SN XUT U PH 1.

C s l thuyt Trong ht u tng, thnh phn m tan chim khong 80-90% trong ch yu l globulin, globulin l cht khng tan trong nc nhng do trong ht u c Ca3(PO4)2, leuxithin, axit fintionic l nhng tc nhn lm tng tan ca globulin trong nc, do vy khi c nghin nh th n tan ti 80-90% trong nc. Qu trnh sn xut u ph chnh l dng tc ng c hc ph v cu trc t bo ca ht u, gii phng cc thnh phn c trong ht, ng thi dng nc lm dung mi ha tan cc cht c trong huyn ph. T dung dch ny da vo tnh cht ng t ca globulin, thng qua cc iu kin pH, nhit , in tch,...kt ta chng li thnh hoa u ri p nh hnh thnh bnh u ph. 2. S quy trnh sn xut u ph (theo phng php t

Hnh 4.1. S qui trnh sn xut u ph Thuyt minh quy trnh 1. Ngm ht Mc ch: ngm ht nhm mc ch lm ht u ht nc v trng n. Khi cc phn t nc c tnh lng cc s tc ng ln protein, lipit, gluxit, xenluloza. Qa trnh ny xy ra qua hai giai on:

- Giai on u xy ra qu trnh solvat ha. giai on ny cc lin kt trong ht u cha b ph v - Giai on hai xy ra khi cc phn t nc tip tc tc ng v lm ph v lin kt cc phn t trong ht u v chuyn chng sang trng thi dch th keo linh ng nm trong cc t bo ht u Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ngm: thi gian ngm, lng nc ngm v nhit nc ngm:

- Thi gian ngm: + Nhit ngoi tri t 15oC 25oC, ta ngm 5 6 gi. + Nhit ngoi tri t 25oC 30oC, ta ngm 3 4 gi. Kt thc giai on ngm l thi im m ht u t 55% - 65% l tt nht - Nhit nc ngm: Nu ngm nhit cao, tc trng ca ht nhanh nhng trng ca ht li nh. Nu trng nh th cc thnh phn trong ht u ch trng thi keo ng, khng phi dch th keo, do kh ha tan. Nhit nc dng ngm u tt nht l 20 25oC. - Lng nc ngm: Thng c s dng: u/nc = 1/2,5 Lng nc ngm ny s gip trng n ca ht u tng i cao, chua thp (khong 2,23g axit axetic trn 100g u) v s hao tn cht kh nh (ch 0,6g/100g u). 2. Xay

Mc ch: Dng lc c hc ph v t bo, nhm gii phng protein, lipit, gluxit,...Nh c nc ha tan cc cht ny v s chuyn chng sang dng huyn ph.

Yu t nh hng n qu trnh xay

Yu t c nh hng quan trng nht trong giai on xay l lng nc cn thit cho vo trong khi xay. - Nu t nc s xy ra hin tng ha tan cc cht km v to ma st mnh gy ra hin tng tng nhit. Nhit tng lm protein b bin tnh, do kh nng tan ca protein s km i. - Nu qu nhiu nc s lm tng lng ha tan cc cht nhng gy ra kh khn trong cc cng on ch bin sau. Nc dng xay bt tt nht theo t l: u/nc = 1/6 3. Lc Sau khi xay ta c mt dung dch huyn ph, gm c dung dch keo v nhng cht rn khng tan trong nc. Trong qu trnh tch dung dch keo khi cc cht rn s xy ra hin tng cc cht rn s gi trn mt n nhng tiu phn keo v vy phi dng nc ra li phn b. Lng nc dng ra khng nn qu nhiu. Tiu chun sa khi lc xong phi t tiu chun sau: - Nng sa: 0,4 0,5oBe (1 Be = 1.84 Bx) - pH dch sa: 6 6,5 - Lng sa thu c t 1kg u l 9 lt Sa t khi xay n khi lc xong khng nn ko di qu 30 pht v ma h v 50 pht v ma ng. 4. Gia nhit, kt ta
Mc ch gia nhit: dch sa sau khi lc xong phi em gia nhit ngay nhm mc

ch: - Ph enzyme khng tripxin v c t Aflatoxin - Tiu dit VSV - Kh mi tanh ca u nnh

- Ph v lp solvat (lp nc bao quanh) to iu kin cho cc phn t sa gn li nhau hn v d keo t hn. Thi gian gia nhit cng nhanh cng tt. Thi gian un si cng nhanh cng tt, va un va khuy u cho khi b chy. Sau khi un si khong 5-10 pht phi tin hnh kt ta ngay sao cho t l thu hi kt ta l cao nht v qu trnh p nh hnh sau ny c thun li. Kt ta: Tc nhn gy kt ta c nhiu loi nh nc chua t nhin, CaCl2, CaSO4, axit axetic, axit lactic, axit xitric,...Trong cc loi tc nhn gy kt ta trn, nc chua t nhin c dng l thch hp nht. iu kin kt ta sa nh sau: - Nhit dch sa khi kt ta: > 95oC - pH ca dch sa: > 6 - pH ca nc chua: 4 4,5 Lng nc chua cn dng t 20 22% lng sa cn kt ta. Giai on u cho 1/2 lng nc chua, sau 3 pht cho 1/2 lng nc chua cn li v sau 3 pht na cho tip s lng nc chua cn li. Cui cng, va cho nc chua va khy u v nh. Khi thy nhiu hoa bng kt ta xut hin th khng nn cho thm nc chua na. Sn xut nc chua Nc chua c sn xut nh sau: - Sa u nnh 10% (sa c nng 0,4 0,5oBe, pH = 6,2 6,5) - Nc cht gn u kt ta: 15% (c pH = 5 5,5) - Nc un si ngui: 75% Hn hp nc chua c trn u c pH = 6,5. y chnh l mi trng to vi khun lactic, hn hp mi trng ny nhit 35 40oC v sau 39 42 gi vi khun lactic s pht trin rt mnh t c axit lactic cc i khong 10 11g/l v pH gim t 6,5 xung 4,0 4,5.

Trong sn xut ta c th nhn lng nc chua nh sau: ly 1/2 lng nc chua trn, ta ly 1/2 lng nc cht gn u kt ta vo v ln men 35 40oC trong 1 gi 30 pht n 2 gi ta c lng nc chua cn cho sn xut. 5. p v nh hnh thnh khun bnh Sau khi cht gn nc xong, cho ngay hoa bng u kt ta vo khun p. Nhit thch hp cho s kt dnh l 70 80oC, nu nhit di 60oC th kh nng kt dnh km, thi gian p nh hnh khong 10 pht. Sau khi p xong, ly cc khun u ph ra khi khun v ngm vo nc l cho u sch, trng v khng b chua. 3. Ch tiu cm quan - Hnh dng: Ba u c dng hnh hp y ch nht, khng b v nt, cho php khng qu 20% s ba b mt gc v st m, ba u b mt gc v st m khi lng gim khng qu 5%. - Mu sc: V ba u mu trng, trng ng c m vng, mt ct mu trng. - Mi v: Mi thm c trng ca sn phm, v ngon ca u ph, khng c mi i chua, kh kht v cc mi l khc. - Tp cht: Khng c ct, sn, mnh vn ca chy u v cc loi tp cht khc. - Trng thi: V ba u mn, s hi rp tay, khng mn bt. Khi sn xut xong, ngui n nhit trong phng, ba u phi do, cm gia ba u rung nh khng gy, khng rn nt. Mt ct ca ba u mn, nhn bng. Trn mt ct ngang ca ba u s l hng khng qu 3, l ln nht c ng knh khng qu 5mm, khng c cc vt nt chn chim ln. n sng c cm gic bo, ngy, dai, khng c cn b. Ming u khi rn n u. 4. Ch tiu l ha - Hm lng nc tnh theo phn trm: 82-83% - axit tnh theo s mililit natri hidroxyt 0,1N dng trung ha ht lng axit trong 100g u ph khng ln hn 7,5. - Hm lng protein tnh theo phn trm khng nh hn 10. - Hm lng cht bo tnh theo phn trm khng nh hn 4,5.

Ti liu tk: www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/fermented_tofu2.php Nguyn liu: 130g ht u nnh, 2.700ml nc un si ngui, 1.5 tha cafe ng nho GDL, 50g ng knh, 5 bng hoa nhi hoc hoa bi. Dng c: My xay sinh t hoc my lm sa u nnh, vi lc, vt lc, 2 bt t to 2 lt... Cch lm to ph th cng Bc 1: Ngm u nnh vo nc 6-8 ting. Trc khi ngm phi x nc mnh cho ht bt. t ni thong mt, khng y np. Ngm xong, gn ht nc v bt ra ngoi. X nc mnh cho ht nc c ri bp v ra sch v. Bc 2: Cho u nnh vo my xay sinh t, va xay va chm t t 200ml nc sao cho tht nhuyn. Xay xong, u nnh ra ni to ri ha vi 1.500ml nc, khuy u tay lin tc. Cho nhiu nc hn kh thnh cng.

Xay vi tc thp v chm nc t t

Va xay va ngng nc u bo ha

Xay n khi u nnh mn ht th ngng Bc 3: t vi lc ln mt chic ni, nc u va ha tan vo vi lc. Nhc 4 gc ca vi lc ln t t nc u chy ra. eo gng tay nilon dng mt ln, bp nh t trn xung di nc u trong vi lc ra ht. Phn cn li trong vi lc l b u th b vo thng nc go. Ly vt ht ht sch bt ni trn nc u, khng th to ph s b va. Bp nh tay nc u khng to ra bt. Bc 4: Bc ni ln bp ga, khng y vung, vn tht nh la, thnh thong dng tha bn rng khuy vng quanh nc u khng b kh. Cn thn hn, bn dng mt tm st mng bn di y ni la truyn nhit qua tm st ri tm st truyn nhit ln ni. Dng ni inox 2-3 y cng l cch tt. Trong qu trnh un,

bn phi thng trc khng bt tro ra ngoi. Thy nc u si bng ln gn ming ni th bc ra ngay. Tip tc ly vt ht ht sch bt ra ngoi. Bc 5: Ha 1.5 tha cafe ng nho GDL v 20ml nc un si ngui vo trong mt bt to. Khng c dng nc cha un si. Khng c ha trc khi cha un xong nc u. Bc 6: tht nhanh, dt khot ton b nc u vo dung dch nc ng nho GDL pha Bc 5. Khng c lm theo chiu ngc li, tc l dung dch nc ng nho vo bt nc u. Tip tc ht bt ni trn bt. t bt nc u ni yn tnh, khng dch chuyn, sau 15-30 pht c th mang ra n nng hoc ngui dng vi . Cch lm to ph bng my Bc 1: Ngm u nnh vo nc 6-8 ting. Trc khi ngm phi x nc mnh cho ht bt. t ni thong mt, khng y np. Ngm xong, gn ht nc v bt ra ngoi. X nc mnh cho ht nc c ri bp v ra sch v.

Dng ht Min (u nnh ca Cm-pu-chia) lm to ph mi ngon

Phi x ht bt chua, bp sch v trc khi xay Bc 2: Cho u nnh bp v vo gi inox.

Lm to ph bng my Soylove mt khong 30 pht. Bc 3: ong 1.700ml vo bnh ri li bt t ra 1 cc nc my xay m hn. Lp thn my ln bnh un, xoay quai xch thng ln trn kha li, cm dy in. Bm nt "Tofu". My s un - xay 5 ln - un tip n khi chn.

ong ti vch 1700ml ri bt i 1 cc nc my khng ku to Bc 4: Sau 20 pht, my bo 10 ting bp bp, tho thn my ra khi bnh un. Vt tht sch bt trong bnh.

Vt ht tt c bt u, khng to ph s b va Bc 5: t vi lc ln ming bt, rt nc u nnh t bnh qua vt lc xung tm vi lc ph trn bt. Ht tip phn bt ni trong bt.

Rt nhanh, thp tay nc u khng ngui. Bc 6: Nhc 4 gc vi lc ln nc u nnh ra nt. B b trong vi v vt lc i.

Tm 4 gc vi lc ln t t.

Khng nhc cao, nc u gim nhit s kh kt ta Bc 7: Cho 1.5 tha cafe ng nho GDL v 20ml nc un si ngui ha tan trong chic bt th 2. Nhc bt nc u nnh nhanh v dt khot vo bt th 2.

nc u vo ng nho GDL. Phi nhanh tay v dt khot! Ch : - Cng on no thy c bt u cn x l ht ht bt i th to ph mi khng b va.

- t bt to ph va lm vo ch yn tnh. Sau 15-30 pht to ph ng li l c th dng ngay. Cho vo ngn mt t lnh s ng hn. Lm nc ng hoa nhi Cho ng knh v 1.000ml nc vo ni un trn bp, la to nh u c. Nc ng si 5 pht th bc ra, ngui hn ri cho hoa nhi vo. Nn lm nc ng hoa nhi t hm trc, trong ngn mt t lnh s ngon hn. Nhiu ngi thch lm bng ng hoa mai, v m v thm, mu cng hp dn hn.

Dng ng hoa mai s thm hn. Hoa nhi c bn sn ch Hng B Dng c ht to ph Dng tha ht to ph vo bt, cho vin nh ln trn v chan nc ng hoa nhi thng thc. Mt s ch c bn dng c ht to ph, nu khng ta c th nh th st lm cho. Dng c ht to ph bng nhm khng tt bng inox, nhng ht s p hn v to ph d bm dnh vo cc b mt inox.

Ma h dng hoa nhi, ma ng dng gng