Chuyn : Phng trnh v t

1. PHNG PHP LU THA

Gii cc phng trnh sau:

1)

x2 4x + 6 = x + 4

2)

x 2 2x + 4 = 2 x

3) ( x 3) x 2 4 = x 2 9

4)

3x 2 9 x + 1 = x 2

5)

x 2 3x + 2 3 x = 0

6)

8)

4 1 x = 2 x

9)

7) 3x 3 3x 1 = 5

16)

x + 5 + 3 x + 6 = 3 2 x + 11
x + 3 7 x = 2x 8
y 14 12 y = 0

18)

x 2 + 3x + 2 + x 2 + 6 x + 5 = 2 x 2 + 9 x + 7

20)

x2 + 9 x2 7 = 2

10)
13)

11)
14)
17)

x +1 + 3 x + 2 + 3 x + 3 = 0
5 x 1 3x 2 x 1 = 0

3x 2 9 x + 1 = x 2
3

x + 1 + 3 x 1 = 3 5x

12)
15)

x 1 x 2 = x 3
x + 2 3 x = 5 2x

3x2 + 6x + 16+ x2 + 2x = 2 x2 + 2x + 4

19)

21)

x +1 = x + 9 2

3x 2 + 5 x + 8 3 x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 1

2. PHNG PHP T N PH

Dng 1: Cc phng trnh c dng

Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) ( x + 1)( x + 4) = 5 x 2 + 5 x + 28 )

A.B + A.B + C = 0

7)
2)

5 x 2 + 10 x + 1 = 7 x 2 2 x

( x 3) 2 + 3x 22 =

x 2 3x + 7

3) x( x + 5) = 23 x 2 + 5 x 2 2

5) 4 (4 x)( 2 + x) = x 2 2 x 12 6) (4 + x)(6 x) = x 2 2 x 12
Bi 2. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim?
a) (1 + 2 x)(3 x) = 2 x 2 5 x + 3 + m
b) x 2 + 2 x + 4 ( 3 x )( x + 1) = m 3
4) x 2 4 x + 2 = 2 x 2 4 x + 5

Bi 3. Cho phng trnh: x 2 + 2 x + 4 (3 x)( x + 1) = m 2

a. Gii phng trnh khi m = 12
b. Tm m phng trnh c nghim?
x+1
Bi 4. Cho phng trnh: (x 3)(x + 1) + 4(x 3)
= m (3)
x 3
a. Gii phng trnh vi m = -3
b. Tm m phng trnh c nghim?
Dng 2: Cc phng trnh c dng: A B
Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2
x x2 = x + 1 x
a) (QGHN-HVNH00) 1 +
3

b)

c) (AN01) 7 x + 7 + 7 x 6 + 2 49 x 2 + 7 x 42 = 181 14 x
e) 5 x +

5
2 x

= 2x +

1
+4
2x

(36)

A B +C= 0

2 x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2 x 2 + 5x + 3 - 2

g) (TN- KA, B 01) 3 x +

z 1 + z + 3 + 2 ( z 1)( z + 3) = 4 2 z i)

x+ 4+ x 4
= x + x2 16 6
2

d)

3
2 x

= 2x +

1
7
2x

3 x 2 + x 1 = 4 x 9 + 2 3x 2 5 x + 2 (KTQS01)
1 + x + 8 x (1 + x )( 8 x ) = a
Bi 2. Cho phng trnh:
(HKTQD - 1998)
a. Gii phng trnh khi a = 3.
b. Tm a phng trnh cho c nghim.?
Bi 3. Cho phng trnh: 3 + x + 6 x ( 3 + x )( 6 x ) = m (59)
a. Gii phng trnh vi m = 3.
b. Tm m phng trnh c nghim?
x + 1 + 3 x ( x + 1)(3 x) = m (m-tham s) (HSP Vinh 2000)
Bi 4. Cho phng trnh:
a. Gii phng trnh khi m = 2.
b. Tm phng trnh cho c nghim.
Bi 5. Tm a PT sau c nghim: 2 + x + 2 x ( 2 + x )( 2 x ) = a
Tt c bi tp 2, 3, 4, 5 ta c th sng to thm nhng cu hi hoc nhng bi tp sau:
a) Tm a phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht? (K cn v )
b) Tm a phng trnh cho v nghim?
h)

Nguyn c Ton Thnh GV Trng THPT Trung Gi

Chuyn : Phng trnh v t

Dng 3: Mt s dng khc.

1) 9( x + 1) 2 = ( 3x + 7 ) 1 3x + 4

4) 10. x 3 + 8 = 3 x 2 x + 6

2) x 2 3 x + 1 =

5)

3
x4 + x2 +1
3

x x2 1 + x + x2 1 = 2

3)
6)

x 3 1 = x 2 + 3x 1

6x
12 x
12 x

24
=0
x2
x2
x2

35
12

1
3x
1 x 2 + x 2
3x
=

=
1
8)
2
2
2
2
2
1 x
1

x
x 1
1 x
1 x
2
4x
x
x +1
= 2x + 9
10)
11)
2
= 3 (141)
2
x +1
x
1 1 + 2x
Dng 4: t n ph nhng vn cn n ban u.
1) ( 4 x 1) x 2 + 1 = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1
2) 2(1 x ) x 2 + 2 x 1 = x 2 2 x 1
3) x2 + x + 12 x + 1 = 36

7) x +

5) 4 1 + x 3 = x + 3 1 x + 1 x 2
6) sin x + sin x + sin 2 x + cos x = 1

x1
1
1
2
2 x+ y
+ 2 cos( x + y ) = 13 + 4 cos 2 ( x + y )
7) 2x +
8) 4 3. 4 x x sin
1 3 x = 0
2

x
x
x
4) 1+ x 2x2 = 4x2 1 2x + 1

3. PHNG PHP A V PHNG TRNH TCH.

1)
2)
3)

4) 8) x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 3 x + 3 + 2 x + 5 6
x2 + 7x + 4
5)
= 4 x (HDL 01)
( x + 1) 2 + 3n ( x 1) 2 + 2n x 2 1 = 0 (vi n N; n 2)
x+2
6) ( x + 2)( 2 x 1) 3 x + 6 = 4 ( x + 6)( 2 x 1) + 3 x + 2
x2 x 2 2 x 2 + 2 = x + 1
x 2 + 10 x + 21 = 3 x + 3 + 2 x + 7 6

7) x 2 x 1 ( x 1) x + x 2 x = 0

(1)

(HVKT QS - 2001)

4. PHNG PHP GIN C

1. (HSPHN200)

x( x 1) + x ( x + 2) = x 2

2.

3.

x 2 2002 x + 2001 + x 2 2003x + 2002 = x 2 2004 x + 2003

5.

x( x 1) + x( x 2) = 2 x( x + 3)

6.

x ( x 1) + x ( x 2) = x( x + 3)

8)

x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4 x + 3 = x 2 5x + 4
4. 2 x( x 1 x( x + 2) = x 2

x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4 x + 3 2 x 2 5 x + 4

x 2 + 3x + 2 + x 2 + 6 x + 5 = 2 x 2 + 9 x + 7

9.

(8)

(BKHN- 2001)

5. PHNG TRNH C CHA DU GI TR TUYT I.

1.

x2 4x + 5 x2 10x + 50 = 5

2.

x + 3 4 x 1 + x + 8 6 x 1 = 1

3.

x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 =

x+3
2

4.

x + 2 + 3 2x 5 + x 2 2x 5 = 2 2

5.

x + 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 = 2

6.

x 4 2x 2 + 1 = 1 x

8.

x + 15 8 x 1 + x + 8 6 x 1 = 1

7.

(HVCNBC01)

x 4x 4 + x + 4x 4 = 2 .

(24)

6. PHNG PHP NHN LNG LIN HP

Nguyn c Ton Thnh GV Trng THPT Trung Gi

8. 4 x + 2 = x + 1 + 4

Chuyn : Phng trnh v t

Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) x( x 1) + x( x 2) = 2 x( x + 3)
21 + x + 21 x 21
=
x
21 + x 21 x

4)

5)

2) 2 x( x 1) x( x + 2) = x 2

7 x 3 x 5
= 6 x
7 x +3 x 5

6)

3)

2x + 2 2x 1 = x

x2 3x + 2 + x2 4x + 3 = 2 x2 5x + 4

7) 2x2 1 + x2 3x 2 = 2x2 + 2x + 3 + x2 x + 2
8) 3 x 2 7 x + 3 x 2 2 = 3 x 2 5 x 1 x 2 3x + 4
9) x 2 2003 x + 2002 + x 2 2004 x + 2003 = 2 x 2 2005 x + 2004
7. PHNG PHP NHN XT NH GI

Gii cc phng trnh sau:

1) 3 x 2 + 6 x + 7 + 5 x 2 + 10 x + 14 = 4 2 x x 2

2)

3)

x 2 6 x + 11 + x 2 6 x + 13 + 4 x 2 4 x + 5 = 3 + 2

5)

2 x 2 8 x + 12 = 3 4 3 x 2 12 x + 13

8) 1 2 x + 1 + 2 x =

1 2x
1 + 2x
+
1 + 2x
1 2x

10) x 2 2 x + 3 = 2 x 2 x + 1 + 3x 3 x 2

6)

x 2 6 x + 15
= x 2 6 x + 18
2
x 6 x + 11
4) x 2 3 x + 3,5 =

(x

11)

2 x + 2)( x 2 4 x + 5)

2( 1 x + x ) = 4 1 x + 4 x

x 2 2 x + 5 + x 1 = 2 7)
9)

x 2 + 4 x = x 2 6 x + 11

(11)

x 2 + 10 x = x 2 12 x + 52

8. PHNG PHP A V H .

Dng 1: a v h phng trnh bnh thng. Hoc h i xng loi mt.

( 34 x) 3 x + 1 ( x + 1) 3 34 x = 30
1) 3 2 x = 1 x 1 (HTCKTHN - 2001)
17)
3
34 x 3 x + 1
2) 3 x + x 2 2 + x x 2 = 1
18) 1+ 1 x2 ( 1 x) 3 (1+ x) 3 = 2 +
3)
x + x + 1 x 2 + x = 1 (HDL HP01)

4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

5 x + 4 x 1 = 2
x2 3x + 3 + x2 3x + 6 = 3
3
x + 34 3 x 3 = 1 (12)
4
x + 4 97 x = 5
3
14+ x + 3 12 x = 2
4

9)
10)
11)

( x + 8) 2 + 3 ( x 8) 2 + 3 x 2 64 = 4

x + 17 x 2 + x 17 x 2 = 9
1
1
+ =2
2
x
2 x

1 x2

19) 3 2 + x + x2 + 3 2 x x2 = 3 4
20)
21) 3

( 3x + 1) 2 + 3 ( 3x 1) 2 + 3 9 x 2 1 = 1
( 2 x) + ( 7 + x) ( 2 x)( 7 + x) = 3
3

22) 2 x + x + 1 + 1 + 2 x x + 1 = 2 x + 1 + 1
23) 3 sin2 x + 3 cos2 x = 3 4
24) sinx + 2 sin2 x + sinx. 2 sin2 x = 3
1
2

1
2

25) 4 cos2x + 4 + cos2x = 1

26) 4 10+ 8sin2 x 4 8cos2 x 1 = 1

12) 3 1 + x + 3 1 x = 2
27)
17+ x 17 x = 2 (DL Hng vng- 2001)
28)
x 1 + 1 = 6 x (C mu gio TW1- 2001)
65
13) 3 x 2 + 2 = 3 x 2 + 1
29) x2 + x 5 + x2 + 8x 4 = 5
8
1
1
1
x 2 + x + 1 x2 x + 1 =
30)
(142)
14) 3 + x + 3 x = 1
2
2
2
31)
3
x3 35 x3 x + 3 35 x3 = 30
7 + tgx+ 3 2 tgx= 3
15)
32)
3x2 + 5x + 8 3x2 + 5x + 1 = 1
16) 3 24+ x + 12 x = 6
33)
2x2 + 5x + 2 2 2x2 + 5x 6 = 1
4
34)
47 2x + 4 35+ 2x = 4
Dng 2: a phng trnh cho v h i xng loi hai.

Nguyn c Ton Thnh GV Trng THPT Trung Gi

Chuyn : Phng trnh v t

1) x 3 + 1 = 23 2 x 1
2) x3 + 2 = 33 3x 2
3) (x2 + 3x - 4)2 + 3(x2 + 3x - 4) = x + 4
4) x 2 1 = x + 1
5) x2 + 2 = 2 x
6) x 2 + 5 x = 5
7) 5 5 + x = x

4x + 9
3
, x > 0 (HAN-D)
9) 4 4 + x = x
10) 3 x 9 = ( x 3) + 6
28
2
11) x + 5 + x = 5
12) x3 33 3x + 2 = 2
13) x2 + 1+ x = 1 14) 3 + 3 + x = x
8) 7x2 + 7x =

9. PHNG PHP O HM.

1. Cc bc:
Tm tp xc nh ca phng trnh.
Bin i phng trnh (nu cn) t f(x) bng mt biu thc no .
Tnh o hm f(x), ri da vo tnh ng bin(nbin) ca hm s kt lun nghim ca phng trnh.

2. V d.

Gii phng trnh sau:

2 x + 1 + 3 2 x + 2 + 3 2 x + 3 = 0 (1)

Gii:
Tp xc nh: D = R. t f(x) = 3 2 x + 1 + 3 2 x + 2 + 3 2 x + 3
Ta c:

f ' ( x) =

2
3

(2 x + 1) 2

2
3

( 2 x + 2) 2

1
3
>
0
;

1
,

2
2
(2 x + 3) 2
1
2

1
2

3
2

3
2

Suy ra hm s f(x) ng bin trn tp M= , ,1 1, ,+

1
2

3
2

Ta thy f(-1)=0 x=-1 l mt nghim ca (1). Ta c: f ( ) = 3; f ( ) = 3

Ta c bng bin thin ca hm s f(x):
x

f(x)

3
2

-1

1
2

F(x)
0
-

-3

T bng bin thin ta thy f(x) = 0 x = -1. Vy phng trnh cho c duy nht mt nghim x = -1.
Bi tp tng t:
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)

T bi 2, ta c bi tp 3.

3) ( 2 x + 1) 2000 +

( 2 x + 1) 2 + 1999

2
2
2) ( 2 x + 1) 2 + ( 2 x + 1) + 3 + 3x 2 + 9 x + 3 = 0

x + 2 + 3 x + 1 = 3 2x 2 + 1 + 3 2x 2

) + x(2000 +

x 2 + 1999 = 0

4) x + 3 + x + 19 =

5) (H.B02) Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim:

m 1+ x2 1 x2 + 2 = 2 1 x4 + 1+ x2 1 x2

6) (H.A08) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim thc phn bit:

Nguyn c Ton Thnh GV Trng THPT Trung Gi

y + 3 + y + 19

Chuyn : Phng trnh v t

4

2 x + 2 x + 24 6 x + 2 6 x = m

10. PHNG PHP LNG GIC HO.

V d. Gii phng trnh sau: x 3 + (1 x 2 ) 3 = x 2 2 x 2 (1)
Gii:
Tp xc nh: D = [-1; 1].

(2)

Do (2) nn t x = cost (*), vi 0 t (A)

Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh: cos 3 t + (1 cos 2 t ) 3 = cos t 2(1 cos 2 t ) (3)
Vi t (A), ta c: (3) cos 3 t + sin 3 t = 2 cos t. sin t ( cos t + sin t )(1 sin t. cos t ) = 2 cos t. sin t ( 4)
t X = cost + sint (5), X 2 (B) X2 = 1 + 2sint.cost sint.cost =

X 2 1
2

Phng trnh (4) tr thnh phng trnh n X:

X 2 1
X 2 1
= 2 .
X .1
X 3 X 2 = 2 X 2 1 X 3 + 2 X 2 3X 2 = 0
2
2

X = 2

X
=
2
X 2 X 2 + 2 2X +1 = 0
X = 2 1
2

X + 2 2 X + 1 = 0
X = 2 + 1

)(

Ta thy ch c nghim X = 2 v X = - 2 + 1 l tho mn iu kin (B).

+ Vi X = 2 , thay vo (5) ta c:

sin t + cos t = 2 2 sin t + = 2 sin t + = 1 t + = + k 2 t = + k 2 , k Z .
4 2
4
4
4
V t (A) nn ta c t =
+ Vi X = -

2
. Thay vo (*) ta c: x = cos =
(tho mn tp xc nh D).
4 2
4

+ 1, thay vo (5) ta c:

2 +1
sin t + cos t = 2 + 1 (**) 2 sin t + = 2 + 1 sin t + =
.
4
4
2

Khi , ta c:
2

2 + 1


= 1 3 2 2 = 2 2 1
cos t + = 1 sin t + = 1

4
4
2
2
2

cos t. cos

2 2 1

cos t + =
2
4

2 2 1
2
sin t.sin =

( cos t sin t ) = 2 2 1 cos t sin t = 2 2 1(6)

4
4
2
2
2

T (**) v (6) suy ra cost =

2 +1 2 2 1
2 +1 2 2 1
. Thay vo (5), ta c x =
.
2
2

Nhng ch c nghim x = 2 + 1 2 2 1 tho mn tp xc nh D.

2
Nguyn c Ton Thnh GV Trng THPT Trung Gi

Chuyn : Phng trnh v t

Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim x =
Bi tp tng t.
3)

2
v x = 2 + 1 2 2 1 .
2
2

1) 4 x 3 3 x = 1 x 2 (HVQHQT- 2001)

1+ 2x 1 x2
= 1 2x2
2

2) x 3 + (1 x 2 ) 3 = x. 2(1 x 2 )

4) 1+ 1 x2

Mt s bi tp tham kho:
1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
x2
= x4
1) 9 + x = 5 2 x + 4
8)
2x 7
2) 25 x 2 = x 1
9) 3x + 1 x + 4 = 1

(1 x)

( 1+ x)

] = 2+

1 x2

15) 6 x 1 x = 5 2 x
16)

5x 1 3x 2 x 1 = 0

3)

4 + 2x x 2 = x 2

10)

11 x x 1 = 2

17)

1 x4 x2 = x 1

4)

x 1 = x2 1

11)

9 + x 7 = 16 x

18)

2 x 5 = 13 x

6)

x 2 2x + 4 = 6 x

13)

x + 5 2 x + 14 = x 7

20)

12 x + 3 4 + x = 4

7) x 2 + 5 x 4 = x 1
14) x 2 + 9 x + 9 x = 9 x 21) 3 x 1 + 3 x 2 = 3 2 x 3
2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) x 2 6 = 2 x 2 8 x + 12 + 4 x
9) 2 x 2 + ( x + 1)(2 x) = 1 + 2 x
2) ( x + 5)(2 x) = 3 x 2 + 3 x

10)

3) 5 x 8 7 x 2 5 x + 1 = 7 x 2 + 8

11) (4 x 1) x 2 + 1 = 2( x 2 + x ) + 1

4) ( x + 1)( x + 4) 3 x 2 + 5 x + 2 = 6

12) x 2 + 3 x + 1 = ( x + 3) x 2 + 1

5)

x + 3 + 6 x = 3 + ( x + 3)(6 x)

13) 2( x 1) 2 x 2 + 1 = 2 x 2 + 2 x 2

6) 3 + 2 x x 2 = 3( x + 1 x )

14)

x 2 3x + 3 + x 2 + 3 x + 6 = 3

7)

15)

x 2 + 7 + x + x 2 + x + 2 = 3 x 2 + 3x + 19

1)

x +3 = x 3

2 x + 3 + x + 1 + 16 = 3 x + 2 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3

3. Gii cc phng trnh sau: (n ph h)

2)

x 2 + x + 2 + x 2 + x + 7 = 3 x 2 + 3 x + 13

3 x2 + x + 3 + x2 + x = 1

3)

x 2 + 3 + 10 x 2 = 5

4. Gii cc phng trnh sau (nh gi)

4) 3x 2 2 x + 15 + 3x 2 2 x + 8 = 7

1) x 2 2 x + 5 + x 1 = 2

3) x 3 + 5 x = x 2 8 x + 18
2) 1 x 2 + 23 1 x 2 = 3
4) 4 x + x + 4 2 x + 2 x = 4
5. Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
1) x 1 + 3 x ( x 1)(3 x) = m
2) x + 1 + 1 x = a
4) 2 ( x + 2)(4 x ) + x 2 = 2 x m
6. Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
1) 4 x + x + 2 = m
4) x + 2 x = m 2) 4 x + 4 2 x = m 5) 1 x 2 + 23 1 x 2 = m
3) 4 x 1 + x 1 + 4 3 x + 3 x = m
6) 4 x + x + 4 2 x + 2 x = m
7. Gii phng trnh, h phng trnh:
a) 7 x + x 5 = x 2 12 x + 38
b) 5 2 x + 2 x 3 = 3 x 2 12 x + 14
c)
2
x + x + 2004 = 2004
x + 1 + y = 1
x + 1 + y = 4
2x
1 1
d)
e)
f)
+
+
=2
x + y = 7
1+ x
2 2x
x + y + 1 = 1

Nguyn c Ton Thnh GV Trng THPT Trung Gi