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* M Crm Crm (Cr) in gii l kim loi bc c nh xanh; c cng rt cao v chu mi mn rt tt.

. Nhit nng chy 1750 - 18000C. Theo in th tiu chun (Cr/Cr3+ = -0,7V) th n thuc cc kim loi hot ng. Nhng trong kh quyn b mt Crm c sinh ra lp mng mng oxyt rt kn, chc, chng n mn rt tt, lm cho Crm gi c mu dc v bng rt cao. Crm bn trong kh quyn m, trong khng kh cha H2S v SO2; trong cc dung dch axit sunfuric, nitric, photphoric, axit hu c v dung dch kim. Nhng trong dung dch axit HCl v trong H2SO4 c nng Crm b ho tan do mng oxyt b ph hu. Trong cc hp cht, Crm thng c ho tr +3 v +6. Hp cht Crm ho tr +6 l cht oxy ho mnh. CrO3 ho tan trong nc to thnh hn hp cc axit Cromic. ng dng quan trng ca Crm in gii l: m crm trang sc rt mng trong h lp m bo v trang sc, m Crm bo v chng n mn. M in Crm khc mt cch cn bn so vi cc qu trnh m in khc l s kt ta kim loi Crm t dung dch axit Gromic (H2CrO4), ch khng phi l t dung dch mui ho tan ca kim loi. S kt ta ca Crm t dung dch axit Crmic (Crm cha trong anion CrO 42-) thng din ra vi s c mt ca axit H2SO4, axit floboric HBF4, axitflosilicic H2SiF6. Nhng axit thm vo tc dng nh nhng cht xc tc, dung dch m Crm rt nhy vi cc cht bn. L thuyt qu trnh m in ca Crm vn cn cha c xc nh hon ton. Mt trong cc l thuyt cho rng, qu trnh din ra trn catt, t Crm c Oxy ho 6+ (CrO 3) chuyn thnh Crm c s Oxy ho 3+ (trong Cr2O3) ri Crm 2+ (CrO) v cui cng thnh Crm kim loi. 2CrO3 + 6H+ + 6e Cr2O3 + 3H2O 2Cr2O3 + 4H+ + 4e 4CrO + 2H2O CrO + 2H+ + 2e Cr + H2O 2H+ + 2e H2 Thuyt Muller cho rng trong khong khng gian Catt c hnh thnh hp cht Cr(OH)CrO4 v b kh theo qu trnh: Cr(OH)CrO4 + H+ + e CrCrO4 + H2O CrCrO4 + 2e Cr + CrO42-

Mc d c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v c ch kh axit Cromic thnh kim loi Cr trn catt. Nhng vn cha ch thuyt no c chp nhn hon ton
quy trnh m Crom C ch ca qu trnh m Crom: Qu trnh catt m crom rt phc tp. Khi m crom, trn catt xy ra ng thi nhiu qu trnh : - Kh Cr6+ thnh Cr3+; - To thnh mng catt gm cc hp phn Cr6+; Cr3+, anion xc tc; - Gii phng Crom kim loi; - Gii phng hydro. c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu nhm gii thch c ch ca qu trnh m ny, nhng n nay vn cn nhiu bt ng v cha c gi thuyt no c tt c mi ngi tha nhn. Mt trong cc cch gii thch c ch qu trnh m crom thng c nhc n l ca A.T.Vagramian, D.N. Usachep v c M.A. Sluger pht trin thm, ni dung nh sau: Nu dung dch m crom ch c CrO3 th khng th kt ta thnh crom kim loi c. Ch khi thm anion xc tc ( cn gi l anion l ) vo to thnh cc hp cht c kh nng kh ha hc hoc in ha trn catt th mi thu c lp m. V d: thm anion SO vo dung dch CrO3 s to thnh phc cromat sunfat; nng SO cng ln th nng phc cng cao. Khi phn cc, hydro nguyn t thot ra trn catt s kh Cr6+ trong phc cromat sunfat thnh hp cht Cr3+, ng thi pH st catot tng ln, to iu kin sinh ra mng caot, rt nhy, gm Cr6+ (65 67%), Cr3+ (21 - 23%), v SO (11 12%). Mng ny lm tng phn cc catot n mc kh tip Cr3+ than Cr kim loi. Nh vy qu trnh kh Cr6+ thnh Cr khng xy ra trc tip m tri qua nhiu giai on trung gian: Cr6+ + anion xc tc phc cromat sunfat; Cr6+ trong phc + [H] Cr3+ ( kh ha hc ) ; Cr3+ trong mng +3e Cr ( kh in ha ) ; Khi nng SO qu nh, tc t s CrO3/H2SO4 > 100, hp cht phc cromat sunfat t, mng catot qu mng, lng Cr3+ trong mng t, khng cho phn ng nn hiu sut dng in thp. Khi nng SO qu ln, tc t s CrO3/H2SO4 < 100, nng phc cn thit cho q trnh kt ta crom s tng ln. Khi nng SO vt qu mt ngng no s tr li km hm qu trnh catot, bi v mng catot qu dy, phc rt kh xuyn qua mng; tin st n b mt catot thc hin phn ng. Trong khi hydro nguyn t thot ra, d dng i qua mng; nn kh phc cromat sunfat ti mt ngoi ca mng, tc ti cc im kh xa catot, nhng Cr3+ sinh ra qu xa nh vy khng th nhn in t catot kh tip thnh cr kim loi c, m nm li phn pha ngoi ca mng catot. Tt c iu gii thch ti sao cc ng hiu sut dng in m crom u i qua cc im cc i khi tng dn nng anion xc tc. Khi tng mt dng in s lm cho Cr3+ trong mng tng them kh nng tin st b mt catot thc hin phn ng phng in, nn hiu sut dng in tng ln. Mt khc chiu dy mng catot cng tng ln v lng phc c kh nhiu hn nhng sn phm to mng. Tng nhit , hydro phng in v d thot ra hn, ng thi phc cromat - sunfat km bn hn, d b phn hy mt phn, nn nng phc gim i lm mng mng hn v hiu sut dng gim xung. Tm li, thnh phn dung dch v ch m u nh hng n chiu dy, thnh phn v tnh cht mng catot. Mt khc cu trc v tnh cht lp m li do c tnh mng catot quyt nh. iu gii thch ti sao ch bng cch thay i ch m cng to c lp m xm, bng, sa, cng, nt hay mm.

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