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I. t vn : II. Ti liu v phng php: III. Tng quan ti liu: III.1. Khi nim v ch th sinh hc mi trng nc: III.2.

i tng v vai tr ca ch th sinh hc mi trng nc: III.2.1. Thc vt:

3.2.1.1. To Trong nc, tao la mot nhom sinh vat ch th quan trong a c e cap en trong chng trnh nghien cu cua Falmer. Theo o, ong nghien cu va thong ke c 21 chi thuoc 4 nganh tao khac nhau lam ch th cho thuy vc b o nhiem nang chat hu c: Tao lam: Phormidium, Anabacna, Oscilatoria, Anacystis, Lyngbia, Spirulina. Tao luc: Careia, Spirogyra, Teraedron, cocum, Chlorella, Stigeoclonium, Chlamydomonas, Chlorogonium, Agmenllum. Tao Silic: Nitochia, Gomphonema. Tao mat: Pyro botryp Phacus, Lepocmena Eugrema. Ngoai ra, thc vat phu du: tao kim( Silicoflagellata), tao lam( Cyanophyta), tao giap ( Pyrrophyta), tao Silic( Bacillariophyta) cung ch th cho cac vung bien ven ao. Mot so phieu sinh thc vat( phytoplankton) co kha nang ch th o nhiem nguon nc do: - O nhiem hu c( gay kiet oxy hoa tan) - Phu dng hoa - O nhiem do hoa chat oc( kim loai nang, hoa chat bao ve thc vat, hydrocacbon a vong) - O nhiem do dau, m. Mt s u im trong vic s dng to l sinh vt ch th: - To c tc sinh trng nhanh, vng i ngn do vy c th s dng nh gi nhng tc ng tc thi. - V to l sinh vt sn xut nn chng chu nh hng trc tip ca hu ht cc yu t l ha trong mi trng. - Thu mu d dng, dng c r tin, khng cn nhiu ngi v gn nh khng gy nh hng n sinh cnh t nhin sau khi b thu mu. - c cc phng php chun c trng cho to nh: tnh sinh khi hoc o hm lng chlorophyll trong nc. - To rt nhy cm vi mt s cc cht nhim m cc nhm sinh vt khc khng th hin r hoc khng c nh hng (v d nh thuc dit c). To l sinh vt ch th nh gi cht lng nc t nhin rt tt. Dng ch th cht lng nc hay s ph nhng ha ngun nc nh to que ( filamentous algae), to

xanh hoa (green algal bloom) v nhiu loi to c khc. ng thi n dng ch th thy vc b nhim nng cht hu c, nh: To lam: Phormidium, Anabacna, Oscilatoria, Anacystis, Lyngbia, Spirulina. To lc: Careia, Spirogyra, Teraedron, cocum, Chlorella, Stigeoclonium, Chlamydomonas, Chlorogonium, Agmenllum. To Silic: Nitochia, Gomphonema. To mt: Pyro botryp Phacus, Lepocmena Eugrema. Mt s nghin cu s dng to lm sinh vt ch th:

3.2.1.2. Thc vt ph du hay phiu sinh thc vt ( phytoplankton ): L thc vt ch th nhim ngun nc do: nhim hu c (gy kit oxy ha tan) Ph dng ha nhim do ha cht c( kim loi nng, ha cht bo v thc vt, hydrocacbon a vng) nhim do du, m 3.2.1.3. Thc vt ln: Pht trin trong vng nc t hm, giu dinh dng: bo Ch th cho vng nc ph dng ho

III.2.2. ng vt: III.2.2.1. ng vt khng xng sng c ln: ng vt khng xng sng c ln c s dng nhiu trong vic ch th mi trng nc. y l phng php quan trc nhanh, hiu qu, t tn km, d p dng trn din rng, cho ci nhn ton din v tc ng ca cht gy nhim n h sinh thi. Da vo h thng im BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) v ch s ASPT (Average Score Per Taxon) nh gi cht lng nc cc thy vc nc ngt v c p dng nhiu nc trn th gii. c nhiu nghin cu thc hin ti Nng v vn ny. Trong c cng trnh nghin cu ca nhm tc gi Nguyn Vn Khnh, Phm Vn Hip, Phan Th Mai, L Th Qu - trng H S Phm H Nng v vn s dng ng vt khng xng sng c ln nh gi cht lng nc b mt ti cnh ng Xun Thiu, phng Ha Hip, qun Lin Chiu, TP Nng. Nhm nghin cu bng phng php sau: - Trc tin kho st chn 15 im thu mu nm dc theo cc knh mng cnh ng Xun Thiu, phng Ho Hip, thuc 5 khu vc: Khu vc I: H Bu Trm (im 1, 2, 3); Khu vc II: Cng B La (im 4, 5, 6); Khu vc III: p Trn (im 7, 8, 9); Khu vc IV: Cu Lin Hip (im 10, 11, 12); Khu vc V: Cu nh (im 13, 14, 15). - Sau tin hnh thu mu 5 khu vc nghin cu, mu c thu vo ma Thu, ma ng v ma Xun.

- Thu mu VKXS c ln: s dng vt pondnet, thu mu theo phng php ca Nguyn Xun Qunh, Clive Pinder, Steve Tilling v Mai nh Yn (2002). [3] - Thu mu nc: mu nc c ng trong chai 200ml a v phng th nghim Mi trng, Khoa Sinh - Mi trng. - Phn tch pH bng my o pH: Inolab; Phn tch DO bng my o DO: YSI - 5000. - Mu ng vt c phn thnh cc phenon, nh m s v c bo qun trong cn 700 ti phng th nghim Mi trng, Khoa Sinh - Mi trng, trng i hc S phm. - VKXS c nh loi hnh thi theo cc kha nh loi ca Nguyn Xun Qunh, Clive Pinder, Steve Tilling (2001) [3]; ng Ngc Thanh, Thi Trn Bi, Phm Vn Min (1980). [4] - Xc nh im s BMWP ca mi h da trn bng im BMWPVIET. [3] - Tnh ch s ASPT theo cng thc. [3] CNG THC: ASPT = N: tng s h tham gia tnh im; BMWP : tng im s BMWP; ASPT: ch s trung bnh trn txon - nh gi cht lng mi trng nc thng qua ch s ASPT theo thang xp loi ca Richard Orton, Anne Bebbington, Jonh Bebbington (1995) v Stephen Eric Mustow (1997). [3] - X l s liu thng k trn phn mm Excel, v biu trn phn mm Origin 5.0; Xy dng ma trn tng ng (Similarity) v v biu nhm (Cluster) trn phn mm Primer V5.0. [6] Qua , ta c kt qu nh sau: BNG S LIU: Bng 1. DO (mg/l) v pH mi trng nc ti cc khu vc nghin cu Bng 2: Thnh phn VKXS c ln trong h thng im BMWPVIET Bng 3. Ch s BMWP v ASPT ca cc im theo cc ma trong nm Bng 4. Bng xp loi cht lng nc ti cc im nghin cu Link v bng s liu: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:FkpGW-OvvLIJ:www.khsdh.udn.vn/zipfiles/So24/24_14_khanh_ng%2520van.pdf+ph %C6%B0%C6%A1ng+ph%C3%A1p+s%E1%BB%AD+d%E1%BB%A5ng+sinh+h %E1%BB%8Dc+%C4%91%E1%BB%83+%C4%91%C3%A1nh+gi%C3%A1+ch %E1%BA%A5t+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB %9Dng&hl=vi&gl=vn&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiINOaBX00YMlurXBBT8IR2cViU heQ-e3i4tpNXbc6RRqq3-tpF09at_qcoWHEGon1L_BaKIZ2pqtr5MsIxPMjU3SZIXhO6sTVpxEAHj_Ph0yacnMnVa6oWUSP2CCC48FjsZ4&sig=AHIEtbTBsjTSwRdxpmzIg5-TuM_46mFZ8w Vi vic kho st vy nhm thu c 1 s kt lun: 1. iu kin mi trng nc ti cc khu vc nghin cu: DO thp dao ng trong khong 0,19 - 7,57 mg/l, ring khu vc II l thp nht qua c 3 ma, dao ng trong khong 0,19 - 0,82 mg/l thp hn TCVN nc loi B. pH dao ng t 5,60 - 7,83.

2. Xc nh c 33 h VKXS c ln, trong c 26 h nm trong h thng im BMWP VIET tp trung trong 9 b. Hu ht cc h u nm trong nhm c im s BMWPVIET thp. 3. Ch s BMWPVIET trung bnh gia cc ma c s khc nhau c ngha mc = 0,05: ma Thu 23,33; ma ng 20,40; ma Xun 11,93. Ch s ASPT khng c s khc nhau c ngha gia cc ma trong nm ( = 0,05): ma Thu 4,11; ma ng 4,08; ma Xun 3,50. 4. Nc b mt 4 khu vc nghin cu I, III, IV v V u b nhim mc Nc bn va , ring khu vc II l khu vc nhim nng nht mc Nc rt bn. 5. Ch s ASPT v ch s BMWPVIET c tng quan thun vi DO v pH ca mi trng. BMWP v ASPT phn nh c hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt ti Xun Thiu. Khng ch ti i Hc S Phm m trng i Hc Khoa Hc Hu cng thc hin vic nghin cu s dng ng vt khng xng sng c ln nh gi cht lng mi trng nc mt s im trn song B, tnh Tha thin hu. c ng trn tp ch khoa hc i hc hu, s 57, 2010. Do V Vn Ph, Hong nh Trung, L Mai Hong Thy, Trng i hc khoa hc Hu nghin cu. Trong nghin cu ny, tin hnh s dng ng vt khng xng sng ( DVKXS) c ln trn sng B , tnh Tha thin hu lm ch th Sinh hc nh gi cht lng nc mt ti 7 im trn sng thng qua h thng tnh im BMWPVIET v ch s sinh hc ASPT. Kt qu kho st thu c: BNG S LIU: Bng 1. Danh sch cc h VKXS trong h thng BMWPVIET ti cc khu vc nghin cu Bng 2. Xp loi cht lng nc cc khu vc nghin cu theo ch s ASPT Link bng s liu: Kt qu phn tch mu vt thu c vo thng 2/ 2008 n thng 7/2008 xc nh c 44 h DVKXS c ln, trong c 37 h tham gia vo h thng tnh im BMWP Viet. NGhin cu cho thy cht lng mi trng nc mt y b nhim mc nc bn va alpha (alpha-mesosaprobe) n mc nc bn va beta (betamesosaprobe) Qua 2 bi bo co nghin cu khoa hc ta nhn thy rng .NHN XT V NH GI CA SINH VIN V 2 BI BO CO TRN. III.2.2.2. Loi c 2 mnh v: Vit Nam vic s dng loi 2 mnh v nghin cu vic ch th mi trng l khng ph bin, ch tp trung 1 s loi nh Vm xanh (Perma viridis), Nghu la (Paphia undulata), S lng (Anadara subcrenata), Hu sng (Ostrea rivularis) Tnh hnh trong thi gian gn y vic nhim Kim Loi Nng ti cc sng v ca bin ang l 1 vn cp thit cn c gii quyt. KLN c kh nng tch t rt ln ng thi chng kh b phn hy trong mi trng, nh hng rt ln n sc khe

con ngi. Nn vic quan trc cht lng ngun nc l vn quan trng tm ra gii php kp thi ngn chn s nhim KLN. Loi 2 mnh v c chn lm ch th sinh vt KLN v chng c i sng tnh, kh nng tch ly KLN cao trong c th m khng gy hi n chng, c th nhn dng s c mt ca KLN vi hm lng rt nh m phng php thng thng khng pht hin c.( (Merlimi 1965, Ferrington 1983, Doherty 1993 Oeatel 1998, Revera 2003) [6], c th cung cp trc tip nhng tc ng ca nhim n mi trng sinh vt v h sinh thi. (Thomas, 1975; Samoiloff 1989) [5]. Vi vn cp thit nh vy nhm nghin cu do Nguyn Vn Khnh, Dng Cng Vinh, L Trng Ngha V Th T Nh thuc trng H S Phm H Nng nghin cu s tch ly ca As v Pb loi hn (Corbicula sp.) v hu sng (Ostrea rivularis Gould) ti Cu TP Nng. Vi i tng nghin cu l loi Hn (Corbicula sp.), thuc h Corbiculidae, b Mang Tm (Eulamellibranchia), lp 2 mnh v (Bivalvia), ngnh ng vt thn mm (Mollusca) v Hu Sng (Ostrea rivularis Gould), thuc h Ostreidae, b mang si (Fillibranchia), lp 2 mnh v (Bivalvia), ngnh ng vt thn mm (Mollusca). Phng php nghin cu: mu ng vt thu 2 t v bo qun 40C (theo Gokvs). nh loi mu theo kha nh loi hnh thi ca Thi Trn Bi, ng Ngc Thanh, Phm Vn Min. Mu bn y c thu ng thi vi mu ng vt v c bo qun theo TCVN 6663-12:2000. Sau , tin hnh v c ha phn m mm ca ng vt theo phng php Van Loo, Dupreez, Steyn. Maauc bn y c x l v v c ha bng HNO3 c v H2O2. Phn tch hm lng As, Pb bng my quang ph. Ta thu c bng s liu sau: Bng 1. Kch thc (cm) v khi lng (g) ca hai loi Hn v Hu sng Bng 2. Hm lng As, Pb trung bnh trong bn y Bng 3. Hm lng As, Pb trong hai loi Hn v Hu sng https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment? ui=2&ik=57c0d162cc&view=att&th=1327fc6002ef35cd&attid=0.4&disp=inline&rea lattid=f_gsqwq1l13&safe=1&zw&saduie=AG9B_PHbOZuyq4hCsqQaahSptUl&sadet=1316444647496&sads=EHLxZezqomgQpCbc2w 9AZxbajL8&sadssc=1 Kt lun: 1. Hm lng As trong bn y ti khu vc sng Cu : 7,59 3,24 g/g cao hn TCCP 1,05 ln. Hm lng Pb trong bn y: 15,45 5,30 g/g th p hn TCCP. 2. Mc tch ly As hai loi Hn v Hu sng khng khc nhau c ngha.Mc tch ly Pb loi Hn cao hn v khc nhau c ngha so vi mc tch ly loi Hu sng. Hm lng As trung bnh trong hai loi Hn; 15,45 5,30 g/g v Hu sng: 1,23 1,08 g/g, u cao hn TCCP. Hm lng Pb trung bnh trong loi Hn: 3,58 2,69 g/g cao hn TCCP. Hm lng Pb trung bnh trong loi Hu sng: 1,04 0,81 g/g thp hn TCCP. 3. C s tng quan thun gia s tch ly As v Pb trong bn y v trong hai loi Hn v Hu sng. loi Hn tng quan ca As mc tng quan cht, i vi Pb mctng quan cht. loi Hu sng tng quan ca As mc tng quan Cht, i vi Pb mctng quan yu. iu cho thy c th s dng 2 loi Hn v Hu sng lm ch th nhim As v Pb.

Vic s dng loi 2 mnh v lm ch th mi trng cn c nhm nghin cu ca NGUYN VN KHNH, TRN DUY VINH, NG TH THY AN, L TH HIU GIANG trng H S Phm nghin cu v loi Ngu Du (Meretrix meretrix L.) v Hn (Corbicula sp.) nh gi mc d nhim ca thy ngn (Hg) tsaij khu vc Ca i TP Hi An. Vic khai thc khong sn v hot ng cng nghip pht trin nhanh vng u ngun lm cho vng h lu sng Thu Bn nhim thy ngn, nh ta bit thy ngn l cht rt c hi nh hng rt ln n sc khe con ngi. Nn vic quan trc khu vc ny l cn thit kip thi a ra phng n gii quyt nhanh chng. T vic kho st thu c kt qu nh sau: Bng 1. Kch thc v khi lng ca loi Ngao du v Hn Bng 2. Hm lng Hg trong mu trm tch qua 3 t thu mu Bng 2. Hg tch ly loi Ngao du v Hn Kt lun: 1. Ti khu vc Ca i, hm lng Hg trung bnh trong trm tch 0,145 0,052 g/g nm trong gii hn TCCP PELs (Hg 0,7 g/g). 2. Hm lng Hg trung bnh c tch ly Ngao du (Meretrix meretrix L.) 0,073 0,045 g/g, loi Hn l 0,066 0,044 g/g nm trong gii hn TCCP ca B Y T . 3. Loi Ngao du v Hn c khi lng v kch thc cng ln th hm lng Hg tch Ly trong co th cng cao. ng thi hm lng thy ngn trong trm tch tng quan thun vi hm lng thy ngn trong c th Ngu Du v Hn vi h s l r = 0,311 (pvalue = 0,415); r = 0,138 (pvalue = 0,722). Do vic s dng chng lm sinh vt ch l rt tt v ngha ln trong khoa hc. III.2.3. Vi sinh vt: IV. Trin vng:

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