Ok Mo Phong Cac He Thong Thong Tin Dung Matlab 2

M PHNG CC H THNG
THNG TIN V TUYN S

DNG MATLAB
Simulation of Radio Communication Systems using Matlab
Trn Xun Nam
B mn Thng tin, Khoa V tuyn in t
i hc K thut L Qu n
100 Hong Quc Vit, Cu Giy , H Ni, Vit Nam
Phone: (069)-515392 E-mail: namtx@lqdtu.edu.vn
2
Mc lc
1 Gii thiu Matlab 1
1.1 Matlab l g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Khi ng v Thot khi MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Lm vic vi MATLAB Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Cc lnh MATLAB c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Cc k hiu c bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ti liu tham kho 6
2 Tnh ton v Lp trnh s dng Matlab 7
2.1 Cc php tnh s hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Cc ton t so snh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Cc ton t logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Vector v Ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.1 To vector v ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.2 Cc php ton i vi vector v ma trn . . . . . . 12
2.5 Lp trnh vi Matlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5.1 iu khin lung (flow control) . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5.2 To chng trnh MATLAB bng tp .m . . . . . . 22
2.6 S dng ho trong MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.1 V th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ti liu tham kho 29
3 L thuyt m phng 31
3.1 Vai tr ca m phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 M phng vs. Phn tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 S truyn dn s qua knh AWGN . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 S truyn dn s qua knh AWGN s dng cc
b lc v KCS phi tuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.3 H thng truyn dn qua knh thng tin v tinh . . 35
3.3 Xy dng m hnh m phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 Cc phng php m phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
i
ii Mc lc
3.5 BER vs Xc sut li bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.6 Vai tr ca m phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.7 Tnh ton qu tuyn v m phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.8 Cc tham s nh gi phm cht h thng . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.9 Kim nh m hnh M phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.10 Nng lng v Cng sut tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.11 M phng Monte-Carlo trong Truyn dn S . . . . . . . . . 42
4 Knh thng tin v tuyn 45
4.1 Knh tp m AWGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1.1 Tp m AWGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1.2 M phng tp m AWGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1.3 M phng truyn dn qua knh AWGN . . . . . . . 48
4.2 Knh pha-inh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.1 M hnh ton hc ca pha-inh . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.2 nh hng ca chuyn ng ca MS . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.3 Hu qu ca truyn sng pha-inh a ng . . . . 53
4.3 Knh pha-inh Rayleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 M phng pha-inh Rayleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4.1 c tnh thng k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Ti liu tham kho 58
5 iu ch s 59
5.1 iu ch pha sng mang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6 K THUT THU PHT PHN TP KHNG GIAN-THI
GIAN 61
6.1 Cc phng php phn tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.1.1 Phn tp thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.1.2 Phn tp tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.1.3 Phn tp phn cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.1.4 Phn tp khng gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2 K thut kt hp phn tp khng gian thu . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2.1 M hnh tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2.2 Kt hp chn lc (Selection Combining) . . . . . . 64
6.2.3 Kt hp t l ti a (Maximal Ratio Combining) . 67
6.2.4 Kt hp ng li (Equal Gain Combining) . . . 70
6.2.5 Kt hp phn tp thu v tch sng MLD . . . . . . 71
6.3 K thut kt hp phn tp khng gian pht . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.1 Phn tp pht t l ti a (MRT) . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.2 Phn tp pht gi chm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.3 Phn tp pht khng gian-thi gian . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4 Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Mc lc iii
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Ti liu tham kho 79
7 CC H THNG MIMO 85
7.1 M hnh knh MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2 Dung lng knh truyn MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.2.1 Dung lng knh truyn c nh . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.2.2 Dung lng knh truyn Rayleigh pha-inh . . . . . 90
7.3 Cc phng php truyn dn trn knh truyn MIMO . . . . 90
7.4 Ghp knh theo khng gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.5 Cc b tch tn hiu tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.5.1 B tch tn hiu ZF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.5.2 B tch tn hiu MMSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.5.3 Cc tham s phm cht b tch tn hiu tuyn tnh 98
7.6 Cc b tch tn hiu phi tuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.6.1 B tch tn hiu QRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.6.2 B tch tn hiu V-BLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.6.3 B tch tn hiu c tr gip ca phng php rt
gn c s dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.6.4 B tch tn hiu MLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.6.5 B tch tn hiu hnh cu (sphere detector) . . . . . 111
7.7 Tm tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Ti liu tham kho 122
8 M KHNG GIAN-THI GIAN 125
8.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
8.2 M khi khng gian-thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
8.2.1 M STBC cho tp tn hiu thc . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8.2.2 M STBC cho tp tn hiu phc . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 M li khng gian-thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.4 M khng gian-thi gian cho cc h thng a ngi dng . . 133
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Ti liu tham kho 133
iv Mc lc
Danh sch hnh v
1.1 Mi trng lm vic ca MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 th sin(x) v cos(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 M t BER ca h thng BPSK trn knh pha-inh Rayleigh. 27
3.1 H thng d dng thc hin phn tch gii tch. . . . . . . . . 32
3.2 H thng kh thc hin phn tch gii tch. . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 H thng kh thc hin phn tch gii tch. . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Lc xy dng m hnh m phng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5 Mi quan h gia sai s, thi gian chy m phng so vi
phc tp ca m hnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1 Mt v d v tp m Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh 0 v phng
sai
2
= 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2 Hm mt xc sut Gauss vi
2
= 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3 Mt ph cng sut v hm t tng quan ca tp m trng. 47
4.4 S m phng truyn dn BPSK trn knh AWGN. . . . . . 48
4.5 Phm cht BPSK trn knh AWGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.6 M hnh truyn sng a ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.7 p ng xung ca mt b lc FIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.8 Hm phn b Rayleigh vi
2
= 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1 Phng php kt hp chn lc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.2 Phn phi xc xut (CDF) ca SNR cho phng php kt
hp phn tp la chn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.3 li phn tp ca cc phng php kt hp phn tp. . . . 66
6.4 Phng php kt hp t l ti a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.5 Phn phi xc xut (CDF) ca SNR cho phng php kt
hp t l i a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.6 S my thu vi 2 nhnh phn tp MRC v mt b tch
tn hiu ti u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.7 Phm cht BER trung bnh ca my thu MRC vi M nhnh
phn tp s dng iu ch BPSK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.8 S phn tp MRT c N nhnh phn tp vi cc ng
phn hi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.9 S phn tp pht gi chm vi N nhnh phn tp. . . . . 82
v
vi Danh sch hnh v
6.10 S my pht m khi STBC Alamouti vi 2 anten pht
v 1 anten thu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.11 S Alamouti STBC vi 2 anten pht v 2 anten thu. . . . 83
6.12 Phm cht BER ca cc h thng Alamouti STBC so snh
vi cc h thng MRC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.1 M hnh knh MIMO v tuyn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2 M hnh tng ng ca knh truyn SISO. . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3 M hnh tng ng ca knh truyn MISO. . . . . . . . . . 87
7.4 M hnh tng ng ca knh truyn SIMO. . . . . . . . . . 88
7.5 Dung lng knh truyn MIMO pha-inh Rayleigh. . . . . . . 91
7.6 Phng php phn knh theo khng gian. . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.7 Phn loi cc b tch tn hiu MIMO-SVD. . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.8 S b tch tn hiu tuyn tnh cho MIMO-SDM. . . . . . . 94
7.9 M t nguyn l hot ng ca b tch tn hiu V-BLAST. . 102
7.10 Phm cht ca cc b tch tn hiu cho h thng 44 MIMO-
SDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.11 Biu din mt dn 2 chiu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.12 V d biu din thao tc ca thut ton LLL trn mt li 2
chiu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.13 Min (vng )quyt nh ca cc b tch tn hiu [16]. . . . . . 108
7.14 M hnh tng ng ca b tch tn hiu c tr gip rt
gn c s li. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.15 Thut ton tch tn hiu cu [28]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.1 Configuration of a STBC system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chng 1
Gii thiu Matlab
1.1 Matlab l g?
MATLAB [1][2] l t vit tt ca Matrix Laboratory vi ngha phn mm
ng dng cho tnh ton ma trn. MATLAB c m t nh l mt gi phn
mm dng cho tnh ton k thut tch hp cc cng c tnh ton, trc quan
ha (visualization), v lp trnh. Mi trng lm vic ca MATLAB d s
dng v gn gi vi biu din ton hc ca cc php ton. Cc ng dng in
hnh ca MATLAB bao gm:
Tnh ton ton hc
Pht trin thut ton
Thu kt d liu (data acquisition)
M hnh, m phng v to mu
Phn tch, khai thc v trc gic ha d liu,
ha khoa hc v k thut
Pht trin ng dng bao gm c vic pht trin giao din ngi s dng
MATLAB l mt h thng tng tc trong phn t d liu c s l
mt mng khng cn nh kch thc. iu ny cho php gii quyt c
nhiu vn tnh ton, c bit l cc vn gn vi cc php ton ma trn
hay vector, m ch tiu tn mt phn thi gian cn thit vit cc chng
trnh s dng cc ngn ng khng tng tc v hng (scalar) nh C hay
FORTRAN.
H thng MATLAB bao gm nm phn chnh:
Mi trng pht trin (Development Environment). y l mt
tp hp cc cng c v phng tin h tr ngi dng s dng cc
hm v tp MATLAB. Nhiu cng c l cc giao din ha ngi
dng (GUI: Graphical User Interface). Tp hp cng c ny bao gm
Mn hnh MATLAB (MATLAB Desktop) v Ca s Lnh (Command
1
2 Chng 1. Gii thiu Matlab
Window), Lch s Lnh (Command History), Chng trnh Son tho v
G ri (Editor and Debugger), v mt Trnh duyt (Browser) xem tr
gip, Khng gian Lm vic (Workspace), cc Tp, v ng dn Tm
kim (Search Path).
Th vin Hm Ton hc (Mathematical Function Library). y
l mt tp hp cc thut ton tnh ton tri rng t cc hm c c nh
cng, tr, sin, cos, cc php tnh s hc phc, ti cc hm phc tp hn
nh o ma trn, tnh gi tr ring (eigenvalue) ca ma trn, cc hm
Bessel, v cc php bin i nhanh.
Ngn ng MATLAB (MATLAB Language). y l ngn ng ma
trn/mng bc cao vi cc khai bo lung iu khin, cc hm s, cc
cu trc d liu, vo/ra, cc c im lp trnh hng i tng. N cho
php vit c cc chng trnh gn nh hay cc chng trnh ng dng
phc tp.
ha (Graphics.) MATLAB c nhiu phng tin hin th vector
v ma trn dng th, cng nh sa i v in cc th ny. N bao
gm cc hm bc cao trc gic ha cc d liu hai v ba chiu, x l
nh, hot hnh, v biu din ha. N cng bao gm c cc hm bc
thp cho php ty bin ha ha cng nh xy dng cc giao din
ha hon chnh cho cc ng dng MATLAB ca ngi s dng.
Giao din Chng trnh ng dng MATLAB (MATLAB Ap-
plication Program Interface [API]). y l mt th vin cho php
vit cc chng trnh C v Fortran tng tc vi MATLAB. N c c
cc phng tin gi cc thng trnh (routine) t MATLAB, dng
MATLAB nh l ng c tnh ton, v dng c v vit MAT-files.
MATLAB cung cp mt h cc gii php theo tng ng dng, c gi
la hp cng c (toolbox). Hp cng c MATLAB bao gm mt tp hp y
cc hm MATLAB dng tp "m" (m-file) dng m rng mi trng
MATLAB cho vic gii quyt cc loi vn c th. Cc v d v phm vi ng
dng ca cc hp cng c MATLAB l x l tn hiu, h thng iu khin,
mng n-ron, fuzzy logic, wavelet, m phng, v nhiu ng dng khc.
1.2 Khi ng v Thot khi MATLAB
khi ng MATLAB t Windows, nhp p (double-click) vo biu tng
MATLAB
trn mn hnh desktop ca windows. Sau khi khi ng xong mn hnh s hin
ra ca s Mi trng Lm vic ca MATLAB gm 3 phn chnh l: Th mc
Hin thi (Current Directory), ca s Lch s Cu lnh (Command History)
v Ca s Cu lnh (Command Windows) nh Hnh 1.1.
1.3. Lm vic vi MATLAB Desktop 3
Hnh 1.1: Mi trng lm vic ca MATLAB
kt thc MATLAB c th thc hin bng cch nhp phm chut tri
vo ng ca s hnh du sao ( ) pha trn v bn tay tri ca s MAT-
LAB. Ngoi ra cng c th kt thc MATLAB bng cch nhp vo cu lnh
quit
ca s Command Windows ri bm Enter.
1.3 Lm vic vi MATLAB Desktop
MATLAB Desktop bao gm mt Thanh Cng c (Tool Bar) vi cc menu
File, Edit, Debug, Desktop, Windows v Help. Bn cnh Thanh Cng c
l mt menu ko xung (Pull-down Menu) cho php xem v thay i th mc
lm vic hin thi. Ni dung ca th mc lm vic hin thi c hin th
ca s Current Menu. Pha di ca s Current Menu l ca s Command
History hin th cc cu lnh MATLAB c nhp trc . Tip theo
ca s Command History xung pha di c phm , cho php truy nhp
nhanh n cc th vin ca MATLAB, Simulink v cc ci t Desktop Tools
hay l cc la chn Preferences.
Ca s to nht trong MATLAB Desktop l ca s cu lnh Command
Window dng nhp cc cu lnh MATLAB hay chy cc chng trnh cho
trc.
1.4 Cc lnh MATLAB c bn
Cc cu lnh ca MATLAB gn ging vi cc cu lnh Unix. Mt s cu lnh
c bn ca MATLAB c tm tt li di y:
ls Lit k ni dung ca th mc lm vic hin thi. Cng c th dng cu
lnh dir thay cho cu lnh ls. V d:
ls
. .. temp
lit k th mc con temp bn trong th mc lm vic hin thi ca
MATLAB.
pwd Hin th ng dn ca th mc hin ti. V d:
pwd
ans =
C:\MATLAB701\work
ch ra ng dn ca th mc lm vic hin ti l C:\MATLAB701\work
who ch ra cc bin ang c lu b nh. V d:
a=1
a =
1
b=2
b =
2
who
Your variables are:
a b
lit k hai bin a v b ang c lu tr b nh chng trnh.
1.5. Cc k hiu c bit 5
clear [tn bin] xa bin c tn c khai bo khi b nh. V d:
clear a
who
Your variables are:
b
xa ht tt c cc bin ang c lu ti b nh, s dng lnh
clear all
clc lnh xa ton b thng tin trn Command Windows v a con tr tr
v v tr ban u.
1.5 Cc k hiu c bit
( ) du ngoc trn c s dng ch ra th t u tin trong cc biu thc
s hc hoc bao quanh i s ca mt hm s. Du ngoc n cng c
dng bao quanh ch s phn t trong mt vector hay ma trn. Ngoi
ra, du ngoc n ny cn c s dng bao quanh cc ch s di
(subscript) logic.
V d:
A(2) ch ra phn t th 2 ca A.
A([1 2 3]) lit k cc phn t th nht, hai v ba ca A.
A(A>0.5) lit k cc phn t ca A ln hn 0.5.
[ ] du ngoc vung c s dng to cc vector v ma trn
V d:
A=[2 6 3]
A =
2 6 3
to mt vector hng vi ba phn t
A=[2 6 3; 1 2 3]
A =
2 6 3
1 2 3
nh ngha mt ma trn vi su phn t cho trc.
{ } du ngoc mc c s dng to ra cc mng t bo (cell array). B
du ngoc mc ny tng t nh b ngoc vung ngoi tr cc cp
nesting c bo ton.
biu din php ton chuyn v lin hp phc ca mt ma trn. V d, A
l
ma trn chuyn v lin hp phc ca A cn A.
l ma trn chuyn v ca
A.
. du chm biu din phn cch gia phn nguyn v phn thp phn ca
mt s thp phn. V d: = 3.1416.
; du chm phy dng ngn cch cc hng khi khai bo ma trn, hoc
ngn khng hin th kt qu mt php ton trn mn hnh.
% du phn trm dng to ch thch. Tt c cc cu lnh vit sau du
phn trm ny u b b qua.
... du 3 chm dng ni hai phn ca mt cu lnh trn 2 dng vi nhau.
Mt cu lnh di c th vit trn 2 dng cho tin theo di. Khi , du
3 chm c s dng ni 2 dng vi nhau.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Getting started with Matlab. The Mathworks Inc., 2006.
[2] A. Biran and M. Breiner, Matlab for Engineers. Addison Wesley, 1995.
Chng 2
Tnh ton v Lp trnh s
dng Matlab
2.1 Cc php tnh s hc
Bn php tnh s hc c bn gm cng, tr, nhn, chia c th hin tng
ng bng cc k hiu +, , , /. V d
2 + 1
ans=
3
3 1
ans=
2
2 3
ans=
6
6/3
ans=
2
Vi cc php tnh phc tp hn c du ngoc th du ngoc n (gm c
m v ng) c s dng phn cch th t u tin. V d, php tnh
[(2 + 3) (15 3)][7 + 5 4]
2
(2.1)
c biu din trong Matlab nh sau
7
8 Chng 2. Tnh ton v Lp trnh s dng Matlab
((2+3)-(15-3))*(7+5-4)/2
trong du ngoc n c s dng thay cho du ngoc vung c mc
nh dng cho vector v ma trn trong Matlab.
Trong Matlab php tnh ly m c biu din bi k hiu bi du m
nh:
5 2
ans=
25
2.2 Cc ton t so snh
Trong Matlab cc ton t so snh c biu din nh sau: nh hn (<), ln
hn (>), nh hn hoc bng (<=), ln hn hoc bng (>=), bng (trng)
nhau (==), khc nhau (=). Khi hai mng c cng kch thc c so snh
vi nhau th ton t so snh s thc hin vic so snh tng phn t vi nhau.
Cc ton t <, >, <=, and >= ch so snh phn thc ca cc ton hng vi
nhau. Cc ton t == and = thc hin so snh c phn thc v phn o
ca hai ton hng. Kt qu ca php ton so snh cho ta 1 nu php so snh
l TRUE v ngc li 0 nu FALSE. Mt s v d v ton t so snh c trnh
by di y
1==2
ans =
0
3 > 1
ans =
1
4 <= 10
ans =
1
3 = 7
ans =
1
2.2. Cc ton t so snh 9
Trong trng hp so snh 2 vector hay 2 ma trn vi nhau th ton s
so snh thc hin v cho ta kt qu so snh ca tng phn t tng ng 2
vector hay ma trn vi nhau. V d
A=[1 3 4; 2 8 7; 6 9 5]
A =
1 3 4
2 8 7
6 9 5
B=[3 1 4; 7 8 2; 6 5 9]
B =
3 1 4
7 8 2
6 5 9
A==B
ans =
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
A=B
ans =
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
A >= B
ans =
0 1 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
A < B
ans =
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
2.3 Cc ton t logic
Cc k hiu &, |, v c s dng biu din ton t logic AND, OR, v
NOT. Cc ton t ny lm vic vi tng phn t ca mng, vi 0 biu din
FALSE cn 1 hay bt k phn t khc 0 no biu din TRUE. Cc ton t logic
tr li mt mng logic vi cc phn t 0 (FALSE) hoc 1 (TRUE). Cc k hiu
trn cng c th thay th bng cch s dng cc hm Matlab dng and(A, B),
or(A, B), hay not(A). Hm HOC tuyn i c biu din nh sau xor(A, B).
Trnh t u tin ca cc ton t logic l NOT, OR v AND.
Php ton s dng ton t AND (&) cho kt qu TRUE nu c hai ton
hng u TRUE v mt logic. Ni theo thut ng s, th php ton AND cho ta
kt qu TRUE nu c hai ton hng u khc 0.
V d:
a=[3 5 0 4 0]
a =
3 5 0 4 0
b=[3 1 0 0 2]
b =
3 1 0 0 2
a & b
ans =
1 1 0 0 0
Cc s 1 ch ra cc phn t tng ng khc khng ca c a v b .
Php ton OR ( | ) cho kt qu TRUE nu mt ton hng hoc c hai ton
hng l TRUE v mt logic. Ni theo thut ng s th php ton OR ch cho kt
2.4. Vector v Ma trn 11
qu FALSE khi c hai ton hng u bng khng.
V d:
a | b
ans =
1 1 0 1 1
Php ton NOT () thc hin php o ton hng, cho kt qu FALSE nu
ton hng l TRUE v cho kt qu TRUE nu ton hng l FALSE. Theo thut
ng s th cc ton hng bng khng s bng mt v tt c cc ton hng
khc khng s bng khng.
V d:
a
ans =
0 0 1 0 1
2.4 Vector v Ma trn
2.4.1 To vector v ma trn
to mt vector ct
A =
1
2
3
(2.2)
chng ta ch vic nhp vo cc phn t v du chm phy (;) phn chia
hng nh sau:
A=[1; 2; 3]
v thu c
A=
1
2
3
to mt vector hng
A = [1 2 3] (2.3)
chng ta c th s dng du cch hoc du phy phn chia ct nh sau:
A=[1, 2, 3]
hoc
A=[1 2 3]
u cho chng ta kt qu
A=
1 2 3
Tng t nh vector to mt ma trn, chng ta nhp trc tip cc
phn t ri s dng du chm phy (;) v du cch (hoc du phy) phn
chia cc ct v hng. V d, to ma trn
A =
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
(2.4)
chng ta nhp vo cc phn t nh sau
A=[1 4 7; 2 5 8; 3 6 9]
v thu c
A=
1 4 7
3 5 8
4 6 9
2.4.2 Cc php ton i vi vector v ma trn
Chuyn v vector v ma trn: trong Matlab du sc (
) c s dng
biu din php ton chuyn v. V d, chuyn v ma trn
A =
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
(2.5)
chng ta ch cn thc hin
A
l thu c ma trn chuyn v ca A

ans=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Trong trng hp A l mt ma trn gm cc phn t phc th php ton
ny cn thc hin c vic ly lin hp phc ca cc phn t trong ma trn.

Trong trng hp ch mun chuyn v m khng cn ly lin hp phc th
nhp thm du chm vo trc du sc (.
). V d, ma trn phc
A =
0.43 +j1.06 1.14 +j0.29 0.32 j0.69

1.66 +j0.05 1.19 j1.33 0.17 +j0.85
0.12 j0.09 1.18 +j0.71 0.18 +j1.25
(2.6)
nu ly chuyn v lin hp phc cho chng ta
A
ans=
-0.43 - 1.06i -1.66 - 0.05i 0.12 + 0.09i
-1.14 - 0.29i 1.19 + 1.33i 1.18 - 0.71i
0.32 + 0.69i 0.17 - 0.85i -0.18 - 1.25i
cn nu ch ly chuyn v m khng ly lin hp phc s c
A.
ans=
-0.43 + 1.06i -1.66 + 0.05i 0.12 - 0.09i
-1.14 + 0.29i 1.19 - 1.33i 1.18 + 0.71i
0.32 - 0.69i 0.17 + 0.85i -0.18 + 1.25i
Cng v tr vector/ma trn: cc php ton cng hay tr vector/ma
trn c thc hin theo tng phn t. Php ton cng v tr i hi cc ma
trn/vector c cng hay tr phi c kch thc (c cng s hng v ct)
nh nhau. V d, thao tc cng hai vector a v b c thc hin nh sau
a=[1; 4; 6]
a =
1
4
6
b=[2; 9; 3]
b =
2
9
3
a + b
ans =
3
13
9
Thao tc tr hai ma trn A v B c biu din nh sau:
A=[1 3 7; 4 1 6; 6 4 2]
A =
1 3 7
4 1 6
6 4 2
B=[5 1 9; 3 8 7; 5 2 3]
B =
5 1 9
3 8 7
5 2 3
A - B
ans =
-4 2 -2
1 -7 -1
1 2 -1
Tch s vector: Hai vector a v b c cng di c th nhn vi nhau
theo c hai trnh t ab v ba. Kt qu l mt s v hng (scalar) vi trng
hp tch trong (inner product) hoc l mt ma trn vi trng hp tch ngoi
(outer product). V d:
a = [-1 2 4]
a =
-1 2 4
b = [3; 8; 10]
b =
3
8
10
a*b
ans =
53
b*a
ans =
-3 6 12
-8 16 32
-10 20 40
Nhn ma trn: tch hai ma trn C = AB c xc nh khi chiu
ca ct A bng chiu ca hng B, hoc khi mt trong s chng l mt s v
hng. Nu kch thc ca A l m p v ca B l p n, th ma trn tch
C ca chng c kch thc l m n. V d, nhn ma trn A c kch thc
23 vi ma trn B c kch thc l 32 cho ta ma trn C c kch thc 22
A=[2 5 6; 1 4 3]
A =
2 5 6
1 4 3
B=[4 9; 7 2; 6 1]
B =
4 9
7 2
6 1
C=A*B
C =
79 34
50 20
Trong trng hp nhn mt s v hng vi mt ma trn th kt qu l
mt ma trn mi vi cc phn t l tch ca tng phn t vi s v hng .
V d
A=[2 5 6; 1 4 3]
A =
2 5 6
1 4 3
b=5
b =
5
A*b
ans =
10 25 30
5 20 15
i vi trng hp hai ma trn c cng kch thc, Matlab cho php
thc hin nhn tng phn t vi nhau thng qua php ton nhn tng phn
t (.). V d:
A=[2 4 6; 9 3 5; 1 4 2]
A =
2 4 6
9 3 5
1 4 2
B=[6 2 5; 7 3 8; 1 0 4]
B =
6 2 5
7 3 8
1 0 4
C=A.*B
C =
12 8 30
63 9 40
1 0 8
o ma trn: php ton o ma trn c thc hin nh hm s c
sn (built-in function) inv. Ma trn o inv(A) ca ma trn A ch tn ti khi
A l mt ma trn vung v khng gn n iu (nearly singular). V d:
A=rand(4,4)
A =
0.9077 0.6220 0.2050 0.2539
0.1772 0.1251 0.5769 0.9528
0.8046 0.2110 0.4998 0.6918
0.5592 0.1788 0.0873 0.3441
B=inv(A)
B =
-0.4924 -1.2604 1.5160 0.8057
2.3661 1.4403 -2.5141 -0.6797
0.5983 -0.5830 3.4275 -5.7183
-0.5812 1.4479 -2.0271 3.4014
trong trng hp ma trn cn o gn vi n iu th Matlab s thng
bo li nh
A =
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 5 8
inv(A)
Warning: Matrix is singular to working precision.
(Type "warning off MATLAB:singularMatrix" to suppress this warning.)
ans =
Inf Inf Inf
Inf Inf Inf
Inf Inf Inf
nh thc ma trn: tnh nh thc ma trn, chng ta c th s
dng hm built-in det() trong Matlab det(). V d, to mt ma trn ngu
nhin vi 4 hng, 4 ct vi cc phn t l cc s ngu nhin phn b chun,
ri tnh nh thc ca ma trn
randn(seed,0)
A=randn(4,4)
A =
1.1650 -0.6965 0.2641 1.2460
0.6268 1.6961 0.8717 -0.6390
0.0751 0.0591 -1.4462 0.5774
0.3516 1.7971 -0.7012 -0.3600
det(A)
ans =
2.5. Lp trnh vi Matlab 19
0.0914
2.5 Lp trnh vi Matlab
2.5.1 iu khin lung (flow control)
Matlab cung cp cho ngi lp trnh cc cu trc lung sau: if, switch v
cases, for, while, continue, break
Cu lnh if, esle, v elseif
Cu lnh if nh gi mt biu thc logic v thi hnh mt nhm cc cu lnh
khi biu thc l TRUE. Cc t kha ty chn khc nh elseif hay else thi
hnh cc nhm cu lnh khc. Mt t kha end, khp vi if, c s dng
phn cui ca nhm nhm cu lnh cui cng.
V d sau y hin th trn m hnh yu cu nhp cu tr li v nhn cu
tr li dng k t (string) t bn phm. Nu cu tr li l Y th my tnh in
ra mn hnh thng bo Bn ng . cn nu cu tr li l N th my
tnh thng bo Bn khng ng . Trong trng hp ch nhp vo khc
Y hay N my tnh in ra mn hnh thng bo Bn nhp sai cu tr li.
v thc hin ngt ch nhp bn phm.
r=input(Nhap "Y" neu dong y hoac "N" neu khong (Y/N):,s);
if r==Y
disp(Ban da dong y.)
elseif r==(N)
disp(Ban khong dong y.)
else
disp(Ban nhap sai cau tra loi.)
return
end
Cu lnh switch v case
Cu lnh switch thi hnh mt nhm cc cu lnh da vo gi tr ca mt
bin hoc mt biu thc. Cc t kha case and otherwise c dng cho
cc nhm cu lnh. Ch c trng hp khp vi iu kin u tin l c thi
hnh. Kt thc lung switch l mt t kha end. V d sau y m t v d
nhp cu tr li t bn phm mc trn s dng cu trc switch
s=input(Nhap "Y" neu dong y hoac "N" neu khong (Y/N):,s);
switch s
case Y
disp(Ban da dong y.)
case N
disp(Ban khong dong y.)
otherwise
disp(Ban nhap sai cau tra loi.)
end
Cu lnh for
Vng lp for lp li mt nhm cu lnh mt s thi gian c nh cho trc.
Cu trc vng lp c kt thc bi t kha end. V d sau y m t vic
cch dng vng for tm cc phn t ca mt ma trn ln hn mt gi tr
cho trc
1
(bng 5)
H=[1 8 3; 4 9 6; 7 2 5]
[nRow,nCol]=size(H);
disp(Cac phan tu sau >= 5:)
for i=1:nRow
for k=1:nCol
if H(i,k)>=5
disp([Phan tu o dong num2str(i) cot num2str(k)])
end
end
end
Kt qu ca vng for ny l
H =
1 8 3
4 9 6
7 2 5
Cac phan tu sau >= 5:
Phan tu o dong 1 cot 2
Do hm disp ch lm vic vi cc k t (string) nn hm num2str c
dng phn i s ca hm disp bin i cc ch s i v k v dng k t.
Cu lnh while
Vng lp while lp li mt nhm cu lnh mt s ln nht nh bng iu
khin ca mt iu kin logic. Cu trc vng lp while c kt thc bi mt
t kho end. V d sau y m t cch to ra mt chui d liu {1, 1} trong
cha 10 bit 1.
1
Sau khi quen vi Matlab c th dng hm c sn find thay cho vng for ny.
clear all
rand(seed,0)
noOne=0;
k=1;
while noOne<=9
n(k)=rand>0.5;
s(k)=1-2*n(k);
if s(k)==1
noOne=noOne+1
end
k=k+1;
end
s
Kt qu thu c l mt chui 24 bit 1, 1 trong c cha 10 bit 1
s =
Columns 1 through 15
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
Cu lnh break
Cu lnh break cho php thot sm khi vng lp for hay vng lp while.
Trong trng hp c nhiu vng lp lng vo nhau th cu lnh break ch cho
php thot ra khi vng lp trong cng. V d sau y m t li phng php
to mt chui d liu {1, 1} trong cha 10 bit 1 s dng vng lp for kt
hp vi cu lnh break. Trong trng hp c 100 bit c to ra nhng
cha c 10 bit 1 th chng trnh cng dng li.
rand(seed,0)
noOne=0;
for k=1:100
n(k)=rand>0.5;
s(k)=1-2*n(k);
if s(k)==1
noOne=noOne+1;
end
if noOne==10
break
end
end
s
Kt qu chng ta cng thu c mt chui 24 bit ging nh v d v cu
lnh while
s =
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
2.5.2 To chng trnh MATLAB bng tp .m
Trong phn trc chng ta thy MATLAB nh l mt mi trng tnh
ton tng tc. Ngoi chc nng ca mt mi trng tnh ton tng tc,
MATLAB cn cho php xy dng cc chng trnh lp trnh nh cc ngn
ng lp trnh thng dng vi mt kho d liu cc hm xy dng sn (built-in
functions). Cc chng trnh MATLAB c lu gi vi phn tn tp m rng
.m v thng c gi l cc tp m (m-file). C hai loi tp m:
Chng trnh (script): thc hin mt tp hp cc cu lnh v lm vic
vi cc d liu nm khng gian cng tc (workspace). Cc chng trnh
(script) khng nhn i s u vo v cng khng tr cc i s u ra.
Hm (function): thc hin mt tp hp cc cu lnh cha trong n. Tuy
nhin, cc function nhn cc i s u vo v cho cc i s u ra.
Cc bin khai bao bn trong function ch tn ti trong function.
xem hng dn s dng cc function t Command Window nhp vo
help functionName. V d, xem cch s dng hm or chng ta nhp vo
help or
v nhn c hng dn sau
| Logical OR. A | B is a matrix whose elements are 1s where either A or B
has a non-zero element, and 0s where both have zero elements. A and B must
have the same dimensions unless one is a scalar.
C = OR(A,B) is called for the syntax A | B when A or B is an object.
See also XOR.
son tho cc script hay cc function ca MATLAB chng ta c th
s dng bt k mt chng trnh son tho vn bn no ri lu li vi tn
m rng .m. Chng ta cng c th s dng ngay chng trnh son tho ca
MATLAB (MATLAB Editor). xem hay son tho li mt m-file c sn
ch cn s dng cu lnh
edit fileName
to mt tp mi ch cn s dng cu lnh
edit
khng cn tn tp.
To cc hm MATLAB
to mt function trong MATLAB chng ta cn to mt script vi dng
u tin c cu trc
function [Output1,..., OutputM]=functionName(Input1, ...,InputN)
Trong {Input1,..., InputN} l N i s vo v {Output1,..., OutputM}
l M i s ra. Tn ca hm functionName nht thit phi ging vi tn tp m
v khng trng vi tn cc tp c sn.
V d sau y hng dn cch vit mt function tnh bit thc =
a
2
4ac ca phng trnh bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
function delta=discriminant(a,b,c)
% Function to calculate the discriminant of a quaratic equation
% ax^2 + bx + c = 0
delta=b^2 - 4*a*c;
Gi s phng trnh bc hai cn tm nghim s l x
2
+ 4x + 3 = 0. Cc
h s phng trnh l a = 1, b = 4 v c = 3. S dng hm discriminant.m
va to chng ta c th tnh c ngay bit thc ca phng trnh ny
delta=discriminant(a,b,c)
delta =
4
To cc chng trnh MATLAB
Mt chng trnh MATLAB cha mt tp hp cc cu lnh. Khi chy mt
chng trnh MATLAB th MATLAB tin hnh tt c cc cu lnh cha trong
n. Cc chng trnh MATLAB c th lm vic vi cc d liu ang tn ti
trong workspace, hoc cng c th to ra cc d liu mi lm vic. Tuy cc
chng trnh MATLAB khng tr li cc i s ra (output argument) nhng
cc bin do chng trnh to ra c lu li workspace v c s dng
cc cu lnh tip theo.
V d chng trnh quadEqn.m sau y m t mt chng trnh MATLAB
tnh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
Vi d: Chng trnh quadEqn.m
% Chuong trinh tinh nghiem so cua mot phuong trinh bac hai
% Nhap cac hang so a, b, c
disp(Chuong trinh tinh nghiem cua phuong trinh bac 2)
a=input(Nhap vao hang so a=);
b=input(Nhap vao hang so b=);
c=input(Nhap vao hang so c=);
% Tinh biet thuc delta
delta=discriminant(a, b, c)
% Xet biet thuc va tinh nghiem so
if delta > 0
x1=(-b + sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
x2=(-b - sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
disp([Hai nghiem cua pt la x1= num2str(x1) va x2= num2str(x2)])
elseif delta==0
x1=-b/(2*a);
disp([Phuong trinh co mot nghiem duy nhat x= num2str(x1)])
elseif delta < 0
disp(Phuong trinh vo nghiem! )
end
S dng chng trnh quadEqn.m ny tnh nghim s ca phng trnh x
2
+
4x + 3 = 0 cho ta kt qu nh sau:
quadEqn
Chuong trinh tinh nghiem cuar phuong trinh bac 2
Nhap vao hang so a=1
Nhap vao hang so b=4
Nhap vao hang so c=3
Hai nghiem cua phuong trinh la x1=-1 va x2=-3
v ca phng trnh 4x
2
+ 3x + 2 l
quadEqn Chuong trinh tinh nghiem cuar phuong trinh bac 2
Nhap vao hang so a=4
Nhap vao hang so b=3
Nhap vao hang so c=2
Phuong trinh vo nghiem!
2.6 S dng ho trong MATLAB
2.6.1 V th
Phng php ph bin nht v th l s dng hm plot c sn trong
MATLAB. Cu lnh plot(x,y) v th ca y theo x, trong y v x l cc
vector c cng di. Trong trng hp Y v X l cc ma trn th cu lnh
plot(X,Y) v ra cc th vi cc ct (hay hng) ca Y tng ng vi cc ct
(hay hng) ca X.
Trng hp mun v nhiu th trn mt hnh v chng ta c th khai
2.6. S dng ho trong MATLAB 25
bo theo dng plot(x1,y1,x2,y2,...,xN,yN) vi {xn,yn} l cp gi tr ca
tng th. nh du tng th chng ta c th gn cho chng cc du
(marker), cc mu, kiu ng th ring, hay cng c th kt hp vi nhau.
Cc nh dng ng th nh ngha trong MATLAB c lit k bng
sau
Bng 2.1: Cc tham s nh dng ng th trong MATLAB
K hiu mu Mu K hiu du Du K hiu ng Kiu ng
b blue . point - solid
g green o circle : dotted
r red x x-mark -. dashdot
c cyan + plus dashed
m magenta * star
y yellow s square
k black d diamond
v triangle (down)
triangle (up)
< triangle (left)
> triangle (right)
p pentagram
h hexagram
V d sau y m t phng php s dng hm plot v hai th
sin(x) v cos(x) chung trn mt hnh v.
x = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
z= cos(x);
plot(x,y,r+:, x,z, b-.o)
xlabel(x)
ylabel(sin(x)/cos(x))
title(Do thi ham sin(x) va cos(x))
legend(sin(x),cos(x))
grid
Trong ng th sin(x) c biu din bi ng t nt mu vi
cc du cng (+), cn ng th cos(x) c biu din bi ng gch
v chm (.) mu xanh nc bin vi cc du trn. Cu lnh xlabel(x)
v xlabel(sin(x)/cos(x)) dng nh du trc honh v trc tung ca
th. Cu lnh title(Do thi ham sin(x) va cos(x)) dng t tn
cho th. Cu lnh legend(sin(x),cos(x)) dng ghi ch gii cho
tng th v cui cng, cu lnh grid dng hin th cc ng li gi
tr th. Kt qu c th c biu din trn Hnh v 2.2
S dng cu lnh help plot chng ta c th bit thm chi tit v cch
dng hm plot.
Mt cu lnh v th khc thng c s dng nhiu trong thng tin
s v t s li bit (BER: Bit Error Rate) l cu lnh semilogy(x,y). Cu
lnh tng t nh cu lnh plot nhng cho php biu din trc tung ca
th thang logarith.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x
s
i
n
(
x
)
/
c
o
s
(
x
)
Do thi ham sin(x) va cos(x)
sin(x)
cos(x)
Hnh 2.1: th sin(x) v cos(x)
V d, t s BER ca h thng truyn dn BPSK qua knh pha-inh
Rayleigh phn tch bng l thuyt l [1]
BER
BPSKFading
=
1
2
1
1
1 +
1
E
b
/N
0
(2.7)
trong E
b
/N
0
l t s nng lng bit tn hiu trn ph tn s tp m (mt
s trng hp c hiu v gi l t s tn hiu trn tp m S/N). S dng
chng trnh BERBPSKFading.m sau vi cu lnh semilogy(BER,EbNodB) cho
php v th BER theo t s E
b
/N
0
trn thang logarith.
[BERBPSKFading.m]
% Chuong trinh ve do thi BER cua h/t BPSK tren kenh fading Rayleigh
EbNodB=0:30
EbNo=10.^(EbNodB./10)
BER=1/2*(1-1./sqrt(1+1./EbNo))
semilogy(EbNodB,BER)
xlabel(Eb/No)
ylabel(BER)
title(Ti so BER cua he thong BPSK qua kenh pha-dinh Rayleigh )
2.6. S dng ho trong MATLAB 27
grid
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Eb/No
B
E
R
Ti so BER cua he thong BPSK qua kenh phadinh Rayleigh
Hnh 2.2: M t BER ca h thng BPSK trn knh pha-inh Rayleigh.
Mt s cu lnh v th thng dng khc gm bar hay hist. bit
thm chi tit v cc cu lnh ny s dng lnh help trong MATLAB.
Bi tp
1. S dng hm randn to mt chui ngu nhin gm N = 1000 gi tr
x = {x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
k
, ..., x
N
}. Vit chng trnh tnh gi tr trung bnh (k
vng) E
x
, phng sai
2
x
v lch chun
x
s dng cc cng thc sau
y
E
x
=
1
N
N
k=1
x
k
(2.8)
2
x
= E(x
2
) E
2
x
=
N
k=1
x
2
k
N

k=1
x
k
N
2
(2.9)
x
=
2
x
(2.10)
2. Vit chng trnh to mt chui 1 v +1 ngu nhin x c di 10
4
bit. To mt chui bit th 2 y ging nh x tuy nhin cc phn t th
10, 50, 100, 150, 250, 300, 350 b o du so vi cc phn t tng ng
y. Tc l, y
10
= x
10
, ..., y
350
= x
350
. So snh y v x v tnh ton t
s sai s gia hai chui.
3. Da vo v d v th BER ca h thng BPSK trn knh pha-inh
Rayleigh mc 2.6.1 v hm sai s b erfc c sn trong MATLAB,
i. Vit chng trnh v th BER ca h thng BPSK trn knh tp
m Gauss theo cng thc sau[1]
BER
BPSKAWGN
=
1
2
erfc
E
b
/N
0
(2.11)
ii. V th BER ca h thng BPSK trn knh tp m Gauss kt hp
vi th BER ca h thng BPSK trn knh pha-inh Rayleigh
vo mt hnh v, nh du v t ch gii cho tng th.
4. Vit mt hm MATLAB y=QPSKMap(x) nhn i s l mt chui ngu
nhin 1 v 0 c di N bit. Hm QPSKMap thc hin kim tra tng cp
2 bit lin tip x
n
v x
n+1
ri thc hin php bin i sau
x
n
x
n+1
y
m
00
1
2
+ j
1
2
01
1
2
+ j
1
2
10
1
2
j
1
2
11
1
2
j
1
2
trong n = 1, 2, ..., N v m = 1, 2, ..., N/2
5. Vit mt chng trnh QPSKMod to ra 20 bit 0, 1 ngu nhin. S dng
hm MATLAB QPSKMap v d trn chuyn chui bit {0,1} thnh
chui cc du QPSK y
m
.
Ti liu tham kho 29
Ti liu tham kho
[1] H. Harada and R. Prasad, Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Com-
munications. Artech House, 2002.
M PHNG CC H THNG
THNG TIN V TUYN S
DNG MATLAB
Trn Xun Nam
i hc K thut L Qu n
Chng 3
L thuyt m phng
3.1 Vai tr ca m phng
2
Cc h thng thng tin hin i i hi phi p ng c nhu cu truyn
dn d liu tc cao. Tuy nhin, cc h thng ny thng li b hn ch v
cng sut v bng tn. Cc yu cu mu thun ny dn n vic s dng cc
phng thc iu ch bc cao, m sa sai v cc phng php x l tn hiu
phc tp khc pha thu. nh gi phm cht ca mt h thng truyn dn
n gin trn knh tp m Gauss trng cng tnh (AWGN: Additive White
Gaussian Noise) truyn thng th phng php gii tch ton hc c th c
s dng rt hu hiu. Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng truyn dn hin i
lm vic trn cc knh phc tp, nh knh thng tin di ng t bo, chu nh
hng ln ca pha-inh a ng v nhiu, th vic thit k v phn tch gii
tch tr nn ht sc phc tp. C mt iu may mn l nh s pht trin ca
my tnh trong vi thp k gn y, nn my tnh ngy cng c tnh nng
x l cao v gi thnh thp. H qu ca s pht trin ny l cc k thut
thit k v phn tch da trn my tnh ngy cng tr nn ph bin. i vi
thng tin, cc x l phc tp ca my thu v my pht hay cc nh hng
ca knh truyn nay c th m phng bng cc my tnh thng thng.
Ngoi ra, s pht trin ca my tnh cng h tr cho s pht trin ca
l thuyt m phng. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngy cng c nhiu cng c
m phng c tnh nng cao h tr cho vic m phng c thc hin d dng
hn. ng c quan trng cho m phng l do m phng l cng c qu gi cho
php tm hiu su v hot ng ca h thng. Mt h thng m phng hon
chnh ng vai tr nh mt phng th nghim cho php kim tra ti nhiu v
tr trong h thng. V v vy, cc tham s nghin cu nh rng bng tn,
b lc hay t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) c th thay
i c theo mong mun. Hiu qu ca cc thay i ny c th d dng quan
st trn mn hnh my tnh. Cc tham s nh dng sng, ph tn hiu, s
mu mt, chm sao tn hiu, biu histogram, hay nhiu biu khc u
c th c hin th trn mn hnh my tnh, cho php ngi nghin cu c
2
Source: W. H. Tranter et al., Principles of Communication Systems Simulation with Wireless Applica-
tions, Prentice-Hall, 2004.
31
32 Chng 3. L thuyt m phng
th phn tch, nh gi v so snh vi cc kt qu thc hin trn phn cng.
3.2 M phng vs. Phn tch
hiu r vai tr ca m phng, chng ta xt 3 s h thng sau y.
3.2.1 S truyn dn s qua knh AWGN
Hnh 3.1 m t mt s truyn dn thng tin s c bn. Ti pha pht,
ngun d liu to ra mt chui cc du pht d
k
, trong mt du pht c
to ra c lp vi cc du khc. i vi mt h thng thng tin nh phn,
chui du pht cha hai du {1, 0}. Cc ngun d liu kiu ny thng c
s dng ph bin trong m phng v c gi l ngun gin on khng nh
(DMS: Discrete Memoryless Source). Cc du pht c to ra sau c
nh x thnh cc dng sng ph hp. Vi h thng nh phn, tp dng sng
c nh ngha {s
1
(t), s
2
(t)}. My pht (Tx), sau , s thc hin chc nng
khuch i dng sng u ra ca b iu ch pht i trn knh truyn vi
cng sut yu cu.
Ngun
Dliu
iuch
vTx
+
Lcphihp Lymu
Quytnh
d
k
d
k
z
k
d
k
Knhtruyn
AWGN
~
^
Hnh 3.1: V d v mt h thng d dng thc hin phn tch gii tch.
Tn hiu pht i qua knh truyn trc khi n my thu. Trong thc t
knh truyn l mt mi trng truyn dn phc tp, gy nh hng ln n
cht lng truyn dn tn hiu. Tuy nhin, trong v d n gin ny, chng
ta gi thit knh truyn ch to ra tp m trng cng tnh (AWGN). Tn hiu
thu nhn c u vo my thu s c a qua b lc phi hp, cn c
gi l my thu tng quan. u ra b lc phi hp c ly mu ti cui chu
k du to nn thng k quyt nh (decision statistic),

d
k
, ri so snh vi
ngng quyt nh T to nn c lng

d
k
ca tn hiu gc d
k
. Nu

d
k
> T
th quyt nh c thc hin theo mt trong hai du, cn ngc li,

d
k
< T,
quyt nh theo du cn li. My thu kiu ny thng c gi l my thu ti
u do bn cht ca vic c lng tn hiu pht l lm ti gin xc sut li
3.2. M phng vs. Phn tch 33
P
E
.
H thng cp n Hnh 3.1 l mt h thng c th phn tch bng
gii tch mt cch d dng nh cc kin thc c bn v l thuyt thng tin v
gii tch. Thc t l xc sut li P
E
c tnh ton mt cch d dng v
trnh by trong hu ht cc ti liu v thng tin s, v cho bi
P
E
= Q
_
_
k
E
s
N
0
_
(3.1)
trong E
s
l nng lng trung bnh ca cc du pht, N
0
l mt ph
cng sut n pha ca tp m, k l h s xc nh bi tng quan gia cc
dng sng {s
1
(t), s
2
(t)}. Nu cc tn s c chn mt cch chnh xc, cc tn
hiu khng tng quan v k = 1. Vi tn hiu iu ch kha dch pha (PSK),
cc tn hiu iu ch c cng tn s v cng sut, nhng khc pha ban u.
Trong trng hp pha khc nhau , sao cho s
2
(t) = s
1
(t)}, th cc tn hiu
s tng quan ngc (anticorrelated), v k = 2.
S d chng ta ni rng h thng truyn dn trn Hnh 3.1 l h thng c
th phn tch bng gii tch d dng l do cc l do sau:
Do gi thit knh truyn AWGN v my thu tuyn tnh. Gi thit ny
dn n thng k quyt nh

d tr thnh mt bin Gauss ngu nhin.
Do cc gi thit ngun d liu khng c nh
Do gi thit ng b du c thc hin l tng nn chng ta c th
bit chnh xc thi im bt u v kt thc ca mt du, v vy, cho
php thng k quyt nh c tch ra mt cch chnh xc.
Mc d c th phn tch c d dng nhng trong mt s trng hp
xy dng chng trnh m phng cho cc h thng kiu ny vn cn thit. L
do l do y l mt h thng c bn nn n thng c s dng lm c s
m rng cho cc h thng truyn dn phc tp hn. V d, nu thay khi
knh AWGN bng khi knh pha-inh Rayleigh chng ta c m hnh truyn
dn s qua knh pha-inh Rayleigh, hay chng ta cng c th thm vo khi
san bng knh my thu c c s truyn dn s dng b san bng
loi b nh hng ca pha-inh chn lc theo tn s i vi knh c tr. Trong
nhng trng hp nh vy, vic xy dng thnh cng chng trnh m phng
cho h thng truyn dn c bn c kim nghim bng l thuyt ny, cho
php m rng nhanh chng xy dng thnh cng chng trnh m phng
cho cc h thng phc tp.
3.2.2 S truyn dn s qua knh AWGN s dng cc b lc v
KCS phi tuyn
Trong mc trc chng ta xt mt s truyn dn c bn trong thng
tin. Chng ta cng thy rng vi s truyn dn c bn th nh s
dng mt s gi thit chng ta c th phn tch d dng phm cht li bt ca
Ngun
Dliu
iuch
+
Lcphihp Lymu
Quytnh
d
k
d
k
z
k
d
k
Knhtruyn
AWGN
~
^
KCS
vLc
Phituyn
Hnh 3.2: V d v mt h thng kh thc hin phn tch gii tch.
h thng. Trong mc ny chng ta s xt mt s phc tp hn, trong
c s dng thm mt b khuch i cng sut (KCS) phi tuyn v b lc
u ra my pht. Chng ta bit rng b khuch i cng sut phi tuyn
c hiu sut ngun cao hn b khuch i cng sut tuyn tnh, v v vy,
thng c s dng cc ng dng i hi tit nghim ngun nh thng tin
di ng chng hn. Tuy nhin, vic s dng b khuch i phi tuyn li to
nn mo hi v mo iu ch ln nhau (intermodulation), lm cho ph ca tn
hiu u ra KCS rng hn rt nhiu so vi ph u ra b iu ch. B lc
u ra, thng thng l mt b lc bng thng c tn s trung tm trng vi
tn s sng mang, c nhim v lm suy gim mo hi v mo iu ch ln
nhau do tnh phi tuyn ca b KCS gy nn. Tuy nhin, b lc ny li lm
cho tn hiu b phn tn theo thi gian, do gy nn nhiu xuyn du (ISI).
Hu qu ca ISI l xc sut li ca mt du ph thuc vo mt hay nhiu
du trc . Nu nh xc sut li ca du th i ph thuc vo k du trc
th chng ta cn tnh xc sut
Pr(E
i
|d
i1
, d
i2
, ..., d
ik
)
i vi trng hp nh phn c 2
k
chui khc nhau, do chng ta cn tnh
cho 2
k
trng hp. Gi thit l mi du d liu c xc sut l 0 hay 1 nh
nhau, chng ta c xc sut li ca du th i c tnh nh sau
P
E
=
1
2
k
1
d
i1=0
1
d
i2=0

1
d
ik=0
Pr(E
i
|d
i1
, d
i2
, ..., d
ik
) (3.2)
Tc l, chng ta cn tnh 2
k
xc sut li khc nhau, vi mi xc sut li ph
thuc mt trong 2
k
chui trc , sau chia trung bnh cho k. Do knh
truyn ang xt l knh AWGN nn mi xc sut trong 2
k
xc xut li l hm
Q Gauss. Phng php tnh d hiu, vic tnh ton i s ca mi hm Q li
nhm chn, v v vy, m phng thng c s dng thay th cho gii tch.
H thng Hnh 3.2 c mt tnh cht quan trng lm cho phn tch tr
nn d dng hn. l phn h thng t im c tp m n im xut hin
3.3. Xy dng m hnh m phng 35
thng k V
k
l tuyn tnh. Thng k

d
k
c th c biu din dng
d
k
= S
k
+ I
k
+ N
k
(3.3)
trong S
k
v I
k
l cc thnh phn ca

d
k
do tn hiu v nhiu, cn N
k
l
thnh phn do tp m. Do tnh cht tuyn tnh nn nu tp m l Gauss th
N
k
cng l mt bin ngu nhin Gauss, do n l kt qu ca php bin i
tuyn tnh ca mt bin ngu nhin Gauss. Hn na, thng k quyt nh ca
d
k
cng s l mt bin Gauss c cng phng sai nh ca N
k
, nhng vi gi
tr trung bnh S
k
+ I
k
, trong c hai thnh phn ny u xc nh. Gi tr
trung bnh ca

d
k
c xc nh t kin thc v mt ph cng sut ca
tp m knh v bng tn tp m tng ng ca h thng t knh n u
ra ca

d
k
. V vy, hm mt ph cng sut (PDF) ca

d
k
c th bit c
v xc sut li d dng c xc nh. Ni tm li, l do chng ta c th d
dng xc nh PDF ca

d
k
, cho d h thng c tnh phi tuyn, l do tp m
khng i qua phn phi tuyn ca h thng.
Do tp m ch i qua phn tuyn tnh ca h thng nn phng php m
phng c n gin ha. Cng do tp m khng i qua phn phi tuyn nn
gi tr trung bnh ca

d
k
c th xc nh c bng gii tch v do PDF
ca

d
k
c th bit c v xc sut li c xc nh d dng. Cc khi nim
ny c kt hp vo trong mt k thut m phng va n gin, li nhanh
chng. l phng php bn gii tch (semi-analytical), trong gii tch
v m phng c kt hp vi nhau lm cho m phng c thc hin nhanh
hn. M phng bn gii tch l mt cng c quan trng v c s dng rng
ri trong nghin cu.
3.2.3 H thng truyn dn qua knh thng tin v tinh
H thng m t Hnh 3.3 c bit n nh l mt h thng khng th phn
tch c bng gii tch. H thng ny l mt m hnh truyn dn hai chng
qua knh v tinh, trong b pht p c m hnh ha bi mt b khuch
i cng sut ln (HPA) phi tuyn v mt b lc loi b mo hi ngoi
bng tn do tnh phi tuyn gy nn. So snh Hnh 3.3 v Hnh 3.2 chng ta
thy chng c cu trc tng t nhau. Tuy nhin, m hnh knh v tinh
Hnh 3.3 c b xung thm hai ngun tp m: mt cho ng ln (up-link)
v mt cho ng xung (down-link). Nh vy, tn hiu my thu cha hai
thnh phn tp m, trong tp m tuyn ln i qua mt b khuch i phi
tuyn. D cho chng ta c gi thit l c tp m trn ng ln v ng
xung u l tp m Gauss, th PDF ca tp m my thu vn rt kh xc
nh, c bit l vi tp m ng ln. V vy, m phng l cng c cn thit
i vi cc h thng kiu ny.
3.3 Xy dng m hnh m phng
Bc u tin trong vic pht trin mt chng trnh m phng ca mt h
thng thng tin l pht trin m hnh m phng ca h thng . M hnh
Ngun
Dliu
iuch
+
Lcphihp Lymu
Quytnh
d
k
d
k
Downlinknoise
d
k
Knhtruyn
~
^
KCS
p
vLc
hituyn
KCS
p
vLc
hituyn
+
Uplinknoise
Hnh 3.3: V d v mt h thng kh thc hin phn tch gii tch.
Mhnh
mphng
Phn
cng
Mhnh
giitch
Hnh 3.4: Lc xy dng m hnh m phng.
thng c biu din dng ton hc m t mi quan h vo/ra ca h
thng. Ngh thut ca m hnh ha l pht trin m hnh hot ng c cha
y cc tnh nng cn thit nhng li khng qu phc tp c th thc
hin c bng cc my tnh thng dng. Yu cu ny i hi phi c s tha
hip gia tnh chnh xc, phc tp v yu cu tnh ton ca m hnh.
i vi mt qu trnh m phng, thng thng c hai m hnh c xy
dng: m hnh gii tch v m hnh m phng nh Hnh 3.4. C hai m hnh
ny u m t tnh tru tng ca h thng. M hnh gii tch thng biu
din dng cng thc ton hc hay cc h phng trnh xc nh mi quan
h vo/ra ca h thng. Cc cng thc ny thng l m t mt phn ca h
thng, v c chnh xc trong mt gii in p, dng in, hay tn s no
. M hnh m phng thng l mt tp hp ca cc thut ton thc hin
gii php tnh ton bng s (numerical) ca cc cng thc xc nh m hnh
gii tch. Cc k thut gii tch s v x l tn hiu s l cc cng c c s
dng pht trin cc thut ton ny.
Mi quan h gia sai s m hnh, phc tp v thi gian m phng c
3.4. Cc phng php m phng 37
S
a
i
n
h
T
h
g
i
a
n
p
h
n
g
Cao
Di
Ngn
Thp phctpMhnh
Cao
Thp
Saisvsphctp
Thigianmphng
vsphctp
Vnghotng
thct
Hnh 3.5: Mi quan h gia sai s, thi gian chy m phng so vi phc tp ca m
hnh.
biu din Hnh 3.5. Chng ta c th thy rng mt m hnh c phc tp
thp c sai s m hnh ha ln, nhng li yu cu thi gian chy m phng
ngn. Ngc li, m hnh c phc tp ln c sai s nh nhng li yu cu
thi gian m phng di.
3.4 Cc phng php m phng
C hai loi m phng c bn: m phng xc nh v m phng ngu nhin. M
phng xc nh thng gp trong trng hp m phng cc mch in c
thit k s dng mt chng trnh thit k nh kiu SPICE. Chng trnh ny
c s dng to ra mt mch in v cp dng u vo. Chng trnh
m phng to ra dng in chy cc nhnh ca mch in v in p qua
tng phn t. in p v dng in thng c biu din bi cc dng sng.
Khong thi gian mong mun ca cc dng sng ny c xc nh trc khi
chy m phng. Do mch in c nh v tn hiu u vo l xc nh nn mi
ln chy m phng s cho cng mt kt qu ging nhau. Hn na, c th s
dng tnh tay tm ra cng cc dng sng nh vy. Trong trng hp ny,
m phng c s dng tit kim thi gian v trnh cc li ton hc do
phi thc hin cc php ton di v nhm chn.
Nu gi thit u vo ca h thng l mt dng sng ngu nhin. Ni
chnh xc l nu u vo h thng l mt hm mu ca mt qu trnh ngu
nhin, th mt cch tng ng c th coi tr khng ca in tr l mt bin
ngu nhin xc nh bi mt hm mt xc sut xc nh. Kt qu ca m
phng ny s khng cn l mt dng sng xc nh v cc mu ca dng sng
ny s to nn mt tp hp ca cc bin ngu nhin. Cc m phng trong
xut hin cc gi tr ngu nhin c gi l cc m phng ngu nhin.
ly v d, chng ta gi thit in p qua mt phn t mch in c
k hiu l e(t) v m phng c s dng to ra e(t) trong khong thi
gian 1ms, tc l e(0.01). Trong m phng xc nh th e(0.01) khng i v
chng ta c kt qu nh nhau sau mi ln m phng.
Mt v d khc l h thng truyn dn s trong tn hiu thu bao gm
tn hiu pht cng t m ngu nhin. Gi thit rng nhim v ca chng ta
l tnh xc sut li du ti u ra my thu. T gio trnh truyn dn chng
ta bit rng i vi truyn dn tn hiu BPSK qua knh AWGN, th xc sut
li du l
P
E
= Q
_
_
2E
b
N
0
_
(3.4)
trong E
b
l nng lng du, N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m mt pha,
v Q(x) l hm Q Gauss c nh ngha bi
Q(x) =
1
2
_

x
exp
_
y
2
2
_
(3.5)
rng P
E
l mt s ch khng phi mt bin ngu nhin, mc d tp m
ngu nhin xut hin u vo my thu. S P
E
l mt gi tr trung bnh sau
mt s ln th v hn, trong mt ln th bao gm vic gi mt s du s
i qua h thng v quan st kt qu u ra. Tt nhin l kt qu s c th
l chnh xc hoc l mt li u ra. i vi cc qu trnh Ergodic (dng),
chng ta c th xc nh xc sut li bng 2 cch. Chng ta c th xem mt
bit c truyn v tnh P
E
nh l trung bnh tp hp (ensemble average),
trong chng ta c mt tp hp (ensemble) ca cc dng sng tp m c
cng tnh cht thng k. Mt cch khc l chng ta c th xc nh P
E
nh
l trung bnh thi gian bng cch truyn v hn cc du nh phn v s dng
hm mu n ca tp m. im mu cht laf chng ta tnh P
E
da trn mt
s v hn cc du nh phn pht i. Nu thay v xc nh P
E
da trn mt
s v hn cc du pht, chng ta c lng P
E
da trn mt s v hn cc
du pht, chng ta c lng P
E
s dng mt s hu hn cc du nh phn
pht, chng ta s tm c rng c lng ca P
E
thc t l mt bin ngu
nhin do mi hm mu c khong hu hn s to nn mt gi tr khc nhau
(mong mun l khng nhiu lm) cho xc sut li. iu ny s c trnh by
phn sau khi chng ta xem xt k thut Monte Carlo
3.5 BER vs Xc sut li bit
Xt h thng truyn dn s n gin Hnh 3.1 v gi thit rng chng ta
cn tnh t s li bit. K thut m phng c bn nht xc nh i lng
phm cht quan trng ny l gi mt s ln cc du s qua h thng v tnh
li thu c u ra my thu. K thut ny c gi l m phng Monte
Carlo. Nu N du c h thng x l v N
e
li m c u ra h thng
th c lng Monte Carlo ca xc sut li l
P
E
=
N
e
N
. (3.6)
i lng ny c gi l BER theo N du. ngha ca BER l n cho ta
c lng ca xc sut li du, m theo nh ngha tn sut tng i ca
3.6. Vai tr ca m phng 39
xc sut l
P
E
= lim
N
N
e
N
. (3.7)
Do mt m phng theo yu cu c th ch cn x l mt s hu hn cc du,
nn xc sut li du ch c th xc nh xp x.
Do thut ng t s li bt v xc sut li bit thng c dng chung, c
th c lng tng trong vic phn bit hai khi nim ny. Thc cht hai khi
nim ny hon ton khc nhau. BER l c lng ca xc sut li bit. BER
thc cht l mt t s (t l), do n mang ngha N
e
li trong N du truyn.
Nu xt mt th nghim truyn N du qua mt knh ngu nhin (tp m) K
ln, th s li N
E
m c trong mi ln thng khc nhau. Xc sut li bit,
tuy nhin, li l mt s ch khng phi mt bin ngu nhin. V d, xc sut
li bit cho mt h thng nh phn PSK trn knh AWGN l Q(
_
2E
b
/N
0
) l
c nh nu E
b
v N
0
khng i.
Thc t l vi N ln, c lng

P
E
hi t n P
E
, theo nh ngha tn
sut tng i ca xc sut.
3.6 Vai tr ca m phng
M phng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu cng on ca qu trnh thit k
v trin khai cc h thng truyn dn hin i. Mc nh chnh ca m phng
l nh gi phm cht v ti u tham s. Ngoi ra, m phng cn c s
dng thit lp cc th tc kim chun (benchmark), d on tui th, v
thm nh h thng sau khi c trin khai ra hin trng. Phng php
m phng s chu chi phi hay hng dn do dng thit k tng qut s dng.
Thit k ca mt h thng truyn dn phc tp thng c thc hin
theo phng thc t trn xung di. Tc l, khi thit k mt h thng
chng ta bt u mc h thng v bt u b xung chi tit ca thit k
t h thng xung cc h thng con, v cui cng l n mc phn t. Khi
trin khai h thng th qu trnh li c thc hin t di ln trn. Tc
l, cc phn t c ch to trc, sau chng c lp rp thnh cc h
thng con, v cui cng ton b h thng c xy dng t cc h thng con.
Tng t nh thit k h thng, pht trin m phng cng c thc hin
theo gii php t trn xung di. Chng ta bt u vi mt m phng
mc h thng c mc tu tng cao, tip theo l cc m hnh c th hn v
m phng ca cc h thng con v cc phn t. Khi bt u qu trnh trin
khai, cc c tnh o c ca cc phn t v h thng con c b xung vo
m hnh m phng.
3.7 Tnh ton qu tuyn v m phng
Qu trnh thit k mt h thng truyn dn bt u t vic xc nh v phn
tch cc yu cu ngi dng v k vng phm cht nh h s cho qua, t l
li, xc sut outage, v cc iu kin rng buc v bng tn, cng sut, trng
lng, phc tp/chi ph, knh cng tc, tui th mong mun ca h thng.
Da trn yu cu ngi dng, k s h thng xc nh cc khi nim ban u
ca h thng nh s iu ch, k thut m ha v san bng nu cn thit.
Mt tp hp ca cc gi tr tham s, c gi l ch tiu mc A, nh mc
cng sut, bng tn, v ch s iu ch cng c thit lp trong giai on
u ny ca thit k.
Mc ch chnh ca giai on ny l xc nh t-p ca h thng v cc
gi tr tham s s p ng cc rng buc thit k. Nh ni trc y, phm
cht h thng l hm s ca t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR, hay tng ng
l E
b
/N
0
) v mo tng cng gy ra do cc phn t trn ng truyn dn. T
s SNR c xy dng thng qua qu trnh tnh ton qu tuyn, m ch yu
l lin quan n tnh ton cng sut v cc tham s lin quan nh cng sut
pht, li anten, suy hao truyn, li cng sut, h s tp m ca cc b
khuch i v lc. Mc d tnh ton qu tuyn khng phi l bi ton quan
tm ca m phng, n li gip thit lp mt di cc gi tr SNR hay E
b
/N
0
tin hnh c lng phm cht trong khong .
Ngi thit k bt u vi cu hnh ban u ca h thng vi cc ch tiu
cp A v qu tuyn. Qu tuyn ch ra E
b
/N
0
ti mt im quan trng (critical)
ca h thng sau khi tt c cc suy hao trin khai c tnh n. im
cc ny thng chnh l u vo my thu. Qu tuyn c gi l cn bng
nu nh tuyn c E
b
/N
0
ln, vi mt l an ton (safe margin), to ra
phm cht chp nhn c ca h thng.
Nu qu tuyn khng cn bng, cc ch tiu cp A, suy hao trin khai, v
ngay c cu hnh h thng cn thay i v qu tuyn cn phi tnh li. V d,
c th cn thay i li cng sut pht, kch thc anten hay cc b khuch i
tp m thp. Sau khi cn bng c qu tuyn, th s dng m phng
kim tra li qu tuyn v iu chnh li h thng. Nu nh qu tuyn c
cn bng th chuyn sang giai on tip theo l thit k cc h thng con v
cc phn t.
3.8 Cc tham s nh gi phm cht h thng
C nhiu i lng c s dng nh gi phm cht mt h thng. i
vi cc h thng truyn dn thng tin thng thng t s SNR (hay t s CNR:
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio) c s dng cho h thng tng t v BER (hoc c
th SER: Symbol Error Rate hay FER: Frame Error Rate) c s dng cho
cc h thng truyn dn s. SNR c th cng c s dng lm tham s ph
cho nh gi phm cht ca h thng truyn dn s.
T s SNR c nh ngha l t s ca cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut
ca tp m, tc l
SNR =
P
s
P
n
=
E{s
2
(t)}
E{n
2
(t)}
(3.8)
trong E biu din php ton ly gi tr k vng.
Vi h thng truyn dn s, t s li bit BER thng khng th xc nh
3.9. Nng lng v Cng sut tn hiu 41
c m c c lng nh m phng Monte-Carlo. Gi thit s N bit c
truyn i v xy ra N
e
bit li u ra, t s BER c nh ngha l
BER =
N
e
N
. (3.9)
Thc cht y l c lng ca xc sut li bt c nh ngha bi
P
E
= lim
N
N
e
N
(3.10)
Vi t s li khung chng ta cng c th nh ngha tng t
FER =
N
fe
N
f
. (3.11)
trong N
fe
l s khung thu li v N
f
l tng s khung gi i.
3.9 Nng lng v Cng sut tn hiu
Cc thnh phn nng lng E
s
v cng sut tn hiu P
s
c nh ngha nh
sau
E
s
=
_

s
2
(t)dt (3.12)
P
s
= lim
T
1
T
_
T/2
T/2
s
2
(t)dt (3.13)
Trong trng hp tn hiu ri rc ( ly mu), nng lng v cng sut tn
hiu c nh ngha nh sau
E
s
= T
s
n=
s
2
[n] (3.14)
P
s
= lim
N
1
2N + 1
N
n=N
s
2
(t)dt (3.15)
Nu chui tn hiu l hu hn v chui c pht lp li, th
E
s
= T
s
N1
n=0
s
2
[n] (3.16)
P
s
=
1
N
N1
n=0
s
2
[n] (3.17)
Trong Matlab cng sut ca chui tn hiu s[n] c tnh nh s dng
hm norm.m nh sau: Ps=norm(s) 2/length(s)
3.10 M phng Monte-Carlo trong Truyn dn S
nh gi phm cht ca mt h thng thng tin s, m phng Monte-Carlo
thng c s dng c lng t s BER. Nh tho lun phn trn,
c c lng chnh xc ca BER, chng ta cn tng s lng bit gi i n
v cng (). Tuy nhin, vic tng s lng bit gi i ng ngha vi thi gian
chy m phng s lu hn. V vy, c c s tha hip gia chnh xc
ca kt qu m phng v thi gian chy m phng, chng ta mong mun tm
c s lng bit cn gi i N tng ng vi gi tr BER mong mun. Chng
ta s nghin cu vn ny thng qua trng hp di y.
Xt bin ngu nhin
y = s + z (3.18)
trong s l mt hng s, z l mt bin ngu nhin Gauss vi gi tr trung
bnh m v phng sai
2
z
= 1. R rng l y cng l mt bin ngu nhin Gauss
vi gi tr trung bnh m v phng sai
2
y
= 1.
Gi thit l chng ta cn c lng xc sut y < 0 cho mt gi tr s cho
trc, tc l
P(s) = P(y < 0|s) (3.19)
bng m phng Monte-Carlo. C th l chng ta s dng my tnh to ra
mt chui cc bin Gauss ngu nhin, c k vng bng 0 v phng sai bng
1, c lp thng k v c phn b ging nhau (i.d.d.), z
i
, i = 1, 2, ..., N. Nh
cng z
i
vi s, chng ta c mt chui cc bin ngu nhin
y
i
= s + z
i
, i = 1, 2, ..., N. (3.20)
T cc bin ngu nhin tao ra bng my tnh ny, chng ta mong mun
c lng xc sut mt bin ngu nhin Gauss, vi k vng m, m > 0 v
phng sai n v, nh hn 0. Chng ta lm php kim tra xem y
i
< 0 v nh
ngha mt bin ngu nhin mi x
i
nh sau
x
i
=
_
0, nu y
i
0
1, nu y
i
< 0
(3.21)
Nh vy, c lng ca xc sut P(y < 0|s) l
P(s) =
1
N
N
i=1
x
i
(3.22)
Ni cch khc, c lng P(s) n gin l s cc bin ngu nhin y
i
, i =
1, 2, ..., N nh hn 0 chia cho tng s N bin ngu nhin.
Do c lng

P(s) l mt hm s ca cc bin ngu nhin x
i
, i =
1, 2, ..., N, nn n cng l mt bin ngu nhin. xc nh chnh xc
ca c lng ny so vi gi tr tht P(s), chng ta tnh gi tr k vng v
phng sai ca c lng ny. u tin l gi tr k vng ca

P(s)
E[

P(s)] =
1
N
N
i=1
E[x
i
] (3.23)
Nhng do
E[x
i
] = 0 P(y
i
> 0) + 1 P(y
i
< 0) (3.24)
3.10. M phng Monte-Carlo trong Truyn dn S 43
nn
E[

P(s)] =
1
N
N
i=1
P(y
i
< 0) (3.25)
=
1
N
N
i=1
P(s) = P(s) (3.26)
iu ny chng t rng gi tr k vng ca c lng

P(s) ng bng gi tr
tht P(s).
Tip theo, chng ta tnh phng sai ca c lng

P(s). Phng sai ca
P(s) c nh ngha nh sau
2
P(s)
= E
_
P(s) E[

P(s)]
_
2
(3.27)
= E
_
P
2
(s)
_
P
2
(s) (3.28)
Tuy nhin,
E[

P
2
(s)] = E
_
1
N
2
N
i=1
N
j=1
x
i
x
j
_
(3.29)
=
1
N
2
N
i=1
E[x
2
i
] +
1
N
2
N
i=1
N
i=1,i =j
E[x
i
x
j
] (3.30)
V chng ta c
E[x
2
i
] = 0 P(y
i
0) + 1 P(y
i
< 0) (3.31)
v
E[x
i
x
j
] = E[x
i
] E[x
j
] = P
2
(s) (3.32)
Thay (3.31) v (3.32) vo (3.30), chng ta thu c phng sai ca c
lng nh sau
E[

P
2
(s)] =
1
N
P(s) +
N(N 1)
N
2
P
2
(s) (3.33)
1
N
P(s)[1 P(s)] (3.34)
Ni chung, khi c lng P(s) da vo m phng chng ta mong mun
lch chun
P(s)
l nh so vi P(s). V d, gi s l chng ta c lng mt
xc sut nh, P(s) = 10
3
. Chng ta cn bit s mu cn thit l bao nhiu
m bo lch chun
P(s)
l nh so vi P(s)? Tc l
P(s)
=
_
1
N
P(s)[1 P(s)]
_
1/2
P(s) (3.35)
hay, mt cch tng ng,
2
P(s)
P
2
(s).
V vy
N
1
P(s)
(3.36)
V d, nu P(s) = 10
3
, th N 1000. Nu chng ta chn kch thc mu
N = 10
4
, th trung bnh, chng ta s c 10 gi tr ca y
i
, i = 1, 2, ..., 10
4
s nh
hn 0. Chng ta coi kch thc mu ny nh gi tr nh nht thu c c
lng tin cy ca P(s). V vy, theo kinh nghim (as a rule of thumb) kch
thc mu cn tha mn
N >
10
P(s)
(3.37)
khi P(s) 1. iu kin ny thng c lng xc sut li ca mt h
thng truyn dn s chu nh hng ca tp m cng v nhiu khc.
V d: Trong mt h thng thng tin s, tn hiu thu c vi mc in
p s, (s > 0), chu nh hng ca tp m Gauss cng tnh c k vng bng 0
v phng sai n v. Xc nh s mu nh nht N cn thit xc nh xc
sut P(y < 0|s) khi y
i
= s + z
i
, cho s = 3 v s = 5, da theo kinh nghim
(3.37).
Xc sut ng c lng c bng m phng Monte-Carlo c tnh
nh sau:
s = 3 P(3) = P(y < 0|s = 3) = 1.35 10
3
(3.38)
s = 5 P(5) = P(y < 0|s = 5) = 2.87 10
7
(3.39)
Da trn kinh nghim (3.37), s mu ti thiu cn thit c lng P(3) v
P(5) l
s = 3 N =
10
P(3)
= 7047 (3.40)
s = 5 N =
10
P(5)
= 10
7
(3.41)
M PHNG CC H THNG
THNG TIN V TUYN S
DNG MATLAB
Trn Xun Nam
i hc K thut L Qu n
Chng 4
Knh thng tin v tuyn
4.1 Knh tp m AWGN
4.1.1 Tp m AWGN
Thut ng tp m (noise) m t cc tn hiu in khng mong mun xut
hin trong h thng. S xut hin ca tp m lm gim kh nng tch chnh
xc cc tn hiu pht v, v vy, lm gim tc truyn dn thng tin. Tp
m c to ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau, nhng c th phn loi thnh hai
ngun chnh l nhn to v t nhin [1]. Ngun tp m nhn to xut hin t
cc ngun nh la, chuyn mch hay cc pht x in t. Tp m t nhin
gm tp m xut hin trong cc mch hay linh kin in t, xo ng kh
quyn hay cc ngun thin h.
Thit k tt cc mch in, thit b hay h thng cho php loi b hoc
gim nh ng k nh hng ca cc tp m bng cch ni t, chn v tr
t thit b hay s dng cc phng php lc. Tuy nhin, c mt ngun tp
m t nhin khng th loi b l tp m nhit. Tp m nhit xut hin do
chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t trong tt c cc linh kin in t nh
in tr, dy dn hay cc phn t dn in khc. S chuyn ng ngu nhin
v c lp ca v hn cc in t to nn cc c tnh thng k Gauss theo
nh l gii hn trung tm (central limit theorem). V vy, tp m nhit c th
m t nh mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng khng
(zero mean). Mt v d v tp m Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh 0 v phng
sai
2
= 1 c miu t Hnh v 4.1.
Hm mt xc sut (PDF: Probability Density Function) ca mt qu
trnh ngu nhin Gauss n(t) c biu din nh sau
p(n) =
1
2
exp
_
n
2
2
2
_
(4.1)
Hnh v 4.2 biu din hm PDF Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh bng khng
v lch chun (standard deviation) = 1.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca tp m Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng
khng l phng sai
2
bng trung bnh bnh phng ca n, tc l,
2
=
45
46 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
t
n
(
t
)
Hnh 4.1: Mt v d v tp m Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh 0 v phng sai
2
= 1.
E{n
2
(t)}.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
=1
0.242
Hnh 4.2: Hm mt xc sut Gauss vi
2
= 1.
Tp m trng: mt c tnh quan trng ca tp m nhit l mt
ph tn s ca n nh nhau ti mi tn s. Tc l, n l ngun tp m pht
4.1. Knh tp m AWGN 47
ra mt lng cng sut nh nhau trn mt n v bng tn ti tt c cc tn
s bng
G
n
(f) =
N
0
2
[W/Hz] (4.2)
nh m t Hnh v 4.3(a). H s 2 trong cng thc trn ch th rng G
n
(f)
l mt hm mt ph cng sut 2 pha (two-sided power spectral density
function) cn N
0
th c gi l mt ph cng sut tp m. Tp m vi
cng sut c mt ph u nh vy c gi l tp m trng (white noise).
N
0
/2
R
n
( ) t
N
0
/2
G f
n
( )
f t
(b)Hmtt ngquan (a)Mtphcngsuttpmtrng
Hnh 4.3: Mt ph cng sut v hm t tng quan ca tp m trng.
Hm t tng quan ca tp m trng l php bin i Fourier ngc ca
mt ph cng sut tp m cho bi
R
n
() = F
1
{G
n
(f)} =
_

G
n
(f)e
j2f
df (4.3)
=
N
0
2
() (4.4)
nh biu din Hnh v 4.3(b). Tc l, hm t tng quan ca tp m trng
l mt hm xung delta ti = 0 c nhn trng s vi N
0
/2. rng
R
n
() = 0 vi mi = 0 nn bt k hai mu khc nhau no ca tp m trng
u khng tng quan vi nhau bt k chng gn nhau n mc no. Do tp
m nhit c cng vi tn hiu nn n cn c gi l tp m cng (additive
noise). Tng hp cc c tnh ca tp m nhit trn chng ta c th tm
tt li rng tp m nhit trong cc h thng thng tin l tp m Gauss trng
cng (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise).
4.1.2 M phng tp m AWGN
Trong MATLAB, chng ta c th s dng hm c sn randn m phng
tp m AWGN. Hm randn cho php to ra cc bin ngu nhin theo phn
b chun chnh tc (standard normal distribution) vi gi tr trung bnh 0,
phng sai 1 v lch chun 1.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
n
p
(
n
)
Theory
Simulated
Hnh 4.4: Hm phn b ca tp m AWGN.
Hnh 4.4 biu din hm pdf ca tp m AWGN to nn bng m phng
s dng hm randn s dng chng trnh Prog. 4.1.
Matlab Program 4.1 SimAWGN.m
%% Script to describe AWGN
% Plot time version of AWGN
N=10^6;
t=1:N;
n=randn(1,N);
plot(t,n)
xlabel(t)
ylabel(n(t))
axis([0 1000 -4 4])
% Plot pfd of the normal distribution by theory
step=0.1;
x=-5:step:5;
sigma=1;
px=1/sqrt(2*pi)*exp(-1/2*x.^2/sigma^2);
figure(2)
plot(x,px)
%xlabel(n)
ylabel(p(n))
hold on
% Plot pdf of simulated AWGN
z=randn(1,N);
h=hist(z,x);
plot(x,h/N/step,o);
4.2. Knh pha-inh 49
legend(Theory,Simulated)
%hold on
%pdfplot(z,100)
Do phn b chun chnh tc l mt trng hp c bit ca phn b
Gauss trong gi tr trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai bng 1, nn m
phng tp m AWGN vi phng sai bng N
0
chng ta ch vic nhn hm
randn vi

N
0
, tc l lch chun mong mun. Do tp m m phng l mt
bin s phc gm hai thnh phn thc v o, nn cng sut tp m l tng
cng sut ca tng thnh phn. to c tp m phc vi cng sut N
0
chng ta cn chun ha cng sut ca mi thnh phn (thc v o) bng 1/2.
V d, to c 1000 du tp m phc c cng sut N
0
chng ta lm nh
sau:
n = sqrt(N
0
/2) (randn(1, 1000) + j randn(1, 1000))
4.2 Knh pha-inh
Hnh v 4.5 m t mt ng lin lc gia anten trm gc (BS: Base Station)
v anten trm di ng (MS: Mobile Station). Xung quanh MS c nhiu vt
phn x nh nh, cy, i ni, ...trong khi xung quanh BS li c rt t hoc
khng c cc vt phn x do anten trm BS c t trn cao. Cc vt phn
x ny c gi chung l vt tn x. Lin lc gia BS v MS thng qua nhiu
ng (path), mi ng chu mt hay nhiu phn x, v tn hiu n my
thu l tn hiu tng hp t tt c cc ng ny. Do cc ng c bin ,
pha, v tr khc nhau, nn tn hiu truyn qua cc ng c th kt hp vi
nhau mt cch c li hoc khng c li, to nn mt sng ng ngu nhin.
Hin tng ny c gi l truyn sng pha-inh a ng. Knh truyn sng
kiu ny c gi l knh pha-inh a ng.
Hnh 4.5: M hnh truyn sng a ng.
4.2.1 M hnh ton hc ca pha-inh
Tn hiu v tuyn lun l tn hiu bng thng (bandpass) v c bng tn hp
(narrowband). Tn hiu bng thng pht i ti tn s sng mang f
c
vi ng
bao phc s(t)
3
c biu din nh sau
s(t) =
_
s(t)e
j2fct
(4.5)
trong [.] biu din php ton ly phn thc.
t di ca ng l l x
l
v k hiu c l tc nh sng (cng chnh
l tc lan truyn ca sng in t trong khng kh), th thi gian truyn
sng t BS ti MS l x
l
/c. Gi s suy hao ca ng l l a
l
, th tn hiu
thu c ti MS khng tnh n tp m l
r(t) =
l
a
l
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
. (4.6)
Th (4.5) vo (4.6) chng ta c
r(t) =
l
a
l
_
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
e
j2fc(t
x
l
c
)
_
(4.7)
=
_
l
a
l
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
e
j2fc(t
x
l
c
)
_
(4.8)
Vit li r(t) dng
r(t) =
_
l
a
l
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
e
j2fc
x
l
c
e
j2fct
_
(4.9)
=
_
r(t)e
j2fct
(4.10)
trong thnh phn ng bao tn hiu thu l tng ca nhiu thnh phn tn
hiu c tr, suy hao v dch pha khc nhau
r(t) =
l
a
l
s (t
l
) e
j2fc
l
(4.11)
cn
l
=
x
l
c
l thi gian tr ca ng truyn th l.
4.2.2 S nh hng ca chuyn ng ca MS
Hnh 4.6: S lan truyn ca ng l ti mt trm MS.
3
s(t) cn c gi l tn hiu bng tn gc tng ng
4.2. Knh pha-inh 51
Hnh v 4.6 minh ho s chuyn ng ca mt trm MS theo trc x trong mt
phng xy vi vn tc v. y, chng ta gi thit rng ng ten pht c
phn cc mt cch ph hp sao cho vector in trng song song vi trc z.
Khi MS chuyn ng vi tc v, di ng truyn sng th l thay i
mt khong l
x
l
= x
l
x
l
(4.12)
Nu gc ti ca tia th l so vi hng chuyn ng l
l
, chng ta c
x
l
vt cos(
l
). (4.13)
Nh vy, tn hiu thu c khi khng c tp m l
r(t) =
_
l
a
l
e
j2fc
_
t
x
l
x
l
c
_
s
_
t
x
l
x
l
c
_
_
(4.14)
=
_
l
a
l
e
j2fct
e
j2fc
x
l
c
e
j2fc
v cos(
l
)
c
t
s
_
t
x
l
c
+
v cos(
l
)t
c
_
_
(4.15)
Thng thng do tc ca MS rt nh so vi vn tc truyn sng nn ta c
v/c 0 nn
r(t) =
_
l
a
l
e
j2fct
e
j2fc
x
l
c
e
j2fc
v cos(
l
)
c
t
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
_
. (4.16)
t
f
D
=
f
c
c
v (4.17)
l tn s Doppler ln nht, sau mt s php bin i ton hc thun tu chng
ta c
r(t) =
_
l
a
l
e
j2f
D
cos(
l
)
l
e
j2[fc+f
D
cos(
l
)](t
l
)
s (t
l
)
_
(4.18)
Nu t
l
= a
l
e
j2f
D
cos(
l
)
l
(4.19)
v
f
D,l
= f
D
cos(
l
) (4.20)
ta c th vit li r(t) dng rt gn sau
r(t) =
_
l
e
j2(fc+f
D,l
)(t
l
)
s (t
l
)
_
(4.21)
trong
l
v f
D,l
tng ng l h s suy hao v tn s Doppler ca tia l
di tc ng ca s chuyn ng ca MS. T cng thc (4.21) chng ta c
th thy rng vt tn x th l dch tn hiu pht i
l
v thi gian v f
D,l
v tn s.
Ta hon ton c th vit r(t) di dng tn hiu bng thng nh trong
biu thc (4.10) trong ng bao phc ca tn hiu thu c c dng
r(t) =
l
e
j
l
(t)
s (t
l
) (4.22)
vi
l
(t) = 2[(f
c
+ f
D,l
)
l
f
D,l
t] (4.23)
l gc pha ca ng tn hiu th l. T biu thc (4.22), ta c th m hnh
ho knh truyn bng mt b lc tuyn tnh bin i theo thi gian (linear
time-variant filter) vi p ng xung c cho bi:
g(t, ) =
l
e
j
l
(t)
(
l
) (4.24)
trong (.) l hm delta dirac.
4.2.3 Hu qu ca truyn sng pha-inh a ng
Hu qu ca truyn sng pha-inh a ng l [2]
Pha-inh hay chn lc theo thi gian(time selective fading) gn vi
Doppler spread to ra do chuyn ng ca MS.
Tri tr (delay spread) hay chn lc theo tn s
Doppler spread. Khi MS chuyn ng qua cc vng ngu nhin, tn
hiu thu c ti MS thay i v cng v pha tu thuc vo vn tc
chuyn ng ca MS. Xt trng hp s sai khc gia cc thi gian tr ca
cc ng tn hiu
m

n
nh so vi rng ca mt k hiu c iu
bin (moulated symbol duration). Khi cc
l
trong (4.24) l xp x bng
nhau v bng . Trong trng hp ny, p ng xung g(t, ) c dng
g(t, ) = g(t)( ) (4.25)
v tn hiu thu c bng
r(t) =
_
+
g(t, )s(t )d (4.26)

=
_
+
g(t)( )s(t )d (4.27)

= g(t)s(t ) (4.28)
Gi s bng tn ca tn hiu l nh (tc truyn tin nh) sao cho
thi gian tr khng lm nh hng ti tn hiu, khi s(t ) s(t), v
tn hiu thu c tr thnh
r(t) = g(t)s(t) (4.29)
vi tng ch knh phc (complex channel gain) g(t) =
l

l
e
j
l
(t)
. Nh
rng do tn s sng mang f
c
c gi tr rt ln nn d s khc bit gia cc
4.2. Knh pha-inh 53
thi gian tr l nh th gia cc gc pha
l
(t) vn c s khc bit ln. Kt
qu l lm cho tng ch ng truyn g(t) bin i theo thi gian. iu
ny c ngha l tn hiu thu c vn tri qua hin tng pha inh. Hn na,
do g(t) thay i nhanh hn s(t) nn tn hiu thu b tri (spread) trn thang
tn s. Hin tng ny cn c gi l Doppler spread. C th l, mt m
n s(t) = A s b tri thnh vi thnh phn bng tn [f
D
, f
D
], mi thnh
phn tng ng vi mt vt tn x.
Thc hin bin i Fourier i vi p ng xung g(t, ), ta thu c hm
truyn t
G(t, f) =
_
+
g(t, )e
j2f
d (4.30)
=
_
+
g(t)( )e
j2f
d (4.31)
= g(t)e
j2f
(4.32)
Do bin ca hm truyn t bng |G(t, f)| = g(t) vi f bt k, tt c cc
thnh phn tn s trong tn hiu thu c u c cng mt tng ch l
g(t). Trong trng hp ny ta ni rng tn hiu thu tri qua hin tng pha
inh phng (flat fading). V knh truyn nh th ny c gi l knh pha
inh phng.
Delay spread. Xt trng hp cc tn s Doppler f
D,l
rt nh tng
ng vi MS ng im. Khi cc gc pha
l
(t) trong (4.23) xp x bng
l
(t) 2f
c
l
=
l
v l mt hng s. Nh vy, cng thc (4.24) c th c
vit li nh sau
g(t, ) =
l
g
l
(
l
) = g
s
() (4.33)
vi g
l
=
l
e
j
l
khng ph thuc thi gian.
T biu thc (4.33), ta thy rng vi gi thit f
D,l
rt nh knh truyn
tr thnh mt b lc tuyn tnh bt bin (linear time-invariant filter) vi p
ng xung c chiu di hu hn (FIR: Finite Impulse Response) g
s
().
Hnh 4.7: p ng xung ca mt b lc FIR.
Hnh v 4.7 minh ho p ng xung ca mt b lc FIR tuyn tnh bt
bin. Gii
D
c gi l tri tr (delay spread). Chng ta c th thy do
di cc ng truyn sng khc nhau nn lm cho tn hiu b dch chuyn
tr.
Thc hin bin i Fourier ln p ng xung (4.33) chng ta c p
ng tn s
G(f) =
_
+
g
s
()e
j2f
d (4.34)
=
l
g
l
e
j2f
l
. (4.35)
T y chng ta thy rng ti cc tn s khc nhau th bin |G(f)| c gi
tr khc nhau. Knh truyn dn trong trng hp ny c gi l knh pha
inh chn lc theo tn s (frequency selective fading).
4.3 Knh pha-inh Rayleigh
T cc cng thc (4.24) v (4.25), chng ta vit li c tng ch knh
trong trng hp MS chuyn ng nh sau
g(t) =
l
e
j
l
(t)
. (4.36)
Trong trng hp khng tn ti tia trc tip (LOS: Line Of Sight) gia BS v
MS v tn hiu thu c l tng hp ca mt s lng ln cc ng tn hiu,
theo lut s ln ta c th coi g(t) = g
I
(t) + jg
Q
(t), trong g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t)
l cc s thc vi mi t, l mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss phc dng rng
(wide-sense stationary complex Gaussian random process) [3]. Trong mt s
mi trng tn x, g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t) l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp vi
nhau, c gi tr trung bnh bng khng v cng phng sai
2
g
ti bt k thi
im t no, tc l
E{g
I
(t)} = E{g
Q
(t)} = 0 (4.37)
v
E{g
I
(t)
2
} = E{g
Q
(t)
2
} =
2
g
(4.38)
trong E{a} l trung bnh thng k hay trung bnh tp hp ca mt bin
ngu nhin a.
S dng cng thc v phn b Gauss (4.1) chng ta c
p(g
I
) =
1
2
exp
_
g
2
I
2
2
g
_
(4.39)
p(g
Q
) =
1
2
exp
_
g
2
Q
2
2
g
_
(4.40)
4.3. Knh pha-inh Rayleigh 55
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
p
(
)
Hnh 4.8: Hm phn b Rayleigh vi
2
= 1.
Do g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t) l cc qu trnh c lp nn chng ta c phn b
p(g) = p(g
I
)p(g
Q
) =
1
2
g
2
exp
_
|g|
2
2
2
g
_
(4.41)
vi
|g(t)|
2
= g
2
I
(t) + g
2
Q
(t). (4.42)
Chuyn g(t) sang h to cc g(t) = (t)e
j(t)
, vi (t) = |g(t)| l bin
ca g(t), chng ta c pdf kt hp [2]
p(, ) =

2
g
2
exp
_

2
2
2
g
_
. (4.43)
Do v l cc bin c lp nn chng ta c th vit
p(, ) = p() p() =

2
g
exp
_

2
2
2
g
_
1
2
(4.44)
hay
p() =

2
g
exp
_

2
2
2
g
_
, 0 (4.45)
p() =
1
2
, < (4.46)
Tc l, pdf ca bin (t) l phn b Rayleigh, v pha-inh kiu ny
c gi l pha-inh Rayleigh. Hnh v 4.8 m t phn b Rayleigh vi = 1.
4.4 Knh pha-inh Rice
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
p
(
)
K = 0
K = 5
K = 10
K = 18
Hnh 4.9: Hm phn b Rice cho cc gi tr khc nhau ca K vi A
p
= 1.
Trong trng hp mi trng tn x tn ti tia truyn thng, g
I
(t) v
g
Q
(t) l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp vi nhau, c gi tr trung bnh
bng
I
(t) v
Q
(t) khc 0. Nu ta vn gi thit g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t) c cng phng
sai
2
g
ti bt k thi im t no,th bin ca g(t), tc l (t), ti mt thi
im t bt k s c phn b Rice c cho bi [3]
p() =

2
g
exp
_
2
+
2
2
2
g
_
I
0
_
2
g
_
, 0 (4.47)
trong
=
2
I
(t) +
2
Q
(t) (4.48)
c gi l tham s lch tm (non-centrality parameter), v I
0
(x) l hm s
Bessel sa i bc 0 loi 1 (zero order modified Bessel function of the first
kind). Dng pha inh ny c gi l pha inh Rice.
Mt s m hnh knh Rice c xut trong thc t gi thit rng
I
(t) v
Q
(t) l cc hng s khc khng [4, 5]. Mt phng php c nhiu u
im hn c xut bi Aulin [6]. Trong phng php ny cc gi tr
trung bnh
I
(t) v
Q
(t) tng ng vi cc thnh phn ng pha (in phase)
v trc giao (quadrature) ca tia LOS c m hnh l cc tham s xc nh
4.5. M phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice 57
bin i theo thi gian (deterministic time-varying) nh sau [3, 6]
I
(t) = cos(2f
D
cos(
0
)t +
0
) (4.49)
Q
(t) = sin(2f
D
cos(
0
)t +
0
) (4.50)
trong f
D
cos(
0
) v
0
l tn s Doppler v gc lch pha ngu nhin ng
vi tia LOS.
Mt thng s quan trng ca knh pha inh Rice l h s Rice (Rice
factor), K, c nh ngha l t s gia cng sut ca tia LOS
2
v cng
sut ca cc thnh phn tn x 2
2
g
, tc l K =

2
2
2
g
. Ta thy rng, khi K = 0
th knh truyn thun tu l knh Rayleigh, v khi K = knh truyn s
khng cn hin tng pha inh.
S dng h s Rice, ta c th vit
2
=
KA
p
K + 1
, 2
2
g
=
A
p
K + 1
, (4.51)
trong A
p
= E{
2
} =
2
+ 2
2
g
l cng sut trung bnh ca g(t). Khi ,
hm phn b Rice trong (4.47) c vit li nh sau
p() =
2(K + 1)
A
p
exp
_
K
(K + 1)
2
A
p
_
I
0
_
2
K(K + 1)
A
p
_
, 0
(4.52)
Hnh v 4.9 minh ho phn b Rice cho mt s gi tr khc nhau ca K.
Trng hp K = 0 chnh l hm phn b Rayleigh. T hnh v ta thy rng
khi K cng ln th b rng ca p() cng c xu hng co hp li quanh gi
tr
_
A
p
= 1. iu chng t rng khi K cng ln th tnh ngu nhin ca
cng gim.
4.5 M phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice
Cc chng trnh m phng knh thng tin v tuyn c s dng rt nhiu
trong cc phng nghin cu v chng cho php ta kho st v nh gi h thng
mt cch thun tin vi chi ph rt thp so vi vic o th trong cc mi trng
thc t. Mt s phng php xy dng cc chng trnh m phng pha inh
c xut nh phng php tng ca cc tn hiu hnh sin (SOS: sum
of sinusoids method) [7, 8, 9], phng php lc nhiu Gauss (Gaussian noise
filtering method) [3], phng php bin i Fourier ri rc (IDFT method)
[10], vn vn. Trong cun sch ny chng ti trnh by phng php c
s dng rng ri trong m phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice, l
phng php tng ca cc tn hiu sin.
4.5.1 M phng pha inh Rayleigh
n gin ta gi thit tn hiu pht i l s(t) = 1 v s lng tia ti MS l
L, khi t cng thc (4.22) ta c th vit ng bao phc ca tn hiu nh
Hnh 4.10: ng bao tn hiu b pha inh Rayleigh, s lng tia L = 35, tn s Doppler
cc i f
D
= 100 Hz.
sau
r(t) =
L
l=1
l
e
j
l
(t)
(4.53)
=
L
l=1
a
l
e
j2f
D,l
l
e
j
l
(t)
(4.54)
S dng
l
(t) cng thc (4.23), sau mt s bin i ton hc, ta c
r(t) =
L
l=1
a
l
e
j[2f
D
cos(
l
)t+
l
]
(4.55)
vi
l
= 2f
c
l
l gc pha ban u ca tia ti th l. Cc gc pha
l
c gi
thit l c lp thng k vi nhau v c phn b u trong khong [0, 2).
thun tin, ta thc hin chun ho r(t) sao cho cng sut ca n bng 1, tc
l ta chn cc h s a
l
=
1
L
. Lc ny ta c
r(t) =
1
L
L
l=1
e
j[2f
D
cos(
l
)t+
l
]
(4.56)
4.5. M phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice 59
Theo m hnh ca Jakes th tia th l n u t tt c cc hng nn nu
chn
0
l mt gi tr ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2) th
l
=
0
+ 2
l 1
L
, vi l = 1, 2, . . . , L (4.57)
Thut ton m phng c tng kt nh sau.
Thut ton m phng pha inh Rayleigh
Thut ton ny da trn phng php ca Jakes c m t nh sau
Chn L l
To
0
ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2)
For l = 1 to L
1. To
l
2. Tnh
l
=
0
+ 2
l1
L
3. Tnh r
l
(t) = e
j[
l
+2f
D
cos(
l
)t]
End
Tnh r(t) =
1
L
L
l=1
r
l
(t)
Thut ton ny tuy d hiu v d thc hin nhng s lng php tnh s
tng ln ng k nu ta chn L c gi tr ln. Trong [7] Jakes trnh by mt
phng php nhm lm gim s lng cc thnh phn dao ng tn s thp
trong (4.56), nh gim c s lng php tnh. Jakes chn s lng tia
L tho mn iu kin
L = 4M + 2 (4.58)
Khi s lng thnh phn tn s thp trong (4.56) s gim t L xung cn
M + 1. Trong [8], Pop v cc cng s cng xut phng php nhm
khc phc nhng nhc im trong phng php gim s lng thnh phn
dao ng tn thp ca Jakes. Bn c c th tham kho [7] v [8] hiu r
hn v cc phng php ny.
Hnh v 4.10 minh ho mt ng bao b pha inh Rayleigh in hnh
c to ra bi chng trnh m phng pha inh Rayleigh trnh by trn.
Trong chng trnh m phng, s lng tia n c chn l L = 35 v tn
s Doppler cc i f
D
= 100 Hz.
Hnh 4.11: ng bao tn hiu b pha inh Rice, s lng tia L = 35, tn s Doppler cc
i f
D
= 100 Hz, h s Rice K = 5 v K = 10.
4.5.2 M phng pha inh Rice
T thut ton m phng pha inh Rayleigh, ta d dng xy dng c thut
ton m phng pha inh Rice da trn kt qu phn tch trnh by trn.
Mt cch c th hn, pha inh Rice s bao gm 2 thnh phn: mt thnh
phn sinh ra do cc tia tn x v mt thnh phn sinh ra do tia LOS. m
phng hai thnh phn ny, ta coi thnh phn th nht c phn b Rayleigh
v c cng sut 2
2
g
=
Ap
K+1
(xem cng thc (4.51)). Thnh phn th hai l
thnh phn c tham s xc nh theo thi gian c cho bi cc biu thc
(4.49) v (4.50). Thnh phn ny c cng sut
2
=
ApK
K+1
. R rng tng cng
sut ca hai thnh phn ny l
2
+ 2
2
g
= A
p
.
Trong chng trnh m phng ny, ta chn A
p
= 1. Thnh phn tn x
th nht c chn l r(t) trong bi biu thc (4.56). Tuy nhin, thnh
phn ny c cng sut l 2
2
g
=
1
K+1
, ta cn phi chun ho n bng cch chia
r(t) cho
_
1
K+1
. Thnh phn LOS c cho bi biu thc
r(t)
LOS
=
I
+ j
Q
(4.59)
Kt qu l ng bao tn hiu tng hp b pha inh Rice c cho bi [9]
r(t)
RICE
= [r(t) +
Ke
j[2f
D
cos(
0
)t+
0
]
]/
K + 1 (4.60)
Thut ton m phng c m t nh sau.
4.6. Kt lun 61
Thut ton m phng pha inh Rice
Chn L l
Gn cho
0
mt gi tr bt k trong khong [0, 2)
To
0
Gn cho h s Rice K gi tr mong mun
To
0
For l = 1 to L
1. To
l
2. Tnh
l
=
0
+ 2
l1
L
3. Tnh r
l
(t) = e
j[
l
+2f
D
cos(
l
)t]
End
Tnh r(t) =
1
L
L
l=1
r
l
(t)
Tnh r(t)
RICE
= [r(t) +
Ke
j[2f
D
cos(
0
)t+
0
]
]/
K + 1
Hnh v 4.11 minh ho cc ng bao b pha inh Rice c to ra bi
chng trnh m phng pha inh Rice trnh by trn. Trong chng trnh
m phng, s lng tia n c chn m phng thnh phn tn x l
L = 35, tn s Doppler cc i f
D
= 100 Hz, h s Rice K = 5 v K = 10.
T cc hnh v 4.10 v 4.11 ta thy r rng l khi h s Rice tng ln, tn hiu
cng t chu nh hng ca hin tng pha inh.
nh gi tnh chnh xc ca cc chng trnh m phng trn. Chng
ta cn phi nh gi nhng c tnh thng k ca cc m hnh trn, c bit
l cc i lng thng k bc nht (tc l gi tr trung bnh) v i lng
thng k bc hai (tc l cc hm t tng quan v tng quan cho). Tuy
nhin trong phm vi quyn sch ny chng ti s khng i sau vo nh gi
cc c tnh thng k ny. Bn c c th tham kho nhng ni dung ny
trong [3, 8, 9].
4.6 Kt lun
Trong chng ny chng ta xem xt mt s m hnh knh thng tin c bn
c s dng trong m phng nh gi cht lng ca cc h thng thng tin
v tuyn. Thng qua cc kin thc ca chng ny, chng ta bit c cc
kin thc v knh AWGN, knh pha inh Rayleigh, knh pha inh Rice cng
nh cc thut ton m phng cc loi knh truyn ny. Nhng kin thc ny
s gip ch cho bn c khi mun thc hin m phng cc dng knh truyn
khc nhau trong thng tin v tuyn.
Bi tp
1. Gi s rng xung l T
s
, cng thc m phng pha-inh Rayleigh s
dng m hnh ca Jakes theo thi gian ri rc l
g
n
=
1
L
L1
l=0
e
j[
l
+2 cos(
l
)f
D
Tsn]
. (4.61)
vi f
D
T
s
c gi l tn s Doppler chun ho (normalized Dopller
frequency). Cho f
D
T
s
= 0.001, to 10
4
mu knh pha-inh Rayleigh. S
dng hai hm c sn hist v abs, v phn b bin ca knh pha inh
to ra.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] B. Sklar, Digital Communicatons Fundamentals and Applicatons. Pren-
tice Hall, 1988.
[2] J. K. Cavers, Mobile Channel Characteristics. Kluwer Academic Pub-
lishers, 2000.
[3] G. L. St uber, Principles of Mobile Communication. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 2001.
[4] S. O. Rice, Statistical properties of a sine wave plus random noise, Bell
Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, pp. 109157, Jan. 1948.
[5] K. W. Yip, Discrete time model for digital communications over a
frequency selective rician fading wssus channel, IEE. Proc. Commun.,
vol. 15, pp. 3442, Feb. 1996.
[6] T. Aulin, A modified model for the fading signal at a mobile radio chan-
nel, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 28, pp. 182203, 1979.
[7] W. C. Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communications. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Press, 1994.
[8] M. F. Pop and N. C. Beaulieu, Limitations of sum of sinusoids fading
channel simulators, IEEE. Trans. Commun., vol. 49, pp. 699708, Apr.
2001.
[9] C. Xiao and Y. R. Zheng, A statistic simulation model for mobile radio
fading channels, Proc. WCNC, vol. 1, pp. 144149, Mar. 2003.
[10] D. J. Young and N. C. Beaulieu, The generation of correlated rayleigh
random variates by inverse fourier transform, IEEE. Trans. Commun.,
vol. 48, pp. 11141127, Jul. 2000.
M PHNG CC H THNG
THNG TIN V TUYN S
DNG MATLAB
Trn Xun Nam
i hc K thut L Qu n
Chng 5
M phng Monte-Carlo
mt s h thng v tuyn
in hnh
5.1 M phng truyn dn BPSK qua knh AWGN
Hnh v 5.1 m t mt s m phng n gin trn knh AWGN s dng
iu ch BPSK.
Data Source
b
k
{0,1}
+
AWGN
n
k
y s n
k k k
= +
Detector
s
k
^
Error Detection
&
BER Calculation
s
k
^
Modulator
s
k
s
k
s
k
^
Hnh 5.1: S m phng truyn dn BPSK trn knh AWGN.
Ti my pht d liu pht b
k
{0, 1} c to ra t mt ngun gin on
khng khng nh (DMS:Discrete Memoryless Source). Trong Matlab chui d
liu pht b
k
c th c to nh s dng hm c sn rand hoc randn nh
sau
bk = rand(1, N) > 0.5
hoc
bk = randn(1, N) > 0
trong N l s mu cn to.
Chui d liu b
k
sau c iu ch BPSK. Php iu ch BPSK y
c th coi tng ng vi php nh x
s
k
=
_
E
s
nu b
k
= 0
E
s
nu b
k
= 1
(5.1)
63
64 Chng 5. M phng Monte-Carlo mt s h thng v tuyn in hnh
to nn chui du pht s
k
{+
E
s
,
E
s
}. Trong trng hp iu ch
BPSK, E
s
= E
b
= 1 nn s
k
{+1, 1}. Do php nh x b
k
s
k
trong
iu ch BPSK c c thc hin bng Matlab nh sau
sk = 1 2 bk
Cc du pht s
k
truyn qua knh truyn v chu nh hng ca tp m
AWGN. Do nh hng ca AWGN, tn hiu thu y
k
l xp chng (cng) ca
cc du pht s
k
v cc du tp m n
k
, tc l
y
k
= s
k
+ n
k
(5.2)
trong n
k
l cc du tp m AWGN phc c dng
n
k
= n
I,k
+ jn
Q,k
(5.3)
trong n
I,k
v n
Q,k
tng ng l thnh phn ng pha v vung pha ca
tp m. Do phng sai ca cc thnh phn
2
n
I
=
2
n
Q
=
2
n
= N
0
/2, trong
N
0
/2 l mt ph cng sut tp m. Nh vy, phng sai ca tp m n
k
tr
thnh 2
2
n
= N
0
. to c tp m n
k
vi phng sai 2
2
n
chng ta c th
s dng hm randn c sn trong Matlab to ra chui cc du tp m c
phn b chun chnh tc, ri nhn vi lch chun ca tp m
n
nh sau
nk = sigma (randn(1, N) + j randn(1, N
s
)) (5.4)
to ra tp m c nng lng tha mn t s (E
b
/N
0
)
req
cho trc chng ta
t lch chun
n
=
_
(
2
n
) =
E
b
2(E
b
/N
0
)
req
. (5.5)
Tc l,
sigma = sqrt(Eb/(2 EbNo))
nk = sigma (randn(1, N) + j randn(1, N
s
))
Ti my thu, do tn hiu iu ch BPSK ch cha thnh phn ng pha
(phn thc), nn tch tn hiu pht s
k
t tn hiu thu c y
k
, my thu
thc hin tch ly phn thc trc, sau thc hin tch tn hiu s dng
phng php tch sng hp l ti u (MLD: Maximum Likelihood Detection).
C th, my thu thc hin php so snh v quyt nh sau:
if y
k
0 s
k
= +1 (5.6)
elseif y
k
< 0 s
k
= 1 (5.7)
Php so snh ny c thc hin trong Matlab nh s dng hm sign(yk).
Tn hiu tch c s
k
sau c so snh vi tn hiu pht s
k
tnh ton
phm cht li bt BER ca h thng.
Mt v d mu chng trnh m phng truyn BPSK qua knh AWGN
c trnh by chng trnh MATLAB BPSKAWGN.m Matlab Program 5.1.
Chng trnh thc hin m phng vi N = 10
5
du BPSK {+1, 1}. Kt qu
BER thu c t chng trnh m phng BPSKAWGN.m c so snh vi gi tr
l thuyt [1]
BER
BPSKAWGN
=
1
2
erfc
_
_
E
b
/N
0
_
(5.8)
xc nh tnh chnh xc ca kt qu m phng (xem Hnh v 5.2).
5.1. M phng truyn dn BPSK qua knh AWGN 65
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
Eb/No [dB]
B
E
R
BER cua BPSK qua kenh AWGN
By simulation
By theory
Hnh 5.2: Phm cht BPSK trn knh AWGN.
Matlab Program 5.1 BPSKAWGN.m
% Chuong trinh mo phong truyen dan BPSK qua kenh AWGN
% Dinh nghia tham so
EbNodB=0:10;
EbNo=10.^(EbNodB./10);
sigLen=5*10^5;
% Tao tin hieu BPSK {+1,-1}
s=1-2*(rand(1,sigLen)>=0.5);
% Tinh toan nang luong bit tin hieu Eb
Eb=norm(s)^2/sigLen;
% Mat do pho AWGN
No=Eb./EbNo;
% Vong lap tinh toan BER theo Eb/No
for k=1:length(EbNo)
% Tao AWGN
n=sqrt(No(k)./2).*(randn(1,sigLen)+j*randn(1,sigLen));
% Tin hieu thu
y=s+n;
% Tach tin hieu
shat=sign(real(y));
error=s-shat;
noError=length(find(error~=0));
BER(k)=noError/sigLen;
end
% BER ly thuyet cua truyen dan BPSK qua kenh AWGN
BERtheory=1/2*erfc(sqrt(EbNo));
% Ve do thi
semilogy(EbNodB,BER,*,EbNodB,BERtheory)
xlabel(Eb/No)
ylabel(BER)
legend(By simulation,By theory)
title(BER cua BPSK qua kenh AWGN)
grid
5.2 M phng truyn dn M-PSK qua knh pha-inh
Rayleigh
S m phng Monte-Carlo ca h thng truyn dn MPSK qua knh pha-
inh Rayleigh c biu din Hnh 5.3
Data Source
b
k
+
AWGN
n
k
y g s n
k k k
= +
k
Coherent Detector
g
k
Error Detection
SER/BER
Calculation
y
k
^ Modulator
s
k
s
k
s
k
^
Mapping
q
k
Fading
generator
g
k *
g
k
g
k
*
Decision
s
k
=Q{ } y
k
^
^
s
k
^
Hnh 5.3: S m phng truyn dn MPSK qua knh pha-inh s dng tch tn hiu
ng b (coherent detection).
0
1 2
3
4
5 6
7 ( -1) M
p/M
2p/M
I
Q
Hnh 5.4: S phn b tn hiu (signal constellation) ca tn hiu 8PSK.
5.2. M phng truyn dn M-PSK qua knh pha-inh Rayleigh 67
Da trn thut ton m phng truyn dn BPSK qua knh AWGN, chng
ta c th xy dng thut ton m phng h thng truyn dn MPSK qua knh
pha-inh Rayleigh nh sau:
1. To d liu v iu ch: iu ch M-PSK thc hin nhm = log
2
M
bt d liu nh phn thnh mt im tn hiu trn s phn b tn
hiu nh trn Hnh 5.4. Da trn phng php gn nhn cc im tn
hiu t 0 n M 1 nh hnh v, chng ta thy rng im tn hiu
th i c th c biu din bi
s
i
= Aexp
_
2
M
i +

M
_
(5.9)
Trong A =
E
s
l bin tn hiu v

M
l pha ban u ca s
tn hiu. Nh vy, to ra chui cc du iu ch MPSK s
k
, chng ta
c th to ra cc s nguyn ngu nhin b
k
{0, 1, 2, ..., M 1}, ri thay
i = b
k
cng thc (5.9). Nh vy, ton qu trnh to d liu, mapping,
v iu ch c th c thc hin bng Matlab nh sau
bk = randint(1, N, [0 M 1]);
theta = 2 pi/M bk + pi/M;
sk = A exp(j theta)
2. To knh pha-inh: knh pha-inh g
k
c to bi thut ton to pha-
inh Rayleigh Mc 4.5. Trong trng hp pha-inh Rayleigh c th s
dng kt qu Bi tp 4.1.
3. To tp m AWGN n
k
: tp m n
k
c to ra s dng phng php
m t Mc 5.1 vi
2
n
=
Es
2Es/N
0
. Vi tn hiu MPSK mt du s
k
cha
= log
2
M bit d liu nh phn, v vy, quan h nng lng bit v du
c biu din bi E
s
= E
b
= E
b
log
2
M
4. Tch tn hiu ng b (coherent detection): nguyn l tch coherent de-
tection l s dng lin hp phc ca c lng knh truyn g
k
(c lng
c nh cc b c lng knh) nhn vi tn hiu thu y
k
quay pha
tn hiu, b dch i do pha-inh, v v tr ban u, tc l, y
k
= g
k
y
k
.
thun tin cho m phng chng ta c th coi g
k
c c lng mt cch
chnh xc, tc l, g
k
= g
k
, v s dng ngay g
k
cho tch tn hiu coherent.
Mc d bng cch ny nh hng quay pha do pha-inh c khc
phc, nhng gc pha tn hiu thu vn khng trng vi gc pha ca tn
hiu pht do cn chu nh hng ca tp m. S dng phng php tch
tn hiu hp l ti a (MLD), b tch tn hiu thc hin quyt nh da
trn gc pha ca y
k
. Tc l,
k
= y
k
(5.10)
trong biu din php tnh ly gc pha. Trong Matlab php tnh ly
gc ny c th thc hin c nh hm c sn angle. T gc pha

k
ny chui d liu pht ban u b
k
bng thao tc nh x ngc
b
k
=
_
M
2
k
_
(5.11)
trong biu din php tnh lm trn v s nguyn gn nht v pha
0, tc l php tnh ly floor. Trong Matlab php tnh c thc hin
bng hm c sn floor.
5. Tnh ton t s li du SER v t s li bit BER: sai s du ca gia tn
hiu pht b
k
v tn hiu thu c

b
k
, c xc nh nh so snh hiu s
k
=

b
k
b
k
, mi
k
= 0 tng ng vi mt du b sai. V vy, t s SER
c th tnh c tnh bi
SER =
N
se
N
(5.12)
tnh c t s BER chng ta c th s dng hm biterr ca Matlab
nh sau:
BER = biterror(bk, bk_hat, kappa) (5.13)
vi kappa= = log
2
M.
Bi tp
5.1 S dng thut ton m phng truyn dn M-PSK Mc 5.2, vit chng
trnh m phng tnh t s li SER v BER cho iu ch QPSK qua knh
pha-inh Rayleigh. So snh t s BER ca QPSK thu c vi xc sut
li ca BPSK cng thc (2.7), vit nhn xt.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] H. Harada and R. Prasad, Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Com-
munications. Artech House, 2002.

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M PHNG CC H THNG

THNG TIN V TUYN S

biu din php ton chuyn v lin hp phc ca mt ma trn. V d, A

l thu c ma trn chuyn v ca A

ny cn thc hin c vic ly lin hp phc ca cc phn t trong ma trn.

0.43 +j1.06 1.14 +j0.29 0.32 j0.69

P(s) c nh ngha nh sau

g(t, )s(t )d (4.26)

g(t)( )s(t )d (4.27)

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