Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh l 1 sau:
Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm f(x) trn K th vi mi
hng s C, hm s G(x) = F(x) + C cng l mt nguyn hm
ca hm f(x) trn K
Hot ng 3 :
Em hy da vo tnh cht F(x) = f (x) hot ng va
lm trn chng minh nh l va nu.
Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm f(x) trn K th mi
nguyn hm ca f(x) trn K u c dng F(x) + C, vi C l
hng s
Gv gii thiu vi Hs phn chng minh SGK, trang 94,
Hs hiu r ni dung nh l 2 va nu.
Tm li, ta c:
( ) ( ) f x dx F x C +
Vi f(x)dx l vi phn ca nguyn hm F(x) ca f(x), v

dF(x) = F(x)dx = f(x)dx.
Tho lun nhm tm hm s F(x) ca
cc hm s
a/ f(x) = 3x
2
b/ f(x) =
2
1
os c x

vi x
;
2 2

_

,
F(x) = f (x).
thm cc hm s khc cng vn tho
tnh cht:
F(x) = f (x).
Tho lun nhm da vo tnh cht
F(x) = f (x) hot ng va lm
trn chng minh nh l va nu.
35
2 nh l va nu.
2. Tnh cht ca nguyn hm:
+ Tnh cht 1:
'
( ) ( ) f x dx f x C +
+ Tnh cht 2:
( ) ( ) ( 0) kf x dx k f x dx k

Gv gii thiu vi Hs phn chng minh SGK, trang 95,
Hs hiu r ni dung tnh cht 2 va nu.
+ Tnh cht 3:
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) f x g x dx f x dx g x dx t t

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 3, 4 (SGK, trang 95) Hs hiu
r cc tnh cht va nu.
Hot ng 4 :
Em hy chng minh tnh cht va nu.
3. S tn ti ca nguyn hm:
Ta tha nhn nh l 3 sau:
Mi hm s lin tc trn K u c nguyn hm trn K
cc tnh cht va nu.
4. Bng cc nguyn hm ca mt s hm s thng gp:
Hot ng 5 :
Hy hon thnh bng sau:
Tho lun nhm chng minh tnh
cht va nu.
Tho lun nhm hon thnh bng
nguyn hm cho.
f(x) f(x) + C
0
x
- 1
1
x
e
x
a
x
lna (a > 0, a 1)
cosx
- sinx
2
1
os c x
2
1
sin x
Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng nguyn hm cc hm s thng gp sau:

0dx C
(0 1)
ln
x
x
a
a dx C a
a
+ <
dx x C +
cos sin xdx x C +
1
( 1)
1
x
x dx C
+
+
+
sin cos xdx x C +
36
ln ( 0)
dx
x C x
x
+
2
os
dx
tgx C
c x
+
x x
e dx e C +
2
cot
sin
dx
gx C
x
+
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 6(SGK, trang 96) Hs hiu r

bng nguyn hm va nu.
II. PHNG PHP TNH NGUYN HM.
1. Phng php i bin s:
Hot ng 6 :
Hy hon thnh cc cng vic sau:
a/ Cho
10
( 1) x dx
. t u = x 1, hy vit (x 1)
10
dx theo u
v du.
b/ Cho
ln x
dx
x
. t x = e
t
, hy vit
ln x
dx
x
theo t v dt.
Nu
( ) ( ) f u du F u C +
v u = u(x) l hm s c o hm
lin tc th:
'
( ( )) ( ) ( ( )) f u x u x dx F u x C +
Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung chng minh nh l 4

(SGK, trang 98) Hs hiu r nh l va nu.
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 7, 8 (SGK, trang 98, 99) Hs
hiu r phng php tnh nguyn hm va nu.
2. Phng php tnh nguyn hm tng phn :
Hot ng 7 :
Hy tnh
sinx x dx
+ Hd: Ta c: (xcosx) = cosx xsinx

Hay : - xsinx = (xcosx) cosx.
Tnh :
'
( cos ) x x dx
v
cos x dx

sinx x dx

Nu hai hm s u = u(x) v v = v(x) c o hm lin tc
trn K th:
' '
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u x v x dx u x v x u x v x dx

Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung chng minh nh l 5

(SGK, trang 99) Hs hiu r nh l va nu.
V v(x)dx = dv, u(x)dx = du nn cng thc trn cn
c vit di dng :
u dv uv v du

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 9 (SGK, trang 98, 99) Hs hiu r
phng php tnh nguyn hm va nu.
Hot ng 8 :
Tho lun nhm hon
thnh cc cng vic m Gv
yu cu trong phiu hc tp :
a/ Cho
10
( 1) x dx
. t u =
x 1, hy vit (x 1)
10
dx
theo u v du.
b/ Cho
ln x
dx
x
. t x = e
t
,
hy vit
ln x
dx
x
theo t v dt.
Tho lun nhm tnh
sinx x dx
theo hng dn
ca Gv.
37
Cho P(x) l a thc ca x. Qua v d 9, em hy hon thnh
bng sau:
t
( )
x
P x e dx
( ) cos P x xdx
( ) ln P x xdx
u = P(x)
dv = e
x
dx
Tho lun nhm hon
thnh bng trong phiu hc
tp theo hng dn ca Gv.
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1..4 SGK, trang 100, 101.
TCH PHN.. (Tiet, ngay soan: 30.7.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim tch phn, din tch hnh thang cong, tnh cht ca tch
phn, cc phng php tnh tch phn (phng php i bin s, phng php tch phn tng
phn)
- K nng: hiu r khi nim tch phn, bit cch tnh tch phn, s dng thng tho c
hai phng php tnh tch phn tm tch phn ca cc hm s.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
I. KHI NIM TCH PHN.
1. Din tch hnh thang cong:
Hot ng 1 :
K hiu T l hnh thang vung gii hn bi ng thng
y = 2x + 1, trc honh v hai ng thng x = 1; x = t
(1 t 5) (H45, SGK, trang 102)
1. Hy tnh din tch S ca hnh T khi t = 5. (H46, SGK,
trang 102)
2. Hy tnh din tch S(t) ca hnh T khi t [1; 5].
3. Hy chng minh S(t) l mt nguyn hm ca
f(t) = 2t + 1, t [1; 5] v din tch S = S(5) S(1).
Cho hm s y = f(x) lin tc, khng i du trn on [a ;
b] .Hnh phng gii hn bi th ca hm s y = f(x), trc
honh v hai ng thng x = a ; x = b c gi l hnh
thang cong (H47a, SGK, trang 102)
Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 1 (SGK, trang 102, 103, 104)
Hs hiu r vic tnh din tch hnh thang cong.
2. nh ngha tch phn :
Hot ng 2 :
Gi s f(x) l hm s lin tc trn on [a ; b], F(x) v G(x)
l hai nguyn hm ca f(x). Chng minh rng F(b) F(a) =
G(b) G(a). (tc l hiu s F(b) F(a) khng ph thuc vic
Tho lun nhm :
+ Tnh din tch S ca hnh T khi t =
5. (H46, SGK, trang 102)
+ Tnh din tch S(t) ca hnh T khi t
[1; 5].
+ Chng minh S(t) l mt nguyn
hm ca
f(t) = 2t + 1, t [1; 5] v din tch S
= S(5) S(1).
Tho lun nhm chng minh
F(b) F(a) = G(b) G(a).
38
chn nguyn hm).
Cho f(x) l hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]. Gi s F(x) l
mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn on [a; b]. Hiu s
F(b) F(a) c gi l tch phn t a n b (hay tch phn xc
nh trn on [a; b]) ca hm s f(x), k hiu:
( )
b
a
f x dx
Ta cn k hiu: ( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
F x F b F a .
Vy:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a
Qui c: nu a = b hoc a > b: ta qui c :

( ) 0; ( ) ( )
a b a
a a b
f x dx f x dx f x dx

nh ngha va nu.
Nhn xt:
+ Tch phn ca hm s f t a n b c th k hiu l
( )
b
a
f x dx
hay
( )
b
a
f t dt
. Tch phn ch ph thuc vo hm

f, cc cn a, b m khng ph thuc vo bin s x hay t.
+ Nu hm s f(x) lin tc v khng m trn on [a; b] th
( )
b
a
f x dx
l din tch S ca hnh thang gii hn bi th ca

f(x), trc Ox v hai ng thng x = a; x = b. (H 47 a, trang
102)
Vy : S =
( )
b
a
f x dx
II. CC TNH CHT CA TCH PHN.

+ Tnh cht 1:
( ) ( )
b b
a a
kf x dx k f x dx

+ Tnh cht 2:
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx t t

+ Tnh cht 3:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx a c b + < <

Hot ng 3 :
Hy chng minh cc tnh cht 1, 2.
hiu r cc tnh cht va nu.
III. PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN.
1. Phng php i bin s:
Hot ng 4 :
Tho lun nhm chng minh cc
tnh cht 1, 2.
39
Cho tch phn I =
1
2
0
(2 1) x dx +
a/ Hy tnh I bng cch khai trin (2x + 1)

2
.
b/ t u = 2x + 1. Bin i (2x + 1)
2
dx thnh g(u)du.
c/ Tnh:
(1)
(0)
( )
u
u
g u du
v so snh vi kt qu cu a.
Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b]. Gi s hm s
x = (t) c o hm lin tc trn on [ ; ] sao cho
( ) = a; ( ) = b v a (t) b vi mi t thuc [ ;
] . Khi :
'
( ) ( ( )). ( )
b
a
f x dx f t t dt

nh l va nu.
Ch :
Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b]. tnh
( )
b
a
f x dx

ta chn hm s u = u(x) lm bin mi, vi u(x) lin tc trn
[a; b] v u(x) thuc [ ; ]. Ta bin i f(x) = g(u(x)).u(x).
Khi ta c:
( )
b
a
f x dx
=
( )
( )
( )
u b
u a
g u du

r nh l va nu.
2. Phng php tnh tch phn tng phn:
Hot ng 5 :
a/ Hy tnh
( 1)
x
x e dx +
bng phng php nguyn hm

tng phn.
b/ T , hy tnh:
1
0
( 1)
x
x e dx +

Nu u = u(x) v v = v(x) l hai hm s c o hm lin tc
trn on [a; b] th
' '
( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
b b
b
a
a a
u x v x dx u x v x u x v x dx

Hay
b b
b
a
a a
u dv uv v du

hiu r nh l va nu.
Tho lun nhm :
+ Tnh
( 1)
x
x e dx +
bng phng
php nguyn hm tng phn
+ Tnh:
1
0
( 1)
x
x e dx +
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1..6 SGK, trang 112, 113.
40
NG DNG CA TCH PHN TRONG HNH HC. (Tiet, ngay soan:
31.7.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: din tch hnh phng gii hn bi mt ng cong v trc honh,
din tch hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong, th tch ca vt th, th tch ca khi chp
v khi chp ct, th tch khi trn xoay.
- K nng: bit cch tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi mt ng cong v trc
honh, din tch hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong, th tch ca vt th, th tch ca
khi chp v khi chp ct, th tch khi trn xoay.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
I. TNH DIN TCH HNH PHNG.
1. Hnh phng gii hn bi mt ng cong v trc honh:
Hot ng 1 :
Hy tnh din tch hnh thang vung c gii hn bi
cc ng thng y = - 2x 1, y = 0, x = 1, x = 5. So snh vi
din tch hnh thang vung trong hot ng 1 ca bi 2.
Tho lun nhm :
+ Tnh din tch hnh thang vung
c gii hn bi cc ng thng y
= - 2x 1, y = 0, x = 1, x = 5.
+ So snh vi din tch hnh thang
vung trong hot ng 1 ca bi 2.
41
Trong c hai trng hp hm s y = f(x) lin tc v
f(x) 0 hoc f(x) 0 trn on [a; b], th din tch S ca
hnh phng gii hn bi th ca hm s f(x), trc honh, v
hai ng thng x = a, x = b (H 52, SGK, trang 114) c tnh
theo cng thc:
S =
( )
b
a
f x dx
(1)
cng thc va nu.
2. Hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong:
Trong trng hp tng qut ta c:
S =
1 2
( ) ( )
b
a
f x f x dx
(2)
* Ch :
Cn kh du gi tr tuyt i ca hm s di du tch phn.
+ Gii phng trnh f
1
(x) f
2
(x) trn on [a; b]
+ Gi s phng trnh c hai nghim l c, d (c < d). Khi
f
1
(x) f
2
(x) khng i du trn cc on [a; c], [c; d], [d; b].
Trn mi on , chng hn trn on [a; c] ta c:
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
c c
a a
f x f x dx f x f x dx

hiu r cng thc va nu.
II. TH TCH.
Hot ng 2 : Em hy nu li cng thc tnh th tch khi
lng tr c din tch y bng B v chiu cao h?
1. Th tch ca vt th:
Ngi ta chng minh c rng th tch V ca vt th V
gii hn bi hai mt phng (P) v (Q) c tnh bi cng thc
V =
( )
b
a
S x dx

cng thc va nu.
2. Th tch khi chp v khi chp ct:
Bng php tnh tch phn, ta tnh c:
+ Th tch khi chp: V =
1
.
3
B h (B: din tch y, h: chiu
cao khi chp)
+ Khi chp ct: V =
' '
1
( ).
3
B BB B h + +
(B: din tch y ln, B: din tch y nh, h: chiu cao khi
chp ct)
III. TH TCH KHI TRN XOAY.
Hot ng 3 : Em hy nhc li khi nim mt trn xoay v
khi trn xoay trong hnh hc.
Tho lun nhm nu li cng
thc tnh th tch khi lng tr c
din tch y bng B v chiu cao h.
Tho lun nhm nhc li khi
nim mt trn xoay v khi trn
xoay trong hnh hc.
42
Gv nu bi ton (SGK, trang 120), t i n cng thc
tnh th tch khi trn xoay:
V =
2
( )
b
a
f x dx

r cng thc va nu.
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1..5 SGK, trang 121.
On tap chng III (Tiet, ngay soan: 1.8.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn:
+ Khi nim nguyn hm, cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm, s tn ti ca nguyn hm,
bng nguyn hm ca cc hm s thng gp, phng php tnh nguyn hm (phng php
i bin s, phng php tnh nguyn hm tng phn).
+ Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi mt ng cong v trc honh, din tch hnh
phng gii hn bi hai ng cong, th tch ca vt th, th tch ca khi chp v khi chp
ct, th tch khi trn xoay.
+ Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi mt ng cong v trc honh, din tch hnh
phng gii hn bi hai ng cong, th tch ca vt th, th tch ca khi chp v khi chp
ct, th tch khi trn xoay.
- K nng:
+ Bit cch tnh o hm ca hm s, nguyn hm ca hm s, s dng thng tho
c hai phng php tnh nguyn hm tm nguyn hm ca cc hm s.
+ Bit cch tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi mt ng cong v trc honh, din
tch hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong, th tch ca vt th, th tch ca khi chp v
khi chp ct, th tch khi trn xoay.
+ Bit cch tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi mt ng cong v trc honh, din
tch hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong, th tch ca vt th, th tch ca khi chp v
khi chp ct, th tch khi trn xoay.
43
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
va ien vao phieu.
IV. Cng c:
CHNG IV: S PHC.
S PHC. (Tiet, ngay soan: 1.8.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: s i, nh ngha s phc, khi nim hai s phc bng nhau, biu
din hnh hc ca s phc, mun ca s phc, s phc lin hp.
- K nng: bit khi nim s i, nh ngha s phc, khi nim hai s phc bng nhau.
Bit cch biu din hnh hc ca s phc, Bit cch tnh mun ca s phc, Bit cch tm
s phc lin hp.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
44
1. S i:
Gv gii thiu cho Hs bit s i l nghim ca phng trnh:
x
2
+ 1 = 0 x
2
= - 1
K hiu: i
2
= - 1.
Ni thm: nghim ca phng trnh trn l: x =
2
i
= t i.
2. nh ngha s phc:
+ Mi biu thc dng a + bi, trong , a, b thuc R, i
2
= - 1.
c gi l mt s phc.
+ i vi s phc z = a + bi, ta ni a l phn thc, b l phn
o ca s phc z.
+ Tp hp cc s phc z c k hiu l C
V d 1: 2 + 5i, 2 + 3i, 1 + (- 3)i, (hay 1 3i), 1 + 3 i,
(hay 1 + i 3 )l nhng s phc.
Hot ng 1 :
Em hy tm phn thc v phn o ca cc s phc trong v
d 1 va nu v ca cc s phc sau: - 3 + 5i, 4 - i
2
, 0 +
i, 1 + 0i.
3. Hai s phc bng nhau:
Gv gii thiu cho Hs khi nim sau:
Hai s phc c gi l bng nhau nu phn thc v phn o
ca chng tng ng bng nhau.
Ta c: a + bi = c + di
a b
c d

'

khi nim va nu.
* Ch :
+ Mi s thc a c coi l mt s phc vi phn o
bng 0. Ta c : R C.
+ S phc z = 0 + bi c gi l s thun o, vit gn l
bi.
+ c bit : i = 0 + 1.i ; s i c gi l n v o.
Hot ng 2 :
Em hy vit s phc z c:
+ Phn thc bng
1
2
, phn o bng
3
2
+ Phn thc bng 1, phn o bng 3

+ Phn thc bng - 1, phn o bng 3
+ Phn thc bng - 1, phn o bng 3
Tho lun nhm tm phn thc v
phn o:
+ Ca cc s phc trong v d 1 va
nu.
+ Ca cc s phc sau: - 3 + 5i, 4 - i
2
, 0 + i, 1 + 0i.
Tho lun nhm vit s phc z c
phn thc v phn o:
+ Phn thc bng
1
2
, phn o bng
3
2
+ Phn thc bng 1, phn o bng

3
+ Phn thc bng - 1, phn o bng
45
|z| = |a + bi| =
2 2
a b +
4. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc:
Mi im M(a; b) trong mt h to vung gc ca mt
phng c gi l im biu din s phc z = a + bi.
khi nim va nu.
Hot ng 3 :
a/ Em hy biu din trn mp to cc s phc sau:
3 2i, - 4i, 3 .
b/ Cc im biu din s thc, s thun o nm u trn mp
to ?
5. Mun ca s phc:
Gi s s phc z = a + bi c biu din bi im M(a; b).
Khi , di ca vector
OM
uuuur
c gi l mun ca s phc
z, k hiu l |z|.
Do ta c:
V d 4:
|3 2i| =
2 2
3 ( 2) 13 +
|1 + i 3 | =
2
1 ( 3) 2 +
Hot ng 4 :
Em hy tm s phc c mun bng 0?
6. S phc lin hp:
Hot ng 5 :
Em hy biu din cc cp s phc sau trn mp to v
nu nhn xt?
a/ 2 + 3i v 2 3i
b/ - 2 + 3i v -2 3i.

Qua hot ng trn, ta thy cc cp s phc 2 + 3i v
2 3i; - 2 + 3i v -2 3i c biu din bi nhng im i
xng vi nhau qua trc Ox. T , ta c nh ngha sau:
Cho s phc z = a + bi. Ta gi s phc a bi l s phc lin
hp ca s phc z, k hiu l :
z
= a - bi
3
+ Phn thc bng - 1, phn o bng
3
Tho lun nhm :
+ Biu din s phc z = 3 2i,
z = - 4i, z = 3
+ Tm cc im biu din s thc, s
thun o nm u trn mp to .
Tho lun nhm tm s phc c
mun bng 0.
Tho lun nhm biu din cc
cp s phc sau trn mp to v
nu nhn xt?
a/ 2 + 3i v 2 3i
b/ - 2 + 3i v -2 3i.
46
O x
y
M
a
b
V d 5 : z = - 3 + 2i v
z
= - 3 2i
z = 4 3i v 4 + 3i l nhng s phc lin hp.

Hot ng 6 :
Cho z = 3 2i. Em hy:
a/ Tnh
z
v
z
. Hy biu din
z
v
z
ln mp to v nu
nhn xt.
b/ Tnh |
z
| v |z|. Hy so snh di ca hai s phc .
Tho lun nhm
a/ Tnh
z
v
z
. Hy biu din
z
v
z
ln mp to v nu nhn xt.
b/ Tnh |
z
| v |
z
|. Hy so snh
di ca hai s phc .
T ta c kt qu sau:
+
z
= z
+ |
z
| = |z| .
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1..6 SGK, trang 133, 134.
CNG, TR V NHN S PHC. (Tiet, ngay soan: 1.8.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: khi nim php cng, tr, v nhn hai s phc.
47
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i.
(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i.
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i.
(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i.
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i.
- K nng: bit khi nim php cng, tr, v nhn hai s phc. Bit cch tnh cng, tr,
v nhn hai s phc.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
1. Php cng v php tr:
Hot ng 1 :
Theo quy tc cng, tr a thc (xem i l bin), hy thu gn
cc biu thc sau:
a/ A = (3 + 2i) + (5 + 8i)
b/ B = (7 + 5i) (4 + 3i)
Qua hot ng trn ta thy, php cng v php tr hai s
phc c thc hin theo quy tc cng, tr a thc.
khi nim va nu.
Mt cch tng qut ta c:

2. Php nhn:
Hot ng 2 :
Theo quy tc nhn a thc (xem i l bin), hy tnh biu
thc sau: (ch : i
2
= - 1): (3 + 2i).(2 + 3i)
Qua hot ng trn ta thy, php nhn hai s phc c
thc hin theo quy tc nhn a thc, sau thay i
2
= - 1 trong
kt qu nhn c.
khi nim va nu.
Mt cch tng qut ta c:
Qua cc hot ng trn ta thy: php cng v php nhn cc
s phc c tt c cc tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn
cc s thc. (v R C.)
Hot ng 3 :
Em hy nu cc tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn ca
s phc.
Tho lun nhm thu gn cc biu
thc sau:
a/ A = (3 + 2i) + (5 + 8i)
b/ B = (7 + 5i) (4 + 3i)
Tho lun nhm tnh biu thc
sau: (3 + 2i).(2 + 3i)
Tho lun nhm nu cc tnh cht
ca php cng v php nhn ca s
phc.
IV. Cng c:
+ Dn BTVN: 1..5 SGK, trang 135, 136.
48
PHP CHIA S PHC. (Tiet, ngay soan: 2.8.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: tng v tch ca hai s phc lin hp, php chia hai s phc.
- K nng: Bit cch tnh tng v tch hai s phc lin hp, bit cch chia hai s phc.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
1. Tng v tch ca hai s phc lin hp:
Hot ng 1 :
Cho z = 2 + 3i. Hy tnh z +
z
v z.
z
. Hy nu nhn xt v
cc kt qu trn.
+ Mt cch tng qut, vi s phc z = a + bi, ta c:
. z +
z
= (a + bi) + (a - bi) = 2a
. z.
z
= (a + bi).(a - bi) = a
2
+ b
2
= |z|
2
.
+ Pht biu thnh li:
. Tng ca mt s phc vi s phc lin hp ca n bng hai
ln phn thc ca s phc .
. Tch ca mt s phc vi s phc lin hp ca n bng bnh
phng mun ca s phc .
Vy tng v tch ca hai s phc lin hp l mt s thc.
2. Php chia hai s phc:
Gv gii thiu cho Hs ni dung sau:
Chia s phc c + di cho s phc a + bi khc 0 l tm s
phc z sao cho c + di = (a + bi)z. S phc z nh th c gi
l thng trong php chia c + di cho a + bi v k hiu l:
c di
z
a bi
+
+
khi nim va nu.
Mt cch tng qut, ta c:
2 2 2 2
c di ac bd ad bc
z i
a bi a b a b
+ +
+
+ + +
* Ch :
Trong thc hnh chia hai s phc ta thng nhn c t v
mu vi s phc lin hp ca mu.
khi nim va nu.
Hot ng 2 :
Em hy thc hin cc php chia sau:
Tho lun nhm
+ Tnh z +
z
v z.
z
.
+ Nu nhn xt v cc kt qu trn.
Tho lun nhm thc hin cc
php chia sau:
49
1
2 3
i
i
+
;
6 3
5
i
i
+ 1
2 3
i
i
+
;
6 3
5
i
i
+
IV. Cng c:
PHNG TRNH BC HAI VI H S THC. (Tiet, ngay soan: 2.8.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn: cn bc hai ca s thc m, phng trnh bc hai vi h s thc.
- K nng: Bit cch tnh cn bc hai ca s thc m, bit cch gii phng trnh bc
hai vi h s thc.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
1. Cn bc hai ca s thc m:
Hot ng 1 :
Em hy cho bit th no l cn bc hai ca s thc dng
a?.
Tng t cn bc hai ca s thc dng, t ng thc i
2
= - 1,
ta ni i l mt cn bc hai ca 1; v i cng l mt cn bc
hai ca 1. T , ta xc nh c cn bc hai ca s thc
m.
V d:
+ Cn bc hai ca 2 l 2 i t , v
2
( 2) 2 i t
+ Cn bc hai ca 3 l 3 i t , v
2
( 3) 3 i t
+ Cn bc hai ca 4 l
2.i t
, v
2
( 2 ) 4 i t
Mt cch tng qut, cc cn bc hai ca s thc a m l :
| | i a t
2. Phng trnh bc hai vi h s thc:
Cho phng trnh bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c (a 0), a, b, c R,
= b
2
4ac. Ta bit:
+ Khi = 0, phng trnh c nghim thc:
2
b
x
a

+ Khi > 0, phng trnh c 2 nghim thc:
2
b
x
a
t
+ Khi < 0, phng trnh v nghim thc. (V khng tn ti

cn bc hai thc ca )
Tuy nhin, nu ta xt trong tp hp s phc th c hai cn
bc hai l: | | i t
Tho lun nhm tr li:
S dng a c hai cn bc hai l
a t
50
Khi , phng trnh bc hai cho c 2 nghim l:
| |
2
b i
x
a
t
V d: gii phng trnh x

2
+ x + 1 = 0 trn tp s phc.
Gii:
Ta c: = 1 4 = - 3.
Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim phc l:
1 3
2
i
x
t
Hot ng 2 :
Gii cc phng trnh sau trn tp s phc:
a/ x
2
+ 2x + 3 = 0
b/ x
2
- 3x + 4 = 0
c/ x
2
+ x + 6 = 0
d/ x
2
- 4x + 5 = 0
Tho lun nhm gii cc phng
trnh sau trn tp s phc:
a/ x
2
+ 2x + 3 = 0
b/ x
2
- 3x + 4 = 0
c/ x
2
+ x + 6 = 0
d/ x
2
- 4x + 5 = 0
IV. Cng c:
51
On tap chng IV (Tiet, ngay soan: 2.8.2008)
I. Mc ch bai dy:
- Kin thc c bn:
+ S i, nh ngha s phc, khi nim hai s phc bng nhau, biu din hnh hc ca
s phc, mun ca s phc, s phc lin hp.
+ Khi nim php cng, tr, v nhn hai s phc.
+ Tng v tch ca hai s phc lin hp, php chia hai s phc.
+ Cn bc hai ca s thc m, phng trnh bc hai vi h s thc.
- K nng:
+ Bit khi nim s i, nh ngha s phc, khi nim hai s phc bng nhau. Bit
cch biu din hnh hc ca s phc, Bit cch tnh mun ca s phc, Bit cch tm s
phc lin hp.
+ Bit khi nim php cng, tr, v nhn hai s phc. Bit cch tnh cng, tr, v nhn
hai s phc.
+ Bit cch tnh tng v tch hai s phc lin hp, bit cch chia hai s phc.
+ Bit cch tnh cn bc hai ca s thc m, bit cch gii phng trnh bc hai vi h
s thc.
ny cho x hi.
ngh.
II. Phng phap:
va ien vao phieu.
IV. Cng c:
52
53

Giao An Giai Tich 12

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Copyright:

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Giao An Giai Tich 12

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Chng I:

f(x) nghch bin trn K

trn on [3; 5].

C th nh hnh 10 (SGK, trang 21). Yu cu Hs hy ch

(H16, SGK, trang 27) v nu nhn xt v

Gv gii thiu vi Hs vd 2 (SGK, trang 29) Hs

Tho lun nhm v nu nhn xt v

Tim cn: Trc Ox l tim cn ngang.

. (SGK, trang 59)

= b c gi l logarit c s a ca b v k hiu l log

Tim cn: trc Ox l tim cn ngang.

Vi f(x)dx l vi phn ca nguyn hm F(x) ca f(x), v

Gv gii thiu vi Hs bng nguyn hm cc hm s thng gp sau:

cos sin xdx x C +

sin cos xdx x C +

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 6(SGK, trang 96) Hs hiu r

Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung chng minh nh l 4

+ Hd: Ta c: (xcosx) = cosx xsinx

Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh l 5 sau:

Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung chng minh nh l 5

Qui c: nu a = b hoc a > b: ta qui c :

. Tch phn ch ph thuc vo hm

l din tch S ca hnh thang gii hn bi th ca

II. CC TNH CHT CA TCH PHN.

a/ Hy tnh I bng cch khai trin (2x + 1)

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 6, 7 (SGK, trang 108) Hs hiu

bng phng php nguyn hm

Gv gii thiu vi Hs ni dung nh l sau:

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 4 (SGK, trang 118) Hs hiu r

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 5, 6 (SGK, trang 118) Hs hiu

Gv gii thiu cho Hs vd 2 (SGK, trang 131) Hs hiu r

+ Phn thc bng 1, phn o bng 3

+ Phn thc bng 1, phn o bng

+ Khi < 0, phng trnh v nghim thc. (V khng tn ti

V d: gii phng trnh x

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